Unit 4 Section II Discovering Useful Structures（导学案)- 【帮课堂】2024-2025学年高一英语同步学与练（人教版2019必修第一册）

必修一 Unit 4 NATURAL DISASTERS（学案） Section II Discovering Useful Structures 2022年课程标准 学习目标 单元主题语境是人与自然，归属于“灾害防范”主题群，内容涉及“中国唐山地震的不眠之夜”、“亚洲的海啸”、“自然灾害的基本知识”等。旨在帮助学生了解自然灾害, 树立防灾意识，体会人与自然的关系，学会保护环境，保护自我。 1. 语言能力： (1) 能够流利且正确读出与自然灾害相关的词汇，知道对应的中文意思，并能够运用本单元所列重点词汇表达与主题相关的信息或观点； (2)了解常见定语从句类型，学会区分并初步使用限制性定语从句中连接词that,which, who, whom, whose; (3) 了解新闻报道的语篇结构，标题特征和语言特点； (4) 能初步运用所学知识，写出一篇文章的概要。 2. 文化意识：了解并认识到，在自然灾害面前中国作为世界大国的担当与作为。自然灾害无国界，需要全世界人民共同应对。 3.思维品质：能够梳理出地震发生的前后信息，整合文章内容，概括语篇大意；批判性地评价面对自然灾害的做法； 4.学习能力：能够通过网络，杂志等途径，了解其他的自然灾害及应对方法。 【预习感知】 ①I will send you a Chinese-English book which/that contains some knowledge about Chinese calligraphy. ②The story began with a young mother who/that had three sons in a big city. ③He decided to make the same achievement as his father did. ④My favorite one is my Chinese teacher whom/who I met when I was in junior school. ⑤I sat next to a girl whose name was Diana. ⑥This is the school which/that we visited yesterday. 句子中的黑体单词引导________________，其基本结构为“________________________________”。关系代词引导定语从句时，在从句中充当一个句子成分。which指物，可在从句中作主语，如句_______；作宾语，如句________；who指人，可在从句中作主语，如句________、作宾语如句________或表语；whom只作宾语，如句________可用who代替；that可指人，也可指物，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语；whose后接名词作定语，如句________; as指物，可在从句中作主语,作宾语如句________。 答案： 句子中的黑体单词引导定语从句，其基本结构为“先行词＋关系词＋定语从句”。关系代词引导定语从句时，在从句中充当一个句子成分。which指物，可在从句中作主语，如句①；作宾语，如句⑥；who指人，可在从句中作主语，如句②、作宾语如句④或表语；whom只作宾语，如句④可用who代替；that可指人，也可指物，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语；whose后接名词作定语，如句⑤; as指物，可在从句中作主语,作宾语如句③。 一、基本概念 在复合句中作定语的句子叫作定语从句，引导定语从句的关系词有两类：关系代词(who，whom，that，which，whose等)和关系副词(when，where，why)。定语从句一般放在它所修饰的名词、代词或整个主句之后，被修饰或限制的名词或代词叫作先行词。定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。 二、关系代词的用法 先行词 关系代词 在从句中所作成分 人 who 主语、宾语、表语 whom 宾语 that 主语、宾语、表语 whose 定语 物 that 主语、宾语、表语 which 主语、宾语 whose 定语 （一）关系代词的基本用法 1．that 可指人或物；在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语。指人时，相当于who或whom；指物时，相当于 which。不能引导非限制性定语从句；不可置于介词后作宾语。 Do you still remember the chicken farm that/which we visited three months ago? 2．which 指物；在定语从句中作主语、宾语。 The book which/that was on the desk was bought by my father.(主语) 在桌子上的那本书是我父亲买的。 3．who，whom，whose (1)who主格，在从句中作主语，只可指人。 Do you know the man who/that is talking with your mother? Those who want to see the film set down your names, please. This is the person who/whom/that you should thank for helping your son. (2)whom宾格，在从句中只能作宾语；只可指人。 Look, here are some people who/whom/that I want you to meet. (3)whose表所属关系，在从句中作定语。译为某人的，某物的。 I prefer the room whose windows face south.我喜欢那间窗户朝南的房间。 Any student whose family is too poor to go to school can get help from the government. [温馨提示] whose指物时，常用下列结构来代替： He volunteered to join in the activity whose aim is to help those who are in trouble. ＝He volunteered to join in the activity，the aim of which is to help those who are in trouble. ＝He volunteered to join in the activity，of which the aim is to help those who are in trouble. 他自愿参加那项活动，活动的目标是帮助那些陷入困境的人。 (二)关系代词的辨析 1）只能用that，不能用 which的情况 1．先行词是 all，something，everything，anything，nothing，little，much，few等不定代词或先行词被all，any，every，no，little，much，some等词修饰。 All the people that come from the country work much harder. 所有来自农村的人工作都更努力得多。 2．先行词被序数词、形容词最高级、the only，the very，the last等修饰时，关系代词通常只用that，不用 which。 The first English novel that I read was Cities. 我读的第一本英文小说是《城市》。 This is one of the most exciting football games that I have ever seen. 这是我见过的最激动人心的足球比赛之一。 This is the only thing that we can do now. 这是我们现在唯一能做的事情。 3．先行词既有人又有物时，关系代词只用that，不用 which。 The scientist and his achievements that you told me about are admired by us all. 我们所有人都钦佩你告诉我的那位科学家和他所取得的成就。 The foreign visitors spoke highly of the pioneers and their performances that they saw at the Children's Palace. 外国游客高度赞扬了他们在少年宫所看到的少先队员以及他们的表演。 4．句中其他位置已出现 which，为避免重复，不用 which而用that引导限定性定语从句。 Which is the car that has overtaken us? 超过我们的是哪辆车？ ①这是我参观过的最漂亮的公园。 This is the most beautiful park that I have visited. ②我们常常谈起我们记得的那些人和事。 We often talk about the persons and things that we remember. ③我已找到昨天丢的钢笔。 I have found the very pen that I lost yesterday. 2)只用which，不能用that的情况 1．在介词提前到关系代词之前形成“介词＋关系代词”结构来修饰表事物的先行词时，关系代词必须用which。 Is this the house in which Shakespeare was born? 这是莎士比亚出生的房子吗？ This is the reference book of which the teacher is speaking. 这是老师正在谈及的那本参考书。 2．先行词为“those＋表事物的复数名词”时，关系代词通常只用 which而不用that。 Students should keep in mind those regulations which restrict their behavior. 学生应牢记那些规范自己的行为准则。 A bookshop should deal with a variety of those best sellers which are newly published. 书店应该经营新出版的各种畅销书。 3．当先行词指物，关系词在句中作主语或宾语，引导非限制性定语从句的关系词只能用 which，而不用that。 ①The house in which I used to live has become a shoe shop. ②Have you ever read the book, which was written by a young girl? 3)只用who/whom，不能用that的情况 先行词指人，关系代词在从句中作介词的宾语且直接跟在介词后时，只能用whom引导，且不可省略。 This is the voluntary teacher from whom we’ve learned a lot.这就是我们从他那里学到了很多知识的支教老师。 三、使用定语从句的注意事项 1．关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句的谓语动词要和先行词的人称和数保持一致。 Those who are over 45 years old won’t be permitted to go into the hall. 超过45岁的人不允许进入大厅。 [温馨提示] “one of＋复数名词”作先行词，谓语动词用复数形式；“the only one of＋复数名词”作先行词，谓语动词用单数形式。 This is one of the books which were written by Charles Dickens. 这是查尔斯·狄更斯所写的书的其中一本。 He is the only one of the boys in our class who has learned to play golf. 他是我们班里唯一一个学过打高尔夫球的男孩。 2．为避免关系词的重复，被关系代词所代替的成分不可在从句中重复出现。 This is the apartment which he bought last year.(bought后不可加it) 这就是他去年买的那所公寓。 【总结感悟】-构建知识体系 Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1．（2023上·黑龙江·高一黑龙江实验中学校考期中）He still remembered the places and persons he visited there. 【答案】that 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：他仍然记得他在那里参观过的地方和人。分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词the places and persons，先行词既有人又有物，关系词在从句中作宾语，只能使用that引导从句。故填that。 2．（2023上·江苏泰州·高一靖江高级中学校考期中）This is the very book has good maps showing details of world geography. 【答案】that 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：正是这本书里有很好的地图，展示了世界地理的细节。分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，先行词book，指物，在定语从句中作主语，且book前有the very修饰，需用关系代词that引导。故填that。 3．（2023上·江苏扬州·高一统考期中）Tom worked on the most beautiful farm we visited the other day. 【答案】that 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：汤姆在我们前几天参观的最美丽的农场工作。该空引导限制性定语从句，先行词是farm，指物，被形容词最高级the most beautiful修饰，关系词替代先行词在从句中作宾语，只用关系代词that。故填that。 4．（2023上·江苏·高一江苏省镇江第一中学校联考期中）A true friendship carries a long history of experience determines who we are and keeps us connected. 【答案】that/which 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：真正的友谊有着悠久的历史，它决定了我们是谁，并使我们保持联系。分析句子可知，空格处引导定语从句，先行词experience 指物，从句缺少主语，使用关系代词that或者which引导定语从句，故填that或which。 5．（2023上·河北秦皇岛·高一秦皇岛一中校考期中）Jordan’s skills were impressive, but the mental strength he showed made him unique. 【答案】that/which 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：乔丹的技术令人印象深刻，但他展现出的精神力量使他与众不同。此处为限定性定语从句，先行词是strength，指物，关系词在从句中作宾语，应用关系代词that或which引导。故填that或which。 6．（2023上·河北秦皇岛·高一秦皇岛一中校考期中）The Boys and Girls Club he started in Chicago has been helping young people since 1996. 【答案】which/that 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：他在芝加哥创办的男孩女孩俱乐部自1996年以来一直在帮助年轻人。此处为定语从句修饰先行词The Boys and Girls Club，先行词在从句中作宾语，能用that或which引导从句。故填which/that。 7．（2023上·河北秦皇岛·高一秦皇岛一中校考期中）The team Lang Ping had built was falling apart. 【答案】that/which 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：郎平组建的球队正在分崩离析。此处为定语从句修饰先行词The team，先行词在从句中作宾语，可用that或which引导从句。故填that/which。 8．（2023上·广西河池·高一校联考阶段练习）Obviously, any child receives patient teaching over a long period is likely to improve. 【答案】who/that 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：显然，长时间内接受耐心的教导的任何孩子都有可能提高。分析句子可知，空处引导限定性定语从句，先行词child，指人，关系词从句中作主语，应用关系代词who或者that引导。故填who或that。 9．（2023上·新疆喀什·高一校联考期末）The terrible shaking of the building woke up all the people were asleep. 【答案】who/that 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：大楼可怕的摇晃把所有睡着的人都吵醒了。分析句子，设空处引导的是限制性定语从句，引导词在从句中作主语，修饰先行词the people，为人，故使用that或者who。故填that或者who。 10．（2023上·全国·高一期中）For the consumers, it can save some time for the people don’t have much spare time . 【答案】who/that 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：对于消费者来说，它可以为那些没有太多空闲时间的人节省时间。此处引导定语从句，先行词为people，指人，定语从句中缺少主语，故应用who/that引导定语从句，故填 who / that 。 11． Li Bai was a Chinese poet praised from his own day to the present as a romantic figure took traditional poetic forms to new heights. 【答案】who/that 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：李白是一位从他自己的时代到现在都被誉为浪漫主义人物的中国诗人，他将传统诗歌形式提升到了一个新的高度。分析句子结构，________ took traditional poetic forms to new heights在句中作定语，修饰名词figure，从句中缺主语，所以用who或that引导该定语从句。故填who或that。 12．（2023上·江苏镇江·高一统考阶段练习）The man with you shook hands just now is our English teacher. 【答案】whom 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：刚才和你握手的那个人是我们的英语老师。分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句。修饰先行词the man。先行词指人，在定语从句中作介词的宾语，所以用关系代词whom引导。故填whom。 13．Is this the man you talked about yesterday? 【答案】that/who/whom 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：这就是你昨天谈到的那个人吗？此处是限定性定语从句，先行词是man，指人，关系词在从句中作宾语，应用关系代词that或who或whom引导。故填that或who或whom。 14． I got in touch with Michael I have been losing contact with for one year. 【答案】whom/that/who 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：我和迈克尔取得了联系，我已经和他失去联系一年了。分析句子可知，空处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词Michael，先行词指人，在从句中作介词with的宾语，且介词没有提前，可用关系代词whom/that/who作引导词。故填whom/that/who。 15． There are some athletes I want you to meet. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】who/whom/that 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：有一些运动员是我想让你见的。分析句子，设空处引导的是限制性定语从句，引导词在从句中作宾语，修饰先行词some athletes，为人，故使用that或者who或者whom。故填that或者who或者whom。 16．（2023上·新疆喀什·高一校联考期末）The children parents could not be found were looked after by neighbors and friends. 【答案】whose 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：找不到父母的孩子由邻居和朋友照顾。分析句子结构可知，本空引导定语从句，修饰先行词The children，且从句缺少修饰parents的定语，故填whose，引导定语从句。故填whose。 17．（2023上·江苏南京·高一校联考期中）These students parents have come to China for business like the school very much. 【答案】whose 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：这些学生家长都是来中国做生意的，学生非常喜欢这所学校。分析知，空处引导定语从句，先行词是students，在从句中作定语，用whose引导。故填whose。 18．（2023上·新疆伊犁·高一奎屯市第一高级中学校考期中）At first sight I didn’t recognize the boy hair was dyed red. 【答案】whose 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：第一眼我没认出那个头发染红的男孩。此处为定语从句修饰先行词boy，在从句中作定语，应用whose。故填whose。 19．（2023上·福建厦门·高一厦门一中校考期中）His father works in a company name always appears in the local newspapers. 【答案】whose 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：他的父亲在一家公司工作，该公司的名字经常出现在当地报纸上。分析句子结构，这是一个包含定语从句的复合句，先行词为：company，因空白处在定语从句中作定语，使用关系代词whose引导定语从句，故填whose。 20．（2023上·江苏泰州·高一靖江高级中学校考期中）It is such a heavy rock no one can lift. 【答案】as 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：这是一块没人能举起的大石头。空处引导定语从句，先行词为a heavy rock，在定语从句中作宾语，且先行词由such修饰，需用关系代词as引导。故填as。 21． Judging from my own experience, I want to say a few words to those who have the same trouble I have. 【答案】as 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：根据我自己的经验，我想对那些和我有同样困难的人说几句话。此处引导限制性定语从句，先行词为the same trouble，先行词有the same修饰时，如果是指同一个事物，关系词用that，如果是指同一类事物，用as。此处指同一类困难，故填as。 22． We do the same work they do. 【答案】as 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：我们和他们做同样的工作。分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词work。定语从句中缺少宾语，而且先行词前面有the same修饰，所以用关系代词as引导定语从句。故填as。 23． He is such a good boy everyone likes. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】as 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：他是大家都喜欢的好孩子。分析句子可知，此处为关系代词as引导的的定语从句，先行词a good boy在从句中作宾语成分，此外当先行词有such，so，as时，关系词应用as。故填as。 24．（2023上·江苏泰州·高一靖江高级中学校考期中）Yesterday I came across the man about you talked last time. 【答案】whom 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：昨天我遇到了你上次谈到的那个人。空处引导定语从句，先行词the man，指人，在定语从句中作介词about的宾语，需用关系代词whom引导。故填whom。 25．（2023上·江苏扬州·高一统考期中）We want to buy a book of the theme is about biology. 【答案】which 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：我们想买一本主题是生物学的书。分析句式结构可知，此处是“介词+关系代词”引导的限制性定语从句，关系词指代先行词book并在从句中作介词of的宾语。故填which。 26．（2023上·江苏南京·高一校联考期中）Do you know the boy to I spoke just now? 【答案】whom 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：你认识我刚才和他说话的那个男孩吗？空处引导限定性定语从句，先行词是the boy，关系词替代先行词在从句中作to的宾语，应用关系代词whom引导，此处是介词+whom引导的定语从句。故填whom。 27．（2023上·四川成都·高一成都外国语学校校考阶段练习）It can be confusing to come across sentences in the same words have got different meanings. 【答案】which 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：在句子中遇到相同的单词有着不同的意思，会让人感到困惑。此处引导为“介词in+which”定语从句，先行词为sentences，指物，定语从句中缺少介词in的宾语，故应用which引导，故填which。 28．（2023上·江苏扬州·高一统考期中）It was Friday the speech was delivered in our school. 【答案】when 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：演讲在我们学校发表的时间是星期五。空格处引导定语从句，修饰先行词Friday，从句缺少时间状语，故用when。故填when。 29． I will never forget those years I lived on the farm with the farmers, has a great effect on my life. 【答案】 when which 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：我永远不会忘记那些年，当我住在农场的农民，这对我的生活有很大的影响。第一空引导的是限制性定语从句，从句中不缺主语或宾语，先行词years是时间，作时间状语，因此第一空用when引导定语从句；第二空引导的是非限制性定语从句，从句中缺少主语，主语是前面整个主句的内容，因此用which引导定语从句，故填when，which。 30． Tony will never forget these days she lived in China with her mother , has a great effect on her life . 【答案】 when which 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：Tony永远不会忘记她和母亲一起生活在中国的这些日子，这对她的生活有很大的影响。分析句子结构可知，第一个空为关系词引导的定语从句，从句中缺少状语，所以使用关系副词， 先行词these days指的是时间，所以此处应使用关系副词when；第二空为关系词引导的非限制性定语从句，从句中缺少主语，所以此处应使用关系代词，先行词 these days指的是事物，that不能引导非限制性定语从句，所以此处使用关系代词 which。故填①when②which。 31．I believe the time will soon come there will be no wars in the world. 【答案】when 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：我相信世界上不会发生战争的时刻很快就会到来。分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词the time，在定语从句作时间状语。所以用关系副词when引导定语从句。故填when。 32．（2023上·江苏泰州·高一靖江高级中学校考期中）I will never forget such a beautiful village I spent my childhood with my grandparents. 【答案】where 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：我永远不会忘记这样一个美丽的村庄，我在那里度过了我的童年和我的祖父母。空处引导定语从句，先行词village，在定语从句中作地点状语，需用关系副词where引导。故填where。 33．（2023上·江苏扬州·高一统考期中）Mr. Fox said he liked the atmosphere everybody can have a free chat. 【答案】where 【详解】考查定语从句的引导词。句意：福克斯先生说，他喜欢每个人都可以自由聊天的氛围。设空处引导定语从句且在句中作地点状语，先行词为atmosphere。故填where。 34．（2023上·广西河池·高一校联考阶段练习）Let’s visit the Forbidden City, art collections are brought together in one impressive museum. 【答案】where 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：让我们参观一下紫禁城，在那里艺术品收藏被集中在一个令人印象深刻的博物馆里。分析句子结构可知，先行词为“the Forbidden City”，空格处应填定语从句的引导词，且从句中缺少状语，先行词为地点，所以应填关系副词where。故填where。 35．（2023上·黑龙江哈尔滨·高一哈师大附中校考阶段练习）Do you think English is a language some phrases are confusing and difficult for beginners? 【答案】where 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：你认为英语是一种有些短语让初学者感到困惑和困难的语言吗？分析句子，设空处引导定语从句，关系词在从句中作地点状语，表示“在英语中”，使用关系副词where引导从句。故填where。 36．（2023上·福建厦门·高一厦门一中校考期中）There are two main reasons I think it’s the best solution. 【答案】why 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：我认为这是最好的解决方案，主要有两个原因。空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词reasons，关系词在从句中作原因状语，应用why引导从句。故填why。 37． ---- Do you know the reason he was late for the meeting yesterday? ----Yes, but I don’t think the reason he told me is reasonable. 【答案】 why that 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：----你知道他昨天开会迟到的原因吗？----是的，但我认为他告诉我的理由不合理。第一空，空处引导从句，修饰先行词the reason，先行词指原因，关系词在从句中作原因状语，应用关系副词why引导从句，第二空，空处引导从句，修饰先行词the reason，先行词指物，关系词在从句中作宾语，应用关系代词that引导从句。故填①why，②that。 38． I don’t know the reason David has refused to see me . 【答案】why 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：我不知道大卫拒绝见我的原因。根据句意分析句子可知，空格后的部分是一个定语从句，对先行词reason进行限定说明，先行词在从句中作原因状语，所以应该用关系副词why引导定语从句。故填why。 39．I don’t know the reason you were absent from the meeting , but I’m sure that someone will tell me the reason you haven’t told me. 【答案】 why that/which 【详解】考查定语从句的连接词。句意：我不知道你缺席会议的原因，但我确定有人会告诉我理由，而这理由是你没有告诉我的。根据句子分析可知，空1：此处引导定语从句，先行词为the reason，在定语从句中作状语，故应用why引导；空2：此处引导定语从句，先行词为the reason，指物，定语从句中缺少宾语，故应用that/which引导，故填why；that/which。 Ⅱ.句型转换 1．（2023上·四川绵阳·高一四川省绵阳南山中学校考阶段练习）The reason why she was very sad was that her pet was killed in an accident. （仿写） (Please give some advice to your friend who wants to lose weight.) (按要求仿写) 【答案】The reason why you should work out at the gym is that you can ask a trainer for help there. 【详解】考查定语从句和表语从句。句意：你应该去健身房锻炼的原因是你可以向那里的教练寻求帮助。根据提示，给想要减肥的朋友的建议是：你应该去健身房锻炼因为在那里你可以向那里的教练寻求帮助。“……的原因是……”用固定句型the reason why...is that...表达，why引导定语从句，且在从句中充当原因状语，that引导表语从句，不做成份且无意义；“锻炼”表达为work out，“在健身房”表达为in the gym，“向……求助”表达为ask sb for help，“教练”表达为trainer，此处为泛指，用不定冠词a修饰。故填The reason why you should work out at the gym is that you can ask a trainer for help there. 2．We found out the reason. Many young people don’t have enough sleep for this reason. We found out the reason . 【答案】why many young people don’t have enough sleep 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：我们找出了许多年轻人缺少睡眠的原因。将第二个句子改为定语从句，先行词为the reason，在定语从句中作原因状语，需用关系副词why引导从句。故填why/ for which many young people don’t have enough sleep。 3．（2023上·山西大同·高一大同一中校考期末）He does not identify happiness with money. That is the reason.(将两个句子合并为一个包含有定语从句的主从句) 【答案】This is the reason why he does not identify happiness with money. 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：他不认同金钱是幸福。这就是原因。根据括号内提示，需将两个简单句合并为包含定语从句的复合句，分析两个句子，可将第二句话作为主句，将第一句话变为定语从句，修饰第二句话中的名词reason，因先行词reason在定语从句中作状语表示原因，使用关系副词why引导定语从句，故合并为：This is the reason why he does not identify happiness with money. 4．The reason isn't believable. He didn't come to school for that. （用关系副词引导的定语从句合并句子） → 【答案】The reason why he didn't come to school isn't believable. 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：他没来上学的理由令人难以置信。根据提示用关系副词引导的定语从句合并句子，分析句子可知，that指代第一句中的reason，故reason是先行词，从句中作原因状语，用关系副词why，替代for that，故答案为The reason why he didn't come to school isn't believable. 5．Tom came late for the meeting because he was ill. (句型转换) →Tom was ill. he came late for the meeting. →Tom came late for the meeting. he was ill. → Tom came late for the meeting he was ill. 【答案】 That was why/This was why That was because/It was because The reason why was that 【详解】①考查固定句型和名词性从句。句意：汤姆病了。 那就是他开会迟到的原因。空格后的“he came late for the meeting”是前句“Tom was ill”的结果，所以应用连接副词why引导表语从句，用指示代词that或this指代前句，构成句型That/This was why...（那就是为什么）；根据原句“Tom came late for the meeting because he was ill.”可知，此处应用一般过去时。主语that或this为第三人称单数。句首首字母应大写。故填①That/This was why。 ②考查固定句型和名词性从句。空格后的部分“he was ill.”是前句“Tom came late for the meeting.”的原因，所以应用because引导表语从句。此处指代前句应用that或it，构成句型That/It was because...（那时因为）根据句中的came可知，此处应该用一般过去时。故填②That/It was because。 ③考查定语从句和表语从句。根据原句和空格前后的内容，该句子还可以用句型“The reason why... is/was that...”改写，其中why引导的是定语从句，对先行词reason进行限定说明，连词that引导的是表语从句；由句中的came可知，此处应该用一般过去时。故填③The reason why④was that。 6． The reason is that I want to improve my spoken English. I want to apply for the position. (合并为定语从句) 【答案】The reason why/for which I want to apply for the position is that I want to improve my spoken English. 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：我想申请这个职位的原因是我想提高我的英语口语。根据题干要求，要用定语从句改写。分析句子成分可知，本句应为固定句型the reason why...is that...“……的原因是……”，其中why引导的是定语从句，that引导的是表语从句。所以，“I want to apply for the position.”部分应为定语从句，修饰名词“the reason”，为先行词，且引导词在从句中充当状语，所以用关系副词why引导，也可以用介词for+关系代词which引导。故答案为The reason why/for which I want to apply for the position is that I want to improve my spoken English. 7．Accidents often happen. The reason is that people don’t always obey the traffic rules. (用定语从句合为一句) 【答案】The reason why accidents often happen is that people don’t obey the traffic rules. 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：事故经常发生。原因是人们不总是遵守交通规则。根据题干要求可知，此处要合并为定语从句，意思为：事故经常发生的原因是人们不遵守交通规则。the reason是主语，且作为先行词，其后用why引导定语从句，accidents often happen为从句部分，is that people don’t always obey the traffic rules为剩余主句部分，连在其后。句子可以合并为The reason why accidents often happen is that people don’t obey the traffic rules. 故填The reason why accidents often happen is that people don’t obey the traffic rules. 8．将下列两句话合并成含有关系副词的定语从句 Can you tell me the reason? You were late for school for the reason. 【答案】Can you tell me the reason why you were late for school? 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：你能告诉我你上学迟到的原因吗？按要求，把第二句替换为限制性定语从句，先行词为reason，用关系副词why引导从句，在从句中作原因状语，相当于for which。故答案为Can you tell me the reason why you were late for school? 9．I can’t figure out the reason. He left for the reason.(合并为定语从句) I can’t figure out the reason he left . 【答案】for which/why 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：我想不出他离开的原因。句中先行词为the reason，在定语从句中作原因状语，所以用关系副词why引导，或者用介词for+which引导。根据句意，故填for which/why。 10．①Climate change is the reason.②Many natural disasters happen for this reason. (合并为含定语从句的复合句) 【答案】Climate change is the reason why/for which many natural disasters happen. 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：①气候变化是原因；②许多自然灾害是因为这个原因发生的。分析两个句子，其中重复部分为reason，且reason在第二句中作状语，所以可以将第一句作为主句，将第二句作为定语从句合并为复合句，因先行词reason在定语从句中作状语表示原因，可以使用why或for which引导定语从句，故合并为：Climate change is the reason why/for which many natural disasters happen. 3、 真题感知 1.（2024浙江1月卷）Of course, shops are not charities — they price goods in the way _________ will make them the most money. 【答案】that/which。 【解析】考查定语从句。句意：当然，商店不是慈善机构——他们以最赚钱的方式给商品定价。在定语从句中缺少主语，且先行词为way，所以应用关系代词that或which。故填that/which。 2.（2023全国乙卷）But for all its ancient buildings, Beijing is also a place welcomes the fast-paced development of modern life, with 21st-century architectural wonders standing side by side with historical buildings of the past. 【答案】which/that 【解析】考查定语从句。句意：但是，除了古建筑，北京也是一个欢迎现代生活快节奏发展的地方，21世纪的建筑奇迹与过去的历史建筑并存。这里为定语从句的关系代词，先行词为“a place”，在定语从句中担当主语，所以用关系代词which或that引导。故填which/that。 3.（2021新高考II卷）I decided that if I learned of a company ___________used a lot of plastic, I'd send it an email urging it to cut back. 【答案】which或that 【解析】考查定语从句。句意：我决定，如果我知道有哪家公司大量使用塑料，我就给它发邮件，敦促它减少使用塑料。分析句子结构，_________ used a lot of plastic是一个定语从句，修饰先行词a company，关系词在从句中作主语，指物，用which或that引导该从句，所以填which或that。 4.（2021北京卷）When you sleep, your brain sorts through everything ___________ happened during the day, trying to link new experiences to old memories. 【答案】 that 【解析】考查定语从句。句意：当你睡觉时，你的大脑会整理白天发生的一切，试图将新经历与旧记忆联系起来。分析句子结构可知，空处需用连接词引导定语从句，先行词是不定代词everything，关系词在定语从句中作主语，所以此处需用关系代词that引导定语从句。故填that。 5.（2021浙江1月卷）BMI is an internationally recognized measurement tool ___________ gives an indication of whether someone is a healthy weight. 【答案】that/which 【解析】考查定语从句。根据句意和句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，并在定语从句中作主语，而先行词tool为物，故此处要填关系代词that或which。 6.（2022新高考I卷）The GPNP is intended to provide stronger protection for all the species ___________live within the Giant Panda Range and significantly improve the health of the ecosystem in the area. 【答案】that 【解析】考查定语从句关系词。句意：该计划旨在为生活在Giant Panda Range的所有物种提供更有力的保护，并显著改善该地区的生态系统健康。设空处为关系词引导限制性定语从句，先行词等于关系词，设空处在从句中作指物的主语，先行词为species，且先行词前为all修饰，只能用关系代词that。故填that。 7.（2020新高考卷）The 80,000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane, for example, formed the core collection of the British Museum __________ opened in 1759. 【答案】which/that 【解析】考查定语从句。句意:例如，汉斯•斯隆爵士的8万件藏品构成了1759年开馆的大英博物馆的核心藏品。此处是限定性定语从句，先行词是the British Museum，关系词在从句中做主语，应使用关系代词which/that引导。故填which/that。 8.（2019全国II卷）Now Irene Astbury works from 9am to 5pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield, ___________ she opened with her late husband Les. 【答案】which 【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。分析句子结构可知，先行词为the pet shop，在非限制性定语从句中作opened一词的宾语，故用which。 9.（2023全国甲卷）Yet, the form of the fable still has values today, _________Rachel Carson says in “A Fable for Tomorrow”. 【答案】as。 【解析】考查定语从句。句意：然而，正如雷切尔·卡森在《明日寓言》中所说，寓言的形式在今天仍然具有价值。引导非限定性定语从句，且有“正如”之意，用关系代词as引导。故填as。 10.（2022浙江1月卷）Kim Cobb, a professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, is one of a small but growing minority of academics ___________ are cutting back on their air travel because of climate change. 【答案】 that/who 【解析】考查定语从句。句意：亚特兰大佐治亚科技研究院的教授Kim Cobb是一个少数但是不断增加的少数学者中的一员，因为气候变化，他们正在削减他们的飞机旅行。名词academics后为定语从句且在从句中作主语，应使用关系代词替代，故填that/who。 11.（2022全国甲卷）On the 1,100. Kilometer journey, the man Cao Shengkang, ___________ lost his eyesight at the age of eight in a car accident, crossed 40 cities and counties in three province. 【答案】who 【解析】考查定语从句。句意：在1100公里的旅程中，8岁时因一次车祸失明的男子曹盛康穿过了三个省的40个城市和县。分析句子结合句意可知，此处是非限定性定语从句，先行词为Cao Shengkang，指人，在从句中作主语，应用关系代词who引导。故填who。 12.（2023全国乙卷）The color she chose came in a box which had a picture of a woman ________hair color looked just perfect. 【答案】whose。 【解析】考查定语从句。句意：她选的颜色装在一个盒子里，盒子里有一张女人的照片，她的头发颜色看起来非常完美。此处是限定性定语从句，先行词是woman，关系词在从句中作hair的定语，应用关系代词whose引导。故填whose。 13.（2020全国III卷）In ancient China lived an artist, __________ paintings were almost lifelike. The artist’s reputation had made him proud. 【答案】whose 【解析】考查定语从句。句意：中国古代有一位画家，他的画几乎栩栩如生。此处为定语从句修饰先行词artist，且先行词在从句中作定语，故应用关系代词whose。故填whose。 14.（2020天津卷）Dr. Rowan, __________ secretary resigned two weeks ago, has had to do all his own typing. 【答案】 whose 【解析】考查定语从句。句意:罗文博士的秘书两周前辞职了，他现在只能自己打字。______ secretary resigned two weeks ago是非限制性定语从句，修饰Dr. Rowan，引导词在从句中作定语，表示“Dr. Rowan’s ”，表示“……的” ，应用关系代词whose引导该从句，故填whose。 15.（2023全国甲卷）“There was once a town in the heart of America, _________ all life seemed to enjoy peaceful existence with is surroundings,” her fable begins, borrowing some familiar words from many age-old fables. 【答案】where。 【解析】考查定语从句。句意：“从前，在美国的中心地带有一个小镇，那里所有的生命似乎都和周围的环境一起享受着和平的生活，”她的寓言是这样开头的，借用了许多古老寓言中的一些熟悉的词。句中先行词为town，在非限定性定语从句作地点状语，所以用关系副词where引导。故填where。 ( 3 )原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 必修一 Unit 4 NATURAL DISASTERS（学案） Section II Discovering Useful Structures 2022年课程标准 学习目标 单元主题语境是人与自然，归属于“灾害防范”主题群，内容涉及“中国唐山地震的不眠之夜”、“亚洲的海啸”、“自然灾害的基本知识”等。旨在帮助学生了解自然灾害, 树立防灾意识，体会人与自然的关系，学会保护环境，保护自我。 1. 语言能力： (1) 能够流利且正确读出与自然灾害相关的词汇，知道对应的中文意思，并能够运用本单元所列重点词汇表达与主题相关的信息或观点； (2)了解常见定语从句类型，学会区分并初步使用限制性定语从句中连接词that,which, who, whom, whose; (3) 了解新闻报道的语篇结构，标题特征和语言特点； (4) 能初步运用所学知识，写出一篇文章的概要。 2. 文化意识：了解并认识到，在自然灾害面前中国作为世界大国的担当与作为。自然灾害无国界，需要全世界人民共同应对。 3.思维品质：能够梳理出地震发生的前后信息，整合文章内容，概括语篇大意；批判性地评价面对自然灾害的做法； 4.学习能力：能够通过网络，杂志等途径，了解其他的自然灾害及应对方法。 【预习感知】 ①I will send you a Chinese-English book which/that contains some knowledge about Chinese calligraphy. ②The story began with a young mother who/that had three sons in a big city. ③He decided to make the same achievement as his father did. ④My favorite one is my Chinese teacher whom/who I met when I was in junior school. ⑤I sat next to a girl whose name was Diana. ⑥This is the school which/that we visited yesterday. 句子中的黑体单词引导________________，其基本结构为“________________________________”。关系代词引导定语从句时，在从句中充当一个句子成分。which指物，可在从句中作主语，如句_______；作宾语，如句________；who指人，可在从句中作主语，如句________、作宾语如句________或表语；whom只作宾语，如句________可用who代替；that可指人，也可指物，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语；whose后接名词作定语，如句________; as指物，可在从句中作主语,作宾语如句________。 一、基本概念 在复合句中作定语的句子叫作定语从句，引导定语从句的关系词有两类：关系代词(who，whom，that，which，whose等)和关系副词(when，where，why)。定语从句一般放在它所修饰的名词、代词或整个主句之后，被修饰或限制的名词或代词叫作先行词。定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。 二、关系代词的用法 先行词 关系代词 在从句中所作成分 人 who 主语、宾语、表语 whom 宾语 that 主语、宾语、表语 whose 定语 物 that 主语、宾语、表语 which 主语、宾语 whose 定语 （一）关系代词的基本用法 1．that 可指人或物；在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语。指人时，相当于who或whom；指物时，相当于 which。不能引导非限制性定语从句；不可置于介词后作宾语。 Do you still remember the chicken farm that/which we visited three months ago? 2．which 指物；在定语从句中作主语、宾语。 The book which/that was on the desk was bought by my father.(主语) 在桌子上的那本书是我父亲买的。 3．who，whom，whose (1)who主格，在从句中作主语，只可指人。 Do you know the man who/that is talking with your mother? Those who want to see the film set down your names, please. This is the person who/whom/that you should thank for helping your son. (2)whom宾格，在从句中只能作宾语；只可指人。 Look, here are some people who/whom/that I want you to meet. (3)whose表所属关系，在从句中作定语。译为某人的，某物的。 I prefer the room whose windows face south.我喜欢那间窗户朝南的房间。 Any student whose family is too poor to go to school can get help from the government. [温馨提示] whose指物时，常用下列结构来代替： He volunteered to join in the activity whose aim is to help those who are in trouble. ＝He volunteered to join in the activity，the aim of which is to help those who are in trouble. ＝He volunteered to join in the activity，of which the aim is to help those who are in trouble. 他自愿参加那项活动，活动的目标是帮助那些陷入困境的人。 (二)关系代词的辨析 1）只能用that，不能用 which的情况 1．先行词是 all，something，everything，anything，nothing，little，much，few等不定代词或先行词被all，any，every，no，little，much，some等词修饰。 All the people that come from the country work much harder. 所有来自农村的人工作都更努力得多。 2．先行词被序数词、形容词最高级、the only，the very，the last等修饰时，关系代词通常只用that，不用 which。 The first English novel that I read was Cities. 我读的第一本英文小说是《城市》。 This is one of the most exciting football games that I have ever seen. 这是我见过的最激动人心的足球比赛之一。 This is the only thing that we can do now. 这是我们现在唯一能做的事情。 3．先行词既有人又有物时，关系代词只用that，不用 which。 The scientist and his achievements that you told me about are admired by us all. 我们所有人都钦佩你告诉我的那位科学家和他所取得的成就。 The foreign visitors spoke highly of the pioneers and their performances that they saw at the Children's Palace. 外国游客高度赞扬了他们在少年宫所看到的少先队员以及他们的表演。 4．句中其他位置已出现 which，为避免重复，不用 which而用that引导限定性定语从句。 Which is the car that has overtaken us? 超过我们的是哪辆车？ ①这是我参观过的最漂亮的公园。 This is the most beautiful park that I have visited. ②我们常常谈起我们记得的那些人和事。 We often talk about the persons and things that we remember. ③我已找到昨天丢的钢笔。 I have found the very pen that I lost yesterday. 2)只用which，不能用that的情况 1．在介词提前到关系代词之前形成“介词＋关系代词”结构来修饰表事物的先行词时，关系代词必须用which。 Is this the house in which Shakespeare was born? 这是莎士比亚出生的房子吗？ This is the reference book of which the teacher is speaking. 这是老师正在谈及的那本参考书。 2．先行词为“those＋表事物的复数名词”时，关系代词通常只用 which而不用that。 Students should keep in mind those regulations which restrict their behavior. 学生应牢记那些规范自己的行为准则。 A bookshop should deal with a variety of those best sellers which are newly published. 书店应该经营新出版的各种畅销书。 3．当先行词指物，关系词在句中作主语或宾语，引导非限制性定语从句的关系词只能用 which，而不用that。 ①The house in which I used to live has become a shoe shop. ②Have you ever read the book, which was written by a young girl? 3)只用who/whom，不能用that的情况 先行词指人，关系代词在从句中作介词的宾语且直接跟在介词后时，只能用whom引导，且不可省略。 This is the voluntary teacher from whom we’ve learned a lot.这就是我们从他那里学到了很多知识的支教老师。 三、使用定语从句的注意事项 1．关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句的谓语动词要和先行词的人称和数保持一致。 Those who are over 45 years old won’t be permitted to go into the hall. 超过45岁的人不允许进入大厅。 [温馨提示] “one of＋复数名词”作先行词，谓语动词用复数形式；“the only one of＋复数名词”作先行词，谓语动词用单数形式。 This is one of the books which were written by Charles Dickens. 这是查尔斯·狄更斯所写的书的其中一本。 He is the only one of the boys in our class who has learned to play golf. 他是我们班里唯一一个学过打高尔夫球的男孩。 2．为避免关系词的重复，被关系代词所代替的成分不可在从句中重复出现。 This is the apartment which he bought last year.(bought后不可加it) 这就是他去年买的那所公寓。 【总结感悟】-构建知识体系 Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1．（2023上·黑龙江·高一黑龙江实验中学校考期中）He still remembered the places and persons he visited there. 2．（2023上·江苏泰州·高一靖江高级中学校考期中）This is the very book has good maps showing details of world geography. 3．（2023上·江苏扬州·高一统考期中）Tom worked on the most beautiful farm we visited the other day. 4．（2023上·江苏·高一江苏省镇江第一中学校联考期中）A true friendship carries a long history of experience determines who we are and keeps us connected. 5．（2023上·河北秦皇岛·高一秦皇岛一中校考期中）Jordan’s skills were impressive, but the mental strength he showed made him unique. 6．（2023上·河北秦皇岛·高一秦皇岛一中校考期中）The Boys and Girls Club he started in Chicago has been helping young people since 1996. 7．（2023上·河北秦皇岛·高一秦皇岛一中校考期中）The team Lang Ping had built was falling apart. 8．（2023上·广西河池·高一校联考阶段练习）Obviously, any child receives patient teaching over a long period is likely to improve. 9．（2023上·新疆喀什·高一校联考期末）The terrible shaking of the building woke up all the people were asleep. 10．（2023上·全国·高一期中）For the consumers, it can save some time for the people don’t have much spare time . 11． Li Bai was a Chinese poet praised from his own day to the present as a romantic figure took traditional poetic forms to new heights. 12．（2023上·江苏镇江·高一统考阶段练习）The man with you shook hands just now is our English teacher. 13．Is this the man you talked about yesterday? 14． I got in touch with Michael I have been losing contact with for one year. 15． There are some athletes I want you to meet. (用适当的词填空) 16．（2023上·新疆喀什·高一校联考期末）The children parents could not be found were looked after by neighbors and friends. 17．（2023上·江苏南京·高一校联考期中）These students parents have come to China for business like the school very much. 18．（2023上·新疆伊犁·高一奎屯市第一高级中学校考期中）At first sight I didn’t recognize the boy hair was dyed red. 19．（2023上·福建厦门·高一厦门一中校考期中）His father works in a company name always appears in the local newspapers. 20．（2023上·江苏泰州·高一靖江高级中学校考期中）It is such a heavy rock no one can lift. 21． Judging from my own experience, I want to say a few words to those who have the same trouble I have. 22． We do the same work they do. 23． He is such a good boy everyone likes. (用适当的词填空) 24．（2023上·江苏泰州·高一靖江高级中学校考期中）Yesterday I came across the man about you talked last time. 25．（2023上·江苏扬州·高一统考期中）We want to buy a book of the theme is about biology. 26．（2023上·江苏南京·高一校联考期中）Do you know the boy to I spoke just now? 27．（2023上·四川成都·高一成都外国语学校校考阶段练习）It can be confusing to come across sentences in the same words have got different meanings. 28．（2023上·江苏扬州·高一统考期中）It was Friday the speech was delivered in our school. 29． I will never forget those years I lived on the farm with the farmers, has a great effect on my life. 30． Tony will never forget these days she lived in China with her mother , has a great effect on her life . 31．I believe the time will soon come there will be no wars in the world. 32．（2023上·江苏泰州·高一靖江高级中学校考期中）I will never forget such a beautiful village I spent my childhood with my grandparents. 33．（2023上·江苏扬州·高一统考期中）Mr. Fox said he liked the atmosphere everybody can have a free chat. 34．（2023上·广西河池·高一校联考阶段练习）Let’s visit the Forbidden City, art collections are brought together in one impressive museum. 35．（2023上·黑龙江哈尔滨·高一哈师大附中校考阶段练习）Do you think English is a language some phrases are confusing and difficult for beginners? 36．（2023上·福建厦门·高一厦门一中校考期中）There are two main reasons I think it’s the best solution. 37． ---- Do you know the reason he was late for the meeting yesterday? ----Yes, but I don’t think the reason he told me is reasonable. 38． I don’t know the reason David has refused to see me . 39．I don’t know the reason you were absent from the meeting , but I’m sure that someone will tell me the reason you haven’t told me. Ⅱ.句型转换 1．（2023上·四川绵阳·高一四川省绵阳南山中学校考阶段练习）The reason why she was very sad was that her pet was killed in an accident. （仿写） (Please give some advice to your friend who wants to lose weight.) (按要求仿写) 2．We found out the reason. Many young people don’t have enough sleep for this reason. We found out the reason . 4．The reason isn't believable. He didn't come to school for that. （用关系副词引导的定语从句合并句子） → 5．Tom came late for the meeting because he was ill. (句型转换) →Tom was ill. he came late for the meeting. →Tom came late for the meeting. he was ill. → Tom came late for the meeting he was ill. 6． The reason is that I want to improve my spoken English. I want to apply for the position. (合并为定语从句) 7．Accidents often happen. The reason is that people don’t always obey the traffic rules. (用定语从句合为一句) 8．将下列两句话合并成含有关系副词的定语从句 Can you tell me the reason? You were late for school for the reason. 9．I can’t figure out the reason. He left for the reason.(合并为定语从句) I can’t figure out the reason he left . 10．①Climate change is the reason.②Many natural disasters happen for this reason. (合并为含定语从句的复合句) 3、 真题感知 1.（2024浙江1月卷）Of course, shops are not charities — they price goods in the way _________ will make them the most money. 2.（2023全国乙卷）But for all its ancient buildings, Beijing is also a place welcomes the fast-paced development of modern life, with 21st-century architectural wonders standing side by side with historical buildings of the past. 3.（2021新高考II卷）I decided that if I learned of a company ___________used a lot of plastic, I'd send it an email urging it to cut back. _________4.（2021北京卷）When you sleep, your brain sorts through everything ___________ happened during the day, trying to link new experiences to old memories. 5.（2021浙江1月卷）BMI is an internationally recognized measurement tool ___________ gives an indication of whether someone is a healthy weight. 6.（2022新高考I卷）The GPNP is intended to provide stronger protection for all the species ___________live within the Giant Panda Range and significantly improve the health of the ecosystem in the area. 7.（2020新高考卷）The 80,000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane, for example, formed the core collection of the British Museum __________ opened in 1759. 8.（2019全国II卷）Now Irene Astbury works from 9am to 5pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield, ___________ she opened with her late husband Les. 9.（2023全国甲卷）Yet, the form of the fable still has values today, _________Rachel Carson says in “A Fable for Tomorrow”. 10.（2022浙江1月卷）Kim Cobb, a professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, is one of a small but growing minority of academics ___________ are cutting back on their air travel 11.（2022全国甲卷）On the 1,100. Kilometer journey, the man Cao Shengkang, ___________ lost his eyesight at the age of eight in a car accident, crossed 40 cities and counties in three province. 12.（2023全国乙卷）The color she chose came in a box which had a picture of a woman ________hair color looked just perfect. 13.（2020全国III卷）In ancient China lived an artist, __________ paintings were almost lifelike. The artist’s reputation had made him proud. 14.（2020天津卷）Dr. Rowan, __________ secretary resigned two weeks ago, has had to do all his own typing. 15.（2023全国甲卷）“There was once a town in the heart of America, _________ all life seemed to enjoy peaceful existence with is surroundings,” her fable begins, borrowing some familiar words from many age-old fables. ( 3 )原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$