2025届高考英语一轮复习 专题4：代词 核心考点精讲精练 讲义

2025年高考英语一轮复习 专题4：代词 核心考点精讲精练（原卷版） 【考点梳理】 代词是代替名词或一句话的一种词类。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。英语中的代词，按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为：人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词、连接代词、不定代词和替代词十种。 考点一 人称代词/物主代词/反身代词 （一）人称代词 数、格 人称 单数 复数 主格 宾格 主格 宾格 第一人称 I me we us 第二人称 you you you your 第三人称 he him they them she her it it 1.人称代词作主语用主格，作宾语、表语用宾格，但应注意以下四种情况： ①作主语的人称代词如果孤立地使用于无谓语动词的句子中，或在这种句子中与动词不定式连用，常用宾格。 —Susan，go and join your sister cleaning the yard. —Why me？John is sitting there doing nothing. ②句子中代词作宾语或宾语补足语时，与所替代的名词在人称、数、格以及意义上一般要保持前后一致。 The thief was thought to be he.(the thief是主格，故用he替代) They took me to be her.他们误以为我是她。(me是宾格，故用her替代) ③作表语的人称代词一般用宾格，但在强调句型中，被强调部分代词的格不变。 I met her in the hospital.→It was her who I met in the hospital. ④在比较级的句子中than、as后用主格、宾格都可以。如：He is taller than me(I).但在下列句中有区别： I like Jack as much as her.＝I like both Jack and her. I like Jack as much as she.＝I like Jack and she likes him，too. 2.两个以上的人称代词并列，其次序排列原则： 在并列主语中，＂I＂总是放在最后，排列顺序为：二 三 一(人称)。宾格me也一样。 You，she and I will be in charge of the case. Mr. Zhang asked Li Hua and me to help him. 巧记口诀： 人称代词主宾格，作用不同莫误用。主格动词前作主，动词介词后宾格。 you和it主宾同，其他主宾务分清。人称代词并列现，尊重他人礼让先。 单数人称二三一，复数人称一二三。若把错误来承担，第一人称我靠前。 即时检测： 1．Our neighbors gave (we) a baby bird yesterday that hurt (it) when it fell from its nest. (所给词的适当形式填空) 2．Jim’s name is on the umbrella. It must belong to (he). (所给词的适当形式填空) （二）物主代词 意义 类别 我的 你的 他的 她的 它的 我们的 你们的 他们的 形容词性 my your his her its our your their 名词性 mine yours his hers ours yours theirs 1. 物主代词分形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词。 形容词性物主代词相当于一个形容词，在句子中作前置定语，不能单独使用。 But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s 但是我与熊猫的联系追溯到二十世纪八十年代，我在电视节目中的日子。 名词性物主代词相当于“形容词性物主代词+名词”可单独充当句子的主语，表语和宾语。 Your coat is black. Mine is red. There is something wrong with my phone. May I use yours? 即时检测： 3．It is wise to take (he) advice. (所给词的适当形式填空) 4．It is part of a drive by the Department for Education to address the rise in students who report (they) mental health issues at university. (所给词的适当形式填空) （三）反身代词 反身代词形式 人称 数 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 单数 myself yourself himself/herself/itself 复数 ourselves yourselves themselves 1.反身代词的语法功能：宾语、表语、主语或宾语的同位语。 2.反身代词和某些动词连用，构成固定短语。 enjoy oneself 玩得愉快 come to oneself 苏醒 by oneself 独自地 teach oneself 自学 devote oneself to 致力于…… of oneself 自动地 behave oneself 举止得体 help oneself to 自己取用…… for oneself 为自己 seat oneself 坐下 make oneself at home 不拘束 be oneself 身心自在 3.反身代词还可用于某些成语中。 for oneself为自己；独立地 of oneself自然地；自动地 by oneself独自地 in oneself本身 即时检测： 5．Have you ever asked (you) why people often have trouble (learn) English? (所给词的的适当形式填空) 6．Treat to a glass of wine to help you relax at the end of the day. (用适当的词填空) 考点二、不定代词 1．one, ones, the one, the ones, that, those, it的区别 代词 用法 one 指代可数名词，单数，泛指 ones 指代可数名词，复数，泛指 the one 指代可数名词，单数，特指 the ones 指代可数名词，复数，特指 that 指代不可数名词或可数名词单数，相当于the＋名词，特指 those 指代可数名词，复数，特指(＝the ones) it 上文中所提到的同一个事物 2.both, all, either, neither与none的区别 代词 用法 both (1)表示“两者(都)”。 (2)作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。 (3)与not连用表示部分否定，意为“并非两者都……”。(表示两者的全部否定需用neither) all (1)指三者或三者以上的人或物的“全部”。 (2)作主语，指人时，谓语动词通常用复数形式；指事物的整体或抽象概念时，谓语动词通常用单数形式。 (3)与not连用表示部分否定，意为“并非全部都……”。(表示三者或三者以上的完全否定需用none) either (1)表示“(两者中的)任何一个”。(表示三者或三者以上的人或物中的“任何一个”需用any) (2)作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。 neither (1)表示“(两者)都不”。 (2)单独作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。 (3)后接of短语作主语时，谓语动词既可用单数形式，也可用复数形式。 none (1)表示“(三者及三者以上中)无一个”或“没有一点儿”。 (2)后接of短语作主语时，谓语动词既可用单数形式，也可用复数形式。 (3)既可指代可数名词，也可指代不可数名词。 3.each与every的区别 代词 用法 each (1)强调个体，可作代词和形容词，修饰单数可数名词，指两者或两者以上中的“每一个”。 (2)可以与of短语连用；可作主语、宾语、同位语和定语。作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；作同位语时，谓语动词的数和主语保持一致。 every (1)强调(整体中的)每一个，只能作定语，修饰单数可数名词，表示三者或三者以上中的“每一个”。 (2)与not连用构成部分否定。 (3)可用来表示“每隔”。 (4)不可与of短语连用。 4.the other, another, others与the others的区别 代词 用法 the other 可单独使用，特指两者中的“另一个”或两部分中的“另一部分”，常与one连用，构成“one ..., the other ...”，表示“一个……，另外一个……”。 another 泛指三者或三者以上的人或物中的“另一个”，代替单数可数名词。另外，another后可接“基数词/few＋复数名词(名词表示的事物被看作一个整体)”，表示“另外的……(多少)”。 others 只能单独使用，表示泛指意义，意为“其他的人或事物”，常与some连用。 the others 特指“整体中除去一部分后剩余的全部人或事物”。 5.none, nothing与no one/nobody的区别 代词 用法 none (1)特指语境中提到的人或物，强调数量。 (2)后可接of短语，可回答以how many, how much引导的特殊疑问句。 nothing (1)指物，表示泛指。 (2)不可接of短语，可回答what引导的特殊疑问句。 no one/ nobody (1)常指人，仅用于指代可数名词单数。 (2)不可接of短语，可回答以who引导的特殊疑问句。 6.复合不定代词的用法 某…… 任何…… 每个……； 所有…… 没有…… 人 someone/ somebody anyone/ anybody everyone/ everybody no one/ nobody 物 something anything everything nothing [知识拓展]　复合不定代词构成的习惯搭配： nothing but 仅仅；只是 anything but 决不 something of 有几分；略微 or something 诸如此类的人或物 something else 别的东西；另外一件事 for nothing 免费；毫无结果 nobody but 除了……没有人 somebody else 其他人 7．表示数量的不定代词的用法 代词 用法 表示意义 含义 few 修饰或代替可数名词 否定含义 几乎没有 a few 修饰或代替可数名词 肯定含义 几个；一些 little 修饰或代替不可数名词 否定含义 几乎没有 a little 修饰或代替不可数名词 肯定含义 少量；一点点 many 修饰或代替可数名词 肯定含义 许多 much 修饰或代替不可数名词 肯定含义 许多 即时检测： 7．To know more about the British Museum, you can use the Internet or go to the library, or . (用适当的词填空) 8．Swimming is my favorite sport. There is like swimming as a means of keeping fit. (用适当的词填空) 9．There are some tall trees on side of the street. So you will feel cool. (用适当的词填空) 考点三、指示代词、疑问代词、相互代词 相互代词：是表示相互关系的代词，只有each other(两者)和one another(三者或三者以上)两个词组。 指示代词：指上文提到的是，单数this/that; 复数these/those; 常见习惯搭配： that is to say=that is...也就是说 That’ it. 对啦！可不是嘛！ That’ enough! 我受够了！ That will do. 那正好。 疑问代词 No. 1 what的习惯用法 What if ...？表示假设、建议、征求意见或疑虑 What do you mean (by ...)？表示愤怒、不满等情绪 What/How about ...？ 用于征求对方意见、询问对方的情况 So what？那又怎么样呢？(表示不感兴趣或认为不重要) Guess what？你猜怎么着？(用以引起他人的注意) Like what？比如说？ What is No. 2 which的特定用法 在表示有范围的选择时，只能用which。 Which is the following is mentioned? 提到的是下面的哪一个？ No. 3 whatever/whoever/whomever/whichever表泛指，意为“无论......”。 You have our support, whatever you decide. 不管你作任何决定，我们都支持你。 即时检测： 10．Bicycles made in Shanghai are better than made in Beijing. (用适当的词填空) 11．At our factory there are a few machines similar to described in this magazine. (用适当的词填空) 12．It is said dogs can keep you company for as long as you want when you are feeling lonely. (用适当的词填空) 考点四、it和替代词 （一）It No. 1 it指天气、时间、距离、环境； It is twenty miles from here to the village. 从这里到那个村庄有20英里路。 No. 2 it代前面所提到过的事物、群体、想法等； Although he didn’t like it, I decided to see the movie anyway. 尽管他不喜欢看这部电影，但我还是决定去看一看。 No. 3 身份不明的人或婴儿； What will you call it if it is a boy? 要是男孩的话，你会给他取个什么名字？ No. 4 it用作形式主语或形式宾语，代替不定式、动名词或从句。 · 常考it作形式主语的句型： 1. It + be +adj./n.+for/of+不定式; 对某人来说做某事是......的。 2. It + is +no good/use/useless doing sth.； 3. It + be +名词词组（a pity/ a fact/ no wonder...）/adj.+that从句 4. It’s well worth doing... 5. It+特殊动词(appear/seem/turn out/occur to sb....)+that从句 6. It + be +过去分词+that从句 7. It + takes sb some time/some money to do sth. It is a pity that you can’t go with her. 你不能和她一起去真是太遗憾了。 As far as I'm concerned, it is no use arguing with him; he won't change his mind. 就我个人而言，同他争论没用，他不会改变主意。 It is reported that 16 people were killed in the earthquake. 据报道有16人在这次地震中丧生。 · 常考it作形式宾语的句型： 1. 主语+consider/believe/think/feel/make/suppose/keep...+it+adj./n.+for/of sb do/that从句 2. 主语+consider/believe/think/feel/make/suppose/keep...+it+useless+worth+worthwhile/no use/no good/a waste of time/money/energy...+doing... 3. I take it that...我的理解是...... 4. I don’t mind it if...我不介意...... 5. As someone puts it...像某人所说的那样...... 6. You can depend/count on it that...你可以相信/指望...... I find it easy to get on with John. 我发现和约翰相处很容易。 He didn’t make it clear when and where the meeting would be held. 他没有说清楚何时何地举行会议。 No. 5 表示“喜欢、爱恨”等心理活动的动词后面接it作形式宾语再接从句，it为形式宾语，指代后面的从句，这类动词有enjoy, prefer, love, like, hate, dislike, appreciate等。 I hate it when I have to speak in French on the phone. 不得不用法语打电话，我感到很厌烦。 I like it when she sings me a song. 我喜欢她为我唱歌。 I would appreciate it if you could help me. 如果您能帮我，我将不胜感激。 No. 6 it用于强调句型中。 ①It is on the farm where we worked together that we got to know each other. 我们是在一起工作过的农场上相互认识的。 No. 7 it可用于意义表达不明确的语境中，通常不指代内容； 如：get it(明白了)；make it(成功了)；forget it(算了） 易错提醒： a．It＋be＋时间段＋since引导的状语从句 这个句型表示“自……以来已多久了”。表示现在的情况时，主句多用一般现在时或现在完成时，从句多用一般过去时；表示过去的情况时，主句用一般过去时，从句用过去完成时。 ② It is three years since his father passed away. 自从他父亲去世已经三年了。 ③ It was 10 years since they had married. 自从他们结婚已经十年了。 b．It＋be＋时间段＋before引导的状语从句 这个句型中的“时间段”一般为some time, long, ... years, ... months, ... weeks, ... days, ... hours, ... minutes等。主句中的be可用一般过去时was/were或一般将来时will be：用was/were时，before从句用一般过去时；用will be时，before从句常用一般现在时。 ④ It wasn't long before he told us about this affair. 没过多久他就告诉了我们这件事情。 ⑤ It will be many years before the situation improves. 这种状况要过许多年才能得到改善。 c．It＋be＋时间点＋when引导的状语从句 这个句型中，it指时间，而且表示时间的词语前没有介词(时间一般为具体时间)。主句的谓语动词和从句的谓语动词在时态上一般是一致的，但是当主句是将来时时，从句一般用一般现在时代替将来时。 ⑥ It was already 8 o'clock when we got home. 我们到家时已经8点了。 d．It＋be＋time＋that引导的从句 这个句型中从句需用虚拟语气，该句型表示“是做……的时候了”，从句谓语动词常用过去式(be用were)。time之前有时可加上high或about以加强语气。 ⑦ It is high time (that) she wrote a letter to her mother. 她早该写一封信给她妈妈了。 e．It＋be＋the first/second/third ... time＋that引导的从句 这个句型表示“这/那是某人第几次做某事”。主句中be是is时，从句要用现在完成时；主句中be是was时，则从句需相应地用过去完成时。 ⑧ It is the first time (that) these Europeans have visited the Great Wall. 这是这些欧洲人第一次参观长城。 （二）替代词 1. that(those), one(ones)和it(的替代用法) 代词 用法 it 特指前面提到过的同一个人或者物 that 可以指代前面出现过的不可数名词或单数可数名词，指代单数可数名词相当于the one。其复数形式为those，相当于the ones one 指代前面出现过的那类事物中的＂一个＂，其复数形式为ones those 指＂the＋名词复数(尤其是有后置定语时)＂ —Did you get a ticket? ——你搞到票了吗？ —Yes, I managed to get one. ——是的，我设法搞到了一张。 The weather of Beijing is colder than that of Guangzhou.北京的天气比广州冷。 Studying Wendy’s menu，I found that many of the items are similar to those of McDonald’s.研究了温迪的菜单，我发现其中很多东西和麦当劳的相似。 The weather here is too cold. I don’t like it. 这儿的天气太冷了，我不喜欢这儿的天气。 巧记点拨： ①one和that都可以用来替代上文中所出现的名词，有时可以互换；但是在下列情况下不可以互换： 只能用that 只能用one that既可替代可数名词，也可替代不可数名词，常要求有后置定语，一般不指人，复数形式为those。 one只能替代可数名词单数，复数形式为ones。当可数名词前有形容词修饰时，只能用one ②the ones用来替代上文提到的特指的复数名词，有时可以用those代替，尤其在有后置定语的情况下。 The books on the desk are better than those/the ones under the desk.桌上的那些书比桌下的好。 Only those(the ones)who had booked in advance were allowed in.只有那些预先订票的人可以进去。 但是，the ones中的ones根据情况可用形容词修饰，而those不可以。 —Which do you want?你想要哪个? —I’ll have the red ones.我要红色的。 Don’t buy the expensive apples; get the cheaper ones.别买那价钱贵的苹果，买那便宜的。 即时检测： 13．Lots of people find hard to get up in the morning, and put the blame on the alarm clock. (用适当的词填空) 14．We should keep in mind that we’d better not play the blog for too long, since it may do great harm to our health. (用适当的词填空) 15．I’m sorry that I can’t make to your party this weekend. (用适当的词填空) 【达标训练】 一、单句语法填空 用适当的词或所给词的适当形式填空 1．It’s careless him to lose so many things. 2．When he gets anxious, he often breathes deeply to calm (he) down. 3．There I met several people, two of being foreigners. 4．You may rely on that Jack will come and help us if we are in trouble. 5．—How many students are in the classroom? — . 6．Catherine bought a postcard of the place she was visiting, addressed to (she) and then posted it at the nearby post office. 7．We must keep reminding (we) that it is easier to get into something than it is to get out of it. 8．It’s similar to Jupiter, a giant gas planet in (we) solar system. 9．Jinling Library, founded in 1927, established (it) first “Window of Chinese Books” overseas in Nigeria in 2013. There will be more in the future. 10．Song Dynasty military forces as early as 904 A．D．used gunpowder devices against (they) primary enemy, the Mongols. 11．You’ll spend one day travelling by boat to (you) accommodation in the middle of the forest. 12．Hong Xiao, the producer of the program, highlights (it) commitment to showcasing various musical genres, catering to the varied tastes of the audience. 13． is impossible for us to finish the design before National Day. 14．However, it is likely Native Americans were living in California at least fifteen thousand years ago. 15．However, he believes that the practice with fountain pens helps students to focus, to write faster, and they can feel proud of (they). 16．He soon recovered (恢复) (he) and stopped crying. 17．This area, with (it) unique and breathtaking natural beauty, must be well preserved for all people of the nation to enjoy as a national park. 18．The information on the Internet gets around much more rapidly than in the newspaper. 19．She found it difficult (settle) and calm down in the deep valley, because she was concerned about whether she would be discovered. 20．Many museums are lively places and they attract a lot of visitors. As well as looking at exhibits, visitors can play with computer simulations (模拟) and imagine (they) living at a different time in history or (walk) through a rainforest. 二、语法填空 阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（1个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。 The first blockbuster (大片) of China set in space, “The Wandering Earth,” opens Tuesday during grand expectations 21 it will represent the dawning of a new era in Chinese filmmaking. “The Wandering Earth,” 22 (show) in 3-D, takes place in a distant future in which the sun is about to expand into a red giant and devour (吞噬) the Earth. It 23 (adapt) from works by Liu Cixin, the writer 24 has led a renaissance in science fiction here, 25 (become) the first Chinese winner of the Hugo Award in 2015. His novels are splendid and 26 (deep) researched. That makes 27 (they) reasonable fantasies about humanity’s meeting with a dangerous universe. The openings also come as China reached a milestone in space: the landing of a probe on 28 far side of the moon in January. Although decades behind Russia and the United States, China has now put astronauts 29 orbit and has ambitious plans to join—or even lead—a new age of space exploration. “I think there is a very close 30 (connect) between Chinese cinema and the nation’s fortunes,” said Sha Dan, a curator at the China Film Archive. 【能力提升】 一、阅读理解 A Dubai is home to some of the best hotels in the world. Armani Hotel Dubai Located inside the world’s tallest building, the distinguished Burj Khalifa, Armani Hotel features a contemporary look crafted by house design superstar Giorgio. Armani. It offers 160 stylish rooms right in the center of the city. It features seven restaurants and bars including traditional Indian food at the Armani Amal and fresh seafood at Armani Hashi. The Oberoi Dubai With one of the best locations in the Business Bay District, the Oberoi Dubai offers great appeal for business travelers and those enjoying the host of leisure activities in the central area. The modern hotel comes equipped with 252 upscale rooms featuring contemporary designs. Restaurant choices include the Nine7One featuring Western, Arabic, and Asian cuisines, as well as La Mezcalcria Kitchen& Lounge which serves up authentic Latin dishes. The Taj Dubai Situated in the Business Bay District right on Burj Khalifa street is the five-star hotel Taj Dubai. It offers Indian heritage designs with both classical and contemporary styles. It has close to 300 rooms from luxury rooms with city and Burj Khalifa views to grand luxury and presidential suites. Dining options include Asian street food at Miss Tess to contemporary British dishes and international delights at the Eloquent Elephant. Caesars Palace Bluewaters Dubai Caesars Palace Bluewaters Dubai, positioned behind Ain Dubai—the world’s largest observation wheel, is decorated with attractive art collections by designer Jonathan Adler. It has 194 luxurious suites and rooms, and features the best of the city’s nightlife attractions and fine dining including world-famous chef Gordon Ramsay’s Hell’s Kitchen. 1．Which can you enjoy in the Armani Hotel Dubai? A．Fresh seafood. B．Latin dishes. C．Asian street food. D．British food. 2．What do the Oberoi Dubai and The Taj Dubai have in common? A．They are five-star hotels. B．They are in the same district. C．They have presidential suites. D．They have the same number of rooms. 3．What can we know about Caesars Palace Bluewaters? A．It hosts leisure activities. B．It has rooms with city views. C． It is designed by Jonathan Adler. D．It is near the world’s largest observation wheel. B An incoming University of Mississippi student is the state’s first Miss Mississippi Teen Volunteer. Mary Kate Nelson, granddaughter of Kay Nelson of Oxford, was awarded Saturday at the Performing Arts Center in Tupelo. “Being the first-ever Miss Mississippi Teen Volunteer means so much to me already,” said Nelson. “I am honored to begin a journey of inspiring young girls across our state, and I am even more excited to wear my state’s name across my chest.” During the pageant (选美比赛), she entertained the crowd with her singing of the Eagles’ Desperado and was recognized with the Overall Interview award. Nelson is a recent graduate of Brandon High School, where she served as Health Occupations Students of America (HOSA) president and was a member of the Health Sciences Academy, as well as other student organizations. Nelson focused her impact initiative, “Hearts of Hope,” on making a happier and healthier Mississippi by supporting heart health. She was inspired by her younger brother’s struggle with a born heart problem. Through this initiative, Nelson raised funds for the American Heart Association and donated games consoles (游戏机) to the patients having heart problems at Blair E. Batson Children’s Hospital. Nelson will also spend the next year serving her home state through furthering her Hearts of Hope project, inspiring young women, and serving as an official partner for the Mississippi Highway Patrol’s D．R. I. V. E. activities. Additionally, she will represent Mississippi at the national pageant to be held in Jackson, Tennessee, and will be joined by Rachel Shumaker, Miss Mississippi Volunteer. The Miss Mississippi Volunteer Pageant is the state branch of the Miss Volunteer America Pageant, a nationwide, non-profit and service-oriented scholarship program based in Tennessee that seeks to inspire young women across the country through educational scholarships and extraordinary chances. 4．What can be learned about the pageant Nelson attended? A．It has been held a couple of times. B．It was intended for female teenagers. C．It was held in the University of Mississippi. D．It honored the first Miss Mississippi Volunteer 5．What did Nelson do before attending the pageant? A．She looked after her brother on a daily basis. B．She helped to keep children patients entertained C．She set up a nationwide organization Hearts of Hope D．She served as president of the Health Sciences Academy. 6．Which of the following can best describe Nelson? A．Strict and warm-hearted. B．Active and public-spirited. C．Humorous and responsible. D．Determined and straightforward. 7．What would be the best title for the text? A．A graduate won the Miss Mississippi Teen Volunteer B．High school Students benefit from voluntary work a lot C．Miss Teen Volunteer pageant makes a hit across the state D．Young women are inspired to seize extraordinary chances C For most of human history, we have been very good observers because we had to be. We used all of our senses—touch, smell, taste, hearing, and sight—to detect and discern. The sudden sounds of animals or the running of birds warned us that someone was approaching. At a distance, by examining posture, way of walking, arms wing, clothing, and equipment, our ancestors could discern friend from foe (敌人). As generations evolved and eventually moved to cities, closeness changed how we viewed and assessed each other. Because everyone was so close, we had less time to observe. Close quarters and circumstances demanded we interact on first meeting rather than later. This was the opposite of what we had done for thousands of years, which was to assess first at a distance and then interact. Closeness also made us more sensitive to being observed, which is why we are uncomfortable when others stare at us. Have we allowed ourselves to become careless when it comes to our own safety and that of our loved ones? I see people distracted while driving (applying makeup or texting). Or someone knocks at the front door and we open it without first seeing who is there and asking what they want Perhaps, in an attempt to be polite, we have ended our responsibility to ourselves, and each other, to be good observers. We should all look around and listen to our inner voice, which is in fact the limbic (边缘的) brain telling us to be careful that something is wrong, as security special it Gavin de Becker pointed out in The Gift of Fear, So often, after an encounter or a relationship turns problematic, one hears, “You know I had a feeling, in the beginning, that something wasn’t right.” However failure to observe, if we are honest, leads to avoidable circumstances as well as accidents, How we feel about something often completes the picture so that we can fully understand it Anyway, it is never too late to start observing. Observation is not about being judgmental, it is not about good or bad. It is about seeing the world around you, having situational awareness, and interpreting what it is that others are communication both verbally and nonverbally. To observe is to see but also to understand, and that requires listening to how you feel. 8．What does the underlined word “discern” in paragraph 1 mean? A．Disclose. B．Discover. C．Distinguish. D．Disguise. 9．Why did we spend less time observing? A．Observing involves too much and is complicated. B．We felt uneasy when others were staring at us. C．We got more sensitive to others’ observation. D．Closeness required people to communicate on first meeting. 10．Possibly for what have we given up being good observers? A．Being careless. B．Avoiding rudeness. C．Paying no attention. D．Being irresponsible. 11．What is the best title? A．Be good observers B．Discern friend from foe C．Care about our safety D．Start observing now D Bike-share systems hold the potential to reduce traffic and pollution in big cities. While they have received considerable attention, their promise of urban transformation is far from being fully realized. New research in the journal Management Science found a key reason is that while companies have focused on bike design and technology aspects, there has been minimal research done on operational aspects such as station density (密度) and bike-availability levels. “Almost 80%of bike-share usage comes from areas within 1,000 feet of the bike-share stations, or roughly four city blocks,” said Elena Belavina, one of the study authors. “Anything past 1,000 feet, potential users are almost 60% less likely to use a station.” The study, “Bike-Share Systems: Accessibility and Availability”, analyzes the relationship between ridership and operational performance in bike-share design systems to achieve higher ridership. Using data from the Velib’ system in Paris, with roughly 17,000 bikes and 950 stations, the study estimates the impacts of two aspects of the system performance on bike-share ridership: accessibility, or how far the user must walk to reach stations, and bike availability. There are two impacts of availability: First, a short-term impact is that if nearby stations do not have bicycles when a user wants to take a trip, users must go to stations farther away or abandon using bike-share. Second, if users typically expect a lower chance of finding a bicycle, they are less likely to even consider bike share for their trips and the system will have lower ridership in the long term. “Most users choose to abandon using bike-share.” said Belavina. “But overall, we find that a 10%increase in bike availability would increase ridership by more than 12%.” Between increasing bike-availability and decreasing walking distance, the study finds that the latter has a higher impact. Bike-share operators with limited resources must prioritize building more stations close to riders. Where should those stations go? The authors recommend locations where there are many points of interest and locations with lower bike availability. 12．What can be done to make bike-share systems play a bigger role in urban transformations? A．Reducing traffic and pollution. B．Making stations more advanced. C．Putting more thought into operations. D．Making improvements in bike design. 13．What does the underlined word “availability” in paragraph 6 refer to? A．The number of nearby stations. B．The necessity of going for bike sharing. C．The likelihood of finding a bike at a station. D．The walking distance between the stations 14．According to the study what is the most important thing to do to achieve higher ridership? A．Shortening the bike trips. B．Reducing the walking distance. C．Increasing the number of bikes. D．Attracting riders to points of interest. 15．What does the text focus on? A．How to use the bike-share systems. B．How to make full use of bike-share. C．How to raise the awareness of bike-share. D．How to estimate the impacts of bike-share. 七选五 Find the learning style that suits you best To succeed academically, you need to be productive. To be productive, you need to find a suitable learning style. Whether it’s for everyday learning or revising for exams, the learning style that helps you achieve maximum productivity will be crucial. 16 Note-taking Note-taking can include copying out passages of books or summarizing concepts on notecards. 17 The problem with note-taking is that it’s all too easy simply to copy out what someone else says without really taking it in. 18 Sometimes you might find that you learn things more easily if you have to explain a concept to someone else. This is because in order to explain something clearly to someone else, you have to have a thorough grasp of it yourself. For example, giving a presentation to fellow students will require you first to have an excellent understanding of the topic and then to put together materials from which the others can learn. Learning by doing This method means that rather than reading things in books, try to experience things in real life. 19 Experiencing things practically gives your brain something concrete to remember, so you will absorb the information more easily. Tests and mock exams (模拟考试) 20 If you’re the sort of person who benefits from these sorts of challenges, you could try asking your teacher, parents or study buddies to set a mock exam to test what you’ve learned on a particular topic. A．Explaining to others B．Diagrams and mind maps C．If so, visual methods of learning might suit you best. D．Here are some common learning styles and choose one that suits you best! E．Some people like them because they provide strong motivation to succeed. F．It’s a classic learning method, but may not be the best way for everyone to learn. G．For example, you could conduct a scientific experiment or observe how a chemical reaction works. 二、语法填空 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 A group of children in Zimbabwe, a country in southeast Africa, are closely following a series of martial arts (武术) movements 21 (perform) in a slow and focused manner accompanied by deep breathing, 22 their eyes fixed on their Chinese tai chi master. Actually, 23 group of tai chi enthusiasts are enjoying the power of concentration under the guidance of their instructor, 45-yeat-old Zhu Wei, 24 is the captain of the Chinese medical team in Zimbabwe. “Tai chi increases focus and makes students, from school children to college students, 25 (concentrate) on studies.” he says. Tai chi is a mind-body exercise rooted in multiple Chinese traditions, including martial arts, 26 (tradition) Chinese medicine and philosophy. It emphasizes a mind-body connection 27 (use) gentle movements, meditation (冥想)and deep breathing. Martial arts 28 (recognize) as a fitness practice, with a wide range of health benefits. Zhu says tai chi provides mental health benefits like improved focus, as well as decreased stress, anxiety and depression. In addition, it can improve a 29 (child) confidence and physical strength. Organizer of the children’s events Abraham Matuka says keeping youngsters busy and entertained with activities like tai chi   30 (help) meet challenges of drug and other teenager crimes in low-income townships. ( 1 )原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 2025年高考英语一轮复习 专题4：代词 核心考点精讲精练（解析版） 【考点梳理】 代词是代替名词或一句话的一种词类。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。英语中的代词，按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为：人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词、连接代词、不定代词和替代词十种。 考点一 人称代词/物主代词/反身代词 （一）人称代词 数、格 人称 单数 复数 主格 宾格 主格 宾格 第一人称 I me we us 第二人称 you you you your 第三人称 he him they them she her it it 1.人称代词作主语用主格，作宾语、表语用宾格，但应注意以下四种情况： ①作主语的人称代词如果孤立地使用于无谓语动词的句子中，或在这种句子中与动词不定式连用，常用宾格。 —Susan，go and join your sister cleaning the yard. —Why me？John is sitting there doing nothing. ②句子中代词作宾语或宾语补足语时，与所替代的名词在人称、数、格以及意义上一般要保持前后一致。 The thief was thought to be he.(the thief是主格，故用he替代) They took me to be her.他们误以为我是她。(me是宾格，故用her替代) ③作表语的人称代词一般用宾格，但在强调句型中，被强调部分代词的格不变。 I met her in the hospital.→It was her who I met in the hospital. ④在比较级的句子中than、as后用主格、宾格都可以。如：He is taller than me(I).但在下列句中有区别： I like Jack as much as her.＝I like both Jack and her. I like Jack as much as she.＝I like Jack and she likes him，too. 2.两个以上的人称代词并列，其次序排列原则： 在并列主语中，＂I＂总是放在最后，排列顺序为：二 三 一(人称)。宾格me也一样。 You，she and I will be in charge of the case. Mr. Zhang asked Li Hua and me to help him. 巧记口诀： 人称代词主宾格，作用不同莫误用。主格动词前作主，动词介词后宾格。 you和it主宾同，其他主宾务分清。人称代词并列现，尊重他人礼让先。 单数人称二三一，复数人称一二三。若把错误来承担，第一人称我靠前。 即时检测： 1．Our neighbors gave (we) a baby bird yesterday that hurt (it) when it fell from its nest. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】 us itself 【详解】考查代词。句意：我们的邻居昨天送给我们一只雏鸟，它从窝里掉下来时受了伤。第一空作动词的宾语，应用宾格us；第二空表示“它自己”应用反身代词itself。故填①us；②itself。 2．Jim’s name is on the umbrella. It must belong to (he). (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】him 【详解】考查代词。句意：吉姆的名字在伞上。它一定属于他。根据空前“belong to”可知，空处应用所给代词he的宾格形式him，作belong to的宾语。故填him。 （二）物主代词 意义 类别 我的 你的 他的 她的 它的 我们的 你们的 他们的 形容词性 my your his her its our your their 名词性 mine yours his hers ours yours theirs 1. 物主代词分形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词。 形容词性物主代词相当于一个形容词，在句子中作前置定语，不能单独使用。 But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s 但是我与熊猫的联系追溯到二十世纪八十年代，我在电视节目中的日子。 名词性物主代词相当于“形容词性物主代词+名词”可单独充当句子的主语，表语和宾语。 Your coat is black. Mine is red. There is something wrong with my phone. May I use yours? 即时检测： 3．It is wise to take (he) advice. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】his 【详解】考查物主代词。句意：听取他的建议是明智的。修饰名词advice作定语应该使用形容词性物主代词，he的形容词性物主代词是his，故填his。 4．It is part of a drive by the Department for Education to address the rise in students who report (they) mental health issues at university. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】their 【详解】考查形容词性物主代词。句意：这是教育部为解决在大学里报告其心理健康问题的学生人数增加而采取的行动的一部分。此空位于名词issues之前，所以应用形容词性物主代词their作定语。故填their。 （三）反身代词 反身代词形式 人称 数 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 单数 myself yourself himself/herself/itself 复数 ourselves yourselves themselves 1.反身代词的语法功能：宾语、表语、主语或宾语的同位语。 2.反身代词和某些动词连用，构成固定短语。 enjoy oneself 玩得愉快 come to oneself 苏醒 by oneself 独自地 teach oneself 自学 devote oneself to 致力于…… of oneself 自动地 behave oneself 举止得体 help oneself to 自己取用…… for oneself 为自己 seat oneself 坐下 make oneself at home 不拘束 be oneself 身心自在 3.反身代词还可用于某些成语中。 for oneself为自己；独立地 of oneself自然地；自动地 by oneself独自地 in oneself本身 即时检测： 5．Have you ever asked (you) why people often have trouble (learn) English? (所给词的的适当形式填空) 【答案】 yourself learning 【详解】考查代词和非谓语动词。句意：你有没有问过自己，为什么人们学习英语经常有困难？第一空作asked的宾语，且和主语you指代一致，所以应用反身代词yourself，表示“你自己”。have trouble (in) doing sth.意为“做某事有困难”，动名词作宾语，所以第二空应用动名词learning。故填yourself；learning。 6．Treat to a glass of wine to help you relax at the end of the day. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】yourself 【详解】考查代词。句意：在一天结束时，喝一杯葡萄酒来帮助自己放松。treat sb to sth意为“用……招待，给……买”；句子为祈使句，省略了主语you，句中主语和宾语指代同一人时，宾语用其相应的反身代词，空处应用you的反身代词yourself作宾语。故填yourself。 考点二、不定代词 1．one, ones, the one, the ones, that, those, it的区别 代词 用法 one 指代可数名词，单数，泛指 ones 指代可数名词，复数，泛指 the one 指代可数名词，单数，特指 the ones 指代可数名词，复数，特指 that 指代不可数名词或可数名词单数，相当于the＋名词，特指 those 指代可数名词，复数，特指(＝the ones) it 上文中所提到的同一个事物 2.both, all, either, neither与none的区别 代词 用法 both (1)表示“两者(都)”。 (2)作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。 (3)与not连用表示部分否定，意为“并非两者都……”。(表示两者的全部否定需用neither) all (1)指三者或三者以上的人或物的“全部”。 (2)作主语，指人时，谓语动词通常用复数形式；指事物的整体或抽象概念时，谓语动词通常用单数形式。 (3)与not连用表示部分否定，意为“并非全部都……”。(表示三者或三者以上的完全否定需用none) either (1)表示“(两者中的)任何一个”。(表示三者或三者以上的人或物中的“任何一个”需用any) (2)作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。 neither (1)表示“(两者)都不”。 (2)单独作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。 (3)后接of短语作主语时，谓语动词既可用单数形式，也可用复数形式。 none (1)表示“(三者及三者以上中)无一个”或“没有一点儿”。 (2)后接of短语作主语时，谓语动词既可用单数形式，也可用复数形式。 (3)既可指代可数名词，也可指代不可数名词。 3.each与every的区别 代词 用法 each (1)强调个体，可作代词和形容词，修饰单数可数名词，指两者或两者以上中的“每一个”。 (2)可以与of短语连用；可作主语、宾语、同位语和定语。作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；作同位语时，谓语动词的数和主语保持一致。 every (1)强调(整体中的)每一个，只能作定语，修饰单数可数名词，表示三者或三者以上中的“每一个”。 (2)与not连用构成部分否定。 (3)可用来表示“每隔”。 (4)不可与of短语连用。 4.the other, another, others与the others的区别 代词 用法 the other 可单独使用，特指两者中的“另一个”或两部分中的“另一部分”，常与one连用，构成“one ..., the other ...”，表示“一个……，另外一个……”。 another 泛指三者或三者以上的人或物中的“另一个”，代替单数可数名词。另外，another后可接“基数词/few＋复数名词(名词表示的事物被看作一个整体)”，表示“另外的……(多少)”。 others 只能单独使用，表示泛指意义，意为“其他的人或事物”，常与some连用。 the others 特指“整体中除去一部分后剩余的全部人或事物”。 5.none, nothing与no one/nobody的区别 代词 用法 none (1)特指语境中提到的人或物，强调数量。 (2)后可接of短语，可回答以how many, how much引导的特殊疑问句。 nothing (1)指物，表示泛指。 (2)不可接of短语，可回答what引导的特殊疑问句。 no one/ nobody (1)常指人，仅用于指代可数名词单数。 (2)不可接of短语，可回答以who引导的特殊疑问句。 6.复合不定代词的用法 某…… 任何…… 每个……； 所有…… 没有…… 人 someone/ somebody anyone/ anybody everyone/ everybody no one/ nobody 物 something anything everything nothing [知识拓展]　复合不定代词构成的习惯搭配： nothing but 仅仅；只是 anything but 决不 something of 有几分；略微 or something 诸如此类的人或物 something else 别的东西；另外一件事 for nothing 免费；毫无结果 nobody but 除了……没有人 somebody else 其他人 7．表示数量的不定代词的用法 代词 用法 表示意义 含义 few 修饰或代替可数名词 否定含义 几乎没有 a few 修饰或代替可数名词 肯定含义 几个；一些 little 修饰或代替不可数名词 否定含义 几乎没有 a little 修饰或代替不可数名词 肯定含义 少量；一点点 many 修饰或代替可数名词 肯定含义 许多 much 修饰或代替不可数名词 肯定含义 许多 即时检测： 7．To know more about the British Museum, you can use the Internet or go to the library, or . (用适当的词填空) 【答案】both 【详解】考查代词。句意：要了解更多关于大英博物馆的信息，你可以使用互联网或去图书馆，或者两者都用。空处指代前面提到的use the Internet和go to the library两种方式，应用不定代词both表示“两者”。故填both。 8．Swimming is my favorite sport. There is like swimming as a means of keeping fit. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】nothing 【详解】考查代词。句意：游泳是我的最爱。在保持健康方面，没有什么能比得上游泳的作用了。根据“Swimming is my favorite sport.”可知，“我”把游泳看作保持健康最有效的方法，没有别的方法能比得上它。故填nothing。 9．There are some tall trees on side of the street. So you will feel cool. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】either 【详解】考查不定代词。句意：在街道两边有一些高大树木。所以你会觉得很凉爽。根据常识可知，街道有两个边，且side为单数形式，应用either修饰，意为“两者中的任意一个”。故填either。 考点三、指示代词、疑问代词、相互代词 相互代词：是表示相互关系的代词，只有each other(两者)和one another(三者或三者以上)两个词组。 指示代词：指上文提到的是，单数this/that; 复数these/those; 常见习惯搭配： that is to say=that is...也就是说 That’ it. 对啦！可不是嘛！ That’ enough! 我受够了！ That will do. 那正好。 疑问代词 No. 1 what的习惯用法 What if ...？表示假设、建议、征求意见或疑虑 What do you mean (by ...)？表示愤怒、不满等情绪 What/How about ...？ 用于征求对方意见、询问对方的情况 So what？那又怎么样呢？(表示不感兴趣或认为不重要) Guess what？你猜怎么着？(用以引起他人的注意) Like what？比如说？ What is No. 2 which的特定用法 在表示有范围的选择时，只能用which。 Which is the following is mentioned? 提到的是下面的哪一个？ No. 3 whatever/whoever/whomever/whichever表泛指，意为“无论......”。 You have our support, whatever you decide. 不管你作任何决定，我们都支持你。 即时检测： 10．Bicycles made in Shanghai are better than made in Beijing. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】those 【详解】考查代词。句意：上海制造的自行车比北京制造的好。根据空前“Bicycles made in Shanghai”及空后“made in Beijing”可知，句中比较的是上海制造的自行车和北京制造的自行车，为了避免重复，应用those来指代前文已经提到过的同类复数名词“bicycles”。故填those。 11．At our factory there are a few machines similar to described in this magazine. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】those/the ones 【详解】考查代词。句意：我们工厂有几台机器与这本杂志上描述的类似。空格处需要填入代词作宾语，此处表示的是“杂志描述的机器当中的”，所以用those指代那些，或者用the ones。故填those或者the ones。 12．It is said dogs can keep you company for as long as you want when you are feeling lonely. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】that 【详解】考查连接词。句意：据说当你感到孤独的时候，只要你想，狗就能陪伴你。it is said that“据说……”，that引导主语从句，从句句意和句子结构完整。故填that。 考点四、it和替代词 （一）It No. 1 it指天气、时间、距离、环境； It is twenty miles from here to the village. 从这里到那个村庄有20英里路。 No. 2 it代前面所提到过的事物、群体、想法等； Although he didn’t like it, I decided to see the movie anyway. 尽管他不喜欢看这部电影，但我还是决定去看一看。 No. 3 身份不明的人或婴儿； What will you call it if it is a boy? 要是男孩的话，你会给他取个什么名字？ No. 4 it用作形式主语或形式宾语，代替不定式、动名词或从句。 · 常考it作形式主语的句型： 1. It + be +adj./n.+for/of+不定式; 对某人来说做某事是......的。 2. It + is +no good/use/useless doing sth.； 3. It + be +名词词组（a pity/ a fact/ no wonder...）/adj.+that从句 4. It’s well worth doing... 5. It+特殊动词(appear/seem/turn out/occur to sb....)+that从句 6. It + be +过去分词+that从句 7. It + takes sb some time/some money to do sth. It is a pity that you can’t go with her. 你不能和她一起去真是太遗憾了。 As far as I'm concerned, it is no use arguing with him; he won't change his mind. 就我个人而言，同他争论没用，他不会改变主意。 It is reported that 16 people were killed in the earthquake. 据报道有16人在这次地震中丧生。 · 常考it作形式宾语的句型： 1. 主语+consider/believe/think/feel/make/suppose/keep...+it+adj./n.+for/of sb do/that从句 2. 主语+consider/believe/think/feel/make/suppose/keep...+it+useless+worth+worthwhile/no use/no good/a waste of time/money/energy...+doing... 3. I take it that...我的理解是...... 4. I don’t mind it if...我不介意...... 5. As someone puts it...像某人所说的那样...... 6. You can depend/count on it that...你可以相信/指望...... I find it easy to get on with John. 我发现和约翰相处很容易。 He didn’t make it clear when and where the meeting would be held. 他没有说清楚何时何地举行会议。 No. 5 表示“喜欢、爱恨”等心理活动的动词后面接it作形式宾语再接从句，it为形式宾语，指代后面的从句，这类动词有enjoy, prefer, love, like, hate, dislike, appreciate等。 I hate it when I have to speak in French on the phone. 不得不用法语打电话，我感到很厌烦。 I like it when she sings me a song. 我喜欢她为我唱歌。 I would appreciate it if you could help me. 如果您能帮我，我将不胜感激。 No. 6 it用于强调句型中。 ①It is on the farm where we worked together that we got to know each other. 我们是在一起工作过的农场上相互认识的。 No. 7 it可用于意义表达不明确的语境中，通常不指代内容； 如：get it(明白了)；make it(成功了)；forget it(算了） 易错提醒： a．It＋be＋时间段＋since引导的状语从句 这个句型表示“自……以来已多久了”。表示现在的情况时，主句多用一般现在时或现在完成时，从句多用一般过去时；表示过去的情况时，主句用一般过去时，从句用过去完成时。 ② It is three years since his father passed away. 自从他父亲去世已经三年了。 ③ It was 10 years since they had married. 自从他们结婚已经十年了。 b．It＋be＋时间段＋before引导的状语从句 这个句型中的“时间段”一般为some time, long, ... years, ... months, ... weeks, ... days, ... hours, ... minutes等。主句中的be可用一般过去时was/were或一般将来时will be：用was/were时，before从句用一般过去时；用will be时，before从句常用一般现在时。 ④ It wasn't long before he told us about this affair. 没过多久他就告诉了我们这件事情。 ⑤ It will be many years before the situation improves. 这种状况要过许多年才能得到改善。 c．It＋be＋时间点＋when引导的状语从句 这个句型中，it指时间，而且表示时间的词语前没有介词(时间一般为具体时间)。主句的谓语动词和从句的谓语动词在时态上一般是一致的，但是当主句是将来时时，从句一般用一般现在时代替将来时。 ⑥ It was already 8 o'clock when we got home. 我们到家时已经8点了。 d．It＋be＋time＋that引导的从句 这个句型中从句需用虚拟语气，该句型表示“是做……的时候了”，从句谓语动词常用过去式(be用were)。time之前有时可加上high或about以加强语气。 ⑦ It is high time (that) she wrote a letter to her mother. 她早该写一封信给她妈妈了。 e．It＋be＋the first/second/third ... time＋that引导的从句 这个句型表示“这/那是某人第几次做某事”。主句中be是is时，从句要用现在完成时；主句中be是was时，则从句需相应地用过去完成时。 ⑧ It is the first time (that) these Europeans have visited the Great Wall. 这是这些欧洲人第一次参观长城。 （二）替代词 1. that(those), one(ones)和it(的替代用法) 代词 用法 it 特指前面提到过的同一个人或者物 that 可以指代前面出现过的不可数名词或单数可数名词，指代单数可数名词相当于the one。其复数形式为those，相当于the ones one 指代前面出现过的那类事物中的＂一个＂，其复数形式为ones those 指＂the＋名词复数(尤其是有后置定语时)＂ —Did you get a ticket? ——你搞到票了吗？ —Yes, I managed to get one. ——是的，我设法搞到了一张。 The weather of Beijing is colder than that of Guangzhou.北京的天气比广州冷。 Studying Wendy’s menu，I found that many of the items are similar to those of McDonald’s.研究了温迪的菜单，我发现其中很多东西和麦当劳的相似。 The weather here is too cold. I don’t like it. 这儿的天气太冷了，我不喜欢这儿的天气。 巧记点拨： ①one和that都可以用来替代上文中所出现的名词，有时可以互换；但是在下列情况下不可以互换： 只能用that 只能用one that既可替代可数名词，也可替代不可数名词，常要求有后置定语，一般不指人，复数形式为those。 one只能替代可数名词单数，复数形式为ones。当可数名词前有形容词修饰时，只能用one ②the ones用来替代上文提到的特指的复数名词，有时可以用those代替，尤其在有后置定语的情况下。 The books on the desk are better than those/the ones under the desk.桌上的那些书比桌下的好。 Only those(the ones)who had booked in advance were allowed in.只有那些预先订票的人可以进去。 但是，the ones中的ones根据情况可用形容词修饰，而those不可以。 —Which do you want?你想要哪个? —I’ll have the red ones.我要红色的。 Don’t buy the expensive apples; get the cheaper ones.别买那价钱贵的苹果，买那便宜的。 即时检测： 13．Lots of people find hard to get up in the morning, and put the blame on the alarm clock. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】it 【详解】考查it作形式宾语。句意：许多人发现早晨起床很困难，并将此归咎于闹钟。空后动词不定式短语为真正的宾语，空处应用形式宾语it作find的宾语。故填it。 14．We should keep in mind that we’d better not play the blog for too long, since it may do great harm to our health. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】it 【详解】考查代词。句意：我们应该记住，我们最好不要玩博客太久，因为它可能对我们的健康有很大的危害。句中keep it in mind that为固定结构，此处it为形式宾语，真正的宾语为that引导的宾语从句。故填it。 15．I’m sorry that I can’t make to your party this weekend. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】it 【详解】考查固定短语。句意：很抱歉，这个周末我不能参加你的聚会了。make it to (someplace)是固定短语， 意为“成功到达……；及时赶到……”。故填it。 【达标训练】 一、单句语法填空 用适当的词或所给词的适当形式填空 1．It’s careless him to lose so many things. 【答案】of 【详解】考查固定句型。句意：他丢了这么多东西，真粗心。“It’s + 形容词 + of/for sb. to do sth.”是固定句型，当形容词描述的是人的性格、品质时，使用of。当形容词描述的是做某事的难易程度或对某人来说的某种状态时，使用for。careless“粗心的”，描述的是人的性格、品质，因此空格处用介词of。故填of。 2．When he gets anxious, he often breathes deeply to calm (he) down. 【答案】himself 【详解】考查代词。句意：当他焦虑时，他经常深呼吸使自己平静下来。固定搭配calm oneself down“冷静下来”，根据主语he可知，此处使用代词himself“他自己”作宾语。故填himself。 3．There I met several people, two of being foreigners. 【答案】them 【详解】考查代词。句意：在那里我遇到了几个人，其中两个是外国人。空处和two of搭配，且空后为being foreigners，因此是独立主格结构，应用代词them指代前面提到的several people。故填them。 4．You may rely on that Jack will come and help us if we are in trouble. 【答案】it 【详解】考查it作形式宾语。句意：如果我们有困难，你可以放心，杰克会来帮助我们的。此处是固定句型rely on it that...，意为“可以指望……，可以相信……”，it作形式宾语，that引导的从句是真正的宾语。故填it。 5．—How many students are in the classroom? — . 【答案】None 【详解】考查代词。句意：——教室里有多少学生？——没有学生。回答数量，表示三者以上“没有”应用none，首字母大写。故填None。 6．Catherine bought a postcard of the place she was visiting, addressed to (she) and then posted it at the nearby post office. 【答案】 it herself 【详解】考查代词。句意：凯瑟琳买了一张她正在参观的地方的明信片，把它写上自己的地址，然后在附近的邮局寄了出去。根据空前“bought a postcard”可知，①空处应用it来指代前面提到的postcard，作动词addressed的宾语，根据句子主语“Catherine”可知，②空处表示Catherine把明信片寄给自己，应用反身代词herself表示Catherine自己，强调动作的执行者与接受者是同一人，即Catherine。故填①it；②herself。 7．We must keep reminding (we) that it is easier to get into something than it is to get out of it. 【答案】ourselves 【详解】考查代词。句意：我们必须不断提醒自己，进入某事比离开某事更容易。根据句子主语“We”可知，空处应用反身代词ourselves，作动词reminding的宾语，强调动作的执行者与接受者都是we。故填ourselves。 8．It’s similar to Jupiter, a giant gas planet in (we) solar system. 【答案】our 【详解】考查形容词性物主代词。句意：它类似于木星，太阳系中一颗巨大的气态行星。此空在名词前，应用形容词性物主代词our。“a giant gas planet in ____ (we) solar system”是Jupiter的同位语。故填our。 9．Jinling Library, founded in 1927, established (it) first “Window of Chinese Books” overseas in Nigeria in 2013. There will be more in the future. 【答案】its 【详解】考查形容词性物主代词。句意：金陵图书馆始建于1927年，2013年在尼日利亚建立了海外第一个“中国图书之窗”。first “Window of Chinese Books”和it之间是所属关系，因此空格处用形容词性物主代词its，故填its。 10．Song Dynasty military forces as early as 904 A．D．used gunpowder devices against (they) primary enemy, the Mongols. 【答案】their 【详解】考查形容词性物主代词。句意：早在公元904年，宋朝军队就使用火药装置对付他们的主要敌人——蒙古人。修饰名词词组primary enemy要用形容词性物主代词。故填their。 11．You’ll spend one day travelling by boat to (you) accommodation in the middle of the forest. 【答案】your 【详解】考查代词。句意：你将用一天的时间坐船到你在森林中心的住处。修饰名词用形容词性物主代词，故填your。 12．Hong Xiao, the producer of the program, highlights (it) commitment to showcasing various musical genres, catering to the varied tastes of the audience. 【答案】its 【详解】考查代词。句意：该节目的制作人洪晓强调，该节目致力于展示各种音乐流派，迎合观众的不同口味。设空处修饰名词commitment，应用形容词性物主代词its。故填its。 13． is impossible for us to finish the design before National Day. 【答案】It 【详解】考查固定句型。句意：我们在国庆节前完成设计是不可能的。根据空后内容“is impossible for us to finish the design”可知，空处应填形式主语it，真正的主语是不定式短语“to finish the design before National Day”，构成固定句型：it is+形容词+for sb. to do sth.“对某人来说做某事是……”，空处位于句首，首字母大写。故填It。 14．However, it is likely Native Americans were living in California at least fifteen thousand years ago. 【答案】that 【详解】考查主语从句。句意：然而，美洲原住民很可能在至少一万五千年前就生活在加利福尼亚。句子中的it为形式主语，后面“Native Americans were living in California at least fifteen thousand years ago”为句子真正的主语，所以需要填入引导主语从句的连接词，句子成分，意思完整，所以that。故填that。 15．However, he believes that the practice with fountain pens helps students to focus, to write faster, and they can feel proud of (they). 【答案】themselves 【详解】考查代词。句意：然而，他相信使用钢笔练习可以帮助学生们集中注意力，写得更快，他们可以为自己感到自豪。此处需要一个代词来指代前面的students，且表示学生们为“他们自己”感到自豪，因此使用反身代词themselves。故填themselves。 16．He soon recovered (恢复) (he) and stopped crying. 【答案】himself 【详解】考查反身代词。句意：他很快恢复了过来，不再哭了。提示词代词he作宾语，和句子主语He指同一对象，用反身代词himself作宾语；recover oneself意为“恢复正常；镇定下来”。故填himself。 17．This area, with (it) unique and breathtaking natural beauty, must be well preserved for all people of the nation to enjoy as a national park. 【答案】its 【详解】考查代词。句意：这个地区拥有独特而令人惊叹的自然美景，必须作为国家公园得到很好的保护，供全国所有人民享用。分析句子可知，此处作名词的定语，应用形容词性物主代词。故填its。 18．The information on the Internet gets around much more rapidly than in the newspaper. 【答案】that 【详解】考查代词。句意：因特网上的信息比报纸上的信息传播得快得多。此空为代词作宾语，结合句意和句子结构可知，此处指代的内容为The information，为不可数名词，应使用that指代不可数名词。故填that。 19．She found it difficult (settle) and calm down in the deep valley, because she was concerned about whether she would be discovered. 【答案】to settle 【详解】考查动词不定式。句意：她发现在深谷中很难安顿下来并平静下来，因为她担心自己是否会被发现。空处的it为形式宾语，构成“find it+adj.+to do sth.”的结构，动词不定式为真正的宾语。故填to settle。 20．Many museums are lively places and they attract a lot of visitors. As well as looking at exhibits, visitors can play with computer simulations (模拟) and imagine (they) living at a different time in history or (walk) through a rainforest. 【答案】 themselves walking 【详解】考查反身代词及非谓语动词。句意：除了观赏展品，游客还可以玩电脑模拟游戏，想象自己生活在一个不同的历史时期，或者漫步在热带雨林中。第一个设空处指代visitors，意为“他们自己”，应使用反身代词themselves，第二个设空处与living是并列成分，共同做imagine的宾补，imagine sb doing sth. “想象某人做某事”。故填①themselves②walking。 二、语法填空 阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（1个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。 The first blockbuster (大片) of China set in space, “The Wandering Earth,” opens Tuesday during grand expectations 21 it will represent the dawning of a new era in Chinese filmmaking. “The Wandering Earth,” 22 (show) in 3-D, takes place in a distant future in which the sun is about to expand into a red giant and devour (吞噬) the Earth. It 23 (adapt) from works by Liu Cixin, the writer 24 has led a renaissance in science fiction here, 25 (become) the first Chinese winner of the Hugo Award in 2015. His novels are splendid and 26 (deep) researched. That makes 27 (they) reasonable fantasies about humanity’s meeting with a dangerous universe. The openings also come as China reached a milestone in space: the landing of a probe on 28 far side of the moon in January. Although decades behind Russia and the United States, China has now put astronauts 29 orbit and has ambitious plans to join—or even lead—a new age of space exploration. “I think there is a very close 30 (connect) between Chinese cinema and the nation’s fortunes,” said Sha Dan, a curator at the China Film Archive. 【答案】21．that 22．shown 23．is adapted 24．who/that 25．becoming 26．deeply 27．them 28．the 29．in/into 30．connection 【分析】这是一篇新闻报道。报道了“流浪地球”这部大片的开幕式、故事背景以及这部影片的意义。 21．考查同位语从句。句意：肩负着人们的厚望，中国第一部以太空为背景的大片《流浪地球》于周二上映。这部电影被认为将代表中国电影制作新时代的曙光。这是一个同位语从句，expectations的内容就是it will represent the dawning of a new era in Chinese filmmaking，并且从句部分是一个陈述句，故填that。 22．考查过去分词作定语。句意：“流浪地球”是以3D形式播放的，故事发生在遥远的将来。“The Wandering Earth”与show之间是被动关系，所以用过去分词形式作定语。故填shown。 23．考查一般现在时的被动语态。句意：电影改编于刘慈欣的作品，这位作家在中国引领了一场科幻小说复兴，在2015年成为了赢得雨果奖的第一名中国作家。全文使用的是一般现在时，所以这句话也使用一般现在时，主语it指代的是“The Wandering Earth”，是第三人称单数，且是物作主语，所以语态使用被动语态。故填is adapted。 24．考查定语从句。句意同上。这是一个定语从句，先行词为the writer，指人，从句缺主语，故填who/that。 25．考查现在分词作状语。句意同上。这里的分词作the writer的状语，the writer与become之间是主动关系，所以用现在分词作伴随状语。故填becoming。 26．考查副词。句意：刘慈欣的小说叙事宏大，背景研究细致入微。空格处单词修饰动词researched，应用副词形式，故填deeply。 27．考查代词。句意：这使得这些小说是关于人类和危险的宇宙之间的合情合理的科幻小说。这里的they指代his novels，并且在句中作make的宾语，所以用代词的宾格形式，故填them。 28．考查定冠词。句意：宇宙探测器一月份落在月球背面。空格位于介词后，名词前，所以填冠词。月球是独一无二的，所以这里特指月球的背面。所以填定冠词。故填the。 29．考查介词。句意：虽然落后于俄罗斯和美国几十年，但如今中国已经将宇航员送入太空轨道。太空轨道是一个很大的范围，所以进入太空轨道用介词in或者into。故填in/into。 30．考查名词的单数形式。句意：中国电影资料馆策展人沙丹说：“我认为中国电影和中国国运之间有着紧密联系。”空格位于定冠词和形容词后，介词前，所以用名词形式，又有不定冠词a修饰，所以用可数名词的单数形式。故填connection。 【能力提升】 一、阅读理解 A Dubai is home to some of the best hotels in the world. Armani Hotel Dubai Located inside the world’s tallest building, the distinguished Burj Khalifa, Armani Hotel features a contemporary look crafted by house design superstar Giorgio. Armani. It offers 160 stylish rooms right in the center of the city. It features seven restaurants and bars including traditional Indian food at the Armani Amal and fresh seafood at Armani Hashi. The Oberoi Dubai With one of the best locations in the Business Bay District, the Oberoi Dubai offers great appeal for business travelers and those enjoying the host of leisure activities in the central area. The modern hotel comes equipped with 252 upscale rooms featuring contemporary designs. Restaurant choices include the Nine7One featuring Western, Arabic, and Asian cuisines, as well as La Mezcalcria Kitchen& Lounge which serves up authentic Latin dishes. The Taj Dubai Situated in the Business Bay District right on Burj Khalifa street is the five-star hotel Taj Dubai. It offers Indian heritage designs with both classical and contemporary styles. It has close to 300 rooms from luxury rooms with city and Burj Khalifa views to grand luxury and presidential suites. Dining options include Asian street food at Miss Tess to contemporary British dishes and international delights at the Eloquent Elephant. Caesars Palace Bluewaters Dubai Caesars Palace Bluewaters Dubai, positioned behind Ain Dubai—the world’s largest observation wheel, is decorated with attractive art collections by designer Jonathan Adler. It has 194 luxurious suites and rooms, and features the best of the city’s nightlife attractions and fine dining including world-famous chef Gordon Ramsay’s Hell’s Kitchen. 1．Which can you enjoy in the Armani Hotel Dubai? A．Fresh seafood. B．Latin dishes. C．Asian street food. D．British food. 2．What do the Oberoi Dubai and The Taj Dubai have in common? A．They are five-star hotels. B．They are in the same district. C．They have presidential suites. D．They have the same number of rooms. 3．What can we know about Caesars Palace Bluewaters? A．It hosts leisure activities. B．It has rooms with city views. C． It is designed by Jonathan Adler. D．It is near the world’s largest observation wheel. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．D 【导语】这是一篇应用文。主要介绍了在迪拜世界上最好的几家酒店各自的特色。 1．细节理解题。文章第一家酒店Armani Hotel Dubai讲到“It features seven restaurants and bars including traditional Indian food at the Armani Amal and fresh seafood at Armani Hashi (这里有七家餐厅和酒吧，包括阿玛尼阿玛尔的传统印度菜和阿玛尼哈希的新鲜海鲜。)”可知，在迪拜阿玛尼酒店，你可以享受新鲜海鲜。故选A。 2．细节理解题。文章The Oberoi Dubai部分讲到“With one of the best locations in the Business Bay District (Oberoi Dubai酒店是商务湾区最好的酒店之一)”以及The Taj Dubai部分讲到“Situated in the Business Bay District right on Burj Khalifa street is the five-star hotel Taj Dubai. (五星级酒店Taj Dubai位于商务区哈利法塔街正对面)”可知，迪拜奥拜罗伊酒店和迪拜泰姬陵酒店的共同点是都在同一个地区。故选B。 3．细节理解题。文章Caesars Palace Bluewaters Dubai部分讲到“Caesars Palace Bluewaters Dubai, positioned behind Ain Dubai—the world’s largest observation wheel (Caesars Palace Bluewaters Dubai位于世界上最大的观景轮Ain Dubai后面)”可知，Caesars Palace Bluewaters靠近世界上最大的观测轮。故选D。 B An incoming University of Mississippi student is the state’s first Miss Mississippi Teen Volunteer. Mary Kate Nelson, granddaughter of Kay Nelson of Oxford, was awarded Saturday at the Performing Arts Center in Tupelo. “Being the first-ever Miss Mississippi Teen Volunteer means so much to me already,” said Nelson. “I am honored to begin a journey of inspiring young girls across our state, and I am even more excited to wear my state’s name across my chest.” During the pageant (选美比赛), she entertained the crowd with her singing of the Eagles’ Desperado and was recognized with the Overall Interview award. Nelson is a recent graduate of Brandon High School, where she served as Health Occupations Students of America (HOSA) president and was a member of the Health Sciences Academy, as well as other student organizations. Nelson focused her impact initiative, “Hearts of Hope,” on making a happier and healthier Mississippi by supporting heart health. She was inspired by her younger brother’s struggle with a born heart problem. Through this initiative, Nelson raised funds for the American Heart Association and donated games consoles (游戏机) to the patients having heart problems at Blair E. Batson Children’s Hospital. Nelson will also spend the next year serving her home state through furthering her Hearts of Hope project, inspiring young women, and serving as an official partner for the Mississippi Highway Patrol’s D．R. I. V. E. activities. Additionally, she will represent Mississippi at the national pageant to be held in Jackson, Tennessee, and will be joined by Rachel Shumaker, Miss Mississippi Volunteer. The Miss Mississippi Volunteer Pageant is the state branch of the Miss Volunteer America Pageant, a nationwide, non-profit and service-oriented scholarship program based in Tennessee that seeks to inspire young women across the country through educational scholarships and extraordinary chances. 4．What can be learned about the pageant Nelson attended? A．It has been held a couple of times. B．It was intended for female teenagers. C．It was held in the University of Mississippi. D．It honored the first Miss Mississippi Volunteer 5．What did Nelson do before attending the pageant? A．She looked after her brother on a daily basis. B．She helped to keep children patients entertained C．She set up a nationwide organization Hearts of Hope D．She served as president of the Health Sciences Academy. 6．Which of the following can best describe Nelson? A．Strict and warm-hearted. B．Active and public-spirited. C．Humorous and responsible. D．Determined and straightforward. 7．What would be the best title for the text? A．A graduate won the Miss Mississippi Teen Volunteer B．High school Students benefit from voluntary work a lot C．Miss Teen Volunteer pageant makes a hit across the state D．Young women are inspired to seize extraordinary chances 【答案】4．B 5．B 6．B 7．A 【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道。文章主要报道了密西西比州首位“密西西比州青少年志愿者小姐”Mary Kate Nelson的获奖情况、个人背景、她所参与的公益项目以及未来的活动计划。 4．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“An incoming University of Mississippi student is the state’s first Miss Mississippi Teen Volunteer.(一名即将进入密西西比大学的学生是该州第一位密西西比小姐青少年志愿者。)”可推测，这个选美比赛是面向青少年女性的，因为Nelson被描述为“密西西比州首位青少年志愿者小姐”。故选B。 5．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Through this initiative, Nelson raised funds for the American Heart Association and donated games consoles (游戏机) to the patients having heart problems at Blair E. Batson Children’s Hospital. (通过这一倡议，Nelson为美国心脏协会筹集了资金，并向Blair E. Batson儿童医院的心脏病患者捐赠了游戏机。)”可知，Nelson向心脏病患者捐赠了游戏机，这表明她在某种程度上帮助娱乐了这些儿童患者。故选B。 6．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Nelson is a recent graduate of Brandon High School, where she served as Health Occupations Students of America (HOSA) president and was a member of the Health Sciences Academy, as well as other student organizations. Nelson focused her impact initiative, “Hearts of Hope,” on making a happier and healthier Mississippi by supporting heart health.( Nelson刚从布兰登高中毕业，在那里她曾担任美国健康职业学生协会(HOSA)主席，也是健康科学院和其他学生组织的成员。Nelson将她的影响力倡议“Hearts of Hope”集中在通过支持心脏健康来建立一个更快乐、更健康的密西西比州。)”可知，Nelson积极参与了多项活动，包括担任HOSA的主席、参与学生组织、发起“Hearts of Hope”公益项目，以及代表密西西比州参加国家选美比赛。这些都表明她是一个非常活跃的人，并且有很强的公益精神。故选B。 7．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“An incoming University of Mississippi student is the state’s first Miss Mississippi Teen Volunteer. Mary Kate Nelson, granddaughter of Kay Nelson of Oxford, was awarded Saturday at the Performing Arts Center in Tupelo. “Being the first-ever Miss Mississippi Teen Volunteer means so much to me already,” said Nelson. “I am honored to begin a journey of inspiring young girls across our state, and I am even more excited to wear my state’s name across my chest.”(一名即将进入密西西比大学的学生是该州第一位密西西比小姐青少年志愿者。Mary Kate Nelson是牛津大学的Kay Nelson的孙女，她于周六在图珀洛表演艺术中心被授予该奖项。Nelson说：“成为第一位密西西比小姐青少年志愿者对我来说意义重大。我很荣幸能够开始激励我们州的年轻女孩的旅程，我更兴奋的是在我的胸前佩戴我的州名。”)”以及全文内容可知，文章主要讲述了Nelson作为一位高中毕业生，赢得了密西西比州青少年志愿者小姐的选美比赛。故选A。 C For most of human history, we have been very good observers because we had to be. We used all of our senses—touch, smell, taste, hearing, and sight—to detect and discern. The sudden sounds of animals or the running of birds warned us that someone was approaching. At a distance, by examining posture, way of walking, arms wing, clothing, and equipment, our ancestors could discern friend from foe (敌人). As generations evolved and eventually moved to cities, closeness changed how we viewed and assessed each other. Because everyone was so close, we had less time to observe. Close quarters and circumstances demanded we interact on first meeting rather than later. This was the opposite of what we had done for thousands of years, which was to assess first at a distance and then interact. Closeness also made us more sensitive to being observed, which is why we are uncomfortable when others stare at us. Have we allowed ourselves to become careless when it comes to our own safety and that of our loved ones? I see people distracted while driving (applying makeup or texting). Or someone knocks at the front door and we open it without first seeing who is there and asking what they want Perhaps, in an attempt to be polite, we have ended our responsibility to ourselves, and each other, to be good observers. We should all look around and listen to our inner voice, which is in fact the limbic (边缘的) brain telling us to be careful that something is wrong, as security special it Gavin de Becker pointed out in The Gift of Fear, So often, after an encounter or a relationship turns problematic, one hears, “You know I had a feeling, in the beginning, that something wasn’t right.” However failure to observe, if we are honest, leads to avoidable circumstances as well as accidents, How we feel about something often completes the picture so that we can fully understand it Anyway, it is never too late to start observing. Observation is not about being judgmental, it is not about good or bad. It is about seeing the world around you, having situational awareness, and interpreting what it is that others are communication both verbally and nonverbally. To observe is to see but also to understand, and that requires listening to how you feel. 8．What does the underlined word “discern” in paragraph 1 mean? A．Disclose. B．Discover. C．Distinguish. D．Disguise. 9．Why did we spend less time observing? A．Observing involves too much and is complicated. B．We felt uneasy when others were staring at us. C．We got more sensitive to others’ observation. D．Closeness required people to communicate on first meeting. 10．Possibly for what have we given up being good observers? A．Being careless. B．Avoiding rudeness. C．Paying no attention. D．Being irresponsible. 11．What is the best title? A．Be good observers B．Discern friend from foe C．Care about our safety D．Start observing now 【答案】8．C 9．D 10．B 11．A 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了人类历史上作为观察者的角色以及在现代社会中我们是否变得粗心大意，忽略了观察的重要性。 8．词句猜测题。根据上文“We used all of our senses—touch, smell, taste, hearing, and sight—to detect and discern.(我们用我们所有的感官——触觉、嗅觉、味觉、听觉和视觉——来探测和辨别。)”可知，我们的祖先通过观察动物的姿势、走路方式、手臂的摆动、穿着和装备等，可以区分敌人和朋友。因此，这里的“discern”指的是“区分、辨别”的意思，与选项C“distinguish”意思相符。故选C。 9．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“As generations evolved and eventually moved to cities, closeness changed how we viewed and assessed each other. Because everyone was so close, we had less time to observe. Close quarters and circumstances demanded we interact on first meeting rather than later.(随着世代的演变，人们最终迁移到城市，人与人之间的亲近改变了我们看待和评估彼此的方式。因为每个人都靠得很近，所以我们没有那么多时间去观察。狭小的空间和环境要求我们第一次见面就进行互动，而不是等到以后。)”可知，我们花费更少的时间观察是因为距离上的拉近要求我们第一次见面就进行交流。故选D。 10．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Perhaps, in an attempt to be polite, we have ended our responsibility to ourselves, and each other, to be good observers.(也许，为了表示礼貌，我们放弃了对自己和他人作为优秀观察者的责任。)”可知，我们放弃成为好的观察者可能是为了避免粗鲁。故选B。 11．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章主要讨论了人类历史上作为观察者的角色以及在现代社会中我们是否变得粗心大意，忽略了观察的重要性。文章最后也强调了观察的重要性，提醒我们要成为好的观察者。因此，最好的标题是“Be good observers”（成为好的观察者）。故选A。 D Bike-share systems hold the potential to reduce traffic and pollution in big cities. While they have received considerable attention, their promise of urban transformation is far from being fully realized. New research in the journal Management Science found a key reason is that while companies have focused on bike design and technology aspects, there has been minimal research done on operational aspects such as station density (密度) and bike-availability levels. “Almost 80%of bike-share usage comes from areas within 1,000 feet of the bike-share stations, or roughly four city blocks,” said Elena Belavina, one of the study authors. “Anything past 1,000 feet, potential users are almost 60% less likely to use a station.” The study, “Bike-Share Systems: Accessibility and Availability”, analyzes the relationship between ridership and operational performance in bike-share design systems to achieve higher ridership. Using data from the Velib’ system in Paris, with roughly 17,000 bikes and 950 stations, the study estimates the impacts of two aspects of the system performance on bike-share ridership: accessibility, or how far the user must walk to reach stations, and bike availability. There are two impacts of availability: First, a short-term impact is that if nearby stations do not have bicycles when a user wants to take a trip, users must go to stations farther away or abandon using bike-share. Second, if users typically expect a lower chance of finding a bicycle, they are less likely to even consider bike share for their trips and the system will have lower ridership in the long term. “Most users choose to abandon using bike-share.” said Belavina. “But overall, we find that a 10%increase in bike availability would increase ridership by more than 12%.” Between increasing bike-availability and decreasing walking distance, the study finds that the latter has a higher impact. Bike-share operators with limited resources must prioritize building more stations close to riders. Where should those stations go? The authors recommend locations where there are many points of interest and locations with lower bike availability. 12．What can be done to make bike-share systems play a bigger role in urban transformations? A．Reducing traffic and pollution. B．Making stations more advanced. C．Putting more thought into operations. D．Making improvements in bike design. 13．What does the underlined word “availability” in paragraph 6 refer to? A．The number of nearby stations. B．The necessity of going for bike sharing. C．The likelihood of finding a bike at a station. D．The walking distance between the stations 14．According to the study what is the most important thing to do to achieve higher ridership? A．Shortening the bike trips. B．Reducing the walking distance. C．Increasing the number of bikes. D．Attracting riders to points of interest. 15．What does the text focus on? A．How to use the bike-share systems. B．How to make full use of bike-share. C．How to raise the awareness of bike-share. D．How to estimate the impacts of bike-share. 【答案】12．C 13．C 14．B 15．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了共享单车系统在城市转型中的作用及其存在的问题，并提出了改进措施。 12．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“New research in the journal Management Science found a key reason is that while companies have focused on bike design and technology aspects, there has been minimal research done on operational aspects such as station density (密度) and bike-availability levels.(《管理科学》杂志的一项新研究发现，一个关键原因是，尽管公司一直关注自行车设计和技术的方面，但对运营方面的研究却微乎其微，比如车站密度和自行车的可用性水平。)”可知，要让共享单车系统在城市转型中发挥更大的作用，需要在运营方面投入更多的思考。故选C项。 13．词义猜测题。根据文章第六段“There are two impacts of...: First, a short-term impact is that if nearby stations do not have bicycles when a user wants to take a trip, users must go to stations farther away or abandon using bike-share. Second, if users typically expect a lower chance of finding a bicycle, they are less likely to even consider bike share for their trips and the system will have lower ridership in the long term.(……有两个影响：首先，短期影响是，如果用户想要出行时附近的站点没有自行车，用户必须去更远的站点或者放弃使用共享单车。其次，如果用户通常预期找到自行车的几率较低，他们甚至不太可能考虑使用共享单车出行，长期来看，系统的使用率将会降低。)”可知，“availability”指的是在车站找到自行车的可能性。故选C项。 14．细节理解题。根据文章第八段“Between increasing bike-availability and decreasing walking distance, the study finds that the latter has a higher impact. Bike-share operators with limited resources must prioritize building more stations close to riders.(在增加自行车的可用性和减少步行距离之间，研究发现后者有更大的影响。资源有限的共享单车运营商必须优先在靠近骑行者的地方建设更多的站点。)”可知，要实现更高的使用率，最重要的是减少步行距离。故选B项。 15．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Bike-share systems hold the potential to reduce traffic and pollution in big cities. While they have received considerable attention, their promise of urban transformation is far from being-fully realized.(共享单车系统有潜力减少大城市的交通和污染。虽然它们受到了相当大的关注，但它们对城市转型的承诺远未完全实现。)”、第六段“There are two impacts of availability: First, a short-term impact is that if nearby stations do not have bicycles when a user wants to take a trip, users must go to stations farther away or abandon using bike-share. Second, if users typically expect a lower chance of finding a bicycle, they are less likely to even consider bike share for their trips and the system will have lower ridership in the long term.(可用性有两个影响：首先，短期影响是，如果用户想要出行时附近的站点没有自行车，用户必须去更远的站点或者放弃使用共享单车。其次，如果用户通常预期找到自行车的几率较低，他们甚至不太可能考虑使用共享单车出行，长期来看，系统的使用率将会降低。)”以及最后一段“Where should those stations go? The authors recommend locations where there are many points of interest and locations with lower bike availability.( 这些站点应该设在哪里？作者们建议设在有许多景点和自行车供应较少的地方)”可知，这篇文章主要关注的是如何充分利用共享单车。故选B项。 七选五 Find the learning style that suits you best To succeed academically, you need to be productive. To be productive, you need to find a suitable learning style. Whether it’s for everyday learning or revising for exams, the learning style that helps you achieve maximum productivity will be crucial. 16 Note-taking Note-taking can include copying out passages of books or summarizing concepts on notecards. 17 The problem with note-taking is that it’s all too easy simply to copy out what someone else says without really taking it in. 18 Sometimes you might find that you learn things more easily if you have to explain a concept to someone else. This is because in order to explain something clearly to someone else, you have to have a thorough grasp of it yourself. For example, giving a presentation to fellow students will require you first to have an excellent understanding of the topic and then to put together materials from which the others can learn. Learning by doing This method means that rather than reading things in books, try to experience things in real life. 19 Experiencing things practically gives your brain something concrete to remember, so you will absorb the information more easily. Tests and mock exams (模拟考试) 20 If you’re the sort of person who benefits from these sorts of challenges, you could try asking your teacher, parents or study buddies to set a mock exam to test what you’ve learned on a particular topic. A．Explaining to others B．Diagrams and mind maps C．If so, visual methods of learning might suit you best. D．Here are some common learning styles and choose one that suits you best! E．Some people like them because they provide strong motivation to succeed. F．It’s a classic learning method, but may not be the best way for everyone to learn. G．For example, you could conduct a scientific experiment or observe how a chemical reaction works. 【答案】16．D 17．F 18．A 19．G 20．E 【导语】这是一篇说明文。找到最适合自己的学习方式对于学术成功至关重要。本文介绍了笔记记录、教授他人、实践学习和模拟考试等四种学习风格，帮助你找到最适合自己的方法。 16．根据上文“To succeed academically, you need to be productive. To be productive, you need to find a suitable learning style. Whether it’s for everyday learning or revising for exams, the learning style that helps you achieve maximum productivity will be crucial.(要在学业上取得成功，你需要富有成效。为了提高效率，你需要找到一种合适的学习方式。无论是日常学习还是考试复习，帮助你达到最高效率的学习方式都是至关重要的)”可知，上文提到了学习方式的重要性，后文列举了四种学习方式，可知本句承上启下，故D选项“这里有一些常见的学习方式，选择一个最适合你的！”，介绍了文章主题，符合语境，故选D。 17．根据后文“The problem with note-taking is that it’s all too easy simply to copy out what someone else says without really taking it in.(做笔记的问题在于，你很容易把别人说的话抄下来，却没有真正理解)”可知，后文指出做笔记存在的问题，说明这种方法不适用每个人。故F选项“这是一种经典的学习方法，但可能不是对每个人都最好的学习方法”符合语境，代词“It”指代上文阐述的内容。故选F。 18．设空处为小标题；根据本段内容“Sometimes you might find that you learn things more easily if you have to explain a concept to someone else. This is because in order to explain something clearly to someone else, you have to have a thorough grasp of it yourself. For example, giving a presentation to fellow students will require you first to have an excellent understanding of the topic and then to put together materials from which the others can learn.(有时你可能会发现，如果你必须向别人解释一个概念，你学东西会更容易。这是因为为了向别人清楚地解释一些事情，你自己必须对它有一个彻底的掌握。例如，给同学做报告需要你首先对主题有一个很好的理解，然后把其他人可以学习的材料放在一起)”可知，该段主要讲向别人解释一个概念时，学东西会更容易些，因为为了向别人清楚地解释一些事情，你自己必须对它有一个彻底的掌握。A选项“向他人解释”能够概括本段主旨，选项中“Explaining to others”与下文第一句中“explain a concept to someone else”表达一致。故选A。 19．根据上文“This method means that rather than reading things in books, try to experience things in real life.(这种方法的意思是，与其读书本上的东西，不如去体验现实生活中的东西)”可知，空格前说的是与其读书本上的东西，不如去体验现实生活中的东西；G选项“例如，你可以进行科学实验或观察化学反应是如何进行的”承接上文，对如何体验现实生活中的东西进行举例说明，符合语境，故选G。 20．由小标题“Tests and mock exams (模拟考试)”以及根据后文“If you’re the sort of person who benefits from these sorts of challenges, you could try asking your teacher, parents or study buddies to set a mock exam to test what you’ve learned on a particular topic.(如果你是那种从这些挑战中受益的人，你可以试着让你的老师、父母或学习伙伴设置一个模拟考试来测试你在某个特定主题上学到了什么)”可知，本段建议那种从这些挑战中受益的人，可以试着让自己的老师、父母或学习伙伴设置一个模拟考试来测试你在某个特定主题上学到了什么。因此，前面应该是说考试方面的事情；E选项“有些人喜欢它们，因为它们为成功提供了强大的动力。”指出有些人喜欢考试是因为考试给予他们成功的动力，下文中的the sort of person who benefits from these sorts of challenges指从考试中获得成功动力的人，选项中的“them”指代标题中的“Tests and mock exams”，由此可知，E选项符合语境。故选E。 二、语法填空 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 A group of children in Zimbabwe, a country in southeast Africa, are closely following a series of martial arts (武术) movements 21 (perform) in a slow and focused manner accompanied by deep breathing, 22 their eyes fixed on their Chinese tai chi master. Actually, 23 group of tai chi enthusiasts are enjoying the power of concentration under the guidance of their instructor, 45-yeat-old Zhu Wei, 24 is the captain of the Chinese medical team in Zimbabwe. “Tai chi increases focus and makes students, from school children to college students, 25 (concentrate) on studies.” he says. Tai chi is a mind-body exercise rooted in multiple Chinese traditions, including martial arts, 26 (tradition) Chinese medicine and philosophy. It emphasizes a mind-body connection 27 (use) gentle movements, meditation (冥想)and deep breathing. Martial arts 28 (recognize) as a fitness practice, with a wide range of health benefits. Zhu says tai chi provides mental health benefits like improved focus, as well as decreased stress, anxiety and depression. In addition, it can improve a 29 (child) confidence and physical strength. Organizer of the children’s events Abraham Matuka says keeping youngsters busy and entertained with activities like tai chi   30 (help) meet challenges of drug and other teenager crimes in low-income townships. 【答案】21．performed 22．with 23．the 24．who 25．concentrate 26．traditional 27．using 28．are recognized 29．child’s 30．helps 【导语】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了太极在非洲东南部国家津巴布韦被教授以及练习太极的益处。 21．考查非谓语。句意：在非洲东南部国家津巴布韦，一群孩子正紧盯着他们的中国太极大师，跟随一组缓慢而专注的武术动作，伴随着深呼吸。空处为非谓语动词，movements与perform为被动关系，用过去分词作定语，故填performed。 22．考查介词。句意：在非洲东南部国家津巴布韦，一群孩子正紧盯着他们的中国太极大师，跟随一组缓慢而专注的武术动作，伴随着深呼吸。本句为with的复合结构。故填with。 23．考查冠词。句意：实际上，这群太极爱好者正在他们的教练、45岁的中国驻津巴布韦医疗队队长朱伟的指导下享受专注的力量。特指这群太极爱好者，用定冠词the。 故填the。 24．考查定语从句。句意：实际上，这群太极爱好者正在他们的教练、45岁的中国驻津巴布韦医疗队队长朱伟的指导下享受专注的力量。先行词为45-yeat-old Zhu Wei，作非限制性定语从句的主语，关系代词为who。故填who。 25．考查非谓语。句意：“太极拳可以提高注意力，让学生，从小学生到大学生，都能集中精力学习”。他说。本句为make sb do sth的用法。故填concentrate。 26．考查形容词。句意：太极拳是一种身心运动，植根于多种中国传统，包括武术、中医和哲学。形容词traditional作定语，修饰名词。故填traditional。 27．考查非谓语。句意：它强调身心的联系，使用轻柔的动作、冥想和深呼吸。空处为非谓语动词，与it为主动关系，用现在分词。故填using。 28．考查时态语态。句意：武术被认为是一种健身练习，对健康有广泛的好处。陈述事实，为一般现在时，主语Martial arts与recognize为被动关系，用一般现在时的被动语态。故填are recognized。 29．考查名词所有格。句意：此外，它可以提高孩子的信心和体力。表示孩子的，用名词所有格。故填child’s。 30．考查时态语态。句意：这些儿童活动的组织者亚伯拉罕·马图卡说，让孩子们通过打太极等活动来忙碌和娱乐，有助于应对低收入城镇毒品和其他青少年犯罪的挑战。诚实事实，为一般现在时，动名词做主语，谓语动词为单数形式。故填helps。 ( 1 )原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$