第五讲 非谓语动词-(讲义)【红对勾讲与练】2025年高考英语大一轮复习全新方案(北师大版2019)

@专题二　 根深叶茂的“动词家族” (become) concerned about gunpowder technology spreading to other countries. 10. ( 2023 · 福 建 福 州 模 拟 ) It 　 　 　 　 (appeal) to not only scholars but also those outside the circles of archaeology. Chen Nan, a professor at Tsinghua University􀆳s Academy of Arts and Design, has energized the life of these ancient symbols by featuring them in the biaoqingbao (emoticons) he developed. Ⅱ. 语篇专练(动词的时态、语态和主谓一致) 　 　 My best friend Kaiya is like me. She 1. 　 　 　 　 ( remind) me of myself. In the past,I 2. 　 　 　 　 (be) never confident because of my appearance. People always laughed at my weight, my height,my hairstyle, etc. At that time, I was the shortest student in my class. I started getting depressed. However, someone told me something that I will always remember. It was in March. Surrounded by a group of girls who 3. 　 　 　 　 (point) at me and laughed at me, I couldn􀆳t help crying. The tears rolled down my face like a rushing river. To my surprise,someone lifted my head up and wiped the tears from my eyes. I then knew it was our English teacher,Miss Li. She said,“You 4. 　 　 　 　 (be) perfect the way you are. You should never change or hate yourself. People 5. 　 　 　 　 ( accept) you for who you 6. 　 　 　 　 ( be) . But if you cannot accept yourself,then how will other people accept you?” I 7. 　 　 　 　 ( inspire) by her words. Over the past few months,I 8. 　 　 　 　 ( learn) that no one is perfect and that we all have flaws. Now I have wonderful friends who 9. 　 　 　 　 ( love) me for who I am. Now, seeing Kaiya cry, I decide to tell her the same thing Miss Li 10. 　 　 　 　 ( tell) me. Ⅲ. 写作迁移(正确运用动词的时态和语态完成 句子) 1. (2023·新课标Ⅰ卷应用文写作)听到将为我 们安排英语口语课的消息,我们兴奋不已。 We􀆳re overwhelmed with excitement at the news that an oral English class 　 　 　 　 　 　 for us. 2. (2023·新课标Ⅰ卷读后续写)我还记得那是 一个春天的星期一早晨,老师把我叫到他的 办公室,告诉我我在写作比赛中得了第一名。 I still remember it was a Monday morning in spring, when my teacher 　 , telling me that I 　 in the writing contest. 3. (2023·新课标Ⅰ卷读后续写)第二天,我在 颁奖典礼上被授予了奖项和证书。 The next day, I 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 my award and a certificate at the ceremony. 4. (2023·全国乙卷书面表达)我感到很自豪, 我和我的父母分担家务,这也表明我长大了。 I felt so proud that I shared housework with my parents, which also 　 . 5. (2023·全国甲卷书面表达)在被广泛认可的 中国历史人物中,我认为范仲淹是最有影响 力的。 Among the Chinese historical figures that 　 　 　 　 　 　 , Fan Zhongyan 　 　 　 　 　 　 in my opinion. 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 第五讲　 非谓语动词 P5O 1. (2023·全国甲卷)“There was once a town in the heart of America, where all life seemed to enjoy peaceful co-existence with its surroundings,” her fable begins, 　 　 　 　 (borrow) some familiar words from many age- old fables. Behind the simple style, however, is a serious message 　 　 　 　 ( intend) for everyone. 2. (2023·全国乙卷) From Buddhist temples to museums, narrow hutong to royal palaces, it is 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 239 hh
#4 home to more than 3, 000 years of glorious history even down to its layout, with the city keeping its carefully 　 　 　 　 (build) system of ring roads. 3. (2023·全国乙卷) 　 　 　 　 (visit) several times over the last 10 years, I was amazed by the co-existence of old and new, and how a city was able to keep such a rich heritage (遗 产) while constantly growing. 4. (2023·全国乙卷)As a photographer, I have spent the last two years 　 　 　 　 ( record) everything I discovered. 5. (2023·新课标Ⅰ卷)To eat one, you have to decide whether 　 　 　 　 (bite) a small hole in it first, releasing the steam and risking a spill (溢出), or to put the whole dumpling in your mouth, letting the hot soup explode on your tongue. 6. ( 2023 ·新课标 Ⅰ 卷) Shanghai may be the 　 　 　 　 ( recognize ) home of the soup dumpling, but food historians will actually point you to the neighboring canal town of Nanxiang as xiao long bao􀆳s birthplace. 7. (2023·新课标Ⅰ卷)Nanxiang aside, the best xiao long bao have a fine skin, allowing them 　 　 　 　 ( lift) out of the steamer basket without tearing or spilling any of their contents. 8. (2023·新课标Ⅰ卷)No matter where I buy them, one steamer basket is rarely enough, yet two seems greedy, so I am always left 　 　 　 　 (want) more next time. 9. (2023·新课标Ⅱ卷)They talk to the flood of international tourists and to 　 　 　 　 ( visit) Chinese zookeepers who often come to check on the pandas, which are on loan from China. 10. (2022·全国甲卷)A visually-challenged man from Beijing recently hiked (徒步) 40 days to Xi􀆳an,as a first step 　 　 　 　 ( journey) the Belt and Road route (路线) by foot. 11. (2022·全国甲卷) Inspired by the Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation 　 　 　 　 (hold) in Beijing, Cao decided to cover the route by hiking as a tribute (致敬) to the ancient Silk Road. 12. (2022·全国甲卷)He flew 4,700 kilometers from Xi􀆳an to Kashgar on Sept. 20,　 　 　 　 (plan) to hike back to Xi􀆳an in five months. 13. (2022·全国乙卷) 　 　 　 　 ( strengthen) the connection with young people, the event included a number of public promotional activities on social media,　 　 　 　 ( invite) twenty-nine tea professionals from around the world to have thirty-six hours of uninterrupted live broadcasts. 14. (2022·新高考Ⅰ卷) 　 　 　 　 ( cover) an area about three times the size of Yellowstone National Park, the GPNP will be one of the first national parks in the country. 15. (2022·新高考Ⅱ卷) Eric woke up a little later when he heard children playing outside. He pushed a chair onto the balcony, and climbed up 　 　 　 　 (see) them. A"1@ 考点一 　 非谓语动词的时态和语态 类别 时态形式 语态形式 主动 被动 动词不定式 一般式 to do to be done 进行式 to be doing 完成式 to have done to have been done 动词-ing 一般式 doing being done 完成式 having done having been done 动词-ed 一般式 done (一)时态形式 根据非谓语动词与谓语动词表示的动作之间的 时间先后关系确定时态。 1. 非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所 表示的动作之后或同时发生,用非谓语动词 的一般式。 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 240 @专题二　 根深叶茂的“动词家族” He heard the song being sung next door. 他听到隔壁有人在唱这首歌。 2. 非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所 表示的动作之前,用非谓语动词的完成式。 Having finished his homework, he went to bed. 他完成作业之后就去睡觉了。 (二)语态形式 非谓语动词与逻辑主语(通常是句子的主语)之 间往往存在主谓或动宾关系:与逻辑主语之间 存在主谓关系时,用主动形式;与逻辑主语之间 存在动宾关系时,用被动形式。 The meeting to be held tomorrow is of great importance. 明天举行的会议非常重要。 考点二 非谓语动词作状语 (一)不定式作状语 动词不定式作状语,表示目的、结果、原因等。 1. 作目的状语。 To enjoy the convenience of digital payment, many senior citizens start to use smartphones. 为了享受数字支付的便利,许多老年人开始 使用智能手机。 2. only to do sth. 为不定式作结果状语,表示出 乎意料的结果。 We hurried to the station, only to be told that the train had left. 我们急匆匆地赶到车站,结果被告知火车已 经开走了。 3. 形容词或过去分词作表语时,后面可接不定 式作 原 因 状 语。 常 见 词 有 happy, lucky, glad, sorry, anxious, proud, disappointed, angry, surprised, ready, delighted, clever, foolish, pleased, fortunate, right 等。 He was surprised to find his room thoroughly cleaned and everything arranged in perfect order. 他惊讶地发现他的房间彻底打扫干净了,一 切都井井有条。 4. 在“主语+系动词+表语(形容词) +to do”结构 中,不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。 该结 构中常用的形容词有 easy, hard, difficult, important, impossible, interesting, pleasant, nice, comfortable, safe, dangerous 等。 The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to sit on. 这把椅子看上去很硬,但实际上坐上去很 舒服。 (二)动词-ing 形式作状语 动词-ing 形式作状语,常表示时间、结果、原因、 伴随等,与句子主语之间存在逻辑上的主谓 关系。 Seeing a ray of hope ( = When she saw a ray of hope), Ms Burdeyney began raising money for the project with a friend, Toronto businessman Meyer Zeifman. (作时间状语) 看到了一线希望后,布尔德尼女士开始和一个 多伦多商人朋友梅耶·泽夫曼一起为这个项目 筹集资金。 More highways have been built in China, making it much easier for people to travel from one place to another. (作结果状语,表示意料之中的结果) 中国已经修建了更多的公路,这让人们地区间 的出行变得更容易。 Not knowing his telephone number, I can􀆳t get in touch with him. (作原因状语) 由于不知道他的电话号码,我无法和他取得 联系。 (三)动词-ed 形式作状语 1. 动词-ed 形式作状语,与句子主语之间存在逻 辑上的动宾关系。 Combined with good marketing, technological innovations will promote the sales of these products. 技术创新与良好的市场营销策略相结合将促 进这些产品的销售。 Translated into English, the sentence was found to have an entirely different word order. 人们发现这个句子翻译成英语后有一种完全 不同的语序。 2. 某些动词-ed 形式已经形容词化,且往往用于 系表结构中,此时这些动词-ed 形式既不表示 被动,也不表示完成,而是表示一种状态,如 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 241 hh
#4 lost (迷路的), seated (坐着的), hidden (隐 藏的), lost / absorbed in (沉溺于), dressed in (穿着 …… 的), tired of ( 对 …… 感到厌 倦的)等。 Absorbed in his study, he didn􀆳t notice his classmates had gone home. 由于专注于学习,他没有注意到同学们都已 经回家了。 He hid his face in his hands again, lost in his own thoughts. 他又用手捂住了脸,陷入了沉思。 (四)独立主格结构 1. 独立主格结构的特点 (1)独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语 不同,它是独立存在的; (2)独立主格结构中作逻辑主语的名词或代 词与后面的分词、形容词、副词、不定式、介词 短语等是逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系; (3)独立主格结构一般用逗号与句子分开。 2. 独立主格结构的构成 构成形式:名词 /代词+现在分词 /过去分词 / 形容词 /副词 /不定式 /介词短语等。 Every morning the old man walks in the park, his pet dog following him along( = and his pet dog follows him along) . 每天早上,那个老人都在公园里散步,后面跟 着他的宠物狗。 She stood there, her eyes looking upward into the sky and her hands crossed on her breast. 她站在那里,眼睛向上望着天空,双手交叉放 在胸前。 (五)独立结构 有些分词或不定式短语作状语,构成独立结构, 其形式的选择不受上下文的影响。 常见的有 generally speaking(一般来说);frankly speaking (坦白地说);judging from / by􀆺(根据……来判 断);considering􀆺(考虑到……);to tell the truth (说实话);compared to / with(与……相比较);to begin with(首先);seeing􀆺(鉴于 /由于……); supposing(假设,如果);assuming (假使); given (考虑到;鉴于); provided ( that 􀆺) ( 如果); concerning(关于)。 Judging from what he said just now, he must be very satisfied with your performance. 根据他刚才说的判断,他一定对你的演出很 满意。 3  ———单句语法填空 1. She then decided to pursue a career in Human Resources (HR), 　 　 　 　 (gain) a master􀆳s degree from the London School of Economics & Political Science. 2. He used to be addicted to electronic devices and stay up late every night, 　 　 　 　 ( trap) in an unhealthy daily routine. 3. 　 　 　 　 ( get) through to the final in the game, the player has to do good deeds and serve people heart and soul like Lei Feng. 4. To feed the seven billion people on Earth, most farmers today are growing only species of plants that are easy 　 　 　 　 ( produce) in large numbers. 5. Although Liu􀆳s dance moves look simple, they are often too intense for his audience 　 　 　 　 ( follow) . 考点三 非谓语动词作定语 (一)不定式作定语 1. 动词不定式作定语通常置于所修饰的名词或 代词之后,与所修饰的名词或代词之间构成 逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系。 He was the last one to leave school yesterday. (主谓关系) 昨天他是最后一个离开学校的。 She has a lot of work to do in the morning. (动 宾关系) 她早上有许多工作要做。 2. 当被修饰词为序数词、形容词最高级,或其前 有序数词、形容词最高级、the first、the last、the only 等修饰,且非谓语动词与其逻辑主语为 主谓关系时,常用动词不定式作定语。 He is always the first to arrive at the school and the last to leave the school. 他总是第一个到校,最后一个离校。 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 242 @专题二　 根深叶茂的“动词家族” 3. 当被修饰词是表示抽象意义的名词时,常用 不定式作后置定语,且不定式常用主动形式。 常见的此类名词有 ability, chance, idea, attempt, plan, way, opportunity 等。 We should develop the students􀆳 ability to solve problems. 我们应该培养学生解决问题的能力。 (二)动词-ing 形式作定语 动词-ing 形式作定语时,与被修饰的名词之间存 在逻辑上的主谓关系或用来表示正在进行的 动作。 The lecture, starting at 7:00 pm last night, was followed by an observation of the moon with telescopes. 讲座于昨晚 7 点开始,随后是用望远镜观看月 球的活动。 [名师指津] 　 (1)非谓语动词作定语,与被修饰 的名词之间为被动关系且表示正在进行时,应 用动词-ing 形式的被动式。 Stay away from houses or buildings being built or knocked down. 远离正在建造或拆毁的房屋或建筑物。 (2)动名词可置于名词前作定语,表示被修饰的 名词的用途和性能。 a walking stick= a stick for walking 手杖 a sleeping car= a car for sleeping 卧铺车厢 (三)动词-ed 形式作定语 动词-ed 形式作定语时,与被修饰的名词之间存 在逻辑上的动宾关系。 Tsinghua University, founded in 1911, is home to a great number of outstanding figures. 始建于 1911 年的清华大学培养出了众多杰出 人物。 [名师指津] 　 作定语的不及物动词的分词形式 有 doing 和 done 两种。 doing 表示正在进行; done 表示已经完成。 3  ———单句语法填空 1. As darkness falls, the best place 　 　 　 　 (witness) the city is on the wall, where one can􀆳t help but imagine the distant past. 2. In history, Beijing 2022 Olympic Games is the first Games where all venues ( 场 地 ) are powered by clean energy and Beijing is the first city in the world 　 　 　 　 ( host ) both the Summer and Winter Games. 3. “ It has really given me the desire to visit China, in particular to explore the traditional ink artwork,” said Marianne Simon, an MA (文学硕士) student 　 　 　 　 ( major) in publishing and creative writing at Kingston University. 4. A 2011 mission failed when a Russian rocket 　 　 　 　 ( carry ) a Chinese orbiter had problems after launch, and was unable to escape Earth􀆳s orbit. 5. As a matter of fact, there is no 　 　 　 　 ( fix) ways for the Double Ninth cake, but super cakes have as many as nine layers, looking like a tower. 考点四 非谓语动词作宾语 1. 只能跟动词-ing 形式作宾语的动词(短语)有 suggest, imagine, mind, admit, practice, allow, risk, keep, avoid, escape, enjoy, consider, excuse, finish, miss, keep on, insist on, look forward to, feel like, get down to, object to 等。 We enjoy reading English stories. 我们喜欢读英语故事。 2. 只能跟不定式作宾语的动词有 agree, intend / plan, demand, promise, help, prepare, decide, refuse, choose, wish / hope, want, expect, fail, pretend, manage, determine, beg, arrange, threaten, claim, hesitate, happen 等。 She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 当我经过时,她假装没看见我。 3. 既可跟动词-ing 形式又可跟不定式作宾语的 动词(短语)有 forget, remember, regret, try, stop, go on, mean, start, begin 等。 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 243 hh
#4 forget to do sth. 忘记要去做某事(未做) forget doing sth. 忘记做过某事(已做或已发生){ remember to do sth. 记住去做某事(未做) remember doing sth. 记得做过某事(已做){ regret to do sth. 对要做的事感到遗憾 (常跟 say, tell, inform 等) regret doing sth. 对做过的事感到后悔 ì î í ï ï ï ï try to do sth. 努力做某事 try doing sth. 尝试做某事{ What a poor memory! I forgot borrowing money from him yesterday. And today I forgot to return the money to him. 我记性真差! 我忘了昨天向他借过钱,今天 还忘记把钱还给他了。 4. 不定式作 decide, know, consider, forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, explain, tell, find out 等动词 (短语) 的宾语时, 前面常带引导词 how, what, whether, where, when, who 等。 The father wondered how to answer his son􀆳s question. 这个父亲想知道如何回答他儿子的问题。 5. need, require, want 作“需要” 讲,deserve 作 “应受、应得”讲时,其后接动词-ing 形式的主 动形式表被动意义或接不定式的被动结构。 This work needs doing / to be done carefully. 这项工作需要仔细做。 The boy richly deserved punishing / to be punished. 这个男孩理应受到惩罚。 6. 在固定句式“do / have+sth. +but / except ( to) do sth. ”中的不定式用法要遵循前有实义动 词 do,but / except 后则无 to,反之则有 to 的 原则。 I can do everything around the house except cook. 除了做饭,家里的所有活儿我都能干。 Companies have no choice but to face the difficult problem of managing older workers. 公司别无选择,只能面对管理年长员工的 难题。 3  ———单句语法填空 1. There are now 1,800 giant pandas living in the wild, a number that officials credit to the country􀆳s devotion to 　 　 　 　 ( maintain) nature reserves and other conservation initiatives in recent years. 2. He plans to pursue his career in this city after 　 　 　 　 (complete) his studies. 3. For teenagers, some have learned how to use a sewing machine and made a couple of projects; some are working on a social studies project which involves 　 　 　 　 (construct) a family tree including researching relatives alive in the 1800s. 4. Even though people initially laughed at him, he finally managed 　 　 　 　 ( give ) his hometown a path available to the nearby town. 5. That approach brought Cobb􀆳s air travel last year down by 75%, and she plans 　 　 　 　 (continue) the practice. 考点五 非谓语动词作宾语补足语 1. 接带 to 的不定式作宾补的动词(短语) 常见的有 ask, invite, tell, want, encourage, wish, expect, beg, request, require, advise, order, force, cause, allow, permit, forbid, warn, remind, teach, send, call on, wait for, would like / love / prefer 等表示劝请、 要求类 动词。 The teacher asked us to finish our homework. 老师要求我们完成家庭作业。 The policeman told the boys not to play in the street. 警察告诉孩子们不要在街上玩耍。 2. 接不带 to 的动词不定式作宾补的动词 ·一感:feel ·二听:hear, listen to ·三让:let, make, have ·四看:see, watch, notice, observe ·半帮助:help sb. to do / do sth. 不定式作宾补表示某人做某事的全过程或某 事发生的全过程,强调事件的发生和结束。 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 244 @专题二　 根深叶茂的“动词家族” I saw him leave a few minutes ago. 我看见他几分钟前离开了。 3. 动词-ing 形式作宾补 动词-ing 形式作宾补,表示动作的过程,即动 作正在进行,尚未结束。 宾语与宾补之间是 逻辑上的主谓关系。 I hear someone knocking at the door. 我听到有人在敲门。 I􀆳m sorry to keep you waiting for a long time. 对不起,让你久等了。 4. 动词-ed 形式作宾补 动词-ed 形式作宾补,着重动作完成,表明动 作的结果,宾语与宾补之间是逻辑上的动宾 关系。 He saw the thief caught by the police. 他看到那个贼被警察抓起来了。 The teacher raised his voice in order to make himself heard. 老师提高嗓门以便让别人听到他的话。 3  ———单句语法填空 1. Fu believes it was his scientific approach to training that enabled him 　 　 　 　 (overcome ) those difficulties and reach his destination. 2. However, some of us often find ourselves 　 　 　 　 ( reserve) a table for one in a restaurant. But is dining alone really that bad? Maybe not. 3. But that􀆳s how nature is—always leaving us 　 　 　 　 (astonish) . 4. They make great gifts and you see them many times 　 　 　 　 (decorate) with red envelopes and messages of good fortune. 考点六 非谓语动词作主语和表语 1. 动词-ing 形式作主语表示一般的、抽象的或习 惯性的动作;不定式作主语表示具体的、一次 性的或尚未做的动作。 Listening to music is my sister􀆳s hobby. 听音乐是我姐姐的爱好。 To enter a good university for further study is my goal now. 进入一所好的大学深造是我现在的目标。 2. it 作形式主语,代替真正作主语的动词不定式 或动词-ing 形式的常见句型有: (1) It is / was no use / good+doing sth. ; It􀆳s a waste of time doing sth. It was no use pretending that I had not seen him, so I waved to him. 假装没看见他是没有用的,所以我向他挥了 挥手。 It is no good trying that method, because it won􀆳t work. 尝试那种方法没用,因为它行不通。 (2) It is / was+adj. +for sb. +to do sth. It is important for us to meet personally although we have been in touch in various ways. 尽管我们以各种方式保持着联系,但当面见 对我们来说很重要。 3. 非谓语动词中能作表语的有动词-ing 形式、动 词-ed 形式和动词不定式。 动词-ing 形式包括 现在分词和动名词。 表示事物的特征或性质时,表语用现在分词; 表示内心感受时,表语用过去分词。 不定式表示某一次具体的、特定的或有待实 现的动作,而动名词表示通常的情况。 The aim of the festival is to increase awareness of Chinese culture and traditions. 该节日的目的是提高人们对中国文化和传统 的认识。 At first she was terrified, then she pulled herself together. 起初她很害怕,后来又恢复了镇定。 The radiation of nuclear bombing is terrifying. 核爆炸的辐射是可怕的。 My job is teaching you English. 我的工作是教你们英语。 3  ———单句语法填空 1. It is, therefore, urgent 　 　 　 　 (update) our curricula by introducing the recent developments in the relevant fields. 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 245 hh
#4 2. In fact, much remains 　 　 　 　 ( learn) about traditional Chinese painting and its elements. 3. So eager was she to be a crew member that she overcame many difficulties and ultimately became 　 　 　 　 (qualify) . 4. Lola got 　 　 　 　 ( lose) when the Mejeurs were visiting a friend in Elk Grove Village in 2017. 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 "? 分 析 句 子 定 成 分 作 主 语 成 分 分 析 法 句中缺少主语,找到句子的谓语部分,确定应用动词-ing 形式还是动词不定式作主语 掌握用动词-ing 形式 / 动词不定式作主语的句型: It is / was + 形容词( for / of sb. ) + to do sth. ; It is no use / good doing sth. ; It takes sb. some time to do sth. ; It􀆳s worthwhile to do / doing sth. 作 表 语 成 分 分 析 法 动词-ing 形式作表语修饰物,意为“令人感到 …… 的” 动词-ed 形式作表语修饰人,意为“本身感到 …… 的” 作 宾 语 句 型 公 式 法 作介词的宾语用动词-ing 形式 只能跟动词-ing 形式作宾语的动词:enjoy,consider,escape,avoid 等 既可跟动词-ing 形式作宾语,又可跟动词不定式作宾语但表达含义不同的动词:remember, forget, regret, stop 等 只能跟动词不定式作宾语的动词:hope, wish, expect, agree, promise 等 作宾语补足语 牢记固定搭配 常用动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词有 tell, order, allow, permit 等 have sb. / sth. doing 让某人 / 某物一直做;have sth. done 让某事 被做;have sb. do sth. 让某人做某事 动词-ed 形式作宾语补足语表示被动、完成 动词-ing 形式作宾语补足语表示主动、进行 作 状 语 理 清 逻 辑 关 系 句子的主语是分词动作的发出者,用动词-ing 形式 牢记动词不定式作状语的情况 作目的状语 only to do sth. 为动词不定式作结果状语,表示出乎意 料的结果 “主语 + 系动词 + 表语(形容词) + to do” 句式,动词 不定式的主动形式表示被动意义 形容词或动词-ed 形式作表语时,后接动词不定式作状 语。 常见词有 happy, lucky, anxious 等 句子的主语是分词动作的承受者,用动词-ed 形式 作 定 语 关 系 分 析 法 表示主动、正在进行用动词-ing 形式 表示被动、完成用动词-ed 形式 抽象名词 ability, chance, opportunity, promise 等后常用动词不定式作后置定语 看见 first, second, last 等序数词以及形容词最高级( + 名词),用动词不定式 246 @专题二　 根深叶茂的“动词家族” 26 Ⅰ. 单句语法填空 1. (2024·河南焦作摸底)Dressed in a dark blue Taoist (道家服) with a black cloth bag and several long bags 　 　 　 　 ( contain ) dongxiao and chiba—two kinds of traditional Chinese bamboo musical instruments—he said he always wears a Taoist uniform and carries along a dongxiao for practice wherever he goes. 2. (2024·河南焦作摸底) In the future, Pinnick expects 　 　 　 　 (open) a martial arts school in China or in the US, to teach more people around the world about real martial arts and traditional Chinese culture, and to become a bridge between cultures. 3. (2024·广东六校期末)A stone tablet (牌匾) 　 　 　 　 (date) back to the year 1693, which falls within the Qing Dynasty ( 1644—1911), was discovered in Daming County, north China􀆳s Hebei Province, said local authorities. 4. (2024·广东六校期末)The tablet,　 　 　 　 ( find ) in Jindong Village, measures 1. 4 meters high, 0. 61 meters wide, and 0. 14 meters thick. 5. (2023·湖南长沙一中模拟)China has always welcomed the positive aspects of other civilizations while contributing its civilization achievements 　 　 　 　 ( enrich ) other civilizations. Chinese music did not shy away from 　 　 　 　 ( adopt) musical instruments from the Middle East, like the fantastic pipa, and making it an essential and beautiful part of Chinese musical culture. 6. (2023·山西吕梁模拟)By 　 　 　 　 ( show) the development of fonts ( 字 体 ), the exhibition gave visitors an overview of the modern development of Chinese characters. 7. (2023·江苏镇江模拟) It is the local people􀆳s desire to protect the local historical characteristics that leads to the buildings 　 　 　 　 (preserve) to this day. 8. (2023·广东湛江模拟)The movies 　 　 　 　 ( list) in the book were created between the 1950s and 1970s, majorly honoring heroes of the Communist Party of China or revisiting the early development of New China. 9. It􀆳s bad for you to leave the water 　 　 　 　 ( run) when you brush teeth. 10. (2023·广东湛江模拟)Highlighted examples include Sparkling Red Star, which follows the journey of an 11-year-old boy risking his life 　 　 　 　 ( join) the fight against Japanese invaders in the early 1930s, and Woman Basketball Player No. 5, which combines a basketball coach􀆳s personal fate with the development of the sport. Ⅱ. 语篇专练(非谓语动词) 　 　 Let children learn 1. 　 　 　 　 ( judge) their own work. A child 2. 　 　 　 　 ( learn) to talk does not learn by 3. 　 　 　 　 ( correct) all the time; if 4. 　 　 　 　 (correct) too much, he will stop talking. He notices a thousand times a day the difference between his language and others􀆳 language. Bit by bit, he makes the right changes 5. 　 　 　 　 ( make ) his language like other people􀆳s. In the same way, children learn to do all the other things. They learn to talk, run, climb, ride a bicycle by comparing their own behaviors with those of more 6. 　 　 　 　 ( skill) people, and slowly make the 7. 　 　 　 　 ( need ) changes. But in school teachers never give a child a chance 8. 　 　 　 　 ( find) out his mistakes for himself, even fewer chances for him to correct himself. They do it all for him. Teachers act as if the student would fail 9. 　 　 　 　 ( notice) a mistake if they did not point it out to him. They act as if the student would never correct it unless 10. 　 　 　 　 ( make ) to. Soon he becomes dependent on the teacher. Let the student do it himself. Let him work out, with the help of other 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 247 hh
#4 children if he wants it, what this word means and what the answer is to that problem. Ⅲ. 写作迁移(正确运用非谓语动词完成句子) 1. (2023·新课标Ⅰ卷应用文写作)但得知我们 将被随机配对进行口语练习,我有一种冲动, 想表达我不同的声音,希望这不会冒犯你。 But 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 , I feel an urge 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 , 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 . 2. (2023·全国乙卷书面表达)要做的最困难的 任务是用西红柿煮鱼。 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 was cook fish with tomatoes. 3. (2023·全国甲卷书面表达)作为中国宋代著 名的作家和政治家,范仲淹因其对社会的巨 大贡献而受到高度赞赏。 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 , Fan Zhongyan was highly appreciated because he made great contributions to society. 4. (2023·全国甲卷书面表达)他不遗余力地进 行了一系列改革,以使他的国家繁荣起来。 He spared no effort 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 . 5. (2023·浙江 1 月卷应用文写作)从中我学到 了很多,我开始明白为什么仙人掌和其他干 燥的植物有锋利的叶子。 　 　 　 　 　 　 it, I came 　 　 　 　 why cactuses and other dry plants have sharp leaves. 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 第六讲　 情态动词和虚拟语气 P5O 1. (2023·全国甲卷)Carson proves that a simple literary form that has been passed down through the ages can still 　 　 　 　 (employ) today to draw attention to important truths. 2. (2021·天津卷)It used to be that you 　 　 　 　 drive for miles here without seeing another person, but now there are houses and people everywhere. 3. (2020·天津卷)Jim says we 　 　 　 　 stay in his house as long as we leave it clean and tidy. 4. (2019·江苏卷)What a pity! You missed the sightseeing, or we 　 　 　 　 ( have) a good time together. 5. (2018·江苏卷) It􀆳s strange that he 　 　 　 　 have taken the books without the owner􀆳s permission. A"1@ 考点一 情态动词 (一)情态动词的基本用法 1. 表示能力(can / could / be able to) can 表示现在的能力,could 指过去的能力。 Two eyes can see more than one. 两只眼比一只眼看得清。 Could the girl read before she went to school? 这女孩上学前能识字吗? [名师指津] 　 如何区分 can 和 be able to (1)can 在时态上只有现在时和过去时两种, 而 be able to 则有更多的时态。 (2)be able to 强调“通过努力有能力做到”, 如果表示“某事已经成功做成”应用 was / were able to,而不用 could。 The fire spread through the building very quickly but everyone was able to get out. 尽管这场大火很快蔓延到了整个大楼,但是 每个人都逃出去了。 2. 表示请求、允许、允诺(can / could / may / might / shall / will / would) (1) can 表示请求和允许,与 may 同义,常用 于口语中。 could 表示的语气更委婉。 Can I have a look at your new pen? 我可以看一下你的新钢笔吗? (2)may 表示请求、允许,might 表示的语气更 委婉。 might 可以指过去的时间,也可指现在 的时间。 其疑问句的否定回答为 I􀆳m afraid not 或 mustn􀆳t。 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 248 hh
#4 第五讲　 非谓语动词 􀪋􀪋 高考体验 􀪋􀪋 1. borrowing　 intended　 2. built 3. Having visited　 4. recording　 5. to bite 6. recognized　 7. to be lifted　 8. wanting 9. visiting　 10. to journey　 11. held 12. planning　 13. To strengthen　 inviting 14. Covering　 15. to see 􀪋􀪋 语法精讲 􀪋􀪋 即学即练 1 1. gaining　 2. trapped　 3. To get 4. to produce　 5. to follow 即学即练 2 1. to witness　 2. to host　 3. majoring 4. carrying　 5. fixed 即学即练 3 1. maintaining　 2. completing 3. constructing　 4. to give　 5. to continue 即学即练 4 1. to overcome　 2. reserving 3. astonished　 4. decorated 即学即练 5 1. to update　 2. to be learned / learnt 3. qualified　 4. lost 􀪋􀪋 素养提能 􀪋􀪋 Ⅰ. 单句语法填空 1. containing　 2. to open　 3. dating 4. found　 5. to enrich　 adopting 6. showing　 7. being preserved 8. listed　 9. running　 10. to join Ⅱ. 语篇专练(非谓语动词) 1. to judge　 2. learning　 3. being corrected 4. corrected　 5. to make　 6. skilled 7. needed　 8. to find　 9. to notice 10. made Ⅲ. 写作迁移(正确运用非谓语动词完成 句子) 1. learning that we􀆳ll be randomly paired to do the oral practice　 to express my dif- ferent voice 　 hoping that this wouldn􀆳t offend you 2. The most difficult task to do 3. Known as a Chinese writer and politician in the Song Dynasty 4. to carry out a series of reforms to make his country prosperous 5. Learning much from　 to understand 第六讲　 情态动词和虚拟语气 􀪋􀪋 高考体验 􀪋􀪋 1. be employed　 2. could　 3. can 4. would have had　 5. should 􀪋􀪋 语法精讲 􀪋􀪋 即学即练 1 1. shall　 2. can　 3. would　 4. need 5. may 即学即练 2 1. must　 2. needn􀆳t　 3. have arrived 4. have practised　 5. have left 即学即练 3 1. would have gone 　 2. had told 　 3. had completed　 4. had explored 　 5. ( should) be formed　 6. applied / should apply 􀪋􀪋 素养提能 􀪋􀪋 Ⅰ. 单句语法填空 1. be mastered　 2. have accomplished 3. can　 4. should　 5. can　 6. (should) be taken　 7. would　 8. may　 9. might 10. had studied Ⅱ. 语篇专练(情态动词和虚拟语气) 1. must　 2. can􀆳t　 3. lived　 4. need 5. would have arrived　 6. should 7. would punish　 8. must　 9. went / should go　 10. can Ⅲ. 写作迁移(正确运用情态动词和虚拟 语气完成句子) 1. Should it be possible / If it should be pos- sible 2. couldn􀆳t be better 　 could be grouped 　 we can help each other 3. ( should) put three to four students to- gether　 can communicate with 4. couldn􀆳t help missing 5. But for the love and care from those around me 专题三　 务必掌握的 “4 类变形词” 第七讲　 名词和数词 􀪋􀪋 高考体验 􀪋􀪋 1. arrival　 2. interviews　 3. wonders 4. sixth　 5. events　 6. invitation 7. responsibility　 8. protection 9. development　 10. marriage 􀪋􀪋 语法精讲 􀪋􀪋 即学即练 1 1. students􀆳　 2. achievement　 3. director　 4. Activities　 5. length 即学即练 2 1. second　 2. had been polluted　 3. fifth 􀪋􀪋 素养提能 􀪋􀪋 Ⅰ. 单句语法填空 1. comparison　 2. enthusiasm　 3. arrival　 4. people􀆳s　 5. silence　 6. death 7. appointment　 8. researchers􀆳　 9. ninth 10. policies Ⅱ. 语篇专练(名词) 1. celebration 　 2. beginning 　 3. signifi- cance　 4. life　 5. decoration　 6. wealth　 7. times　 8. health　 9. presents 10. Branches Ⅲ. 写作迁移(正确运用名词和数词完成 句子) 1. held by the Students􀆳 Union 2. the first to worry about 3. an increasing number of students　 in va- rious ways 4. our daily actions 5. great significance 第八讲　 形容词和副词 􀪋􀪋 高考体验 􀪋􀪋 1. tasty　 2. rarely　 3. confident 4. Basically　 5. remarkable　 6. Different 7. originally 　 8. spacious 　 9. simpler 　 10. highest 􀪋􀪋 语法精讲 􀪋􀪋 即学即练 1 1. rarely　 2. various　 3. accessible 4. globally 即学即练 2 1. best　 2. better 　 3. stronger 　 4. than 　 5. faster 􀪋􀪋 素养提能 􀪋􀪋 Ⅰ. 单句语法填空 1. basically　 2. largest　 3. specifically 4. successfully　 professional　 5. steamed 6. traditional　 7. impolite 　 8. ambitious 　 9. less　 10. oldest Ⅱ. 语篇专练(形容词和副词) 1. well　 2. great　 3. quickly　 4. suddenly 5. closely　 6. disappointed　 7. exactly 8. tired　 9. later　 10. nearly Ⅲ. 写作迁移(正确运用形容词和副词完 成句子) 1. not until the moment she got closer 2. Undoubtedly 　 numerous knowledge 　 become interested in 　 this meaningful activity 3. becoming more and more serious 4. The more　 the better 5. are available to 专题四　 不可小觑的 “4 类小词” 第九讲　 冠词和介词 􀪋􀪋 高考体验 􀪋􀪋 1. a　 2. by　 3. to / with　 4. the　 5. to 6. for　 7. as　 8. the　 9. the　 10. A 􀪋􀪋 语法精讲 􀪋􀪋 即学即练 1 1. an　 2. a　 3. the　 4. the 即学即练 2 1. on　 2. in　 3. for　 4. to　 5. in 􀪋􀪋 素养提能 􀪋􀪋 Ⅰ. 单句语法填空 1. a　 2. With　 3. in　 4. an　 5. as　 6. a　 7. for　 8. an　 9. a　 10. the 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 􀪋 -548-