内容正文:
板块二 不可忽视的小词:冠词、代词和介词(短语)
第三讲 冠词、代词和介词(短语)
语法项目二 代词
语法系列二 词法篇
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考点一 人称代词、物主代词以及反身代词
类别 人称代词 物主代词 反身代词
主格 宾格 形容词性 名词性
功能 主语 宾语、表语 定语 主语、表
语、宾语 宾语、表
语、同位语
第一人称 单数 I me my mine myself
复数 we us our ours ourselves
第二人称 单数 you you your yours yourself
复数 you you your yours yourselves
第三人称 单数 he him his his himself
she her her hers herself
it it its its itself
复数 they them their theirs themselves
1.人称代词作主语用主格,作宾语、表语用宾格。
2.两个以上的人称代词并列,其次序排列原则:
(1)在并列主语中,“I”总是放在最后,排列顺序:二 三 一(人称);宾格也一样,“me”要放在最后。
You,he and I are in different classes.
你、我还有他在不同的班级。
Mr Wang asked Li Ming and me to help him.
王先生让李明和我去帮助他。
(2)第三人称,男女两性并用时,男先女后。
He and she were sitting face to face.
他和她正面对面地坐着。
3.物主代词分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种。形容词性物主代词作定语,名词性物主代词可作主语、表语和宾语。
The author can report other people's results which more or less agree with hers.作者可以发表与她自己的观点或多或少一致的别人的成果。
考点二 it的用法
(一) it作人称代词的用法
1.it可以指除人以外的一切事物。
(2022·全国甲卷满分作文)It's a day to stress the importance of ocean and remind people to protect it.这是一个强调海洋的重要性并提醒人们保护海洋的日子。
2.指人,主要用于指性别不明的婴儿或用于确认某人的身份。
Her new baby is tiny.It only weighs 2 kilos.
她刚出生不久的宝宝很瘦小,仅2公斤重。
(二)it作非人称代词的用法
1.主要用于指时间、距离、价值、自然现象(天气、气候及温度等)。
It's quite warm at the moment.
现在很暖和。
2.用于某些句型中。
It's time for/to do sth
到该做某事的时候了。
It's time for sb to do sth
某人该做某事了。
It's (about/high) time+that...
某人该做某事了。(从句谓语用过去式,有时也用“should+动词原形”)
It's the first/second...time+that...
某人第几次做某事。(从句谓语用现在完成时)
It's+时间段+since...
自从……有多少时间了。
It's+时间段+before...
过多长时间才……
(2022·全国甲卷满分作文)It is high time that we should strengthen the study of marine knowledge and enhance the awareness of marine protection.该是我们加强海洋知识学习和提高海洋保护意识的时候了。
(三)it用作形式主语或形式宾语
1.用作形式主语的重要句型
It+be+adj.+for/of sb.+to do sth.
对于某人来说做某事是……的。/某人做某事是……的。
It is necessary for us to have some exercise every day.
对我们来说每天做些锻炼是必要的。
(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷应用文)Hence,it would be a great idea for us to choose partners freely.因此,对我们来说,自由选择合作伙伴将是一个好主意。
2.用作形式宾语的重要句型
(1)主语+think/believe/suppose/consider/feel/make/keep/...+it+adj./n.(for/of sb.)+to do sth./从句
(2)主语+think/believe/suppose/consider/feel/make/keep/...+it+important/ necessary/natural/essential+that...(should)...
I believe it important to separate good failures from bad failures.我认为区分好的失败和坏的失败是很重要的。
名师点津 某些及物动词或短语后不能直接跟从句,此时须先用it作形式宾语,然后接从句,有此用法的动词(短语)有like、dislike、hate、appreciate、depend on、rely on、count on、see to等。
(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷应用文)I would appreciate it if you can take my following proposals into consideration.如果您能考虑我以下的建议,我将不胜感激。
考点三 不定代词
(一)both、either、neither、all、any、none、each的用法比较
1.both(两者都)、either(两者中的任何一个)、neither(两者都不),以上三个词的使用范围为两者。
As far as I could tell,neither of us was under observation.据我所知,我们俩都没被监视。
2.both与复数名词连用,either与单数名词连用。
①Both sides are looking for ways to settle their differences.
双方都在寻找解决分歧的方法。
②There are many tall buildings on either side of the street.街道两旁有许多
高楼。
3.all(所有的,全部的人或物)、any(任何一个)、none(都不),以上这些词使用范围为三者或三者以上。
All the soldiers were praised for bravery in battle.
所有士兵都因英勇作战而受到表扬。
4.all和both与not 连用表示部分否定;none以及not...any表示全部否定。
①Not all the machines of the company are imported.
这家公司并非所有的机器都是进口的。
②Not both of the substances are dissolved in water.这两种物质并非都溶于水。
③None of you had the courage to face the situation.你们都没有勇气面对这种情况。
5.each可指两者,也可指两者以上。
I believe that each of us can contribute to the future of the world.我相信我们每个人都能为世界的未来做出贡献。
(二)another、other、the other、others、the others的用法比较
1.another既可以单独使用,也可以用于可数名词单数前,泛指三者或三者以上中的“另外一个人或物”。还可以用于“another+数词+可数名词复数”中,表示“再、又”。
I need another ten minutes to finish my homework.
我还需要十分钟来完成我的家庭作业。
2.other可用作形容词,意为“别的,其他的”,泛指“其他的(人或物)”。
They will then have more money to spend on other things.
以后他们将有更多的钱花在其他事情上。
3.(1)the other指两个人或物中的一个,不能用another替代,此时other作代词使用。
What made you choose the one rather than the other?是什么使你选了这一个而不是另一个?
(2)the other后可接可数名词单数也可接可数名词复数,不可接不可数名词,此时other作形容词使用。
She turned over on her stomach on the other side of the bed.她翻了个身趴在了床的另一边。
He played the violin,and he stood out from all the other musicians.他演奏了小提琴,把其他音乐家都比下去了。
4.others泛指“另外几个/其他的人或物”,不能作定语。others表示复数意义,相当于“other+复数名词”。
He demands perfection in others,but cannot see faults in himself.
他要求别人完美,但看不到自己的缺点。
5.the others相当于“the other+可数名词复数”,指剩下的全部。
The snowy main peak towers above all the others.
白雪皑皑的主峰高耸于其他山峰之上。
(三)one、ones、that、those的用法比较
在文中为避免重复,one、ones、that和those等都可以用来代替上文出现的名词。
1.one代替的是前面提到的同类异物中的任何一个,相当于“a/an+可数名词单数”;ones用来代替前面出现的可数名词复数,也表泛指。
2.that代替前面提到的同类异物中特指的事物,所代替的名词可以是可数名词单数,也可以是不可数名词,其前面通常不能有修饰语,但可以有后置定语。
3.those代替前面提到的同类异物中特指的事物,只能指代可数名词复数,相当于the ones。
名师点津 a/an+可数名词单数=one;
the+可数名词单数=that/the one;
the+不可数名词=that;
the+可数名词复数=the ones/those;
可数名词复数=ones
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解题攻略 典例印证
第一步:确定是否填代词
无提示词时,如果设空处在句中作主语或宾语,则应该填代词。
第二步:判断填哪个代词
无提示词时,代词考查的三种情况:
①指代上文提到的人或物;
②作形式主语或形式宾语的it;
③引起强调句(It is/was...that...)的it。在无提示词的情况下,高考代词的考查多为后两种情况。 【典例】 (2024届山东省泰安市三模)While many called this region the Southern Ocean.Some scientists called 44 the Antarctic Ocean.Others said Austral Ocean.
分析 第一步:确定填代词。分析句子结构可知,本句缺少宾语,因此本空应该填代词。
第二步:判断填哪个代词。 空处指代上文的“this region”作宾语,需用代词。
自主解答 ____
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it
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1.(2024·唐山市一模)It will take some time to popularize the new travel trend and the prices must remain competitive to ensure that regular tourists can afford ______.
2.(2024·河北省高三4月大联考) As a scientist,the emperor was interested in the new liquid,drank some,and found ____ very refreshing.
3.(2024·衡水中学高三下学期一调) Running for more than 20,000 kilometers,the Great Wall is a historical landmark of unparalleled glory,but climbing ____ is hard work.
4.(2024·苏州八校三模)After graduation he began to take part in the PLA Air Force's selection of astronaut candidates and was finally selected with _________ 13 male aviators (飞行员).
them
it
it
another
5.(2024·山东省淄博市一模)It's extremely dry here,with the amount of annual evaporation (蒸发) being more than 60 times ______ of the annual rainfall.
6.(2024·广州市综合测试二)Some people love to read books.They can't get enough of the printed word._________ have a big appetite for making and eating food.
7.Mr Smith was very tired after work and he dragged _________ (him) along the street.
8.(2024·沈阳二中第二次模拟)If they had had any knowledge of Yuan who worked devotedly for our country,they wouldn't have made such pessimistic evaluations.Why did the Chinese people make ______?
that
Others
himself
it
9.(2024·石家庄市教学质量检测三) However,it was the pagoda (塔) ______ always fascinated me.Years ago,I went to China.Whenever I'm back to London,I always pay it a visit.
10.(2024·齐鲁名校联盟高三联考)Even so,____ was not until the Republic of China era in the 1910s that there were some noticeable results in promoting a common unified language in China.
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that
it
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