专题13 全球变暖下的热天与热浪 - 2025年高考英语外刊时文阅读训练

高中英语外刊时文阅读训练 专题13 全球变暖下的热天与热浪 Ⅰ.文章话题导入 Ⅱ.外刊原文阅读 Ш.阅读理解专项针对性练习 Ⅳ.话题高频词汇强化训练 Ⅴ.参考译文赏析 【话题·导语】 本月的另一项研究发现，如果地球继续升温到比工业化前水平高3°C或4°C，到本世纪末，欧洲的死亡人数可能会增加两倍。这些数字虽然令人震惊，但几乎可以肯定低估了全球变暖加剧的炎热天气造成的损失。 【原文·外刊阅读】 Hot days or heat waves? Researchers debate how to count deaths from heat （文章来源：Science） More than 47,000 Europeans died from heat-related causes last year, the warmest on record globally, a study published this month found. The number was surpassed only by the 60,000 Europeans who died of heat-related causes in 2022. Another study this month found that the toll in Europe could triple by the end of the century if Earth continues to warm to 3°C or 4°C degrees above preindustrial levels. The numbers, though shocking, almost certainly understate the toll of hot weather, worsened by global warming. But scientists aren’t sure how to do better. Some argue the best way to understand the impact of heat is to track how death rates vary with fluctuations in temperature, as the European studies did. But others say a truer measure is to rely on officially declared heat waves and count excess deaths—those above the expected number—each day. The two kinds of studies “provide answers to different questions, looking at different exposure metrics,” says environmental epidemiologist Jaime Madrigano of Johns Hopkins University. Seeing how deaths vary with temperature captures the health effects of gradual warming, whereas focusing on heat waves highlights the consequences of extreme cases. The dispute isn’t just academic. Heat waves grab headlines and the attention of policymakers, spurring them to adopt heat warning systems that urge people to stay indoors or take other precautions. But some scientists note that just examining heat waves omits the deaths that occur beyond what’s considered extreme. “We shouldn’t look at them as two efforts in parallel,” says occupational epidemiologist Barrak Alahmad of Harvard University. Deaths from heat are increasing “anywhere you put your eye.” Heat stroke is the most extreme and direct effect of too much time exposed to high temperatures. But it only accounts for a minority of the toll. Deaths from many other causes also rise, for example when heat tips someone with an underlying heart condition into a fatal heart attack. Proponents of using heat waves to measure how temperature increases those risks say these events are the deadliest, worst-case scenarios, so understanding them is paramount for preparedness. One study found that 48 people—most certainly an undercount—died during a 2018 heat wave in South Korea and its severity prompted changes in Seoul’s heat plan, such as opening more cooling centers. Counting deaths during heat waves also captures the cumulative health impact of multiple hot days in a row, a nuance that studies focused on daily temperatures can miss. But limiting the scope of studies to heat waves likely undercounts deaths because there is no universal definition of a heat wave, says epidemiologist Vijendra Ingole of the U.K. Office for National Statistics. Heat waves are declared when temperatures exceed the historical average in an area. However, because of climate change, a hot spell that would once have been considered a heat wave might not be today, he says—yet remains deadly. A study that Ingole co-authored in February with Amruta Nori-Sarma, an environmental health researcher at Boston University, underscored the limitations of the heat wave approach. They estimated a different number of deaths at various definitions of a heat wave in India, by duration and relative daily temperatures. They found that even shorter, less intense heat waves not captured by some definitions have risks similar to longer, more intense ones, including death. Epidemiologists like Nori-Sarma argue instead for looking at excess deaths on hot days, regardless of whether they fall within an official heat wave. That approach also allows researchers to zoom in on specific populations—children, one geographic region, or those with cardiovascular disease—to capture differences in the impact of heat. Although epidemiologists can still look at deaths in these groups during a heat wave, Alahmad says those numbers don’t fully reveal the risk. “Looking at heat waves only … you’re only looking at one slice of the cake,” says Alahmad, whose research focuses on outdoor workers. The temperatures they experience don’t necessarily meet the standard definition of a heat wave but can still be a danger given the longer exposure to heat. But looking at the entire temperature range, “That’s the whole cake,” he says. A limitation of both approaches is the lack of robust data, especially from hot places in the Global South. For example, a 2021 study in The Lancet Planetary Health that looked at both heat waves and daily temperatures suggested that from 2000 to 2019, almost half a million people died annually from heat. The modeling study was cited in a United Nations call to action last month on extreme heat and relied on data in the Multi-Country Multi-City Collaborative Research Network, which pools climate and health data from 53 countries. But the network leaves out countries such as India, which is known for extreme summer temperatures, and it includes just one African country: South Africa. In much of Africa, issues such as a decentralized health care system and limited weather stations mean mortality and weather data might not exist, says Kiswendsida Guigma, a climate scientist with the Red Cross Red Crescent Climate Center. Without the data, it’s hard to know just how dangerous heat is. “It’s like a chicken and egg relationship,” he says. Still, heat waves like the one that affected the Sahel region of Africa in late March—where temperatures hit up to 45°C for five straight days—could be opportunities for researchers to collect missing data, he says, even leveraging citizen science in remote places. Ultimately, it’s likely a combination of the two metrics that will most accurately capture the fatal consequences of rising global temperatures. “Going toward one side or the other is perfectly fine, it’s about the interpretation of the findings,” says environmental epidemiologist Ana Maria Vicedo-Cabrera at the University of Bern, who co-authored the Lancet study. And both sides emphasize that one fact is not in dispute. “By any metric we look at, by any definition we choose, by any method that we pick, [mortality] is getting worse,” Alahmad says. 【原创·阅读理解】 1.What was the global temperature record in the past year mentioned in the study? A. The coolest year on record. B. The warmest year on record. C. The average year in terms of temperature. D. The second warmest year on record. 2.What method is suggested to capture the health effects of gradual warming? A. Counting excess deaths during heat waves. B. Tracking how death rates vary with fluctuations. C. Analyzing the duration of heat waves. D. Measuring the intensity of individual heat waves. 3.What does the article suggest might happen to heat-related deaths in Europe by the end of the century? A. They will decrease significantly. B. They might triple if temperatures continue to rise. C. They will remain the same as current levels. D. They will only slightly increase. 4.Why is counting deaths during heat waves considered a limited approach? A. It excludes deaths from prolonged heat exposure. B. It overestimates the number of deaths. C. It only considers extreme temperatures. D. It ignores non-temperature related deaths. 5.What is a major challenge in studying heat-related mortality in the Global South? A. Lack of interest from researchers. B. High costs of data collection. C. Absence of robust data and limited stations. D. Inaccurate temperature measurements. 【高频词汇训练】 1．（23-24高一上·天津·期中）The movie Harry Potter has deep ______ on teenagers all over the world. A．result B．option C．impact D．style 2．（2024·内蒙古通辽·模拟预测）If you heat ice, it ________ into water. A．turns B．turned C．was turning D．has turned 3．（23-24高二上·天津静海·阶段练习）In our school, cheating in the exam is often regarded as an act _______ of punishment. A．worth B．worthy C．worthwhile D．intense 4．（22-23高一上·上海·阶段练习）A lot of people were trapped when the deadly earthquake hit Tangshan, Hebei province ________ dawn. A．at B．in C．on D．above 5．（2024·天津·二模）The Smith family has been carefully __________ their adopted child since they welcomed him into their home. A．bringing up B．telling off C．finding out D．taking in 6．（22-23高一下·重庆·阶段练习）The recently captured images are helping scientists to understand how some stars come into (exist). （所给词的适当形式填空） 7．（23-24高一下·黑龙江鹤岗·期末）They will ask you to sign a (declare) allowing your doctor to disclose your health. (所给词的适当形式填空) 8．（23-24高三上·福建福州·期中）What you wrote in the report is just a rough and brief estimate which lacks (accurate). (用所给词的适当形式填空) 9．（23-24高一下·重庆九龙坡·阶段练习）Under the sky (rest) a village painted with smaller strokes and finer detail, giving the impression of peace. (所给词的适当形式填空) 10．（23-24高二上·全国·单元测试）The castle was (origin) surrounded by a triple wall, only one of which remains. （所给词的适当形式填空） 11．（24-25高一上·全国·课后作业）She (追求) an acting career after four years of modelling. (根据汉语提示单词拼写) 12．（22-23高一下·全国·课后作业）Statistics show that lung c , which can barely be cured, is closely related to heavy smoking. (根据首字母单词拼写) 13．（22-23高二下·全国·课后作业）不管他的队输还是赢，你都应该赞扬他的努力。（whether引导宾语从句） You should praise his effort regardless of . 【参考译文】 热天还是热浪？研究人员就如何计算高温死亡人数展开辩论 本月发表的一项研究发现，去年有47000多名欧洲人死于与高温有关的原因，这是全球有记录以来最温暖的一年。2022年，只有6万欧洲人死于与热有关的原因，超过了这一数字。本月的另一项研究发现，如果地球继续升温到比工业化前水平高3°C或4°C，到本世纪末，欧洲的死亡人数可能会增加两倍。这些数字虽然令人震惊，但几乎可以肯定低估了全球变暖加剧的炎热天气造成的损失。但科学家们不确定如何做得更好。 一些人认为，了解高温影响的最佳方法是追踪死亡率如何随温度波动而变化，正如欧洲的研究所做的那样。但其他人表示，一个更真实的衡量标准是依靠官方宣布的热浪，并计算每天超出预期的死亡人数。 约翰斯·霍普金斯大学的环境流行病学家Jaime Madrigano说，这两种研究“为不同的问题提供了答案，研究了不同的暴露指标”。观察死亡人数如何随温度变化，可以捕捉到逐渐变暖对健康的影响，而关注热浪则突显了极端病例的后果。 这场争论不仅仅是学术上的。热浪成为头条新闻和政策制定者的关注焦点，促使他们采用高温预警系统，敦促人们呆在室内或采取其他预防措施。但一些科学家指出，仅仅研究热浪就忽略了发生在极端情况之外的死亡。 哈佛大学的职业流行病学家Barrak Alahmad说：“我们不应该把它们看作是两项并行的努力。”。“无论你把眼睛放在哪里”，死于高温的人数都在增加 中暑是长时间暴露在高温下最极端和最直接的影响。但它只占死亡人数的一小部分。许多其他原因导致的死亡人数也在上升，例如，当热量使患有潜在心脏病的人患上致命的心脏病发作时。 使用热浪来测量温度如何增加这些风险的支持者表示，这些事件是最致命、最坏的情况，因此了解它们对于做好准备至关重要。一项研究发现，在2018年韩国的一次热浪中，有48人死亡，其中大多数人死亡人数不足，其严重程度促使首尔的供暖计划发生了变化，例如开设更多的制冷中心。计算热浪期间的死亡人数还可以捕捉到连续多个炎热天气对健康的累积影响，而专注于每日气温的研究可能会忽略这一细微差别。 但英国国家统计局的流行病学家Vijendra Ingole表示，将研究范围限制在热浪可能会低估死亡人数，因为对热浪没有普遍的定义。当一个地区的温度超过历史平均水平时，就会产生热浪。然而，他说，由于气候变化，曾经被认为是热浪的热浪可能不会出现在今天，但仍然是致命的。 Ingole与波士顿大学环境健康研究员Amruta Nori Sarma在2月份共同撰写的一项研究强调了热浪方法的局限性。他们根据持续时间和相对每日温度，对印度不同定义的热浪估计了不同的死亡人数。他们发现，即使是一些定义没有捕捉到的更短、强度更低的热浪，也有与更长、更强烈的热浪类似的风险，包括死亡。 诺里·萨尔马等流行病学家主张，无论是否属于官方热浪，都应关注炎热天气下的超额死亡人数。这种方法还允许研究人员放大特定人群——儿童、一个地理区域或患有心血管疾病的人群——以捕捉热量影响的差异。尽管流行病学家仍然可以在热浪期间观察这些群体的死亡情况，但Alahmad表示，这些数字并不能完全揭示风险。 Alahmad的研究重点是户外工作者，他说：“只看热浪……你只看到了蛋糕的一块。”。他们所经历的温度不一定符合热浪的标准定义，但由于暴露在高温下的时间较长，仍然可能存在危险。但纵观整个温度范围，“这就是整个蛋糕，”他说。 这两种方法的局限性在于缺乏可靠的数据，特别是来自全球南方热点地区的数据。例如，《柳叶刀行星健康》2021年的一项研究对热浪和每日气温进行了研究，该研究表明，从2000年到2019年，每年有近50万人死于高温。上个月，联合国关于极端高温的行动呼吁中引用了这项建模研究，并依赖于多国多城市合作研究网络的数据，该网络汇集了来自53个国家的气候和健康数据。但该网络遗漏了以极端夏季气温而闻名的印度等国家，只包括一个非洲国家：南非。 红十字会与红新月会气候中心的气候科学家Kiswendsida Guigma表示，在非洲大部分地区，分散的医疗保健系统和有限的气象站等问题意味着死亡率和天气数据可能不存在。没有这些数据，很难知道高温有多危险。“这就像鸡和蛋的关系，”他说。尽管如此，他说，像3月下旬影响非洲萨赫勒地区的热浪——那里的气温连续五天达到45°C——可能是研究人员收集缺失数据的机会，甚至可以利用偏远地区的公民科学。 最终，这两个指标的结合很可能最准确地捕捉到全球气温上升的致命后果。伯尔尼大学的环境流行病学家Ana Maria Vicedo Cabrera是《柳叶刀》研究的合著者，她说：“走向一边或另一边是完全可以的，这取决于对研究结果的解释。”。 双方都强调，有一个事实没有争议。Alahmad说：“根据我们观察的任何指标，根据我们选择的任何定义，根据我们挑选的任何方法，[死亡率]都在恶化。”。 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！1 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 高中英语外刊时文阅读训练 专题13 全球变暖下的热天与热浪 Ⅰ.文章话题导入 Ⅱ.外刊原文阅读 Ш.阅读理解专项针对性练习 Ⅳ.话题高频词汇强化训练 Ⅴ.参考译文赏析 【话题·导语】 本月的另一项研究发现，如果地球继续升温到比工业化前水平高3°C或4°C，到本世纪末，欧洲的死亡人数可能会增加两倍。这些数字虽然令人震惊，但几乎可以肯定低估了全球变暖加剧的炎热天气造成的损失。 【原文·外刊阅读】 Hot days or heat waves? Researchers debate how to count deaths from heat （文章来源：Science） More than 47,000 Europeans died from heat-related causes last year, the warmest on record globally, a study published this month found. The number was surpassed only by the 60,000 Europeans who died of heat-related causes in 2022. Another study this month found that the toll in Europe could triple by the end of the century if Earth continues to warm to 3°C or 4°C degrees above preindustrial levels. The numbers, though shocking, almost certainly understate the toll of hot weather, worsened by global warming. But scientists aren’t sure how to do better. Some argue the best way to understand the impact of heat is to track how death rates vary with fluctuations in temperature, as the European studies did. But others say a truer measure is to rely on officially declared heat waves and count excess deaths—those above the expected number—each day. The two kinds of studies “provide answers to different questions, looking at different exposure metrics,” says environmental epidemiologist Jaime Madrigano of Johns Hopkins University. Seeing how deaths vary with temperature captures the health effects of gradual warming, whereas focusing on heat waves highlights the consequences of extreme cases. The dispute isn’t just academic. Heat waves grab headlines and the attention of policymakers, spurring them to adopt heat warning systems that urge people to stay indoors or take other precautions. But some scientists note that just examining heat waves omits the deaths that occur beyond what’s considered extreme. “We shouldn’t look at them as two efforts in parallel,” says occupational epidemiologist Barrak Alahmad of Harvard University. Deaths from heat are increasing “anywhere you put your eye.” Heat stroke is the most extreme and direct effect of too much time exposed to high temperatures. But it only accounts for a minority of the toll. Deaths from many other causes also rise, for example when heat tips someone with an underlying heart condition into a fatal heart attack. Proponents of using heat waves to measure how temperature increases those risks say these events are the deadliest, worst-case scenarios, so understanding them is paramount for preparedness. One study found that 48 people—most certainly an undercount—died during a 2018 heat wave in South Korea and its severity prompted changes in Seoul’s heat plan, such as opening more cooling centers. Counting deaths during heat waves also captures the cumulative health impact of multiple hot days in a row, a nuance that studies focused on daily temperatures can miss. But limiting the scope of studies to heat waves likely undercounts deaths because there is no universal definition of a heat wave, says epidemiologist Vijendra Ingole of the U.K. Office for National Statistics. Heat waves are declared when temperatures exceed the historical average in an area. However, because of climate change, a hot spell that would once have been considered a heat wave might not be today, he says—yet remains deadly. A study that Ingole co-authored in February with Amruta Nori-Sarma, an environmental health researcher at Boston University, underscored the limitations of the heat wave approach. They estimated a different number of deaths at various definitions of a heat wave in India, by duration and relative daily temperatures. They found that even shorter, less intense heat waves not captured by some definitions have risks similar to longer, more intense ones, including death. Epidemiologists like Nori-Sarma argue instead for looking at excess deaths on hot days, regardless of whether they fall within an official heat wave. That approach also allows researchers to zoom in on specific populations—children, one geographic region, or those with cardiovascular disease—to capture differences in the impact of heat. Although epidemiologists can still look at deaths in these groups during a heat wave, Alahmad says those numbers don’t fully reveal the risk. “Looking at heat waves only … you’re only looking at one slice of the cake,” says Alahmad, whose research focuses on outdoor workers. The temperatures they experience don’t necessarily meet the standard definition of a heat wave but can still be a danger given the longer exposure to heat. But looking at the entire temperature range, “That’s the whole cake,” he says. A limitation of both approaches is the lack of robust data, especially from hot places in the Global South. For example, a 2021 study in The Lancet Planetary Health that looked at both heat waves and daily temperatures suggested that from 2000 to 2019, almost half a million people died annually from heat. The modeling study was cited in a United Nations call to action last month on extreme heat and relied on data in the Multi-Country Multi-City Collaborative Research Network, which pools climate and health data from 53 countries. But the network leaves out countries such as India, which is known for extreme summer temperatures, and it includes just one African country: South Africa. In much of Africa, issues such as a decentralized health care system and limited weather stations mean mortality and weather data might not exist, says Kiswendsida Guigma, a climate scientist with the Red Cross Red Crescent Climate Center. Without the data, it’s hard to know just how dangerous heat is. “It’s like a chicken and egg relationship,” he says. Still, heat waves like the one that affected the Sahel region of Africa in late March—where temperatures hit up to 45°C for five straight days—could be opportunities for researchers to collect missing data, he says, even leveraging citizen science in remote places. Ultimately, it’s likely a combination of the two metrics that will most accurately capture the fatal consequences of rising global temperatures. “Going toward one side or the other is perfectly fine, it’s about the interpretation of the findings,” says environmental epidemiologist Ana Maria Vicedo-Cabrera at the University of Bern, who co-authored the Lancet study. And both sides emphasize that one fact is not in dispute. “By any metric we look at, by any definition we choose, by any method that we pick, [mortality] is getting worse,” Alahmad says. 【原创·阅读理解】 1.What was the global temperature record in the past year mentioned in the study? A. The coolest year on record. B. The warmest year on record. C. The average year in terms of temperature. D. The second warmest year on record. 【答案】B 【解析】根据文章，去年是全球记录中最暖的一年。故选B项。 2.What method is suggested to capture the health effects of gradual warming? A. Counting excess deaths during heat waves. B. Tracking how death rates vary with fluctuations. C. Analyzing the duration of heat waves. D. Measuring the intensity of individual heat waves. 【答案】B 【解析】文章提到，观察死亡率随温度波动的变化有助于理解渐进性变暖的健康影响。故选B项。 3.What does the article suggest might happen to heat-related deaths in Europe by the end of the century? A. They will decrease significantly. B. They might triple if temperatures continue to rise. C. They will remain the same as current levels. D. They will only slightly increase. 【答案】B 【解析】文章指出，如果地球温度持续上升到比工业化前水平高3°C或4°C，欧洲的热相关死亡人数可能会增加三倍。故选B项。 4.Why is counting deaths during heat waves considered a limited approach? A. It excludes deaths from prolonged heat exposure. B. It overestimates the number of deaths. C. It only considers extreme temperatures. D. It ignores non-temperature related deaths. 【答案】 A 【解析】文章提到，仅仅计算热浪期间的死亡人数可能会低估死亡总数，因为这种方法可能会遗漏长时间暴露于高温下的死亡情况。故选A项。 5.What is a major challenge in studying heat-related mortality in the Global South? A. Lack of interest from researchers. B. High costs of data collection. C. Absence of robust data and limited stations. D. Inaccurate temperature measurements. 【答案】C 【解析】文章指出，研究全球南方地区热相关死亡的主要挑战是数据缺乏和天气站有限，这使得准确评估热的危险性变得困难。故选C项。 【高频词汇训练】 1．（23-24高一上·天津·期中）The movie Harry Potter has deep ______ on teenagers all over the world. A．result B．option C．impact D．style 【答案】C 【详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：电影《哈利波特》对全世界的青少年产生了深远的影响。A. result结果；B. option选项；C. impact影响；D. style风格。结合语意可知，电影《哈利波特》对青少年产生影响。故选C。 2．（2024·内蒙古通辽·模拟预测）If you heat ice, it ________ into water. A．turns B．turned C．was turning D．has turned 【答案】A 【详解】考查动词时态。句意：如果你加热冰，它就会变成水。空处作谓语，句子描述客观的科学现象，时态应用一般现在时，turn into意为“变成”。故选A。 3．（23-24高二上·天津静海·阶段练习）In our school, cheating in the exam is often regarded as an act _______ of punishment. A．worth B．worthy C．worthwhile D．intense 【答案】B 【详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在我们学校，考试作弊通常被认为是一种值得惩罚的行为。A. worth值得的；B. worthy值得的；C. worthwhile值得的；D. intense强烈的。结合句意可知，此处表示作弊这种行为值得惩罚；worth常用固定搭配be worth doing，worthy常和of搭配，worthwhile常作表语；空后有of，因此worthy符合题意，worthy of punishment作act的后置定语。故填B。 4．（22-23高一上·上海·阶段练习）A lot of people were trapped when the deadly earthquake hit Tangshan, Hebei province ________ dawn. A．at B．in C．on D．above 【答案】A 【详解】考查固定短语。句意：当致命的地震在黎明袭击河北唐山时，很多人被困。at dawn是固定搭配，译为“拂晓时，在黎明”；故选A项。 5．（2024·天津·二模）The Smith family has been carefully __________ their adopted child since they welcomed him into their home. A．bringing up B．telling off C．finding out D．taking in 【答案】A 【详解】考查动词短语辨析。句意：自从史密斯一家欢迎他们收养的孩子来到他们家以来，他们一直小心翼翼地抚养他。A. bringing up抚养；B. telling off训斥，责备；C. finding out发现；D. taking in吸收，欺骗。该句为现在完成进行时，所以此处使用现在分词形式，结合句意以及空后的“adopted child”可知，此处应表示“抚养”那个收养的孩子。故选A项。 6．（22-23高一下·重庆·阶段练习）The recently captured images are helping scientists to understand how some stars come into (exist). （所给词的适当形式填空） 【答案】existence 【详解】考查名词。句意：最近捕捉到的图像帮助科学家了解一些恒星是如何形成的。作宾语，短语come into existence表示“形成”。故填existence。 7．（23-24高一下·黑龙江鹤岗·期末）They will ask you to sign a (declare) allowing your doctor to disclose your health. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】declaration 【详解】考查名词。句意：他们会要求你签署一份声明，允许你的医生披露你的健康状况。不定冠词a修饰单数可数名词，空处需填名词declaration，作宾语。故填declaration。 8．（23-24高三上·福建福州·期中）What you wrote in the report is just a rough and brief estimate which lacks (accurate). (用所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】accuracy 【详解】考查名词。句意：你在报告中所写的只是粗略简单的估计，缺乏准确性。空处应用名词，作lacks的宾语。accuracy意为“准确（性）”，为不可数名词。故填accuracy。 9．（23-24高一下·重庆九龙坡·阶段练习）Under the sky (rest) a village painted with smaller strokes and finer detail, giving the impression of peace. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】rests 【详解】考查倒装句、时态和主谓一致。句意：天空下有一个村庄，用更小的笔触和更精细的细节画出来，给人一种宁静的感觉。此句子中使用了完全倒装结构，以突出地点状语Under the sky，句中谓语动词rest和主语a village互换了位置。结合句意可知，句子描述是一幅画上的场景，描述客观存在，用一般现在时态，又因主语是单数名词，所以谓语动词也应用单数形式rests。故填rests。 10．（23-24高二上·全国·单元测试）The castle was (origin) surrounded by a triple wall, only one of which remains. （所给词的适当形式填空） 【答案】originally 【详解】考查副词。句意：城堡最初被一堵三重墙包围，现在只剩下一重了。分析句子结构，空处应用副词修饰动词surrounded。originally“原来，起初”符合题意。故填originally。 11．（24-25高一上·全国·课后作业）She (追求) an acting career after four years of modelling. (根据汉语提示单词拼写) 【答案】pursued 【详解】考查动词时态。句意：当了四年模特后，她开始了演艺事业。表示“追求”用pursue，根据句意可知，描述过去发生的事情，用一般过去时，动词用过去式。故填pursued。 12．（22-23高一下·全国·课后作业）Statistics show that lung c , which can barely be cured, is closely related to heavy smoking. (根据首字母单词拼写) 【答案】cancer/ancer 【详解】考查名词。句意：统计数据显示，几乎无法治愈的肺癌与大量吸烟密切相关。根据单词首字母以及句意可知应用名词cancer，作从句主语，结合is可知为单数。故填cancer。 13．（22-23高二下·全国·课后作业）不管他的队输还是赢，你都应该赞扬他的努力。（whether引导宾语从句） You should praise his effort regardless of . 【答案】whether his team wins or loses 【详解】考查宾语从句和时态。of后接宾语从句，连接词为whether，“不管……还是……”表达为：whether...or...”主语为his team，谓语为win or lose，本句在陈述事实，为一般现在时。故填whether his team wins or loses。 【参考译文】 热天还是热浪？研究人员就如何计算高温死亡人数展开辩论 本月发表的一项研究发现，去年有47000多名欧洲人死于与高温有关的原因，这是全球有记录以来最温暖的一年。2022年，只有6万欧洲人死于与热有关的原因，超过了这一数字。本月的另一项研究发现，如果地球继续升温到比工业化前水平高3°C或4°C，到本世纪末，欧洲的死亡人数可能会增加两倍。这些数字虽然令人震惊，但几乎可以肯定低估了全球变暖加剧的炎热天气造成的损失。但科学家们不确定如何做得更好。 一些人认为，了解高温影响的最佳方法是追踪死亡率如何随温度波动而变化，正如欧洲的研究所做的那样。但其他人表示，一个更真实的衡量标准是依靠官方宣布的热浪，并计算每天超出预期的死亡人数。 约翰斯·霍普金斯大学的环境流行病学家Jaime Madrigano说，这两种研究“为不同的问题提供了答案，研究了不同的暴露指标”。观察死亡人数如何随温度变化，可以捕捉到逐渐变暖对健康的影响，而关注热浪则突显了极端病例的后果。 这场争论不仅仅是学术上的。热浪成为头条新闻和政策制定者的关注焦点，促使他们采用高温预警系统，敦促人们呆在室内或采取其他预防措施。但一些科学家指出，仅仅研究热浪就忽略了发生在极端情况之外的死亡。 哈佛大学的职业流行病学家Barrak Alahmad说：“我们不应该把它们看作是两项并行的努力。”。“无论你把眼睛放在哪里”，死于高温的人数都在增加 中暑是长时间暴露在高温下最极端和最直接的影响。但它只占死亡人数的一小部分。许多其他原因导致的死亡人数也在上升，例如，当热量使患有潜在心脏病的人患上致命的心脏病发作时。 使用热浪来测量温度如何增加这些风险的支持者表示，这些事件是最致命、最坏的情况，因此了解它们对于做好准备至关重要。一项研究发现，在2018年韩国的一次热浪中，有48人死亡，其中大多数人死亡人数不足，其严重程度促使首尔的供暖计划发生了变化，例如开设更多的制冷中心。计算热浪期间的死亡人数还可以捕捉到连续多个炎热天气对健康的累积影响，而专注于每日气温的研究可能会忽略这一细微差别。 但英国国家统计局的流行病学家Vijendra Ingole表示，将研究范围限制在热浪可能会低估死亡人数，因为对热浪没有普遍的定义。当一个地区的温度超过历史平均水平时，就会产生热浪。然而，他说，由于气候变化，曾经被认为是热浪的热浪可能不会出现在今天，但仍然是致命的。 Ingole与波士顿大学环境健康研究员Amruta Nori Sarma在2月份共同撰写的一项研究强调了热浪方法的局限性。他们根据持续时间和相对每日温度，对印度不同定义的热浪估计了不同的死亡人数。他们发现，即使是一些定义没有捕捉到的更短、强度更低的热浪，也有与更长、更强烈的热浪类似的风险，包括死亡。 诺里·萨尔马等流行病学家主张，无论是否属于官方热浪，都应关注炎热天气下的超额死亡人数。这种方法还允许研究人员放大特定人群——儿童、一个地理区域或患有心血管疾病的人群——以捕捉热量影响的差异。尽管流行病学家仍然可以在热浪期间观察这些群体的死亡情况，但Alahmad表示，这些数字并不能完全揭示风险。 Alahmad的研究重点是户外工作者，他说：“只看热浪……你只看到了蛋糕的一块。”。他们所经历的温度不一定符合热浪的标准定义，但由于暴露在高温下的时间较长，仍然可能存在危险。但纵观整个温度范围，“这就是整个蛋糕，”他说。 这两种方法的局限性在于缺乏可靠的数据，特别是来自全球南方热点地区的数据。例如，《柳叶刀行星健康》2021年的一项研究对热浪和每日气温进行了研究，该研究表明，从2000年到2019年，每年有近50万人死于高温。上个月，联合国关于极端高温的行动呼吁中引用了这项建模研究，并依赖于多国多城市合作研究网络的数据，该网络汇集了来自53个国家的气候和健康数据。但该网络遗漏了以极端夏季气温而闻名的印度等国家，只包括一个非洲国家：南非。 红十字会与红新月会气候中心的气候科学家Kiswendsida Guigma表示，在非洲大部分地区，分散的医疗保健系统和有限的气象站等问题意味着死亡率和天气数据可能不存在。没有这些数据，很难知道高温有多危险。“这就像鸡和蛋的关系，”他说。尽管如此，他说，像3月下旬影响非洲萨赫勒地区的热浪——那里的气温连续五天达到45°C——可能是研究人员收集缺失数据的机会，甚至可以利用偏远地区的公民科学。 最终，这两个指标的结合很可能最准确地捕捉到全球气温上升的致命后果。伯尔尼大学的环境流行病学家Ana Maria Vicedo Cabrera是《柳叶刀》研究的合著者，她说：“走向一边或另一边是完全可以的，这取决于对研究结果的解释。”。 双方都强调，有一个事实没有争议。Alahmad说：“根据我们观察的任何指标，根据我们选择的任何定义，根据我们挑选的任何方法，[死亡率]都在恶化。”。 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！1 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$