内容正文:
板块一 需要变形的词: 名词、形容词和副词
第一讲 名词
考点一 名词的数
一、可数名词变复数的规则变化
可数名词变复数形式时,一般在名词后面加-s或-es。变化规则如下表:
情况
方法
例词
一般情况
加-s
student→students,teacher→teachers,doctor→doctors,table→tables
以-s,-x,
-ch,-sh结尾
加-es
glass→glasses,dish→dishes,box→boxes,watch→watches;但stomach复数形式直接加s
以“辅音字
母+y”结尾
变y为i再
加-es
family→families,baby→babies,army→armies,body→bodies
以-f
或-fe结尾
大都变f
或fe为v,
再加-es;
少数直
接加-s
thief→thieves,wife→wives,knife→knives,shelf→shelves,life→lives,belief→beliefs,proof→proofs,roof→roofs,chief→chiefs
以-o结尾
通常加-s
有的加-es
radio→radios,video→videos,zoo→zoos,tobacco→tobaccos,hero→heroes,potato→potatoes,tomato→tomatoes
二、可数名词单数变为复数的不规则变化
变化规则
例词
自身有特殊
变化的名词
child→children,man→men,tooth→teeth,foot→feet,mouse→mice,phenomenon→phenomena,medium→media
单复数同形
Chinese,sheep,deer,series,means,species
三、不可数名词
1.常见的20个不可数名词
单词
词义
单词
词义
rubbish
垃圾
luggage
行李
information
信息
advice
建议
fun
乐趣
homework
家庭作业
progress
进步
equipment
设备
bread
面包
wealth
财富
knowledge
知识
room
空间
work
工作
weather
天气
music
音乐
news
新闻;消息
traffic
交通
meat
肉
word
消息
luck
运气
2.抽象名词的具体化
具有某种特性、状态、情感的抽象名词在表示具体的概念时,可以与不定冠词连用,这就是抽象名词的具体化。
抽象名词
具体化
success
a success一个(件)成功的人或事
failure
a failure一个(件)失败的人或事
surprise
a surprise一件令人惊讶的事情
pleasure
a pleasure一件乐事
honour
an honour一件引以为荣的事
考点二 名词所有格
情况
构成
示例
表示有生命的名词的所有格时
在词尾加“'s”
the boy's bag,men's rooms
若名词已有复数词尾s
只在词尾加“'”
the workers' struggle
表示店铺、诊所的名称或某人的家时
名词所有格的后面常省略它所修饰的名词
at the doctor's
在诊所
at my sister's在我姐姐(妹妹)的家
表示时间、距离、长度、重量、价值、国家、城市等无生命名词的所有格
在词尾加“'s”来表示所属关系,意为
“……的”
a twenty minutes' walk,a ten miles' journey,two pounds' weight,ten dollars'
worth
双重所有格
of+名词“'s”结构
a friend of my father's,works of Lu Xun's
考点三 派生名词
1.动词转化成名词
后缀
示例
-ion/-tion/-sion/-ation
correct→correction改正
celebrate→celebration庆祝(活动)
discuss→discussion讨论;论述
decide→decision决定
invite→invitation邀请
explain→explanation解释
-er/-or
gather→gatherer收集者,采集者
teach→teacher老师
direct→director导演
conduct→conductor指挥;售票员
-ment
punish→punishment惩罚
achieve→achievement功绩;成就
argue→argument辩论;论据
treat→treatment对待;治疗
-ance/
-ence
appear→appearance出现;外貌
guide→guidance指引;指导
exist→existence存在;生活
prefer→preference偏爱
-ure/
-ture
fail→failure失败;倒闭
press→pressure压力
depart→departure离开;出发
mix→mixture混合;混合物
-ing
hear→hearing听力,听觉
start→starting开始
-y
recover→recovery恢复,痊愈
discover→discovery发现
其他
choose→choice选择
vary→variety多样化;种类
tend→tendency趋向,趋势
2.形容词转化成名词
后缀
示例
-age
short→shortage不足,短缺
-cy
efficient→efficiency效率;功效
fluent→fluency流利,流畅
accurate→accuracy准确性
private→privacy隐私,私密
-dom
free→freedom自由
wise→wisdom明智;智慧
-ence
different→difference差异
silent→silence沉默
-ness
weak→weakness虚弱;弱点
kind→kindness仁慈,友好
careless→carelessness粗心大意
rich→richness富有;丰富
-th
strong→strength力气;优势
long→length长度
warm→warmth温暖;热情
grow→growth成长
-y/-ty/
-ity
honest→honesty诚实
difficult→difficulty困难
safe→safety安全
cruel→cruelty残忍
disable→disability缺陷;伤残
responsible→responsibility责任
解题攻略
典例印证
第一步:确定是否填名词
首先,分析句子结构,看空前是否有冠词、数词、量词、形容词,再判断句子成分。
第二步:判断名词单复数
(1)空格前是否有many, several,one of, various,different等修饰词;
(2)根据谓语动词的单复数确定名词的单复数。
【典例】 (2023·全国乙卷) But for all its ancient buildings,Beijing is also a place which welcomes the fast-paced development of modern life,with 21st-century architectural 64.________ (wonder) standing side by side with historical buildings of the past.
【分析】 第一步:确定填名词。分析句子结构可知,空前有形容词architectural,空处应填名词。
第二步:判断名词单复数。根据语境可知,wonder在此表示“奇迹,奇观”,是可数名词,其前无限定词修饰,应用复数。
自主解答 wonders
典题示例
技法点拨
(2023·全国甲卷) However,Carson's theme is a more weighty __69__ (warn) about environmental destruction.
分析:考查词性转换。分析句子结构可知,空前有冠词和形容词修饰,故空处应填名词。句意:然而,卡森的主题是一个更有分量的关于环境破坏的警告。
答案:warning
1.根据语境标志词判断名词
(1)看到冠词、形容词或形容词性物主代词时,要想到名词;
(2)遇到介词或及物动词时要想到名词;
(3)当看到并列连词所连接的前或后是名词时要想到名词。
2.根据规则确定名词单复数
(1)如果空格处被these、several、many和数词等修饰时,要考虑用名词的复数形式;
(2)如果一般现在时的谓语动词是动词原形或are,要考虑用名词的复数形式。
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3.(2023·新高考Ⅱ卷) They also need to be ready to give interviews (interview) in English with international journalists.
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9.(2024·辽宁省沈阳市模拟) To make this tea,the tea trees and fruit trees are planted together.The practice,passed down from ancestors,guarantees the tea's_ (tea) fruity and sweet taste.
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