语法专题 第2部分 第2讲 代词与介词(短语)(word教参)-【正禾一本通】2025年高考英语高三一轮总复习高效讲义（译林版2019）

第2讲 代词与介词(短语) 01 代　词 【 一、人称代词 】 形式 句法功能 主格 I, we, you, he, she, it, they 主要用作主语，有时用作表语 宾格 me, us, you, him, her, it, them 作动词或介词的宾语；口语中常用宾格作表语 ①She was beautiful and could run faster than others. 她很美并且比其他人跑得快。 ②Give me a challenge, and I will meet it with joy. 让我迎接挑战，我会欣然接受。 【 二、物主代词 】 形式 句法功能 形容词性 物主代词 my, our, your, his, her, its, their 作定语 名词性 物主代词 mine, ours, yours, his, hers, its, theirs 作主语、宾语或表语 He invited some friends of his to his party. 他邀请了他的一些朋友参加宴会。 【 三、反身代词 】 形式 句法功能 myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves 作宾语、表语或同位语 The child looked at himself in the mirror with interest. 那个孩子饶有兴趣地看着镜子里的自己。 【 四、指示代词 】 指示代词 用法 this/these 指在时间或空间上较近的人或事物；this可指下文将要谈到的人或物 that/those 指在时间或空间上较远的人或事物；that 可指上文提到过的人或物 such 指代前面所叙述的人或事物。作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于后面的名词或代词的数 so 代替一个句子或短语所表达的事情，意思是“如此，这样”。在believe, think, expect, suppose, imagine, guess等词后用so代替前文提出的观点 ①The quality of education in this small school is better than that in some larger schools. 这所规模很小的学校的教学质量比有些规模较大的学校的教学质量还要好。 ②Such are my friends who will never fail to help me when needed. 我的朋友们就是这样：永远会在我需要他们时伸出援手。 【 五、不定代词 】 1．不定代词的基本用法 不定代词 用法 each/both/all each指“(两者或两者以上物或人中的)每个”；both表示“两者都”；all指“(三者或三者以上物或人中的)所有，全部” either/neither either表示“(两者中的)任何一个”；neither表示“两者都不” none/nothing none表示“(三者或三者以上)全无，没有一点”；nothing表示“没有任何东西，没有事” another another泛指“(三者或三者以上中的)另一，又一” other/others other泛指“其余的，另外的”，只作定语。others“另一些”。other＋可数名词复数＝others表示“三者或三者以上” the other/the others the other特指“(两者之中的)另一个”。the others“剩余的一些”。the other＋可数名词复数＝the others ①As the two dictionaries are useful, I'll take both and either of them is very important to me. 因为这两本字典有用，我把两本字典都带上，每一本对我而言都很重要。 ②You are a team star！Working with others is really your cup of tea. 你是团队之星！与别人一起工作的确是你的所爱。 2．复合不定代词的用法 某…… 任何…… 每个……；所有…… 没有…… 人 someone/somebody anyone/anybody everyone/everybody no one/nobody 物 something anything everything nothing There is something in his words.We should have a try. 他说的话不无道理，我们应该试一试。 3．表示数量的不定代词的用法 代词 用法 表示意义 含义 few 修饰可数名词 否定含义 几乎没有 a few 修饰可数名词 肯定含义 几个；一些 little 修饰不可数名词 否定含义 几乎没有 a little 修饰不可数名词 肯定含义 少量；一点点 many 修饰可数名词 肯定含义 许多 much 修饰不可数名词 肯定含义 许多 ①I have a few friends, but my younger sister has very few. 我有一些朋友，但我妹妹几乎没有朋友。 ②She can speak a little French, but she knows little English. 她能讲点法语，但她几乎不懂英语。 【 六、it的用法 】 1．it的基本用法 用法 示例 指天气、季节、时间、距离、环境等 It is early spring, but it is already hot. 现在是初春，但是天气已经很热了。 指代前面提过的事物、群体、想法、内容等或代替指示代词 That vase is valuable.It is more than 200 years old. 那个花瓶很珍贵，它有200多年的历史。 指不知性别的婴儿或身份不明确的人(由于某种原因而不知对方是谁) The baby cried because it was hungry. 这个婴儿饿得啼哭。 it用来代替不定式、动名词短语或名词性从句作形式主语或形式宾语 I have made it clear that nobody is allowed to smoke here. 我已经讲得很清楚了，任何人都不准在此吸烟。 2.it作形式主语或形式宾语的常用句型 it 作 形式 主语 It is a pity/shame that...真可惜…… It is no wonder that...难怪…… It seems/appears that...似乎/看来…… It looks/seems as if/as though... 看起来好像…… It happens that...碰巧…… It occurs to/comes to/strikes/hits sb that...某人突然想起…… It is said/reported that... 据说/据报道…… It is certain that...……是一定的 It is no use/good doing...做……没有用/好处 It takes sb some time to do...做……花费某人若干时间 ①主语＋think/believe/suppose/consider/feel/make/keep...＋it＋adj./n.＋for/of sb to do/that从句 ②主语＋think/believe/suppose/consider/feel/make/keep...＋it＋useless/worth/worthwhile/no use/no good/a waste of time(或money, energy)...＋doing... ①It is said that a large number of paper­cutting works throughout China will be on the show. 据说将展出许多中国各地的剪纸作品。 ②I think it useful for us students to read some classic novels to widen our knowledge. 我认为读些经典小说来扩大知识面对我们学生而言是有益的。 Ⅰ.真题演练 1．(2022·全国乙卷)The Chinese Ancient Tea Museum was officially unveiled (揭幕) at the ceremony，opening its (it) first exhibition：The Avenue of Truth—A Special Exhibition of Pu'er Tea. 2．(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)As the song goes, this long and winding road “will never disappear”， and it will always stick in the visitor's memory.It sure does in mine (I). 3．(2021·全国乙卷)Ecotourism has its (it) origin with the environmental movement of the 1970s. 4．(2021·浙江卷)She was extremely pretty, and her house was a reflection of herself (she), everything in good taste and in perfect order. 5．(2020·新高考Ⅰ卷)As well as looking at exhibits, visitors can play with computer simulations (模拟) and imagine themselves (they) living at a different time in history or walking through a rainforest. 6．(2020·全国卷Ⅰ)Data about the moon's composition, such as how much ice and other treasures it contains, could help China decide whether its (it) plans for a future lunar (月球的) base are practical. 7．(北京卷)I know I will whisper to myself (I) the two simple words“Be yourself”． 8．(全国卷Ⅰ)If you are time poor, you need run for only half the time to get the same benefits as other sports, so perhaps we should all give it a try. Ⅱ.模拟冲关 1．(2024·南宁市第一次适应性测试)Shi Yan, chief of the Liaoning University of TCM, says he supports international students to participate in such activities, which will help them combine knowledge together with culture. 2．(2024·福建省惠安一中模拟)Many westerners who come to China cook much less than in their own countries, once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out. 3．(2024·沈阳市质量监测)The history of Beijing glassware dates back to the early Ming Dynasty.It is said that when people smelted (熔炼) bronze, they discovered that some waste materials could form beautiful colors. 4．(2024·江淮十校联考)With a story that should have been full of conflicts and violence, it takes a different approach.You may find yourself (you) exposed to small pockets of action. 5．(2024·江西五市八校联考)Its (it) total cost will come to some 10 billion RMB. 6．(2024·焦作模拟)Sounds help fish and other sea animals survive.They depend on sounds for communication. 7．(2024·黄山模拟)Rural residents can now display their (they) farm produce and handicrafts online and find buyers, thus increasing sales. 8．(2024·成都一模)The documentary compared Du to Shakespeare to help audiences better understand the poet's great achievements in literature.It also highlighted Chinese poetry, noting that its 3000­year­old history makes it the oldest poetry in the world. 02 介词(短语) 【 一、介词 】 一、常用介词的用法 类别 介词 用法 表示 时间 at, in，on ①at表示时间点； ②in表示时间段，与表示较长一段时间的词搭配； ③on 表示在特定的日子、具体的日期、星期几、具体的某一天或某些节日；也可表示在具体的某一天的上午、下午或晚上 in, after 两者后均可接时间段，表示“在……之后”，但“in＋时间段”常与将来时连用，“after＋时间段”常与过去时连用 for, since，from ①“for＋时间段”表示某行为或状态持续了一段时间； ②“since＋时间点”强调自过去某时延续至今的一段时间； ③“from＋时间点”表示行为或状态的起始点 before, by before与by都可表示“在……之前”，但 by 表示“不迟于某时”，包括某时在内 表示方位 on, above，over ①on指在某物的表面上，其反义词是beneath； ②above指离开物体表面而在其上方，不一定是垂直向上，其反义词是below； ③over指离开物体表面而在其正上方，其反义词是under, over 还可以表示“越过……” across, through, past, over， along， by， beside ①across指从一平面上“横穿”或“在……对面”；②through指从人群或物体内部“穿过，贯穿”；③past 表示动态的动作发生在某人/某物的旁边；④over表示从上方越过；⑤along表示“沿着”；⑥by与beside 均表示“在……旁边”，by含有“倚，凭靠”的意思，beside指两者位置关系在旁边(或附近) at, in， on at后接较小的地方或门牌号码；in后接较大的地方；on一般指与面或线接触 in, on, to, off in 表示在某一范围之内；on 表示与某一地区“毗邻，接壤”；to表示在某范围之外；off 表示“(时空上)离，距” between， among ①between表示在……之间(指两者)，常和and连用；②among表示在……之间(指三者或三者以上) 二、介词的其他用法 (一)表示工具、手段、方式的介词 1．by, in, on (1)不涉及交通工具的名词前用by，名词前不带冠词。如：by sea, by water, by land, by air等。 (2)涉及交通工具的名词前用by，名词需用单数，其前面不加冠词和任何修饰语。如：by bike, by taxi, by plane, by ship/boat, by train, by spaceship等。 (3)当旅行方式涉及特指的交通工具时，用on或in，名词前应有冠词、物主代词、指示代词等修饰语。如：travel to New York on/the/this plane, go to school in his car等。 [点拨]步行、骑马、骑骆驼均用on。如：on foot, on horseback/on a horse, on a camel等。 2．with, in with 用于有形的工具或某些身体器官之前，其后的名词多被冠词、物主代词等修饰。 in 多用于表示原料、颜料、语言等的名词前 ①We see with our eyes, hear with our ears, and walk with our legs. 我们用眼睛看，用耳朵听，用腿走路。 ②The artist wrote in ink/pencil(＝with a pen/a pencil). 那个艺术家用钢笔/铅笔写字。 [点拨]注意以下固定短语： on/over the telephone/radio 通过电话/广播 用这/那种方式 (二)表示原因的介词 with 多用于表示情绪的形容词或身体动作或状态的动词之后，表示某种心理或心理状态的原因 for 多与表示感情的抽象名词或动名词及reason, famous等词连用 from 常接抽象名词，表示自然或间接原因 of 用于某些形容词后，后接与感情相关的人或事 over 常用于带有感情色彩的动词如：cry, quarrel, laugh, sigh等词之后，叙述所发生事情的原因 ①Her face went red with anger. 她气得脸都红了。 ②The West Lake is famous for its scenery. 西湖以它的景色而闻名。 (三)其他常考的介词 介词 意义 用法 except 除……外 指整体里面排除部分，其宾语为前面的整体概念词的同类事物(一类人或物) except for 除了…… 表示除去整体中的一部分，指对非同类事物的排除，它所叙述的事实或细节部分地修正了句子的主要意思 but 除……之外 常与nobody, none, no one, nothing, anything, all, who等连用，此时可与except换用。后接名词、代词或不定式 besides 除……外 (尚)有 句中常有other, others, also, else等词，相当于in addition to apart from 除……(别 无)，除…… 外(尚)有 可用来替换besides, except, except for等 ①He answered all the questions except the last one. 除最后一个问题没有回答外，其余所有问题他都回答了。 ②The composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes. 这篇作文写得很好，只是有些拼写错误。 (四)beyond的用法 含义 例句 超出；(指可能性、理解力、能力等)非……可及 The problem was quite beyond him. 这个问题他根本无法理解。 (在空间上)在……的那一边，远于 The airport is 20 miles beyond the town. 机场在离城镇二十英里外的地方。 (时间)晚于；迟于 The disco ball went on until beyond midnight. 迪斯科舞会一直持续到午夜以后。 (五)with的用法 含义 例句 和……一起，和，同，跟 Put this bag with the others. 把这个包和其他的包放在一起。 (表示同时或同一方向)随着 Temperatures vary with the time of the year. 温度随时节而变化。 具有，带有 The waiter arrived with a cup of coffee. 服务员端着一杯咖啡来了。 【 二、介词短语 】 (一)介词与动词构成的搭配 take advantage of　 利用 have an effect on 对……有影响 say goodbye to 对……说再见 contribute to 贡献；有助于；促成 hold up 举起 refer to 提及；参考；查阅 call for 需要 pay for 为……付款 apply for 申请 (二)介词与名词构成的搭配 1．at＋n.表示状态 at a loss 不知所措 at peace 处于和平状态 at war 在战争中 at work 在工作 2．其他以at开头的介词短语 at the beginning of 在……的开始 at the cost of 以……为代价 at the risk of 冒……的危险 at the mercy of 在……支配下；任由……摆布 3．on＋n.表示状态 on exhibition/show 在展出 on fire 着火 on sale 出售，打折 on the decrease/increase 在减少/在增加 on holiday/vacation 在度假 4．by＋n.表示方式 by accident 偶然地 by air/plane 乘飞机 by chance 偶然 by coincidence 碰巧 by hand 手工 by mistake 错误地 by the day 按天算 by nature 天生地 5．in＋n.表示方式 in cash 用现金付款 in detail 详细地 in English 用英语 in depth/height/length 在深度/高度/长度上 6．out of＋n.表示状态 out of balance 失去平衡 out of breath 上气不接下气 out of control 失去控制 out of date 过期 out of order 发生故障 out of sight 看不见 out of the question 不可能 out of work 失业 7．under＋n.表示被动 under attack 遭到袭击 under pressure 在压力下 under treatment 在治疗中 under control 处于控制之中 8．with＋n.表示心理状态 with delight/joy 高兴地 with difficulty 困难地 with ease 轻而易举地 with fear 害怕地 with pleasure 乐意地 Ⅰ.真题演练 1．(2023·新高考Ⅱ卷)And who do they speak English with? 2．(2023·全国甲卷) She warns of the environmental dangers facing society, and she teaches that people must take responsibility for saving their environment. 3．(2023·全国乙卷) Beijing is a city bridging the ancient and the modern.From Buddhist temples to museums, narrow hutong to royal palaces, it is home to more than 3，000 years of glorious history even down to its layout... 4．(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)Giant pandas also serve as an umbrella species (物种), bringing protection to a host of plants and animals in the southwestern and northwestern parts of China. 5．(2022·全国甲卷)Now，Cao has started the second part of his dream to walk along the Belt and Road route.He flew 4，700 kilometers from Xi'an to Kashgar on Sept.20, planning to hike back to Xi'an in five months. 6．(2022·全国乙卷)May 21st this year marks the first International Tea Day，which was named officially by the United Nations on November 27th，2019. 7．(2021·全国甲卷)It was built originally to protect the city in the Tang dynasty and has now been completely restored (修复). 8．(2021·全国乙卷)Due to the growing popularity of environmentally­related and adventure travel, various types of trips are now being classified as ecotourism. 9．(2020·新高考Ⅰ卷)Museums must compete for people's spare time and money with other amusements. 10．(2020·全国卷Ⅱ)Bamboo plants are associated with health, abundance and a happy home. Ⅱ.模拟冲关 1．(2024·福州市三校联考)With the country developing rapidly, more than 25 million young people, whose future prospects are supported by a solid foundation (基础), have escaped poverty. 2．(2024·广州市执信中学月考)Campus fairs for college graduates will be suspended to avoid large gatherings of people during the ongoing epidemic, the ministry official said on Wednesday. 3．(2024·广州市高三调研)Facing the tough situation, the city government called for volunteers with related skills and experience to join the firefighting, and a large number of motorcyclists have played an important role and won widespread praise. 4．(2024·黄冈市高三年级调研考试)Meanwhile, Longcaogou has been widely recommended on social media platforms as a “new Instagram­worthy location” and a “nice holiday resort.” 5．(2024·金丽衢十二校联考)Chinese paintings enjoy worldwide fame for its original style，distinctive features and 62 special techniques.It concentrates on harmony between man and nature. 6．(2024·强基联盟统测)Seeing your image makes it hard to resist evaluating yourself, which is stressful and often lowers your mood.The solution to this one is simple: hide the self­view window and focus instead on others in the meeting and the topic of discussion. 7．(2024·武汉七校高三第二次联考)Colorful corals maybe the stars of the reef (礁石)—but they can't grow well without a huge supporting cast. 8．(2024·肇庆模拟) Changes to water resources can have a big impact on/upon people's lives. 9．(2024·衡水中学期末) The lake itself was pretty easy to cycle around, with flat paths passing through a lot of little villages. 10．(2024·淮南一模) The life­sized sculptures vary in__height according to military ranking, with their uniforms, hairstyles, and even facial shapes and expressions following suit. 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$