主题素养练案 (17) 选择性必修第一册 UNIT 1 PEOPLE OF ACHIEVEMENT(word练习)-【正禾一本通】2025年高考英语高三一轮总复习高效讲义（人教版2019）

Ⅰ.阅读理解 A (2024·石家庄教学质量检测)The Nobel Prize has been awarded to 64 women between 1901 and 2023.These women have made outstanding contributions to the worlds of medicine, science, literature and so on.Here are four of them. Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Award：Nobel Prize in Chemistry Year：1964 Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin was a British chemist whose interest in research began when, as a child, she received a chemistry book containing experiments with crystals(晶体).She studied at Oxford University and developed protein crystallography, which advanced the development of X­rays.This earned her the Nobel Prize. Gertrude B．Elion Award：Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Year: 1988 Gertrude B．Elion won the Nobel Prize for her discoveries of important principles for drug treatment. Elion had watched her grandfather die of cancer, so she decided to fight the disease throughout her life.Elion, together with George Hitchings, with whom she shared the award, created a system for drug production that relies heavily on biochemistry. Toni Morrison Award：Nobel Prize in Literature Year：1993 Toni Morrison, whose book Beloved earned her the Pulitzer Prize and the American Book Award，was the first Black woman to ever receive the Nobel Prize in Literature.Born in Ohio, Morrison was a writer whose works are mostly about life in the Black community.She taught writing and served as an honorary professor at Princeton University. Esther Duflo Award：Nobel Prize in Economics Year：2019 Esther Duflo shared her prize with her research colleagues Michael Kremer and Abhijit Banerjee, who is her husband. Duflo has spent much of her career at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology，where she earned her doctorate degree in 1999.Duflo and her partners were awarded the Nobel Prize for their approach to fighting poverty around the world. [语篇解读]本文是应用文。文章主要介绍了四位获得诺贝尔奖的女科学家。 1. What won Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin the Nobel Prize? A．Her book about crystals. B．Her contribution to X­ray development. C．Her research on medicine. D．Her discovery of a new protein crystal. 解析：选B。细节理解题。根据Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin部分的“She studied at Oxford University and developed protein crystallography, which advanced the development of X­rays.This earned her the Nobel Prize”可知，Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin对X射线的发展的贡献使她赢得了诺贝尔奖。故选B项。 2．What do Toni Morrison's books mainly focus on? A．Educational issues. B．Community service. C．Writing techniques. D．Black American's life. 解析：选D。细节理解题。根据Toni Morrison部分的“whose works are mostly about life in the Black community”可知，Toni Morrison的作品主要是关于黑人社区的生活。由此可知，Toni Morrison的书主要讲美国黑人生活。故选D项。 3．What do Gertrude B．Elion and Esther Duflo have in common? A．They won the Nobel Prize in the same year. B．They devoted themselves to fighting diseases. C．They shared the Nobel Prize with others. D．Their life experiences committed them to their fields. 解析：选C。细节理解题。根据Gertrude B．Elion部分的“so she decided to fight the disease...with whom she shared the award”和Esther Duflo 部分的“Esther Duflo shared her prize with her research colleagues Michael Kremer and Abhijit Banerjee, who is her husband”可知，Gertrude B．Elion和Esther Duflo的相似之处是她们和其他人一起获得了诺贝尔奖。故选C项。 B Compared with Marie Curie, Chien­shiung Wu is not a household name in China, where she was born and grew up, or in the United States, where she spent most of her life. Wu's father received a modern education in Shanghai, and in 1913, founded the first school for girls in Taicang, aiming to break the old sexist advocacy that it was women's virtue to have no talents, which had the most profound influence on Wu's life.Now, the school has become Mingde Senior Middle School. Working in the scientific world dominated by men, she never gave up or lowered her standards even if unequally treated.After graduating from the former National Central University in Nanjing, Wu, aged 24, enrolled at the University of California, Berkeley to continue her study in physics.She was the first woman to be president of American Physical Society. To get accurate results from experiments, she worked seriously day and night at a laboratory and gained a reputation for accuracy.There was a saying among physicists：“If the experiment was done by Wu, it must be correct.” As one of the most influential nuclear physicists of the 20th century, she thoroughly changed human's view of the universe.Her experiments overturned many previous experimental results and theories. Wu lived a simple life, but she set up a funding program in honor of her father with her life savings, rewarding students and teachers at Mingde Senior Middle School.In 1997, Wu died aged 85 in the US.According to her will, she was buried in her hometown Taicang.Tsai­chien Chiang, the author of her biography, Madame Chien­shiung Wu：The First Lady of Physics Research, wrote the epitaph (墓志铭) that starts, “Here's buried the most prominent female physicist Chien­shiung Wu”， and ends, “she was a distinguished world citizen, and was forever a Chinese”． [语篇解读]这是一篇记叙文。文章主要介绍了吴健雄女士的生平以及主要事迹。 4．Why did Wu's father found the first school for girls? A．To promote Wu's personal development. B．To pursue gender and education equality. C．To display his well­educated background. D．To improve educational assessment system. 解析：选B。细节理解题。由文章第二段中“Wu's father received a modern education in Shanghai．..which had the most profound influence on Wu's life.”可知，吴健雄的父亲创办了第一所女子学校，旨在追求性别平等和教育平等。故选B。 5．What can we learn from the last paragraph? A．Wu worked as the first female physicist. B．Attachment to native land never left her. C．Sexist advocacy gave rise to her simple life. D．Wu followed her father's will to fund a program. 解析：选B。推理判断题。由文章最后一段“Wu lived a simple life...and ends, ‘she was a distinguished world citizen, and was forever a Chinese’．”可知，她对祖国做出了巨大贡献，并安葬在中国，可见对故土的依恋从未离开过她。故选B。 6．Which words best describe Wu? A．Persistent in faith. B．Tolerant of sexism. C．Ambitious for perfection. D．Well­known in her motherland. 解析：选A。推理判断题。由文章第三段中“Working in the scientific world dominated by men, she never gave up or lowered her standards even if unequally treated.”和第四段中“To get accurate results from experiments, she worked seriously day and night at a laboratory and gained a reputation for accuracy.”可知，她坚持信念，努力实现自己目标。故选A。 7．What is the best title of the text? A．A Woman Who Thrilled the World B．A Woman, One Distinguished Funder C．A Woman Who Gained Equal Gender Right D．A Woman, One Influential Leader in Physics 解析：选D。主旨大意题。由文章最后一段中“Tsai­chien Chiang, the author of her biography...and ends, ‘she was a distinguished world citizen, and was forever a Chinese’．”可知，这是对吴女士的评价，一位女性，一位有影响力的物理学领袖。故选D。 C (2024·合肥高三教学质量检测)A Malawian woman, Gloria Majiga­Kamoto, was recently awarded the Goldman Environmental Prize for Africa—the world's leading award for grassroots environmental activists. Gloria Majiga­Kamoto was then working for a local environmental organization with a program that gave goats to rural farmers, who would use the goat waste to produce low­cost, high­quality organic fertilizer (肥料).The problem？The thin plastic bags covering the Malawian countryside.“We have this very common street food, chiwaya, which is salty and served in little blue plastics，” Majiga­Kamoto says.“Goats eat the plastic for salty taste and they die because it blocks the ingestion (吸收) system.”For her, this was the moment when it all changed.All of a sudden, she started noticing how plastics were everywhere in the Malawian environment and food system—affecting people's living and health. “I remember back in the day when we'd go to the market and buy things like dried fish, which were wrapped in newspaper，” the 30­year­old says.But thin plastics took off in the last decade or so as new producers sprung up in Malawi, selling products like thin plastic bags at cheap prices.In fact, the Malawian government decided to ban the importation, production and distribution of single­use plastic in 2015.But before the ban could go into full effect, Malawi's plastic producing industry appealed to the country's High Court against the ban, causing it to be suspended. When Majiga­Kamoto and her fellow environmentalists heard about this, they were annoyed.She organized marches and rejected the plastic industry's argument that the ban would hurt Malawi's economy—and even debated with an industry spokesman on TV.Finally in 2019, Malawi's High Court ruled in favor of the ban.The following year, the government began closing down illegal plastic producers. Michael Sutton, executive director of the Goldman Environmental Foundation, said, “Majiga­Kamoto's fight with the plastic industry is a perfect example of the spirit of the prize.” [语篇解读]本文是记叙文。马拉维的Gloria Majiga­Kamoto 女士被授予非洲戈德曼环境奖，文章就她与塑料行业斗争的起因、经过和结果进行了详细叙述。 8．What made Majiga­Kamoto realize the problem? A．Her experience with plastic­eating goats. B．Her discovery of goat waste everywhere. C．Her doubt about the safety of street food. D．Her care for the farmers living in poverty. 解析：选A。细节理解题。第二段内容，尤其是“Goats eat the plastic for salty taste and they die because it blocks the ingestion (吸收) system”可知，山羊为了尝到咸味误食塑料从而阻塞其吸收系统导致其死亡，正是由此得到的教训使Gloria Majiga­Kamoto意识到了塑料导致的环境和健康问题，故选A。 9．What can we learn about Malawi? A．It used to be extremely rich in fish. B．It advocated using thin plastic bags. C．It failed to ban single­use plastic at first. D．It relied heavily on the plastic industry. 解析：选C。细节理解题。根据第三段的“the Malawian government decided to ban the importation, production and distribution of sing­use plastic in 2015...causing it to be suspended”可知，马拉维的塑料生产行业向该国高等法院上诉反对禁令，导致禁令被动暂停，即马拉维政府最初未能禁止一次性塑料，故选C。 10．What was the purpose of Majiga­Kamoto's acts in Paragraph 4? A．To put the ban into effect. B．To support the government. C．To back the plastic industry up. D．To promote Malawi's economy. 解析：选A。推理判断题。根据第四段的“Finally in 2019, Malawi's High Court ruled in favor of the ban.The following year, the government began closing down illegal plastic producers”可知，Gloria Majiga­Kamoto进行游行等一系列行动的目的是使禁令生效。故选A。 11．Which of the following best describes Majiga­Kamoto? A．Humble. B．Generous. C．Patient. D．Committed. 解析：选D。推理判断题。通读全文可知，Gloria Majiga­Kamoto是一个环保工作者，发现塑料给环境和生活带来危害时，决定做出改变；当禁塑令被暂停后她组织了游行并拒绝接受塑料行业关于禁令会损害马拉维经济的论点，甚至在电视上与行业发言人进行了辩论，最终高等法院裁定支持该禁塑令。由此可推知，Gloria Majiga­Kamoto是一个做事尽心尽力的人，故选D。 Ⅱ.完形填空 (2024·湖北省八市高三联考)Borneo is home to some of the most extraordinary wildlife.Several years ago, I decided to go there for a visit.A local person offered to be my guide, which was a great honor for me.One day, my guide turned off the smooth road and took me across a__1__hillside instead.We picked our way carefully when__2__a Rafflesia (大王花) popped into my view among those stones. Oh, dear! More than__3__，I bent down and put my nose practically inside the flower's core. __4__ to my surprise, it was only one of the__5__ during the trip.As I__6__ the end of my trip, there was still something I had yet to see.We planned to__7__ the most feared creature there, the saltwater crocodile, which can grow to a__8__ of 6 meters or more.When we shone a flashlight toward the muddy shore, little sounds__9__ in the darkness as if something unseen underwater had broken the__10__.Taking a second look, we spotted two greedy__11__ just above the water line.As we drew near, it__12__ and we saw clearly it was a crocodile.With great caution, we neared it and finally could__13__ its true dimensions.It was a baby—no more than 0.6 meter long.Aha, whatever, I could now report to the__14__ back home, who had never been to Borneo, that I had__15__ a hungry crocodile in the wild and lived to tell the tale. The world out there is so fascinating.Don't let work run your life.Why not step outdoors and enjoy the wonders nature offers to you? [语篇解读]本文是记叙文。文章讲述了作者到婆罗洲旅行并偶遇鳄鱼的故事。 1． A．rolling B．spectacular C．rough D．breathtaking 解析：选C。根据上文的turned off the smooth road 可知，导游带作者离开了平坦的山路，smooth意为“平坦的”，此处应与前面形成对比，指的是高低不平的山坡。rough意为“高低不平的”，符合语境。 2． A．suddenly B．literally C．definitely D．ultimately 解析：选A。根据下文的popped into my view可知，此处指的是一朵大王花突然映入眼帘。suddenly意为“突然地”，符合语境。 3． A．alarmed B．pleased C．concerned D．upset 解析：选B。根据下文的I bent down and put my nose practically inside the flower's core.可知，作者蹲下来用鼻子闻花香。由此可知，作者一定很高兴。pleased意为“高兴的”，符合语境。 4． A．Nevertheless B．Besides C．Instead D．Therefore 解析：选A。根据语境和下文的it was only one of the ______ during the trip可知，设空处前后为转折关系，设空处应该填入一个表示转折的副词。nevertheless意为“然而”，符合语境。 5． A．desires B．motivations C．destinations D．highlights 解析：选D。根据语境及下文内容可知，作者看到了大王花，但它只是旅途中最精彩的部分之一。highlight意为“最精彩的部分”，符合语境。 6． A．suspended B．suspected C．approached D．valued 解析：选C。根据空后的the end of my trip可知，此处指的是接近旅行的终点。approach意为“接近”，符合语境。 7． A．hold onto B．pick up C．reflect on D．hunt for 解析：选D。根据语境可知，此处表示作者计划在那里寻找最可怕的生物——咸水鳄。 hunt for意为“寻找”，符合语境。pick up“捡起；挑选；开车接(某人)”；reflect on“考虑，回想”，hunt for“猎取，寻找(某物)”。 8． A．width B．length C．height D．size 解析：选B。根据常识和空后的6 meters or more可知，此处指的是咸水鳄的长度。 length意为“长度”，符合语境。 9． A．emerged B．paused C．continued D．declined 解析：选A。句意为：当我们用手电筒照向泥泞的岸边时，黑暗中传来微弱的声音，好像水下有看不见的东西冲破了水面。根据语境和空后的in the darkness 可知，此处指的是黑暗中传出微弱的声音。 10．A．mud B．surface C．ground D．shore 解析：选B。根据下一句中的above the water line 可知，此处指的是有东西冲破水面。surface意为“表面”，符合语境。 11．A．crocodiles B．mouths C．eyes D．teeth 解析：选C。根据下一句中的we saw clearly it was a crocodile和空前的two greedy 可知，此处指的是两只眼睛。 12．A．moved B．sank C．hid D．escaped 解析：选A。根据下文的we saw clearly it was a crocodile可知，当它移动时，作者他们才看清楚那是一条鳄鱼。move意为“移动”，符合语境。 13．A．work out B．let out C．give out D．make out 解析：选D。根据空后的its true dimensions 可知，此处指的是看清楚了鳄鱼的真实大小。make out意为“看清”，符合语境。work out“想出，计算出”；let out “释放，发出”；give out“分发，耗尽”。 14．A．victims B．opponents C．folks D．guides 解析：选C。根据下文的．..back home, who had never been to Borneo可知，此处指作者家乡那些从未去过婆罗洲的人。folk意为“人们”，符合语境。 15．A．challenged B．encountered C．terrified D．chased 解析：选B。根据上文内容和空后的a hungry crocodile in the wild 可知，此处指的是作者在野外遇到了一只饥饿的鳄鱼。encounter意为“遇到”，符合语境。 【二次精读积语料】 核心 单词 A篇 principle n．道德原则；法则；观念　biochemistry n．生物化学　honorary adj.荣誉的，光荣的；名誉的 B篇 household n．家庭　virtue n．美德，德行；善行；优点　profound adj.深厚的；意义深远的；严重的　dominate v．在……中占首要地位；控制，支配　enroll v．注册；登记；招收　thoroughly adv.彻底地；认真仔细地　overturn vt.& vi.(使)翻倒 vt.使垮台，推翻；撤销(判决等)　prominent adj.突出的，杰出的；突起的　distinguished adj.卓越的；著名的 C篇 low­cost adj.花费低的　high­quality adj.高质量的　wrap v．包，裹；用……绕住　suspend v．暂停；延缓；挂；悬　illegal adj.不合法的 词缀 变形 B篇 unequally adv.不相等地，不公平地→equal n．同等的人；相等物 adj.相同的；同样的→equality n．平等；相等→equally adv.同样地；相等地；公平地　accuracy n．精确，准确→accurate adj.精确的；准确的　influential adj.有很大影响力的；有支配力的→influence n．影响 vt.影响；对……起作用 核心 短语 A篇 make outstanding contributions to 对……做出卓越贡献　serve as 充当， 担任　doctorate degree 博士学位　fight poverty 对抗贫困 B篇 gain a reputation for 因……声名鹊起 C篇 grassroots environmental activist基层环保活动家　take off 脱掉；起飞；(使)离开；突然成功　spring up 跳起； 跃起；迅速成长　appeal to 有吸引力；有感染力；呼吁；上诉　in favor of 赞成，支持(某人或某事物)；以……取代　executive director 执行理事，常务董事 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$