主题素养练案 (10) 必修第二册 UNIT 4 HISTORY AND TRADITIONS(word练习)-【正禾一本通】2025年高考英语高三一轮总复习高效讲义（人教版2019）

Ⅰ.阅读理解 A (2024·重庆质量调研)Lots of people dislike rats.They slide around sewers (下水道).They get in the garbage.They can spread disease.It can be difficult to see their value—other than as an animal model for studying human illnesses.But rats have more to share. When the first Europeans came to Virginia，black rats took a ride in their ships.They went on to live with the Europeans and often built nests in the walls of people's homes.Those nests are full of information about early settlers.They show what specific materials the early settlers used, which helps historians find out what they could make and produce for themselves—and what is from across the ocean. In rats, DNA “really tells a story about the people，” says Emily Puckett, who studies how a species' DNA differs across its range.Another species—the brown rat can help tell a large story about how people spread around the globe, Puckett finds.Brown rats were originally from Eastern China and Mongolia.Puckett's DNA samples have shown that the brown rat spread south and east from there, to India and almost everywhere else.The DNA in its bones could help determine where the rats came from—and which cities might have been linked. At the University of York in England，David Orton studies animals that lived with ancient humans.Usually, when historians find remains of an ancient city, they want to dig and find more.“The trouble is that most of the time, the ancient cities tend to be underneath modern cities，” Orton says.“And you can't just go and dig the whole thing up.” But you can follow the rats.Rats are “very dependent on humans for their food supplies and for their shelter，” he explains. These rats have given us a new appreciation.“It is fascinating to think that these little creatures are stealing things and that now we're safeguarding them to make a study，” Maureen Elgersman Lee，a historian, says. [语篇解读]本文是说明文。老鼠除了可以作为研究人类疾病的动物模型之外，它还有其他的一些研究价值：可以为了解古代城市的大小提供线索，可以揭示我们的历史。 1．What do historians probably learn from the nest of rats? A．The appearance of their nests. B．The family members occupations. C．The living conditions of early settlers. D．The process of their food transportation. 解析：选C。细节理解题。根据第二段的“Those nests are full of information about early settlers”可知，这些巢穴充满了早期定居者的信息。由此可知，历史学家可能会从老鼠窝中了解到早期定居者的生活条件。故选C项。 2．Why can the brown rat help tell a large story? A．Because it originated from Eastern China. B．Because its DNA reflected its spreading experience. C．Because it enjoyed travelling around the globe. D．Because its bones were full of information of cities. 解析：选B。细节理解题。根据题干可将题目定位至文章第三段，从第三段“Brown rats were originally...have been linked.”可知，棕色老鼠骨头中的DNA能帮助我们确定它们的来源，城市也可能与之有关。故选B项。 3．What do David Orton's words mean? A．Humans offered food and shelter to rats. B．Historians could study the ancient city by digging. C．The ancient cities were mostly located above modern ones. D．Rats could offer a clue to learning the size of ancient cities. 解析：选D。推理判断题。根据第四段中David Orton说的话可知，大多数时候，古城往往位于现代城市的下面。你不能直接把整个东西都挖出来。但是你可以跟着老鼠，由此可推知，David Orton的话的意思是老鼠可以为了解古代城市的大小、人类的迁徙提供线索。故选D项。 4．What is a suitable title for the text? A．Rats Differ in Different Regions B．Rats Change People's Attitude C．Rats Reveal the History of Us D．Rats Depend on Humans for Living 解析：选C。标题归纳题。通读全文可知，本文介绍了老鼠除了可以作为研究人类疾病的动物模型之外，它还有其他的一些研究价值：可以为了解古代城市的大小、人类的迁徙提供线索，可以揭示我们的历史。故选C项。 B (2024·丽水、湖州、衢州调研检测)Scientists have solved a puzzle about modern humans, after research showed that a famous skull of a human ancestor found in South Africa is a million years older than experts thought.This discovery has changed what we know of human history. The skull, which scientists have named“Mrs.Ples”， is from an ape­like human relative from a species called Australopithecus africanus (非洲南方古猿).It was found near Johannesburg in 1947 and, based on evidence from its surroundings, it was thought to be between 2.1 and 2.6 million years old.This puzzled scientists, because although Mrs.Ples looks like a possible early ancestor of early humans, the first true humans had already evolved by the time she apparently lived.For this reason, scientists decided that, Australopithecus afarensis (阿法南方古猿), a similar species from Eastern Africa that lived about 3.85 and 2.95 million years ago, was our most likely ancestor instead. To get a more accurate age of Mrs.Ples, a team led by Professor Darryl Granger of Purdue University in Indiana, used a new method to date the sandy rocks where the skull lay.They measured the amount of certain chemicals in rocks, which form at a steady rate when they are exposed to cosmic rays (宇宙射线) on Earth's surface.Once rocks are buried, these chemicals stop forming and slowly disappear；the surviving amount reveals how much time has passed since the rocks (or bones) were on the surface. The new study shows that Mrs.Ples and other australopithecine bones nearby are between 3.4 and 3.7 million years old.This means they lived at the same time as their Eastern African relatives, so either group could have given rise to modern humans.However, team member Dr Laurent Bruxelles pointed out that over millions of years，at only 2，500 miles away, these groups had plenty of time to travel and to breed with each other.In other words, the groups could quite easily have met, had children together and both been part of the history of modern humans. [语篇解读]本文是说明文。在南非发现的一个人类祖先的头盖骨，改变了人们对人类历史的认知。文章介绍了相关时间测算的技术问题，并介绍了不同的人对新研究结果的不同看法。 5．What can we learn about Mrs.Ples from the first two paragraphs? A．It is a skull found in Eastern Africa. B．It is the most possible ancestor of humans. C．It is a million years older than scientists expected. D．It is proved to live between 2.1 and 2.6 million years ago. 解析：选C。细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Scientists have solved...than experts thought”和第二段中的“The skull, which scientists have named ‘Mrs.Ples’”可知，“Mrs.Ples”的年龄比科学家们预计的要多100万年。 6．How did scientists get the accurate age of “Mrs.Ples”？ A．By studying the effect of cosmic rays. B．By calculating the forming rate of chemicals. C．By locating the sandy rocks where the skull lay. D．By measuring the surviving amount of chemicals. 解析：选D。细节理解题。根据第三段中的“They measured the...were on the surface”可知，科学家们通过测量岩石中特定化学物质的含量来判断Mrs.Ples的年龄：岩石暴露在地表时，这些化学物质便以稳定的速度形成，一旦被掩埋，则会停止形成并慢慢消失。故选D。 7．What can we infer from the new study? A．Modern humans came into being in Eastern Africa. B．Mrs.Ples travelled and had children with Eastern African relatives. C．The history of modern humans might begin 3.85 million years ago. D．Ape­like species from Africa could have interacted with each other. 解析：选D。推理判断题。根据尾段，尤其是尾段最后两句可知，在数百万年的时间里，在仅仅2 500英里之外的地方，这些群体有足够的时间远行并彼此繁衍；即这些群体可能很容易相遇、一起生儿育女。据此可以推知，来自非洲的两个类人猿物种可能互相交流、繁衍了。 8．Which of the following can be the best title of the passage? A．Puzzle Unsolved B．Ancestor Mystery Solved C．Mrs.Ples：The Earliest Human Being D．Mrs.Ples：A Famous Skull 解析：选B。标题归纳题。通读全文可知，本文第一段中的“Scientists have solved a puzzle about modern humans”为全文的主旨句，指出“科学家们已解开了关于现代人的祖先之谜”；接着全文围绕此主题句展开，介绍了Mrs.Ples的发现以及预测其年龄的方法等。故B项最适合作文章的标题。 Ⅱ.七选五 Who are your friends？Are they all similar in age to you？1.________But you can widen your social circle and gain life­enriching benefits by becoming friends with someone younger or older than you.Having friends of different ages can greatly improve the quality of your life. Having older friends can change your attitude towards life because they have already gone through the challenges you are facing.They have been young parents, have survived a job loss, and can help you get through these changes in your own life.2.______Then you'll feel more ready for what's coming in future stages. When older people make friends with younger people, they get to share their experiences which can be very rewarding.3.________Giving your wisdom and attention makes you feel better.It gives you meaning and is good for your mental health.Having younger friends can also make you feel younger by including new ideas and energy in your life. 4．________While making new friends of different ages may seem frightening, it's actually easier than you think.You can first think about your acquaintances or coworkers and see if any of them share your values and interests and would make a good friend.Then see if you can make a coffee date.Besides, you can consider joining in a class that your coworker or acquaintance participates in that you think you will enjoy.5.________ All in all, making friends with people not your age can open your eyes to new ideas and new experiences that can be life­changing. A．For human beings, giving is good. B．Where to find friends sharing a common interest? C．Then how can you make intergenerational friends? D．Having friends at your own age is natural, of course. E．What's more, younger friends can give you some fresh ideas. F．It's believed that joining in activities like volunteering is also an effective way. G．An older friend also helps you “try on”certain life experiences before you get there. [语篇解读]本文是说明文。交不同年龄的朋友对自己的生活会有哪些帮助？如何结交呢？本文告诉你答案。 1．解析：选D。空前提问你的朋友是否都与你年龄相仿，空后提到你可以通过和比你年轻或年长的人成为朋友来扩大你的社交圈，并丰富生活。由此可知，空处是过渡句，应起到承上启下的作用。D项“有同龄朋友当然是很正常的”与空前相呼应，且与空后内容形成转折，符合语境。 2．解析：选G。空前提到年长的朋友帮助你度过人生中的转变，空后提到这样你就会为接下来的阶段做更好的准备。由此可知空处应引入有年长的朋友的另一个好处。G项“年长的朋友还可以帮助你提前体验某种生活经历”表明了有年长的朋友的另一个好处，符合语境。 3．解析：选A。该段的主题为结交更年轻的朋友的好处。空前和空后内容都与分享和给予有关，因此空处内容也应与此相关。A项“对人类来说，给予是件好事”既与上文“share their experiences ”相照应，又与后文“Giving your wisdom and attention makes you feel better”相联系。 4．解析：选C。从空所在位置可知，该空内容应是对段落内容的概括与总结。根据下文可知，该段主要介绍了如何结交不同年龄段的朋友。C项“那么你如何建立跨代友谊呢”准确概括了段落主旨。intergenerational“代与代之间的”。 5．解析：选F。根据本段主题和空前的内容可知，空处也应是结交不同年龄段的朋友的一个方法。F项“参加志愿服务等活动也被认为是一个有效方法”符合语境。 Ⅲ.语法填空 Yangge is the general name of a widespread and representative group­based folk dance in China, mainly in North China.It is known by different names and has different styles in 1.____________ (vary) places.There are two main types of Yangge：Gaoqiao Yangge (stilt yangge), 2.____________ is performed on stilts (高跷), and Ground Yangge performed 3.____________ stilts.Yangge has a long history.It was recorded as “Cuntianle” in the Southern Song Dynasty. Today, Yangge is mainly performed by Yangge troupes, each 4.____________ (contain) dozens or even over 100 members, in the form of group dances, duo dances or trio dances, etc.And if they 5.____________ (require) because of the roles, performers may dance with the 6.____________ (assist) of instruments like gongs, drums and suona, holding handkerchiefs, umbrellas, bars, drums or copper cash whips.Yangge in different places differs in terms of its steps, movements and styles.No matter mighty or gentle, 7.____________ styles or movements are all fantastic and entertaining. As one of 8.____________ (popular) folk dances in North China, Yangge is either practiced as part of a performance or individually and is highly popular among the people.Today, as the cultural environment 9.____________ (change) with the rapid development of the rural economy, few folk artists who can master the traditional techniques and authentic styles of Yangge exist.Therefore, conservation and inheritance efforts are 10.____________ (extreme) needed for Yangge. [语篇解读]这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了秧歌是中国一种广泛存在且具有代表性的群体性民间舞蹈的总称，主要分布在中国北方。它以不同的名字而闻名，在不同的地方有不同的风格。 1．解析：various。考查形容词。句意：它有不同的广为人知的名字，在不同的地方有不同的风格。修饰名词places应用形容词various，作定语。故填various。 2．解析：which。考查定语从句。句意：秧歌主要有两种类型：踩跷表演的称为“高跷秧歌”，不踩跷表演的称为“地秧歌”。非限制性定语从句修饰先行词Gaoqiao Yangge，连接词在从句中作主语，指物。故填which。 3．解析：without。考查介词。句意参考上题。后跟名词作宾语，表示“没有，不”，应用介词without。故填without。 4．解析：containing。考查非谓语动词。句意：今天，秧歌主要由秧歌团表演，每个秧歌团有几十人甚至上百人，形式有集体舞、二人舞或三人舞等。分析句子结构可知此处为独立主格结构，each与contain构成主动关系，故用现在分词形式，故填containing。 5．解析：are required。考查时态和语态。句意：如果角色需要，表演者可以在锣、鼓、唢呐等乐器的帮助下跳舞，手拿手帕、雨伞、棍棒、鼓或铜制钱鞭。主语与谓语构成被动关系，且陈述客观事实用一般现在时，主语为they，谓语用复数。故填are required。 6．解析：assistance。考查名词。句意参考上题。表示“在……的帮助下”短语为with the assistance of，故填assistance。 7．解析：the。考查冠词。句意：无论是有力的还是温和的，风格或动作都是优美灵动，富有娱乐性。此处特指秧歌的风格和动作，应用定冠词。故填the。 8．解析：the most popular。考查形容词最高级。句意：作为中国北方最流行的民间舞蹈之一，秧歌既可以作为表演的一部分，也可以由个人表演，在民间非常受欢迎。此处为one of＋形容词最高级＋可数名词复数，故填the most popular。 9．解析：changes。考查时态。句意：今天，随着农村经济的快速发展，文化环境也在不断变化，能够掌握秧歌传统技法和地道风格的民间艺人已寥寥无几。根据主句谓语exist可知，主句时态为一般现在时，从句主语为the cultural environment，谓语用三单形式。故填changes。 10．解析：extremely。考查副词。句意：因此，保护和传承秧歌是十分必要的。修饰动词need应用副词extremely，故填extremely。 【二次精读积语料】 核心 单词 A篇 slide v．(使)滑行，滑动　remains n．古代遗物，遗迹，遗址　underneath adv.在下面，在底下 prep.在……之下　fascinating adj.极有吸引力的；迷人的　safeguard n．保护，保卫；防护措施 vt.保护，保卫；防护 B篇 ancestor n．祖先，祖宗　relative n．亲戚，亲属　evolve v．进化，进化形成　accurate adj.准确的，精确的 词缀 变形 A篇 origin n．起源；起因；出身→original adj.原始的；最初的 n．原作，原稿→originally adv.起初 appreciate vt.欣赏；重视；感激；领会 vi.增值→appreciation n．欣赏；感激；感谢 B篇 apparently adv.显然；据……所知→apparent adj.显而易见，明白易懂 核心 短语 B篇 on the surface 在表面上，在外表上　give rise to引起， 导致；造成 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$