语法专题 第2部分 第1讲 时态、语态与主谓一致(word教参)-【正禾一本通】2025年高考英语高三一轮总复习高效讲义（人教版2019）

第1讲 时态、语态与主谓一致 01 动词的时态 现在时 过去时 将来时 过去将来时 一般式 do/does did shall/will do should would do 进行式 am/is/are doing was/were doing shall/will be doing should/would be doing 完成式 have/has done had done shall/will have done should/would have done 完成进 行式 have/has been doing had been doing shall/will have beendoing should/would have been doing 1.一般现在时 用法 例句 表示经常性或习惯性的动作，多用动作动词，且常与表频率的时间状语连用 He often goes to work by bus，and he takes a walk with his wife after dinner every day. 他经常乘公共汽车去上班，而且每天晚餐后和妻子一块儿散步。 表示客观事实、真理、格言或者警句等 The sun rises in the east. 太阳从东方升起。 表示按时刻表、计划表将要发生的动作或表示根据时间或事先安排肯定会出现的状态时，用一般现在时 Look at the timetable.Hurry up! Flight 4026 takes off at 18：20. 看看时间表。快点儿吧！4026航班18：20起飞。 在时间、条件状语从句中常用一般现在时代替一般将来时 If it is fine tomorrow，we will go there. 如果明天是晴天，我们就去那里。 表示知觉、态度、感情、某种抽象的关系或概念的词常用一般现在时，如see，hear，smell，taste，feel，like，hate，want，think，belong to，seem等 Lions and tigers belong to the cat family. 狮子和老虎属于猫科。 2.一般过去时 用法 例句 表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表示过去的具体时间状语连用(或有上下文语境暗示)；也可用于表达过去的习惯 In 1931，Addams became the first American woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize. 1931年，亚当斯成为第一个赢得诺贝尔和平奖的美国女性。 在时间、条件、让步状语从句中，若主句用了过去将来时，从句常用一般过去时表示过去将来的意义 He said he would tell her about the news as soon as he met her. 他说他一见到她就把这个消息告诉她。 表示说话人原来没有料到、想到、注意到、认出或忘记等 I thought he was an honest man. 我以为他是个老实人。 3.现在进行时 用法 例句 表示说话时正在进行或发生的动作，也可表示现阶段正在进行的动作或存在的状态 I hear you are working in a pub.What's it like? 我听说你在酒吧工作。感觉怎么样？ 某些表示位置移动的动词，如go，come，leave，arrive，start，move等可用现在进行时表示即将发生或计划要进行的动作 Food supplies in the flood­stricken area are running out.We must act immediately before there's none left. 洪灾区的食物供给快要用完了。我们必须在食物吃完前马上行动。 与always，often等频度副词连用，表示经常反复的行为或某种感情色彩 She is always thinking of others instead of herself. 她总是为别人着想，而不为她自己考虑。 4．过去进行时 用法 例句 表示过去某一时刻正在发生的动作，或过去某一个阶段内一直在进行的动作 He must have sensed that I was looking at him. 他一定感觉到了我正在看他。 表示动作在另一个过去的动作发生时正在进行，常与when，while引导的时间状语从句连用 Jack was working in the office when the power cut occurred. 杰克正在办公室里工作，这时突然断电了。 一些非延续性动词可用过去进行时表示过去按计划、安排将要发生的动作，多用于从句中 She asked him whether he was coming back for supper. 她问他是否要回来吃晚饭。 5.一般将来时 用法 例句 表示未来的动作或状态或临时做出的决定，常用will/shall＋动词原形，常与表示将来的时间状语tomorrow，next week等连用 I have no idea.But just a minute，I will check it for you. 我不知道。你稍等，我给你查查。 be going to在口语中常用来表示已经决定或安排要做的事、必然或很可能发生的事，也可用来表示自然现象 Look，dark clouds are gathering.It is going to rain soon，I think. 瞧，乌云正在聚集，我想快要下雨了。 be to do表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作，还可表示吩咐、命令、禁止、可能性等 You are to hand in your papers by 10 o'clock. 10点前你得交上试卷。 be about to do表示“即将，正要”，后面不能接时间状语，但可以和并列连词when引导的从句连用 I'm not about to stop when I'm so close to success. 在距离成功如此之近的时候，我不打算就此罢手。 6.过去将来时 用法 例句 表示从过去某时来预计以后要发生的动作或存在的状态，这种时态常用于宾语从句中，主句常用一般过去时 I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I would/should do next week. 我昨天给他打电话，问他我下周要/应该干什么。 7.现在完成时 用法 例句 表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果或已经完成的某一动作。常与lately，recently，so far，by now，up to/till now，in the last/past few days/years等时间状语连用 In the past few years，thousands of films have been produced all over the world. 在过去的几年里，全世界拍摄了数以千计的电影。 表示过去已经开始，一直延续到现在(也许还会继续进行下去)的动作或状态，常与“for＋时间段”，“since＋时间点”等表示一段时间的状语连用 His first novel has received good reviews since it came out last month. 他的第一部小说自上个月出版以来就获得了很好的评价。 在时间或条件状语从句中，现在完成时可以代替将来完成时 Will you come to my office when you have finished your work? 你完成工作后到我办公室来一下，好吗？ 下列句型中常用现在完成时： ①It is (has been)＋一段时间＋since从句 ②This (That/It) is the first (second/...) time that＋现在完成时 ③This (That/It) is the best/finest/most interesting/...＋名词＋that＋现在完成时 It has been/is two years since he joined the army. 他参军两年了。 8.过去完成时 用法 例句 过去完成时表示在过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作。在by，by the end of，by the time，until，before，since后接表示过去某一时间的短语或置于表示过去的从句的句子中 It took me a long time before I was able to fully appreciate what they had done for me. 很久以后我才完全领会到他们为我做的一切。 表示未曾实现的希望、打算、意图、诺言等，常用had hoped/planned/meant/intended/thought/wanted/expected等或用上述动词的过去式接不定式的完成式 I had intended to call on you yesterday，but I had an unexpected visitor. 昨天我本来打算去看你，但是来了一位不速之客。 下列句型中常用过去完成时： ①This/It/That was the first/...time＋(that) sb had done 是某人第几次做某事 ②It/This was the＋最高级＋名词＋that＋过去完成时 ③It was/had been＋一段时间＋since sb had done sth 自从某人做某事以来多久了 ④hardly/scarcely...when...和no sooner...than...，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时 ①It was the third time (that) he had made the same mistake. 那是他第三次犯同样的错误了。 ②Hardly/No sooner had I got home when/than the rain poured down. 我一到家，就下起了倾盆大雨。 9.现在完成进行时 用法 例句 表示开始于过去某个时间，一直延续到现在并且会继续进行下去的动作 I have been calling him many times this morning，but there's no answer by now. 今天上午我给他打了很多次电话，但到现在一直没有收到答复。 表示到目前为止的一段时间里一直在反复进行的动作 I'm very tired.I have been checking the students' papers all the morning. 我很累。我整个上午都在批改学生的试卷。 10.将来进行时 用法 例句 表示将来某一时刻或某一段时间里正在进行的动作，常与一些标志性的时间状语连用 Jane can't attend the meeting at 3 o'clock this afternoon because she will be teaching a class at that time. 简不能参加今天下午三点的会议了，因为她那个时间在授课。 02 被动语态 1.被动语态的构成 时态 现在时 过去时 将来时 过去将来时 一般式 am/is/are done was/were done shall/will be done should/would be done 进行式 am/is/are being done was/were being done / / 完成式 has/have been done had been done shall/will have been done should/would have been done 2.主动形式表被动意义 用法 例句 表示主语的某种属性特征或功能的动词，如read, write, sell, wash, clean, cook, catch, draw, cut等，常与well, badly, easily, smoothly等副词连用 ①The book sells well. 这本书卖得很好。 ②Nylon cleans easily. 尼龙容易洗干净。 系动词如smell, taste, feel, look, sound, prove等后接形容词作表语 This kind of wool shirt feels soft. 这种羊毛衫摸起来很软。 当动词want, need, require, deserve后接动名词时 The house needs repairing/to be repaired. 这房子需要修理。 03 主谓一致 主谓一致主要遵循三大原则：意义一致原则、语法一致原则和就近一致原则。这三个原则发生冲突时，优先考虑意义一致原则。 1．语法一致原则 用法 例句 and连接两个或两个以上单数名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数 Lucy and Lily are twin sisters. “the number of...”作主语时，谓语动词用单数； “a number of...”作主语时，谓语动词用复数 ①The number of travellers to London has dropped by 100，000. ②A number of factories have moved out of Beijing. many a, more than one接单数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数 ①Many a famous pop star has been ruined by drugs. ②More than one worker has finished the task. 关系代词作主语，定语从句中谓语动词的数取决于先行词 ①I'm ready to do all those things which are more challenging. ②They took the only free table, which was just inside the door. 主语后有with, together with, along with, except, besides, as well as, rather than等短语时，谓语动词的数与短语前名词的数保持一致 ①They, together with my father, have gone to Washington. ②Tom, as well as his parents, goes to Beijing for a visit. ③Lily, rather than her two sisters, was admitted into Tsinghua University. 2.意义一致原则 用法 例句 表示时间、金钱、距离的名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数 ①2，500 miles is a long distance. ②Two hours is too short for the visit. 分数/百分数/all/some/most/the rest/the remaining/part of等作主语时，谓语动词的数根据of后的名词决定 ①The rest of the workers are still very tired. ②The rest of the oil was wasted. ③Three fourths of the surface of the earth is covered with water. “the＋形容词”表示一类人/物时，谓语动词用复数；表示抽象概念时，谓语动词用单数 ①Many of the wounded were on their way to hospital. ②The beautiful is loved by all. 不可数名词、不定式、动名词以及从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数 ①Persuading him to join us seems really hard. ②To go to bed early and to rise early is a good habit. ③Whatever was left was taken away. family, team, group, government等集体名词若看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数；若侧重其成员，谓语动词用复数 ①Our team wins first in the game. ②My family are going on a trip this summer. population表示人口时，谓语动词用单数；当其前有分数、百分数修饰时，表示全体居民，这时谓语动词用复数 ①The population of Canada is about 29 million. ②A third of the population now smoke in this country. 3.就近一致原则 用法 例句 由or, either...or..., neither...nor..., not...but..., not only...but also...等连接的并列主语，谓语动词的单复数要与最靠近谓语的主语的单复数保持一致 ①Was he or you able to persuade her? ②Neither he nor I am going to the cinema. There be句型中，若其后是由and连接的两个主语，则be动词应与最邻近的那个主语保持数的一致 There is a woman and four men in this medical team. Ⅰ.真题演练 1．(2023·全国乙卷)The remarkable development of this city, which is consciously designed to protect the past while stepping into the modern world, means (mean) there is always something new to discover here, and I could be photographing Beijing for the next 50 years. 2．(2023·全国乙卷)Having visited several times over the last 10 years, I was amazed (amaze) by the co­existence of old and new, and how a city was able to keep such a rich heritage (遗产) while constantly growing. 3．(2023·新高卷Ⅱ卷)Carson proves that a simple literal form that has been passed down through the ages can still be employed (employ) today to draw attention to important truths. 4．(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)The plan will extend protection to a significant number of areas that were (be) previously unprotected, bringing many of the existing protected areas for giant pandas under one authority to increase effectiveness and reduce inconsistencies in management. 5．(2022·新高考Ⅱ卷)Henry was fixing (fix) his car when he heard the screams. 6．(2022·新高考Ⅱ卷)He quickly threw (throw) his tools aside, and started running, arms out. 7．(2022·全国甲卷)In the last five years，Cao has walked (walk) through 34 countries in six continents，and in 2016，he reached the top of Kilimanjaro，Africa's highest mountain. 8．(2022·浙江1月卷)Travelling to conferences, lectures, workshops, and the like—frequently by plane—is viewed/has been viewed (view) as important for scientists to get together and exchange information. 9．(2022·浙江1月卷)On a website called No Fly Climate Sci, for example, roughly 200 academics—many of them climate scientists—have promised (promise) to fly as little as possible since the effort started two years ago. 10．(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)You can't help wondering how hard it was (be) for the people then to put all those rocks into place. 11．(2021·全国甲卷)The Xi'an City Wall is the most complete city wall that has survived China's long history.It was built (build) originally to protect the city in the Tang dynasty and has now been completely restored (修复). 12．(2021·浙江卷)Mary's niece wrote，“The little home was painted (paint) white.It was sweet and fresh.” Ⅱ.模拟冲关 1．(2024·浙江衢州二中高三一模)California is burning.In recent weeks, hundreds of fires have destroyed (destroy) structures, torched thousands of acres and blackened the sky with smoke. 2．(2024·沈阳高三监测)This was the first time I had experienced (experience) sandstorms and I don't ever want to be in one again. 3．(2024·北斗星盟高三年级联考)So far, in this latest study the scientists of the team have found (find) that not only do such high­fat, high­sugar diets impair memory in humans, but they appear to directly affect our ability to control our appetite. 4．(2024·江西省红色七校第二次联考)This is for the seventh national population census (人口普查).China has conducted (conduct) a national survey every 10 years since the 1990s. 5．(2024·梧州一模)I say to him with a cheerful smile，“Go to exercise and you will feel (feel) better.” 6．(2024·江苏省泰州中学检测)This shows that though the noise was removed before the pine seeds were planted (plant), they still didn't sprout (发芽). 7．(2024·济宁模拟)Not only the students but also their teacher was moved (move) deeply by the moving story. 8．While the main cultural influence since 1788 has been (be) Western culture, minority cultures have also played a part in shaping the unique Australian culture. 9．He was appointed (appoint) as general manager for his rich experience as well as excellent educational background the year before last. 10．Seeing violence on television or reading about it in the newspapers every day makes (make) us tolerate crime more than we should. 11．They are living with their parents for the moment because their own house is being rebuilt (rebuild). 12．Don't worry.The hard work that you do now will be repaid (repay) later in life. 13．Shirley was writing (write) a book about China last year but I don't know whether she has finished it. 14．Either the beautiful sights of this modern city or its local custom has attracted/has been attracting (attract) thousands of visitors during the past years. 15．The father as well as his three children goes (go) skating on the frozen river every Sunday afternoon in winter. 16．No other site represents France like Notre­Dame, which receives (receive) almost 13 million visitors each year, more than the Eiffel Tower. 17．As a Chinese saying goes, “A journey of a thousand miles begins (begin) with a single step.” 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$