专题04 阅读理解(说明文）-【好题汇编】2022年高考英语二模试题分类汇编（北京专用)

专题04 阅读理解 说明文 Passage1【2022•北京朝阳•二模】 One of the great things about pictures is that they make no demands on you. You can look as long as you like and walk away at any time. There's a freedom in the arrangement that's different from going to the movies, concerts or the theater. Occasionally, people always say they feel intimidated by art. On the one hand, I get it. Some in the art world, wanting to establish their authority, fall back on abstractions to create a zone of exclusion. It can be insufferable. But on the other hand, what field doesn't see a version of this phenomenon? Have you tried understanding cellular biology? Contract law? In my experience, there is less of this complex talk around art than around most other fields. Art is a wide field. It's deep. It's diverse. You can come at the subject from countless angles. People seem to have been making art since the beginning, so the subject is an inseparable part of the whole history of humanity. So yes, things can get complicated. But, in the end, we're talking about pictures and sculptures. How hard is it to look at a painting? How difficult is it to walk around a sculpture? Children get it immediately. They know there's no right or wrong when it comes to looking at art. There are just things to notice, to test against our imperfect sense of the truth, and to fold into our various conceptions of beauty. Things we notice may cause feelings. They may lead to ideas. They might equally provide a release from ideas-a release into wonder, and into new kinds of awareness connected to your body, your senses, and your general state of existential confusion. What I notice will be different from what you notice. That's how it goes with art. More than the political or economic conditions of any given era, it is art that later generations most want to remember. We remember Picasso and Matisse with more love than General Francisco Franco or Marshall Petain. And we remember the Beatles and Francis Bacon over the chief ministers of Britain in the 1960s. That's because the arts-and I define the term as broadly as possible-reveal the best of us. It's because they combine the most intelligent and the most feeling of us. They testify, most fundamentally, to the fact that we're alive, that people lived before us, that as a species we're capable of making the most extraordinary things, and that human consciousness and the world beyond it are nothing short of astonishing. Again and again, art expresses that astonishment — that mixture of wonder and disappointment, knowing and unknowing, pleasure and pain, joy and fear. 1．What does the underlined word “intimidated” in Paragraph 1 probably mean? A．Misled. B．Inspired. C．Frightened. D．Attracted. 2．What is the main idea of the first two paragraphs? A．Art is complicated but easy. B．Art is as complex as other fields. C．Art is insufferable due to its abstraction. D．Art is an inseparable part of human history. 3．Why does the author mention several famous people in Paragraph 3? A．To emphasize artists are more adorable. B．To illustrate the superior position of art. C．To show art can spread in a broader area. D．To compare political and artistic figures. 4．According to the passage, the author may agree that ________. A．abstract concepts can block humans' insights B．art is a combination of unsettled contradictions C．humans should try to perfect their thoughts of beauty D．the appeal of art lies in its reflection of the best of man Passage2【2022•北京房山•二模】 Consumerism is a phenomenon which lies in the tendency of production and buying ever-greater amounts of different goods and services. It not only has an impact on the lifestyle of individuals, but also determines technological and financial progress of the whole states. Firstly, consumerism enables people to improve the quality of their lives. As Llewellyn Harrison Rockwell states in his article “In Defense of Consumerism”, in 1900 the average life length of women was about 48 years, and of men — 46, but today these indexes are 80 and 77 respectively. This has happened due to the influence of many factors, among which are possibilities to get twenty-four-hour hospital-and home-based medical care, buy high-quality goods, medicines, and to use more safe devises in the working processes. Without the consumerism all this would be impossible as economically unprofitable. Secondly, consumerism is an effective way of motivation. The temptation to buy a new device, better clothes and tastier food encourages people to earn more money. But for this they should work harder, develop their professional skills and widen their outlook. Moreover, a new purchase itself can become a reason for a person to get some new experience. Thirdly, the economies of almost all developed countries are based on production of new goods and services. You may not realize it, but the more people buy, the more income the state gets, and the more money can be donated to the social spheres, such as health care, education and culture. So the countries possessing more financial resources provide their citizens with better life conditions. On the other hand, there is an opinion that consumerism is a kind of a harmful circle, which will not make people’s lives better, but will only contribute to an endless competition between all of them. Juliet Bschor, for example, thinks that the rising number of different goods and services available nowadays makes people neither happier nor wealthier. It only makes them work harder in order to earn money for just another nice thing, spending less time with their families and friends, and trying to compensate it with buying new goods. The satisfaction usually does not last long, only till the moment one sees someone else possessing a better or more fashionable thing. But in fact, the issue of social happiness does not depend on services of products that can be bought. It is just a matter of a person’s character. So consumerism can influence society both positively and negatively depending on many factors. But, in general, it has more advantages, because it serves as a basis for development on individual, social and state levels. 5．According to the passage, the temptation to buy things can ________. A．force people to work harder B．lead people to earn more money C．provide people with more holidays D．forbid people to be more professional 6．What’s the author’s attitude towards consumerism? A．Favorable. B．Objective. C．Negative. D．Doubtful. 7．What’s the purpose of the 5th paragraph? A．To present one opinion. B．To show changes of people’s lives. C．To tell what social happiness depends on. D．To convey a study result about life satisfaction. 8．What’s the passage mainly about? A．The qualities of people’s lives. B．The evaluation of life satisfaction. C．The influences of consumerism. D．The tendency of economic development. Passage3【2022•北京房山•二模】 Creativity Improves Your Health Creativity helps us create works of beauty, solve problems, and refresh our bodies and our minds. It’s fun. When you are having fun, you are positively impacting your health. Studies show that engaging in creative behaviors improves brain function, mental health and physical health. You’ve probably heard of flow — it’s the state you get in when you’re completely absorbed in something. Have you ever been working on a project and completely lost all sense of self and time? That’s flow. It reduces anxiety, boosts your mood, and even slows your heart rate. It’s not just being in flow that makes you happy. Repetitive creative motions like knitting, drawing, or writing help activate flow, and are all tasks that create a result. When you succeed in creating a result, your brain is flooded with dopamine, a natural anti-depressant that actually helps motivate you, whether or not you’re aware of your increased happiness. Creativity is also an effective treatment for patients with dementia — a serious illness of the mind. Studies show that creative engagement not only reduces depression and isolation, but can also help people with dementia by sharpening their senses. The average person has about 60,000 thoughts in a day. A creative act such as crafting can help focus the mind, and has even been compared to meditation due to its calming effects on the brain and body. Even just gardening or sewing releases dopamine. Creativity reduces anxiety, depression and stress. Studies have found that writing helps people manage their negative emotions in a productive way, and painting or drawing helps people express their mental injury or hurtful experiences that they find too difficult to put into words. Studies show people who write about their experiences daily actually have stronger immune system function. Writing, a creative work, increases your CD4+ lymphocyte count, the key to your immune system. Playing music can also function well in your immune system. Studies show that our left brain is responsible for the motor functions, while our right brain focuses on melody. When the two parts work together, our cognitive function improves. It’s pretty amazing that doing the activities is good for us. Get a pen and start writing or coloring. Get your hands dirty with pottery or gardening or pick up an instrument. Whatever you decide to do, it’s time to start getting creative! 9．Which situation shows that you are in flow? A．You are working with a difficult task. B．You are having a boring repetitive action. C．You get lost and don’t know where to go. D．You are absorbed in a work that interests you. 10．The underlined word “dopamine” in Paragraph 3 is probably ________. A．an awareness of how to be successful B．a thought having calming effects on the brain C．an activity to fight against your negative emotions D．a material for the functioning of the nervous system 11．What can we learn from the passage? A．Repetitive actions can cure patients with mental diseases. B．Creative activities help you build a stronger immune system. C．Meditation makes your anxiety, depression and stress disappear. D．Telling others your hurtful experiences helps improve your health. Passage4【2022•北京海淀•二模】 Americans clearly love their museums. One of the most famous, New York’s Metropolitan Museum of Art (the Met), saw a record 6.5 million visitors in 2015. But record attendance doesn’t necessarily translate into record revenue. Last month，the Met said it was trying to erase a USS10 million budget deficit. Meanwhile, one of its rivals，the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), was abundant in cash, but only about three million people stopped by in 2015. Why do some museums flourish while others flounder? My research leads me to believe there are three reasons: fashion, billionaires and demographics. First, underlying the Met’s financial challenges is the problem with the acquisitions policy. Recent directors of the Met did not add much to the museum’s modern collection. The argument was that museums such as the MoMA were already providing such works in their collections and that the acquisition of contemporary art by living artists was problematic and risky. However, given the fact that museum-goers increasingly favor contemporary art, the revenue of the Met will likely fall if it isn’t able to keep up with the tastes of the customers. And by the time it might recognize this, it’s already too late to do much about it because the costs to acquire the in-demand art is sky-high. This leads to a second critical issue-the changing distribution of income and its effects on museum finance and operation. We are living in a boom period for contemporary art. The number of auctions and art fairs has grown enormously to accommodate this growing market. In a world with about 1,800 billionaires, it only takes a relative few to drive high-end art prices to astronomical levels. Works by the German artist Gerhard Richter have generated $1.2 billion in sales in recent years. The soaring prices mean museums simply can’t keep up and must usually depend on donations to assemble the best works, or they’re priced out. Moreover, billionaires themselves are increasingly setting up their own private museums, further distancing the ability of public museums to get the good stuff. A third interrelated problem is that demographic issues have put pressure on the revenue side. Unemployment, early retirements and the aging of the population in the US have contributed to increased attendance at museums. You might think it’s a good thing, but more traffic means higher costs, and when those additional visitors don’t result in more revenue, profitability goes down. This is because of the longstanding movement toward making museums “free” by having individuals, government or businesses “sponsor” the cost. But when that support gets reduced by budget costs or another reason, museums must either cover the cost themselves or lose patrons by suddenly charging fees. There is evidence that attendance rises when economic growth slows, but that’s also when those “sponsors” are more likely to begin to disappear. Museums will certainly continue to exist and provide us with invaluable insights into our culture. But they must exist under economic principles, and it’d be wise for their administrators to consider the economies in their calculations. 12．According to the author, ________. A．MoMA saw a rise in donation due to its increased attendance B．the Met failed to respond to the artistic tastes of modern visitors C．the Met considered works of the living artists as questionable D．MoMA added to its modern collection despite the budget deficit 13．What can we infer from the passage? A．Billionaires control art auctions to price out public museums. B．The boom of modern art will lead visitors to private museums. C．The increase in visitors can hurt the profitability of museums. D．Economic slowdowns result in a weakened interest in museums. 14．What is the author’s attitude towards the future of museums in the US? A．Pessimistic. B．Doubtful. C．Cautious. D．Uncertain. 15．Which is the best title of the passage? A．How can Museums Boost Revenues? B．Should Museums Charge Entrance Fees? C．Will Museums Survive in a Fast-changing World? D．What Causes the Financial Challenges of Museums? Passage5【2022•北京海淀•二模】 Microplastics —  tiny pieces of plastic waste less than five millimetres long that have been degraded by waves, wind and ultraviolet rays — have been discovered in the deepest oceanic trenches and within the stomachs of the organisms that live there, but we have little idea about where the great majority of them end up. More than eight million tonnes of plastic enters our oceans every year, comprising between 80 and 85 percent of all marine trash, but with inadequate data, there are concerns that these figures could be underestimates. Currently, most of the data we have on microplastics are accidentally captured by research ships, which use plankton nets to collect marine-microorganism samples. However, researchers Christopher Ruf and Madeline Evans from the University of Michigan have discovered an innovative way to identify and track concentrations of microplastics in the ocean. The technique relies on NASA’s Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS), a constellation of eight micro-satellites used to predict hurricanes that calculate wind speeds above the ocean by measuring the roughness of surface waters. As the satellites are continuously recording, Ruf and Evans realised that they collect a great deal of additional data. It was while analysing these data that they noticed some differences-times where the surface of the ocean appeared to be much smoother than it should, given the prevailing wind (盛行风) conditions. Knowing that water isn’t roughened as much when it contains a lot of floating material, Ruf and Evans identified a pattern that linked areas of unusual smoothness and predicted microplastic distributions. They found that the difference between their measurements, and how much rougher the surface would be if winds of the same speed were blowing across clear water, was “highly correlated with the presence of microplastics, and the degree of the difference also correlated with the concentration of the plastics.” The research reveals that there are seasonal variations,where the concentrations of microplastics tend to be higher in the summer and lower in the winter in a very clean, periodic way, which Ruf explains mirrors the way in which the ocean circulation changes throughout the year. It also confirms, as was previously thought, that rivers are the main source of ocean microplastics. Raising awareness of the issue of ocean microplastics among the public and politicians is just one of the researchers’ future aims; they are also in conversation with Duteh non-profit The Ocean Cleanup and Finnish clean-technology specialist Clewat, which are interested in using the information to more efficiently target their trash-collection campaigns. So far, only one year’s worth of data have been processed since CYGNSS was launched in 2016. By looking at a longer time period, Ruf and Evans aim to determine whether the seasonal pattern is repeatable, and whether the concentration of micmplastics in the ocean is getting worse. 16．What is Paragraph 1 mainly about? A．The limited knowledge about ocean microplastics. B．The harm of ocean microplastics to sea creatures. C．The methods of degrading ocean microplasties. D．The previous research on ocean microplasties. 17．According to the passage, CYGNSS ________. A．has offered data about the repeatable seasonal pattern B．guides research ships to gather data about sea animals C．provides unexpected data about the changes of sea surface D．was designed to measure the distribution of ocean microplastics 18．What can we learn from the passage? A．Microplastics will end up in the stomachs of the ocean organisms. B．Mlicroplastics play a vital role in the yearly ocean circulation changes. C．The surface of the ocean can get smoother with more microplastics in it. D．The new way of tracking microplastics has helped prevent ocean pollution. 19．What is the main purpose of the passage? A．To introduce the technology of CYGNSS. B．To present a way to study ocean microplastics. C．To test an assumption on ocean microplastics. D．To propose a new means of protecting the ocean. Passage6【2022•北京西城•二模】 NASA will crash a spacecraft into an asteroid (小行星) to try to change its orbit, attempting to prevent humans going the same way as the dinosaurs. Earth is constantly being disturbed by small pieces of debris (碎片), but they usually burn up or break up long before they hit the ground. Once in a while, however, something large enough to do significant damage makes impact. About 66 million years ago, one such crash is thought to have wiped out the dinosaurs. Someday, something similar could end human beings-unless we can find a way to tackle it. NASA’s Double Asteroid Redirection Test (Dart) mission is the first attempt to test if such asteroid redirection is a realistic strategy: investigating whether a spacecraft can autonomously reach a target asteroid and intentionally crash into it, as well as measuring the amount of redirection. “If it works, it would be a big deal, because it would prove that we have the technical capability of protecting ourselves,” said Jay Tate, the director of the National Near Earth Object Information Center. The 610kg Dart spacecraft is scheduled to be launched at the target—the Didymos system-a harmless pair of asteroids consisting of a 163-metre “moonlet” asteroid called Dimorphos that orbits a larger 780-metre asteroid called Didymos (Greek for “twin”). The plan is to crash the spacecraft into Dimorphos when the asteroid system is at its closest to Earth-about 6.8 million miles away. About 10 days before the impact, a miniaturized satellite called LiciaCube will separate from the main spacecraft, enabling images of the impact to be relayed back to Earth. Combined with observations from ground-based telescopes, and an onboard camera that will record the final moments before the crash, these recordings will enable scientists to calculate the degree to which the impact has changed Dimorphos’s orbit. The expectation is that it will change the speed of the smaller asteroid by approximately 1% and reduce its orbit around the larger asteroid. Then, in November 2024, the European Space Agency’s Hera spacecraft will visit the Didymos system and conduct a further close-up analysis of the consequences of this snooker (斯诺克) game, recording details such as the precise makeup and internal structure of Dimorphos, and the size and shape of the hole left by Dart. Such details are vital for transforming asteroid redirection into a repeatable technique. Even then, it is impossible that any single redirection strategy would be enough. “The problem is that no two asteroids or comets are alike, and how you redirect one depends on a huge number of variables. There is no silver bullet in this game. What you need is a whole folder of different redirection methods for different types of targets,” said Tate. So, while this may be one small step towards planetary protection, many more are likely to be necessary to avoid destruction. 20．What is the purpose of Paragraph 2? A．To examine the impact of dinosaurs’ extinction. B．To explain the necessity of NASA’s Dart mission. C．To show the damage caused by small pieces of debris. D．To highlight the crisis threatening human beings at present. 21．Which of the following pictures illustrates the mission? A． B． C． D． 22．What is the function of LiciaCube? A．Sending impact data back to Earth. B．Calculating the length of Dimorphos’s orbit. C．Helping the satellite separate from the spacecraft. D．Recording the scientists’ ground-based observations. 23．What does the underlined sentence “There is no silver bullet in this game” mean? A．There is no challenge too big to overcome. B．There is no possibility to satisfy NASA’s needs. C．There is no single solution to the complex problem. D．There is no strategy to help make an obvious decision. Passage7【2022•北京西城•二模】 Music is a powerful thing. It awakens feelings and has the power to bring people together. But today, artists are not known for their music, but for how flashy their clothing is and how many times their wealthy relatives can get them out of jail(监狱). And thus, their music is lost. Pop and rap music has developed into a shallow, image-addicted industry that lines up with what the public wants to hear and see, removing the focus on the actual music. Mainstream music is no longer composed of emotion, but instead, themes of money and fame. Photos and rumors fly while the music is ignored. Not all musical groups or individual artists begin like this. Many of these artists are original and talented, but turn to the money side. Often their songs are written by experts who know what is appealing to a certain age group, and the musicians’ faces can be seen on countless magazine covers. Soon their supposedly new and improved songs can be heard blasting out of car windows. But these songs are totally empty, lacking creativity and the original thirst of the artist to make an impact or convey(传递) a message. MTV is not helping. It plays only what the public wants to hear. And unfortunately, the majority seems interested in either sickly sweet, generic pop or stereotypical(刻板的), bleeped-out rap. Kids and teens everywhere are swimming in these songs, which are often degrading to women and minorities, and inappropriate. Almost all the girls in my dorm are addicted to the same songs. This was the case the previous year, and the year before that. Whenever I try to play music I enjoy, or introduce them to some decent songs, they say that everyone except me likes their music. Why do most teenagers only listen to pop and rap music when so many other types exist? Maybe it’s because everywhere we look, we are bombarded with the same music: on the radio, on TV, on the computer. At school, pop and rap are discussed all the time. Perhaps they have never listened to anything else. Or maybe peer pressure is part of it. There is no solution to the “pop problem”. It’s called popular for a reason—many people enjoy it. There’s no easy way to change their views. My suggestion is not to buy music like this when you can explore something new. Expand your horizons. Dig up your parents’ old records and CDs. You never know what you might find. 24．The author probably prefers ______. A．new pop songs meant for girls B．original songs with deep meaning C．catchy songs produced by popular singers D．never-heard-before songs just recently discovered 25．What can we learn from the passage? A．Many artists trade creativity for wealth and fame. B．The public is responsible for the existence of music. C．MTV promotes the songs favored by women and minorities. D．Musicians singing about money is an ineffective way to attract fans. 26．What is most probably the author’s suggestion for young people? A．Try to respect your peers’ music tastes. B．Deal with the “pop problem” patiently. C．Expose yourself to various music styles. D．Treasure the music from previous generations. Passage8【2022•北京东城•二模】 Search “toxic parents”, and you’ll find more than 38, 000 posts, largely urging young adults to cut ties with their families. The idea is to safeguard one’s mental health from abusive parents. However, as a psychoanalyst, I’ve seen that trend in recent years become a way to manage conflicts in the family, and I have seen the severe impacts estrangement (疏远) has on both sides of the divide. This is a self-help trend that creates much harm. Research by Karl Pillemer, a professor at Cornell University, indicates that 1 in 4 American adults have become estranged from their families. I believe that’s an undercount, because others have stopped short of completely cutting off contact but have effectively broken the ties. “Canceling” your parent can be seen as an extension of a cultural trend aimed at correcting imbalances in power and systemic inequality. Certainly the family is one system in which power has never been balanced. In 1933, the psychoanalyst Sándor Ferenczi warned that even the simple indication that someone has more power than we do could potentially be damaging. Today’s social justice values respond to this reality, calling on us to criticize oppressive and harmful figures and to gain power for those who have been powerless. But when adult children use the most effective tool they have-themselves-to gain a sense of security and ban their parents from their lives, the roles are simply switched, and the pain only deepens. Often, what I see in my practice are cases of family conflict mismanaged, power dynamics turned upside down rather than negotiated. I see the terrible effect of that trend; situations with no winners, only isolated (孤独的) humans who long to be known and feel safe in the presence of the other. The catch is that after estrangement, adult children are not suddenly less dependent. In fact, they feel abandoned and betrayed, because in the unconscious, it doesn’t matter who is doing the leaving; the feeling that remains is “being left”. They carry the ghosts of their childhood, tackling the emotional reality that those who raised us can never truly be left behind, no matter how hard we try. What I have found is that most of these families need repair, not permanent break-up. How else can one learn how to negotiate needs, to create boundaries and to trust? How else can we love others, and ourselves, if not through accepting the limitations that come with being human? Good relationships are the result not of a perfect level of harmony but rather of successful adjustments. To pursue dialogue instead of estrangement will be hard and painful work. It can’t be a single project of “self-help”, because at the end of the day, real intimacy (亲密关系) is achieved by working through the injuries of the past together. In most cases of family conflict, repair is possible and preferable to estrangement—and it’s worth the work. 27．Why do young people cut ties with the family? A．To gain an independent life. B．To restore harmony in the family. C．To protect their psychological well-being. D．To follow a tendency towards social justice. 28．What does the underlined word “catch” in Paragraph 6 mean? A．Response. B．Problem. C．Operation. D．Emphasis. 29．To manage family conflict, the author agrees that young adults should . A．break down boundaries B．gain power within the family C．live up to their parents’ expectations D．accept imperfection of family members 30．What’s the author’s purpose of writing the passage? A．To advocate a self-help trend. B．To justify a common social value. C．To argue against a current practice. D．To discuss a means of communication. Passage9【2022•北京东城•二模】 We’ve all felt the tap to the soul you get from driving by your old high school or hearing a tune you once danced to. But why is that feeling so universal? Nostalgia, a combination of the Greek words nostos (homecoming) and algos (pain), was a special type of homesickness associated with soldiers fighting far-off wars. Seventeenth century physicians worried such thoughts put health at risk. In the 19th century, doctors believed it could cause irregular heartbeat, fever, and death. Our understanding of nostalgia has developed since then. “It’s a very mixed emotion,” says Frederick Barrett, a neuroscientist. That makes it hard to fit into existing theory, which typically categorizes emotions as either positive or negative. And triggers — the cars, music or smells — are extremely personal. Therefore, designing a standardized study is difficult. But we do know nostalgia has a marked effect on us: brain imaging studies show that those experiences have their own neural signature. Neuroscientists argued that the emotion is co-produced by the brain’s recall and reward systems. They found that nostalgic images use the memory-managing hippocampus (海马区) more than other sights, as people mine autobiographical (个人经历的) details deep in the past. This mental effort pays off:as the hippocampus activates, so does one of the brain’s reward centers. That longing for the past might be a protective mechanism, says Tim Wildschut, a professor. His work also suggests a more primitive purpose for the feeling: it developed to remind our ancient ancestors of pleasant physical feelings during periods of discomfort and pain. Recent research suggests the occasional look backwards can give us a boost in unnoticeable ways: by increasing self-respect and protecting against depression. Nostalgia’s apparent power to jump-start one’s memory also seems to improve recall ability in people with Alzheimer’s disease. New flavors of “reminiscence therapy” (回忆疗法) are emerging around the world. In 2018, the George G. Glenner Alzheimer’s Family Centers opened its first Town Square, an adult daycare facility designed to look like a small town in 1950s America. Though Town Square has yet to publish peer-reviewed data on the success of the program, clients say it has helped seniors access dusty memories and reconnect with loved ones. Scientists need a lot more information to adequately characterize this complex and bittersweet feeling. But while centuries of doctors considered nostalgia a deadly disease, we now know: it can help us make it through today. 31．What can we learn about nostalgia? A．It was first discovered in Greece. B．It’s more common among soldiers. C．It’s set off by personal experiences. D．It was a well-defined scientific idea. 32.What is Paragraph 4 mainly about? A．How nostalgia works. B．Why nostalgia matters. C．What nostalgia means. D．When nostalgia emerges. 33．How might nostalgia benefit people? A．It makes people’s mind sharp. B．It gives seniors a sense of security. C．It helps us face unpleasant situations. D．It improves people’s instant memory. 34．Why does the author mention Town Square? A．To reveal a phenomenon of emotion. B．To interpret the concept of a therapy. C．To explore the advantage of a treatment. D．To demonstrate the use of a research finding. Passage10【2022•北京昌平•二模】 The word “robot” was coined in 1920 by the Czech playwright Karel Capek meaning fully functional servants. For most of their history, robots have been inelegant mechanical devices sitting out of sight in factories. Things are starting to change, however. Robots are leaving carefully managed industrial settings for everyday life and, in the coming years, will increasingly work in supermarkets, clinics, social care and much more. They could not be coming at a better time. Many industries are facing a shortage of labor — the demand for workers has recovered much faster than expected and some people have left the workforce, particularly in America. Warehousing (仓库) has grown rapidly thanks to the e-commerce boom. Robots are picking items off shelves and helping people pack a rising numbers of boxes. They are even beginning to move slowly along some pavements, delivering goods or food right to people’s doors. Nowadays, short of workers but with lots of elderly folk to look after, having more robots to boost productivity would be a good thing. And yet many people fear that robots will destroy jobs. A paper in 2013 by economists at Oxford University was widely misinterpreted as meaning that 47% of American jobs were at risk of being automated. In fact, concerns about mass unemployment are overblown. The evidence suggests robots will be ultimately beneficial for labor markets. Japan and South Korea have the highest robot usage rate but very strong workforces. A Yale University study that looked at Japanese manufacturing between 1978 and 2017 found that an increase of one robot unit per 1,000 workers boosted a company’s employment by 2.2%. Research from the Bank of Korea found that robotization moved jobs away from manufacturing into other sectors, but that there was no decrease in overall vacancies. For all that, the march of the robots will bring big changes to workplaces, too. One supposed example of “bad automation” is self-service checkouts in supermarkets, because they displace human workers. But robots could perform unpleasant work. Checkout staff who retrain to help customers pick items from aisles (传送带) may find that dealing with people in need is more rewarding than spending all day swiping barcodes in front of lasers. In addition, as jobs change, workers should be helped to acquire new skills, including how to work with and manage the robots that will increasingly be their colleagues. The potential gains from the robot revolution are huge. In Capek’s play, the robots revolt(反抗)against their human masters and cause mass unemployment and worse. However, the beginnings of the world’s real robots have not matched Capek’s assumption. So there is no need to concern about their future. 35．The author mentions the two researches in paragraph 4 to ____________. A．prove an argument B．introduce an approach C．present an assumption D．highlight an experiment 36．What can we infer from the passage? A．New skills will be acquired by workers with the help of robots. B．The more robots are used, the greater employment it can bring. C．Robots will betray their human masters and cause worse problems. D．Checkout staff in supermarkets may be happier to do with people in need. 37．Towards wide spread of robots, the author is ____________. A．approved B．neutral C．opposed D．doubtful 38．What’s the best title of the passage? A．Future Risk: Jobs Being Automated B．Robot Revolution: Causes of Changes C．Workplace Automation: Rise of Robots D．Robotization: Solution to Unemployment Passage11【2022•北京昌平•二模】 Few dishes taste better than a juicy cut of beef. One survey in 2014 found that steak was Americans’ favorite food. Unfortunately, by cooking so many cows, humans are cooking themselves, too. The influence of food on greenhouse-gas (GHG) emissions (排放) can slip under the radar. In a survey in Britain last year, the share of answerers saying that “producing plants and meat on farms” was a “significant contributor” to climate change was the lowest among ten listed activities. Yet two papers published this year in Nature Food find that food, especially beef, creates more GHGS than previously thought. This March researchers from the European Commission and the UN’s Food and Agriculture Office released a study estimating that the global food system was responsible for 34% of GHG in 2015. The paper assigns the full impact of deforestation to the agriculture that results from it;includes emissions after food is sold(such as from waste and cooking);and counts non-food crops like cotton. But even when the authors took away emissions from sources like transport and packaging, they still found that agriculture generated 24% of GHGS. Another recent paper, by Xiaoming Xu of the University of Illinois and eight co-authors, allocates (分配) this impact among 171 crops and 16 animal products. It finds that animal-based foods account for 57% of agricultural GHGS, versus 29% for food from plants. Beef and cow’s milk alone made up 34%. Combined with the earlier study’s results, this implies that cattle produce 12% of GHG emissions. Relative to other food sources, beef is uniquely carbon-intensive. Because cattle emit methane (甲烷) and need large grasslands that are often created by cutting more forests, they produce seven times as many GHGS per calorie of meat as pigs do. This makes beef a bigger share among foods than coal is among sources of electricity. The simplest way to cut beef output is for people to eat other animals instead, or become vegetarians. But convincing people to give up their burgers is a tall order. Fortunately, lab-grown meats are moving from Petri dishes (培养皿) to high-end restaurants. Doing without beef from live cattle is hard to imagine, but the same was true of coal 100 years ago. Lab-grown meat could play an essential role in slowing a climate disaster. 39．The underlined phrase in paragraph 2 can probably be replaced by ____________. A．be detected by radar B．be ignored by people C．be explained by experts D．be controlled by government 40．What can we learn from the passage? A．Lab-grown meats will replace other meats in the future. B．Quitting steak may be an efficient way to reduce GHG. C．Producing beef generates more GHG than burning coal. D．Beef transport is the major contributor of GHG emissions. 41．The author mentions the coal in the last paragraph just to show ____________. A．the importance of both lab-grown beef and coal B．the difficulty to produce the lab-grown meat C．the necessity of beef from live cattle D．the future of lab-grown beef Passage12【2022•北京丰台•二模】 It shouldn’t come as news to anyone that the planet is moving quickly towards a climate emergency. And fast fashion certainly plays its part in this. Fast fashion brands, which release hundreds of new styles every week, have caused trends cycles to speed up rapidly, leading to overproduction and overconsumption. British shoppers are buying twice as much as we did a decade ago and both brands and consumers are throwing away “unfashionable” clothing more often—over £300,000 of it ends up in landfill every year. How do we solve this issue? One answer lies in the new generation of made-to-order brands making their way into the mainstream. These brands make clothes only as and when they’re ordered, and because there’s no overproduction, less unwanted stock ends up in landfills. They also promote a slower fashion model, with pieces taking between three weeks and three months to arrive once purchased. The focus is on creating special, well-made pieces for consumers to treasure for years to come. Made-to-order fashion is nothing new. Until the mid-20th century, it was the norm. However, the 1960s brought about the dawn of fast fashion and a shift in our relationship with our clothes. The value once placed on craftsmanship and quality was replaced by the desire for low cost and volume, resulting in cut-cost production and the attitude that clothing should be cheap and disposable. Of course, made-to-order fashion has continued to exist alongside this, though research clearly shows that fast fashion prevails (盛行). Cue a made-to-order brand bringing bespoke (定制) back to the mainstream. Spanish brand Alas features a slow business model. It takes orders each week which are then handmade and delivered in about three weeks. It also revolves around an on-demand production process that rewards consumers for “pre-planned responsible shopping.” Every week, they launch a new drop, available to pre-order for a discounted rate for a limited time. From pre-order, Alas determines how popular each new item is and calculates how many units should be produced to fulfill both pre-orders and future full-price orders, therefore reducing the overproduction of stock. With made-to-order brands growing in popularity, it begs the question—could this be the dawn of a new, environmentally responsible era? The answer is self-evident. 42．What do the first two paragraphs mainly show? A．Our strong desire for fashion. B．The fast development of fashion industry. C．The urgent need for a different fashion model. D．The advantages and disadvantages of fast fashion. 43．What does the underlined word “this” in Paragraph 5 refer to? A．The shadow of fast fashion. B．The value placed on quality. C．The shift towards a green lifestyle. D．The criticism for cheapness and quantity. 44．What does the example of Spanish brand Alas tell us? A．The reward mechanism is a must in slow fashion. B．It takes patience and thought to buy made-to-order items. C．The pre-order model reduces the cost of purchasing brands. D．Consumers have a say about how their orders are produced. 45．As for the future of made-to-order fashion, the author is ________ . A．anxious B．confident C．puzzled D．curious Passage13【2022•北京顺义•二模】 An ageing population is a global phenomenon. Countries are looking for the balm to address the demands of a swelling elderly community. Many nations are threatened by a shortage of healthcare workers because of unenviable tasks such as bathing, feeding and changing the diapers. Advancements in technology now present an innovative solution to this. Japan has now developed carebots, specially-designed robots, to replace human caregivers. Japan is also working at more coordinated care for the elderly within the community which includes the integration of hospitals, homecare, elderly care centres and nursing homes. Putting in place a system that can effectively track and retrieve the medical history of every elderly person, Japan leverages technology to provide quality healthcare for the seniors. The unique feature about Sweden is that most of the elderly live in their own homes where they continue to enjoy living independently. Local governments allocate funds and manage services while citizens have the freedom to choose the type of home services and their service provider. They can apply for homecare services including delivering meals to homes, hanging curtains, changing light bulbs etc. In Sweden, the focus is also on preventive care—keeping the elderly healthy. The elderly who are ill are not just given medicines but also a specific type of physical activity, where their doctors also monitor the outcome. Singapore also provides more homecare services and day-care centres where the older people can go for rehabilitative and social activities. Besides, the government is creating more dementia-friendly communities, where support comes from the community. Various people within a community like policemen, shopkeepers and other volunteers are trained to assist the elderly with dementia (痴呆). With greater community awareness and support, it is more plausible for a dementia sufferer to stay at home instead of a nursing home. In our search for the best model to meet the demands of a burgeoning ageing population, let us keep in mind that there is no one-size-fits-all solution. What is important is shouldering the responsibilities of caring for them and ensuring them to age well and comfortably. 46．How does Japan deal with the problem of the shortage of healthcare workers? A．By offering quality healthcare for the seniors. B．By tracking the medical history of every elderly person. C．By developing robots programmed with caregiving functions. D．By integrating places like hospitals, homecare, and nursing homes. 47．According to the passage, what do Sweden and Singapore have in common? A．Optional care services are both provided free. B．Independent living is respected and supported. C．Preventive care for the elderly is highly valued. D．Social activities and voluntary help are enjoyed. 48．What is the passage mainly about? A．Models for giving the elderly care. B．Countries with an ageing population. C．Responsibilities of caring for the elderly. D．Demands of a growing elderly community. ( 2 )原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 专题04 阅读理解 说明文 Passage1【2022•北京朝阳•二模】 One of the great things about pictures is that they make no demands on you. You can look as long as you like and walk away at any time. There's a freedom in the arrangement that's different from going to the movies, concerts or the theater. Occasionally, people always say they feel intimidated by art. On the one hand, I get it. Some in the art world, wanting to establish their authority, fall back on abstractions to create a zone of exclusion. It can be insufferable. But on the other hand, what field doesn't see a version of this phenomenon? Have you tried understanding cellular biology? Contract law? In my experience, there is less of this complex talk around art than around most other fields. Art is a wide field. It's deep. It's diverse. You can come at the subject from countless angles. People seem to have been making art since the beginning, so the subject is an inseparable part of the whole history of humanity. So yes, things can get complicated. But, in the end, we're talking about pictures and sculptures. How hard is it to look at a painting? How difficult is it to walk around a sculpture? Children get it immediately. They know there's no right or wrong when it comes to looking at art. There are just things to notice, to test against our imperfect sense of the truth, and to fold into our various conceptions of beauty. Things we notice may cause feelings. They may lead to ideas. They might equally provide a release from ideas-a release into wonder, and into new kinds of awareness connected to your body, your senses, and your general state of existential confusion. What I notice will be different from what you notice. That's how it goes with art. More than the political or economic conditions of any given era, it is art that later generations most want to remember. We remember Picasso and Matisse with more love than General Francisco Franco or Marshall Petain. And we remember the Beatles and Francis Bacon over the chief ministers of Britain in the 1960s. That's because the arts-and I define the term as broadly as possible-reveal the best of us. It's because they combine the most intelligent and the most feeling of us. They testify, most fundamentally, to the fact that we're alive, that people lived before us, that as a species we're capable of making the most extraordinary things, and that human consciousness and the world beyond it are nothing short of astonishing. Again and again, art expresses that astonishment — that mixture of wonder and disappointment, knowing and unknowing, pleasure and pain, joy and fear. 1．What does the underlined word “intimidated” in Paragraph 1 probably mean? A．Misled. B．Inspired. C．Frightened. D．Attracted. 2．What is the main idea of the first two paragraphs? A．Art is complicated but easy. B．Art is as complex as other fields. C．Art is insufferable due to its abstraction. D．Art is an inseparable part of human history. 3．Why does the author mention several famous people in Paragraph 3? A．To emphasize artists are more adorable. B．To illustrate the superior position of art. C．To show art can spread in a broader area. D．To compare political and artistic figures. 4．According to the passage, the author may agree that ________. A．abstract concepts can block humans' insights B．art is a combination of unsettled contradictions C．humans should try to perfect their thoughts of beauty D．the appeal of art lies in its reflection of the best of man 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．B 4．B 【导语】本文是说明文。文章探讨了艺术的优越地位，它揭示了我们最好的一面。这是因为他们结合了我们最聪明和最感性的一面。它们最根本地证明了我们有能力做出最非凡的事情。 1．词义猜测题。根据第一段“On the one hand, I get it. Some in the art world, wanting to establish their authority, fall back on abstractions to create a zone of exclusion. It can be insufferable.”（一方面，我理解。艺术界的一些人，想要建立他们的权威，就求助于抽象来创造一个排斥区。这是难以忍受的。）可知，有时候，人们总是说他们对艺术感到害怕。不像图片那么自由。故选C。 2．主旨大意题。根据第二段“Art is a wide field. It's deep. It's diverse. You can come at the subject from countless angles. People seem to have been making art since the beginning, so the subject is an inseparable part of the whole history of humanity. So yes, things can get complicated. But, in the end, we're talking about pictures and sculptures. How hard is it to look at a painting? How difficult is it to walk around a sculpture? Children get it immediately. They know there's no right or wrong when it comes to looking at art.”（艺术是一个广阔的领域。它是深奥的。它是多样性的。你可以从无数个角度来探讨这个问题。人们似乎从一开始就在创造艺术，所以艺术是整个人类历史不可分割的一部分。是的，事情会变得复杂。但是，最后，我们谈论的是图画和雕塑。看一幅画有多难?在雕塑周围走动有多难?孩子们马上就会明白。他们知道看待艺术没有对错之分。）可知，前两段主要讲述讲述的是艺术是复杂但容易的。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段“More than the political or economic conditions of any given era, it is art that later generations most want to remember. We remember Picasso and Matisse with more love than General Francisco Franco or Marshall Petain. And we remember the Beatles and Francis Bacon over the chief ministers of Britain in the 1960s. That's because the arts-and I define the term as broadly as possible-reveal the best of us. It's because they combine the most intelligent and the most feeling of us. They testify, most fundamentally, to the fact that we're alive, that people lived before us, that as a species we're capable of making the most extraordinary things, and that human consciousness and the world beyond it are nothing short of astonishing.”（后人最想记住的是艺术，而不是任何特定时代的政治或经济状况。比起弗朗西斯科·佛朗哥将军和贝当元帅，我们更爱毕加索和马蒂斯。我们记得披头士乐队和弗朗西斯·培根，而不是20世纪60年代英国的首席大臣们。这是因为艺术——我尽可能宽泛地定义这个词——揭示了我们最好的一面。这是因为他们结合了我们最聪明和最感性的一面。它们最根本地证明了，我们还活着，在我们之前有人生活过，作为一个物种，我们有能力做出最非凡的事情，人类的意识和它以外的世界是令人震惊的。）可知，作者在第三段提到了几个著名的人物以说明艺术的优越地位。故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Again and again, art expresses that astonishment — that mixture of wonder and disappointment, knowing and unknowing, pleasure and pain, joy and fear.（艺术一次又一次地表达了那种惊奇——那种惊奇与失望、知与无知、快乐与痛苦、喜悦与恐惧的混合体）”可推知，作者可能同意“艺术结合了悬而未决的矛盾”的观点。故选B。 Passage2【2022•北京房山•二模】 Consumerism is a phenomenon which lies in the tendency of production and buying ever-greater amounts of different goods and services. It not only has an impact on the lifestyle of individuals, but also determines technological and financial progress of the whole states. Firstly, consumerism enables people to improve the quality of their lives. As Llewellyn Harrison Rockwell states in his article “In Defense of Consumerism”, in 1900 the average life length of women was about 48 years, and of men — 46, but today these indexes are 80 and 77 respectively. This has happened due to the influence of many factors, among which are possibilities to get twenty-four-hour hospital-and home-based medical care, buy high-quality goods, medicines, and to use more safe devises in the working processes. Without the consumerism all this would be impossible as economically unprofitable. Secondly, consumerism is an effective way of motivation. The temptation to buy a new device, better clothes and tastier food encourages people to earn more money. But for this they should work harder, develop their professional skills and widen their outlook. Moreover, a new purchase itself can become a reason for a person to get some new experience. Thirdly, the economies of almost all developed countries are based on production of new goods and services. You may not realize it, but the more people buy, the more income the state gets, and the more money can be donated to the social spheres, such as health care, education and culture. So the countries possessing more financial resources provide their citizens with better life conditions. On the other hand, there is an opinion that consumerism is a kind of a harmful circle, which will not make people’s lives better, but will only contribute to an endless competition between all of them. Juliet Bschor, for example, thinks that the rising number of different goods and services available nowadays makes people neither happier nor wealthier. It only makes them work harder in order to earn money for just another nice thing, spending less time with their families and friends, and trying to compensate it with buying new goods. The satisfaction usually does not last long, only till the moment one sees someone else possessing a better or more fashionable thing. But in fact, the issue of social happiness does not depend on services of products that can be bought. It is just a matter of a person’s character. So consumerism can influence society both positively and negatively depending on many factors. But, in general, it has more advantages, because it serves as a basis for development on individual, social and state levels. 5．According to the passage, the temptation to buy things can ________. A．force people to work harder B．lead people to earn more money C．provide people with more holidays D．forbid people to be more professional 6．What’s the author’s attitude towards consumerism? A．Favorable. B．Objective. C．Negative. D．Doubtful. 7．What’s the purpose of the 5th paragraph? A．To present one opinion. B．To show changes of people’s lives. C．To tell what social happiness depends on. D．To convey a study result about life satisfaction. 8．What’s the passage mainly about? A．The qualities of people’s lives. B．The evaluation of life satisfaction. C．The influences of consumerism. D．The tendency of economic development. 【答案】5．B 6．A 7．A 8．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要从三个方面说明了消费主义对个人和社会的不同影响。 5．细节理解题。根据第三段中“The temptation to buy a new device, better clothes and tastier food encourages people to earn more money. (购买新设备、更好的衣服和更美味的食物的诱惑鼓励人们赚更多的钱)”可知，买东西的诱惑可以引导人们赚更多的钱。故选B。 6．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“So consumerism can influence society both positively and negatively depending on many factors. But, in general, it has more advantages, because it serves as a basis for development on individual, social and state levels. (因此，消费主义可以影响社会的积极和消极取决于许多因素。 但总的来说，它有更多的优势，因为它是个人、社会和国家层面发展的基础)”可推知，作者对消费主义的态度是积极的。故选A。 7．推理判断题。结合段意，再根据第五段中的“On the other hand, there is an opinion that consumerism is a kind of a harmful circle, which will not make people’s lives better, but will only contribute to an endless competition between all of them. (另一方面，有一种观点认为，消费主义是一种有害的循环，它不会使人们的生活更好，只会导致他们之间无休止的竞争)”可推知，第五段的目的是提出一种观点。故选A。 8．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Consumerism is a phenomenon which lies in the tendency of production and buying ever-greater amounts of different goods and services. It not only has an impact on the lifestyle of individuals, but also determines technological and financial progress of the whole states. (消费主义是一种现象，它存在于生产和购买越来越多的不同商品和服务的趋势中。它不仅影响着个人的生活方式，也决定着整个国家的技术和金融进步)”结合文章主要从三个方面说明了消费主义对个人和社会的不同影响。可知，这篇文章主要讲的是消费主义的影响。故选C。 Passage3【2022•北京房山•二模】 Creativity Improves Your Health Creativity helps us create works of beauty, solve problems, and refresh our bodies and our minds. It’s fun. When you are having fun, you are positively impacting your health. Studies show that engaging in creative behaviors improves brain function, mental health and physical health. You’ve probably heard of flow — it’s the state you get in when you’re completely absorbed in something. Have you ever been working on a project and completely lost all sense of self and time? That’s flow. It reduces anxiety, boosts your mood, and even slows your heart rate. It’s not just being in flow that makes you happy. Repetitive creative motions like knitting, drawing, or writing help activate flow, and are all tasks that create a result. When you succeed in creating a result, your brain is flooded with dopamine, a natural anti-depressant that actually helps motivate you, whether or not you’re aware of your increased happiness. Creativity is also an effective treatment for patients with dementia — a serious illness of the mind. Studies show that creative engagement not only reduces depression and isolation, but can also help people with dementia by sharpening their senses. The average person has about 60,000 thoughts in a day. A creative act such as crafting can help focus the mind, and has even been compared to meditation due to its calming effects on the brain and body. Even just gardening or sewing releases dopamine. Creativity reduces anxiety, depression and stress. Studies have found that writing helps people manage their negative emotions in a productive way, and painting or drawing helps people express their mental injury or hurtful experiences that they find too difficult to put into words. Studies show people who write about their experiences daily actually have stronger immune system function. Writing, a creative work, increases your CD4+ lymphocyte count, the key to your immune system. Playing music can also function well in your immune system. Studies show that our left brain is responsible for the motor functions, while our right brain focuses on melody. When the two parts work together, our cognitive function improves. It’s pretty amazing that doing the activities is good for us. Get a pen and start writing or coloring. Get your hands dirty with pottery or gardening or pick up an instrument. Whatever you decide to do, it’s time to start getting creative! 9．Which situation shows that you are in flow? A．You are working with a difficult task. B．You are having a boring repetitive action. C．You get lost and don’t know where to go. D．You are absorbed in a work that interests you. 10．The underlined word “dopamine” in Paragraph 3 is probably ________. A．an awareness of how to be successful B．a thought having calming effects on the brain C．an activity to fight against your negative emotions D．a material for the functioning of the nervous system 11．What can we learn from the passage? A．Repetitive actions can cure patients with mental diseases. B．Creative activities help you build a stronger immune system. C．Meditation makes your anxiety, depression and stress disappear. D．Telling others your hurtful experiences helps improve your health. 【答案】9．D 10．D 11．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。研究表明，从事创造性行为可以改善大脑功能、心理健康和身体健康。文章主要说明了创造力的重要作用以及对人的影响。 9．细节理解题。根据第二段中“You’ve probably heard of flow — it’s the state you get in when you’re completely absorbed in something. Have you ever been working on a project and completely lost all sense of self and time? That’s flow.(你可能听说过“心流”——是指你完全专注于某件事时的状态。你是否曾经在做一个项目的时候完全失去了自我意识和时间感？那就是心流)”可知，你沉浸在你感兴趣的工作中表明你处于心流状态。故选D。 10．词句猜测题。根据画线词后文“a natural anti-depressant that actually helps motivate you, whether or not you’re aware of your increased happiness”可知，dopamine是一种天然的抗抑郁剂，实际上有助于激励你，不管你是否意识到自己增加了幸福感。故画线词意思可能是“一种神经系统功能的物质”。故选D。 11．推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“Studies show people who write about their experiences daily actually have stronger immune system function. Writing, a creative work, increases your CD4+ lymphocyte count, the key to your immune system.(研究表明，每天写下自己经历的人实际上有更强的免疫系统功能。写作，一项创造性的工作，可以增加你的CD4+淋巴细胞数量，这是你免疫系统的关键)”可知，告诉别人你的伤害经历有助于改善你的健康。故选D。 Passage4【2022•北京海淀•二模】 Americans clearly love their museums. One of the most famous, New York’s Metropolitan Museum of Art (the Met), saw a record 6.5 million visitors in 2015. But record attendance doesn’t necessarily translate into record revenue. Last month，the Met said it was trying to erase a USS10 million budget deficit. Meanwhile, one of its rivals，the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), was abundant in cash, but only about three million people stopped by in 2015. Why do some museums flourish while others flounder? My research leads me to believe there are three reasons: fashion, billionaires and demographics. First, underlying the Met’s financial challenges is the problem with the acquisitions policy. Recent directors of the Met did not add much to the museum’s modern collection. The argument was that museums such as the MoMA were already providing such works in their collections and that the acquisition of contemporary art by living artists was problematic and risky. However, given the fact that museum-goers increasingly favor contemporary art, the revenue of the Met will likely fall if it isn’t able to keep up with the tastes of the customers. And by the time it might recognize this, it’s already too late to do much about it because the costs to acquire the in-demand art is sky-high. This leads to a second critical issue-the changing distribution of income and its effects on museum finance and operation. We are living in a boom period for contemporary art. The number of auctions and art fairs has grown enormously to accommodate this growing market. In a world with about 1,800 billionaires, it only takes a relative few to drive high-end art prices to astronomical levels. Works by the German artist Gerhard Richter have generated $1.2 billion in sales in recent years. The soaring prices mean museums simply can’t keep up and must usually depend on donations to assemble the best works, or they’re priced out. Moreover, billionaires themselves are increasingly setting up their own private museums, further distancing the ability of public museums to get the good stuff. A third interrelated problem is that demographic issues have put pressure on the revenue side. Unemployment, early retirements and the aging of the population in the US have contributed to increased attendance at museums. You might think it’s a good thing, but more traffic means higher costs, and when those additional visitors don’t result in more revenue, profitability goes down. This is because of the longstanding movement toward making museums “free” by having individuals, government or businesses “sponsor” the cost. But when that support gets reduced by budget costs or another reason, museums must either cover the cost themselves or lose patrons by suddenly charging fees. There is evidence that attendance rises when economic growth slows, but that’s also when those “sponsors” are more likely to begin to disappear. Museums will certainly continue to exist and provide us with invaluable insights into our culture. But they must exist under economic principles, and it’d be wise for their administrators to consider the economies in their calculations. 12．According to the author, ________. A．MoMA saw a rise in donation due to its increased attendance B．the Met failed to respond to the artistic tastes of modern visitors C．the Met considered works of the living artists as questionable D．MoMA added to its modern collection despite the budget deficit 13．What can we infer from the passage? A．Billionaires control art auctions to price out public museums. B．The boom of modern art will lead visitors to private museums. C．The increase in visitors can hurt the profitability of museums. D．Economic slowdowns result in a weakened interest in museums. 14．What is the author’s attitude towards the future of museums in the US? A．Pessimistic. B．Doubtful. C．Cautious. D．Uncertain. 15．Which is the best title of the passage? A．How can Museums Boost Revenues? B．Should Museums Charge Entrance Fees? C．Will Museums Survive in a Fast-changing World? D．What Causes the Financial Challenges of Museums? 【答案】12．B 13．C 14．C 15．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了美国的博物馆如今存在赤字的问题，作者认为主要是时尚、亿万富翁和人口统计数据这三个原因，并分别展开了说明。 12．细节理解题。根据第二段中“However, given the fact that museum-goers increasingly favor contemporary art, the revenue of the Met will likely fall if it isn’t able to keep up with the tastes of the customers.(然而，鉴于参观博物馆的人越来越喜欢当代艺术，如果不能跟上顾客的品味，大都会博物馆的收入可能会下降)”可知，大都会未能对现代游客的艺术品味作出反应。故选B。 13．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“You might think it’s a good thing, but more traffic means higher costs, and when those additional visitors don’t result in more revenue, profitability goes down.(你可能认为这是一件好事，但更多的流量意味着更高的成本，而当这些额外的访客不能带来更多的收入时，盈利能力就会下降)”可推知，游客数量的增加会损害博物馆的盈利能力。故选C。 14．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Museums will certainly continue to exist and provide us with invaluable insights into our culture. But they must exist under economic principles, and it’d be wise for their administrators to consider the economies in their calculations.(博物馆肯定会继续存在，并为我们提供了解我们文化的宝贵见解。但它们必须存在于经济原则之下，对它们的管理者来说，在计算中考虑经济是明智的)”可推知，作者对美国博物馆的未来持谨慎态度。故选C。 15．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Americans clearly love their museums. One of the most famous, New York’s Metropolitan Museum of Art (the Met), saw a record 6.5 million visitors in 2015. But record attendance doesn’t necessarily translate into record revenue. Last month，the Met said it was trying to erase a USS10 million budget deficit. Meanwhile, one of its rivals，the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), was abundant in cash, but only about three million people stopped by in 2015. Why do some museums flourish while others flounder? My research leads me to believe there are three reasons: fashion, billionaires and demographics.(美国人显然喜欢他们的博物馆。其中最著名的是纽约大都会艺术博物馆，2015年参观人数达到创纪录的650万。但创纪录的上座率并不一定转化为创纪录的收入上个月，大都会博物馆说，他们正在努力消除1000万美元的预算赤字。与此同时，它的竞争对手之一现代艺术博物馆资金充裕，但2015年只有大约300万人来参观。为什么一些博物馆繁荣兴旺，而另一些却在苦苦挣扎?我的研究让我相信有三个原因：时尚、亿万富翁和人口统计数据)”结合文章主要说明了美国的博物馆如今存在赤字的问题，作者认为主要是时尚、亿万富翁和人口统计数据这三个原因，并分别展开了说明。可知，D选项“博物馆面临的财政挑战是什么？”最符合文章标题。故选D。 Passage5【2022•北京海淀•二模】 Microplastics —  tiny pieces of plastic waste less than five millimetres long that have been degraded by waves, wind and ultraviolet rays — have been discovered in the deepest oceanic trenches and within the stomachs of the organisms that live there, but we have little idea about where the great majority of them end up. More than eight million tonnes of plastic enters our oceans every year, comprising between 80 and 85 percent of all marine trash, but with inadequate data, there are concerns that these figures could be underestimates. Currently, most of the data we have on microplastics are accidentally captured by research ships, which use plankton nets to collect marine-microorganism samples. However, researchers Christopher Ruf and Madeline Evans from the University of Michigan have discovered an innovative way to identify and track concentrations of microplastics in the ocean. The technique relies on NASA’s Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS), a constellation of eight micro-satellites used to predict hurricanes that calculate wind speeds above the ocean by measuring the roughness of surface waters. As the satellites are continuously recording, Ruf and Evans realised that they collect a great deal of additional data. It was while analysing these data that they noticed some differences-times where the surface of the ocean appeared to be much smoother than it should, given the prevailing wind (盛行风) conditions. Knowing that water isn’t roughened as much when it contains a lot of floating material, Ruf and Evans identified a pattern that linked areas of unusual smoothness and predicted microplastic distributions. They found that the difference between their measurements, and how much rougher the surface would be if winds of the same speed were blowing across clear water, was “highly correlated with the presence of microplastics, and the degree of the difference also correlated with the concentration of the plastics.” The research reveals that there are seasonal variations,where the concentrations of microplastics tend to be higher in the summer and lower in the winter in a very clean, periodic way, which Ruf explains mirrors the way in which the ocean circulation changes throughout the year. It also confirms, as was previously thought, that rivers are the main source of ocean microplastics. Raising awareness of the issue of ocean microplastics among the public and politicians is just one of the researchers’ future aims; they are also in conversation with Duteh non-profit The Ocean Cleanup and Finnish clean-technology specialist Clewat, which are interested in using the information to more efficiently target their trash-collection campaigns. So far, only one year’s worth of data have been processed since CYGNSS was launched in 2016. By looking at a longer time period, Ruf and Evans aim to determine whether the seasonal pattern is repeatable, and whether the concentration of micmplastics in the ocean is getting worse. 16．What is Paragraph 1 mainly about? A．The limited knowledge about ocean microplastics. B．The harm of ocean microplastics to sea creatures. C．The methods of degrading ocean microplasties. D．The previous research on ocean microplasties. 17．According to the passage, CYGNSS ________. A．has offered data about the repeatable seasonal pattern B．guides research ships to gather data about sea animals C．provides unexpected data about the changes of sea surface D．was designed to measure the distribution of ocean microplastics 18．What can we learn from the passage? A．Microplastics will end up in the stomachs of the ocean organisms. B．Mlicroplastics play a vital role in the yearly ocean circulation changes. C．The surface of the ocean can get smoother with more microplastics in it. D．The new way of tracking microplastics has helped prevent ocean pollution. 19．What is the main purpose of the passage? A．To introduce the technology of CYGNSS. B．To present a way to study ocean microplastics. C．To test an assumption on ocean microplastics. D．To propose a new means of protecting the ocean. 【答案】16．A 17．C 18．C 19．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了密歇根大学的研究人员发现了一种识别和跟踪海洋中微塑料浓度的创新方法。 16．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Microplastics - tiny pieces of plastic waste less than five millimetres long that have been degraded by waves, wind and ultraviolet rays-have been discovered in the deepest oceanic trenches and within the stomachs of the organisms that live there, but we have little idea about where the great majority of them end up.(微型塑料——在最深的海沟和生活在那里的生物体的胃里发现的被海浪、风和紫外线降解的长度不到5毫米的塑料废料，但我们不知道绝大多数塑料废料最终会在哪里。)”以及本段内容可知，本段主要介绍了海洋微塑料有限的信息。故选A项。 17．细节理解题。根据第三段“The technique relies on NASA’s Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS),a constellation of eight micro-satellites used to predict hurricanes that calculate wind speeds above the ocean by measuring the roughness of surface waters. As the satellites are continuously recording, Ruf and Evans realised that they collect a great deal of additional data.(这项技术依赖于美国宇航局的旋风全球导航卫星系统（CYGNSS），这是一个由八颗微型卫星组成的星座，用于预测飓风，通过测量地表水的粗糙度来计算海洋上方的风速。随着卫星不断记录，鲁夫和埃文斯意识到他们收集了大量额外数据。)”可知，CYGNSS收集到了有关海面变化的大量额外数据，可以提供有关海面变化的额外数据。故选C项。 18．细节理解题。根据第四段“Knowing that water isn’t roughened as much when it contains a lot of floating material(知道当水中含有大量漂浮物时，水不会变得那么粗糙)”可知，如果水中有微塑料时，水面会变得不那么粗糙，海洋表面会由于海中存在更多的微塑料变得更加光滑。故选C项。 19．推理判断题。根据第二段“However, researchers Christopher Ruf and Madeline Evans from the University of Michigan have discovered an innovative way to identify and track concentrations of microplastics in the ocean.( 然而，密歇根大学的研究人员克里斯托弗·鲁夫和马德琳·埃文斯发现了一种识别和跟踪海洋中微塑料浓度的创新方法。)”以及文章内容可知，本文的主要目的是介绍一种研究海洋微塑料的创新方法。故选B项。 Passage6【2022•北京西城•二模】 NASA will crash a spacecraft into an asteroid (小行星) to try to change its orbit, attempting to prevent humans going the same way as the dinosaurs. Earth is constantly being disturbed by small pieces of debris (碎片), but they usually burn up or break up long before they hit the ground. Once in a while, however, something large enough to do significant damage makes impact. About 66 million years ago, one such crash is thought to have wiped out the dinosaurs. Someday, something similar could end human beings-unless we can find a way to tackle it. NASA’s Double Asteroid Redirection Test (Dart) mission is the first attempt to test if such asteroid redirection is a realistic strategy: investigating whether a spacecraft can autonomously reach a target asteroid and intentionally crash into it, as well as measuring the amount of redirection. “If it works, it would be a big deal, because it would prove that we have the technical capability of protecting ourselves,” said Jay Tate, the director of the National Near Earth Object Information Center. The 610kg Dart spacecraft is scheduled to be launched at the target—the Didymos system-a harmless pair of asteroids consisting of a 163-metre “moonlet” asteroid called Dimorphos that orbits a larger 780-metre asteroid called Didymos (Greek for “twin”). The plan is to crash the spacecraft into Dimorphos when the asteroid system is at its closest to Earth-about 6.8 million miles away. About 10 days before the impact, a miniaturized satellite called LiciaCube will separate from the main spacecraft, enabling images of the impact to be relayed back to Earth. Combined with observations from ground-based telescopes, and an onboard camera that will record the final moments before the crash, these recordings will enable scientists to calculate the degree to which the impact has changed Dimorphos’s orbit. The expectation is that it will change the speed of the smaller asteroid by approximately 1% and reduce its orbit around the larger asteroid. Then, in November 2024, the European Space Agency’s Hera spacecraft will visit the Didymos system and conduct a further close-up analysis of the consequences of this snooker (斯诺克) game, recording details such as the precise makeup and internal structure of Dimorphos, and the size and shape of the hole left by Dart. Such details are vital for transforming asteroid redirection into a repeatable technique. Even then, it is impossible that any single redirection strategy would be enough. “The problem is that no two asteroids or comets are alike, and how you redirect one depends on a huge number of variables. There is no silver bullet in this game. What you need is a whole folder of different redirection methods for different types of targets,” said Tate. So, while this may be one small step towards planetary protection, many more are likely to be necessary to avoid destruction. 20．What is the purpose of Paragraph 2? A．To examine the impact of dinosaurs’ extinction. B．To explain the necessity of NASA’s Dart mission. C．To show the damage caused by small pieces of debris. D．To highlight the crisis threatening human beings at present. 21．Which of the following pictures illustrates the mission? A． B． C． D． 22．What is the function of LiciaCube? A．Sending impact data back to Earth. B．Calculating the length of Dimorphos’s orbit. C．Helping the satellite separate from the spacecraft. D．Recording the scientists’ ground-based observations. 23．What does the underlined sentence “There is no silver bullet in this game” mean? A．There is no challenge too big to overcome. B．There is no possibility to satisfy NASA’s needs. C．There is no single solution to the complex problem. D．There is no strategy to help make an obvious decision. 【答案】20．B 21．D 22．A 23．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了美国宇航局将会撞击一颗小行星，试图改变它的轨道，试图阻止人类毁灭。 20．推理判断题。根据第二段“Earth is constantly being disturbed by small pieces of debris(碎片), but they usually burn up or break up long before they hit the ground. Once in a while, however, something large enough to do significant damage makes impact. About 66 million years ago, one such crash is thought to have wiped out the dinosaurs. Someday, something similar could end human beings—unless we can find a way to tackle it.”(地球经常被小碎片所扰动，但它们通常在落地前很久就烧毁或碎裂了。然而，有时候，大到足以造成重大损害的东西会造成撞击。大约6600万年前，一次这样的撞击被认为消灭了恐龙。总有一天，类似的东西会毁灭人类，除非我们能找到解决的办法。)可知第二自然段主要讲述了地球可能会被其它小行星撞击而导致人类毁灭的后果，结合第一段“NASA will crash a spacecraft into an asteroid(小行星) to try to change its orbit, attempting to prevent humans going the same way as the dinosaurs. (美国宇航局将会撞击一颗小行星，试图改变它的轨道，试图阻止人类重蹈恐龙的覆辙。)”可知，地球可能会被其它小行星撞击而导致人类毁灭的后果，所以美国宇航局试图改变它的轨道，试图阻止人类重蹈恐龙的覆辙。由此可推知，第二段的目的是解释美国宇航局Dart任务的必要性。故选B项。 21．细节理解题。根据第四段“The 610kg Dart spacecraft is scheduled to be launched at the target—the Didymos system—a harmless pair of asteroids consisting of a 163-metre “moonlet” asteroid called Dimorphos that orbits a larger 780-metre asteroid called Didymos(Greek for “twin”). The plan is to crash the spacecraft into Dimorphos when the asteroid system is at its closest to Earth—about 6.8 million miles away.”(610kg飞镖航天器计划发射到目标Didymos系统，这是一对由163米“月光”小行星组成的无缝小行星，轨道更大，780米，称为Didymos（希腊语“双胞胎”）。计划是在小行星系统离地球最近的地方——大约680万英里外——将航天器撞上双形卫星。)可知新发射的航天器轨道更大，在小行星系统离地球最近的地方将航天器撞上双形卫星，结合图形，D项图形表明中间为地球，较小的那个物体就是小行星，在小行星系统离地球最近的地方，也就是将航天器撞上双形卫星所运行的轨道——new orbit(新的轨道)，original orbit(原始轨道)是一对由163米“月光”小行星组成的无缝小行星的轨道。故选D项。 22．细节理解题。根据倒数第四段“About 10 days before impact, a miniaturized satellite called LiciaCube will separate from the main spacecraft, enabling images of the impact to be relayed back to Earth.”(在撞击前大约10天，一颗名为LiciaCube的小型卫星将与主航天器分离，使撞击图像能够传回地球。)可知LiciaCube的功能是将撞击数据发送回地球。故选A项。 23．词句猜测题。根据倒数第二段划线句子后句“What you need is a whole folder of different redirection methods for different types of targets”(你需要的是一整套不同类型目标的重定向方法)和前句“The problem is that no two asteroids or comets are alike, and how you redirect one depends on a huge number of variables.”(问题是，没有两颗小行星或彗星是一样的，你如何重定向一颗小行星或彗星取决于很多变量。)可知，没有两颗小行星或彗星是一样的，你如何重定向一颗小行星或彗星取决于很多变量，所以对此，解决方案并不是单一的，而是需要一整套不同类型目标的重定向方法，由此可知，划线句子“There is no silver bullet in this game”意义为：这个复杂的问题没有单一的解决方案。故选C项。 Passage7【2022•北京西城•二模】 Music is a powerful thing. It awakens feelings and has the power to bring people together. But today, artists are not known for their music, but for how flashy their clothing is and how many times their wealthy relatives can get them out of jail(监狱). And thus, their music is lost. Pop and rap music has developed into a shallow, image-addicted industry that lines up with what the public wants to hear and see, removing the focus on the actual music. Mainstream music is no longer composed of emotion, but instead, themes of money and fame. Photos and rumors fly while the music is ignored. Not all musical groups or individual artists begin like this. Many of these artists are original and talented, but turn to the money side. Often their songs are written by experts who know what is appealing to a certain age group, and the musicians’ faces can be seen on countless magazine covers. Soon their supposedly new and improved songs can be heard blasting out of car windows. But these songs are totally empty, lacking creativity and the original thirst of the artist to make an impact or convey(传递) a message. MTV is not helping. It plays only what the public wants to hear. And unfortunately, the majority seems interested in either sickly sweet, generic pop or stereotypical(刻板的), bleeped-out rap. Kids and teens everywhere are swimming in these songs, which are often degrading to women and minorities, and inappropriate. Almost all the girls in my dorm are addicted to the same songs. This was the case the previous year, and the year before that. Whenever I try to play music I enjoy, or introduce them to some decent songs, they say that everyone except me likes their music. Why do most teenagers only listen to pop and rap music when so many other types exist? Maybe it’s because everywhere we look, we are bombarded with the same music: on the radio, on TV, on the computer. At school, pop and rap are discussed all the time. Perhaps they have never listened to anything else. Or maybe peer pressure is part of it. There is no solution to the “pop problem”. It’s called popular for a reason—many people enjoy it. There’s no easy way to change their views. My suggestion is not to buy music like this when you can explore something new. Expand your horizons. Dig up your parents’ old records and CDs. You never know what you might find. 24．The author probably prefers ______. A．new pop songs meant for girls B．original songs with deep meaning C．catchy songs produced by popular singers D．never-heard-before songs just recently discovered 25．What can we learn from the passage? A．Many artists trade creativity for wealth and fame. B．The public is responsible for the existence of music. C．MTV promotes the songs favored by women and minorities. D．Musicians singing about money is an ineffective way to attract fans. 26．What is most probably the author’s suggestion for young people? A．Try to respect your peers’ music tastes. B．Deal with the “pop problem” patiently. C．Expose yourself to various music styles. D．Treasure the music from previous generations. 【答案】24．B 25．A 26．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了当下人们喜欢的流行音乐大多缺失了创造力和艺术家想传递的信息。建议年轻人要扩大视野，要关注音乐内在的内容。 24．推理判断题。根据第一段“Music is a powerful thing. It awakens feelings and has the power to bring people together.(音乐是一种强大的东西。它能唤醒感情，并能让人们团结在一起。)”，第二段“Mainstream music is no longer composed of emotion, but instead, themes of money and fame.(主流音乐不再以情感为主，而是以金钱和名誉为主题。)”以及第三段“But these songs are totally empty, lacking creativity and the original thirst of the artist to make an impact or convey(传递) a message.(但这些歌曲完全是空的，缺乏创造力和艺术家的原始渴望产生影响或传达消息。)”可知，作者推崇能够唤醒感情的音乐，批判以金钱和名誉为主题的音乐。即作者喜欢有创造性的能传递作者情感的音乐，而不是空洞的音乐。故选B。 25．细节理解题。根据第三段“Many of these artists are original and talented, but turn to the money side.(这些艺术家中有许多是原创的、有才华的，但却转向追求金钱名誉。)”可知，很多艺术家不再保持创造性，而是追求金钱名誉。故选A。 26．推理判断题。根据最后一段My suggestion is not to buy music like this when you can explore something new. Expand your horizons. Dig up your parents’ old records and CDs. You never know what you might find. (我的建议是，当你可以想要探索新事物时，不要购买这样的音乐。要扩大视野。翻出你父母的旧唱片CD，你永远不知道你会发现什么。)”可知，作者建议年轻人扩大视野，探索新事物，而不是只购买流行音乐，由此可推知，作者建议年轻人要接触不同的音乐风格。故选C。 Passage8【2022•北京东城•二模】 Search “toxic parents”, and you’ll find more than 38, 000 posts, largely urging young adults to cut ties with their families. The idea is to safeguard one’s mental health from abusive parents. However, as a psychoanalyst, I’ve seen that trend in recent years become a way to manage conflicts in the family, and I have seen the severe impacts estrangement (疏远) has on both sides of the divide. This is a self-help trend that creates much harm. Research by Karl Pillemer, a professor at Cornell University, indicates that 1 in 4 American adults have become estranged from their families. I believe that’s an undercount, because others have stopped short of completely cutting off contact but have effectively broken the ties. “Canceling” your parent can be seen as an extension of a cultural trend aimed at correcting imbalances in power and systemic inequality. Certainly the family is one system in which power has never been balanced. In 1933, the psychoanalyst Sándor Ferenczi warned that even the simple indication that someone has more power than we do could potentially be damaging. Today’s social justice values respond to this reality, calling on us to criticize oppressive and harmful figures and to gain power for those who have been powerless. But when adult children use the most effective tool they have-themselves-to gain a sense of security and ban their parents from their lives, the roles are simply switched, and the pain only deepens. Often, what I see in my practice are cases of family conflict mismanaged, power dynamics turned upside down rather than negotiated. I see the terrible effect of that trend; situations with no winners, only isolated (孤独的) humans who long to be known and feel safe in the presence of the other. The catch is that after estrangement, adult children are not suddenly less dependent. In fact, they feel abandoned and betrayed, because in the unconscious, it doesn’t matter who is doing the leaving; the feeling that remains is “being left”. They carry the ghosts of their childhood, tackling the emotional reality that those who raised us can never truly be left behind, no matter how hard we try. What I have found is that most of these families need repair, not permanent break-up. How else can one learn how to negotiate needs, to create boundaries and to trust? How else can we love others, and ourselves, if not through accepting the limitations that come with being human? Good relationships are the result not of a perfect level of harmony but rather of successful adjustments. To pursue dialogue instead of estrangement will be hard and painful work. It can’t be a single project of “self-help”, because at the end of the day, real intimacy (亲密关系) is achieved by working through the injuries of the past together. In most cases of family conflict, repair is possible and preferable to estrangement—and it’s worth the work. 27．Why do young people cut ties with the family? A．To gain an independent life. B．To restore harmony in the family. C．To protect their psychological well-being. D．To follow a tendency towards social justice. 28．What does the underlined word “catch” in Paragraph 6 mean? A．Response. B．Problem. C．Operation. D．Emphasis. 29．To manage family conflict, the author agrees that young adults should . A．break down boundaries B．gain power within the family C．live up to their parents’ expectations D．accept imperfection of family members 30．What’s the author’s purpose of writing the passage? A．To advocate a self-help trend. B．To justify a common social value. C．To argue against a current practice. D．To discuss a means of communication. 【答案】27．C 28．B 29．D 30．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了面对家庭冲突或隔阂，相比疏远，修复是更好的方法。 27．细节理解题。根据第一段“Search “toxic parents”, and you’ll find more than 38, 000 posts, largely urging young adults to cut ties with their families. The idea is to safeguard one’s mental health from abusive parents.”（搜索“有毒父母”，你会发现有超过38000条帖子，大部分帖子敦促年轻人与家人断绝联系。这个想法是为了保护一个人的心理健康不受父母虐待。）可知，年轻人选择与家庭切断联系是为了保护自己，免于受到心理上的伤害。故选C。 28．词句猜测题。根据第六段“The catch is that after estrangement, adult children are not suddenly less dependent. In fact, they feel abandoned and betrayed”（_______是，在与家庭疏远后，成年子女并不会突然变得不那么依赖。事实上，他们会感到被抛弃和被背叛。）可知，子女选择与家庭疏远后，产生的结果是：他们感觉到被抛弃和被背叛，这是一种消极负面的影响。因此，划线后是在解释这一名词，即catch表示严重的后果或是问题。故选B。 29．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“What I have found is that most of these families need repair, not permanent break-up.”（我发现，大多数这样的家庭需要修复，而不是永久的破裂。）可知，作者建议年轻人去修复家庭关系，而不是疏远。以及“How else can we love others, and ourselves, if not through accepting the limitations that come with being human? Good relationships are the result not of a perfect level of harmony but rather of successful adjustments.”（如果不接受作为人类的局限性，我们还能怎样去爱别人和自己呢?良好的关系不是完美和谐的结果，而是成功调整的结果。）可知，作者这里使用一个反问句的形式，向年轻人建议，要认识到人类的局限性，才能爱家人以及爱自己。即接受家人的不完美，调整自己的心态，对关系进行修复才能得完美和谐的结果。故选D。 30．推理判断题。根据第一段“Search “toxic parents”, and you’ll find more than 38, 000 posts, largely urging young adults to cut ties with their families. The idea is to safeguard one’s mental health from abusive parents.”（搜索“有毒父母”，你会发现超过38000条帖子，大部分敦促年轻人与家人断绝联系。这个想法是为了保护一个人的心理健康不受父母虐待。）可知，开篇作者先提出一个当下普遍存在的趋势：即年轻人在处理家庭冲突时，选择疏远家庭。以及“However, as a psychoanalyst, I’ve seen that trend in recent years become a way to manage conflicts in the family, and I have seen the severe impacts estrangement (c) has on both sides of the divide. This is a self-help trend that creates much harm.”（然而，作为一名精神分析学家，我发现近年来这种趋势已经成为处理家庭冲突的一种方式，我也看到了隔阂对家庭双方的严重影响。这是一种造成很大伤害的自助趋势。）可知，作者紧接着通过转折连词however (然后)指出这种疏远的处理方式是错误的，会带来很大的伤害。因此，作者是为了论述与开篇趋势相反的观点。故选C。 Passage9【2022•北京东城•二模】 We’ve all felt the tap to the soul you get from driving by your old high school or hearing a tune you once danced to. But why is that feeling so universal? Nostalgia, a combination of the Greek words nostos (homecoming) and algos (pain), was a special type of homesickness associated with soldiers fighting far-off wars. Seventeenth century physicians worried such thoughts put health at risk. In the 19th century, doctors believed it could cause irregular heartbeat, fever, and death. Our understanding of nostalgia has developed since then. “It’s a very mixed emotion,” says Frederick Barrett, a neuroscientist. That makes it hard to fit into existing theory, which typically categorizes emotions as either positive or negative. And triggers — the cars, music or smells — are extremely personal. Therefore, designing a standardized study is difficult. But we do know nostalgia has a marked effect on us: brain imaging studies show that those experiences have their own neural signature. Neuroscientists argued that the emotion is co-produced by the brain’s recall and reward systems. They found that nostalgic images use the memory-managing hippocampus (海马区) more than other sights, as people mine autobiographical (个人经历的) details deep in the past. This mental effort pays off:as the hippocampus activates, so does one of the brain’s reward centers. That longing for the past might be a protective mechanism, says Tim Wildschut, a professor. His work also suggests a more primitive purpose for the feeling: it developed to remind our ancient ancestors of pleasant physical feelings during periods of discomfort and pain. Recent research suggests the occasional look backwards can give us a boost in unnoticeable ways: by increasing self-respect and protecting against depression. Nostalgia’s apparent power to jump-start one’s memory also seems to improve recall ability in people with Alzheimer’s disease. New flavors of “reminiscence therapy” (回忆疗法) are emerging around the world. In 2018, the George G. Glenner Alzheimer’s Family Centers opened its first Town Square, an adult daycare facility designed to look like a small town in 1950s America. Though Town Square has yet to publish peer-reviewed data on the success of the program, clients say it has helped seniors access dusty memories and reconnect with loved ones. Scientists need a lot more information to adequately characterize this complex and bittersweet feeling. But while centuries of doctors considered nostalgia a deadly disease, we now know: it can help us make it through today. 31．What can we learn about nostalgia? A．It was first discovered in Greece. B．It’s more common among soldiers. C．It’s set off by personal experiences. D．It was a well-defined scientific idea. 32.What is Paragraph 4 mainly about? A．How nostalgia works. B．Why nostalgia matters. C．What nostalgia means. D．When nostalgia emerges. 33．How might nostalgia benefit people? A．It makes people’s mind sharp. B．It gives seniors a sense of security. C．It helps us face unpleasant situations. D．It improves people’s instant memory. 34．Why does the author mention Town Square? A．To reveal a phenomenon of emotion. B．To interpret the concept of a therapy. C．To explore the advantage of a treatment. D．To demonstrate the use of a research finding. 【答案】31．C 32．A 33．C 34．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了Nostalgia(怀旧)，这种由个人经历引发的情绪，它可以帮助我们面对不愉快的情况。但科学家需要更多的信息来充分描述这种复杂又苦乐参半的感觉。几个世纪以来，医生们都认为怀旧是一种致命的疾病，但我们现在知道:它可以帮助我们度过当下。 31．推理判断题。根据第三段“And triggers — the cars, music or smells — are extremely personal. (而诱因——汽车、音乐或气味——则是极其私人的)”可知，引发怀旧的诱因因人而异，所以怀旧是由个人的经历引发的。故选C。 32.主旨大意题。根据第四段“But we do know nostalgia has a marked effect on us: brain imaging studies show that those experiences have their own neural signature. Neuroscientists argued that the emotion is co-produced by the brain’s recall and reward systems. They found that nostalgic images use the memory-managing hippocampus (海马区) more than other sights, as people mine autobiographical (个人经历的) details deep in the past. This mental effort pays off:as the hippocampus activates, so does one of the brain’s reward centers. (但我们确实知道怀旧对我们有显著的影响：大脑成像研究表明，那些经历有它们自己的神经信号。神经学家们认为，这种情绪是由大脑的回忆和奖励系统共同产生的。他们发现，怀旧图像比其他景象更能发挥记忆管理海马体的作用，因为人们在挖掘过去深处的自传体细节。这种心理努力得到了回报：当海马体被激活时，大脑的一个奖励中心也被激活了)”可推知，本段在讲述Nostalgia(怀旧)是如何影响我们，是如何起作用的。故选A。 33．推理判断题。根据第五段“That longing for the past might be a protective mechanism, says Tim Wildschut, a professor. His work also suggests a more primitive purpose for the feeling: it developed to remind our ancient ancestors of pleasant physical feelings during periods of discomfort and pain.(教授Tim Wildschut说，对过去的渴望可能是一种保护机制。他的研究还表明了这种感觉的一个更原始的目的：它的发展是为了提醒我们古老的祖先在不舒服和痛苦的时候愉快的身体感觉。)”和第六段“Recent research suggests the occasional look backwards can give us a boost in unnoticeable ways: by increasing self-respect and protecting against depression.(最近的研究表明，偶尔的回顾可以在不引人注意的方面给我们带来帮助：增强自尊，防止抑郁)”可知怀旧是一种保护机制，在不舒服和痛苦时提醒愉快的感觉，可以增强自尊，防止抑郁等，由此可推知，怀旧可以帮助我们面对不愉快的情况。故选C。 34．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“New flavors of ‘reminiscence therapy’(回忆疗法) are emerging around the world. In 2018, the George G. Glenner Alzheimer’s Family Centers opened its first Town Square, an adult daycare facility designed to look like a small town in 1950s America. (“回忆疗法”的新风格正在世界各地涌现。2018年，乔治·g·格伦纳阿尔茨海默氏症家庭中心开设了第一家城镇广场(Town Square)，这是一家成人日托设施，设计得像20世纪50年代美国的一个小镇。)”可知，作者提到Town Square是为了举例说明“回忆疗法”在实践中的运用，展示了相关研究发现的用途。故选D。 Passage10【2022•北京昌平•二模】 The word “robot” was coined in 1920 by the Czech playwright Karel Capek meaning fully functional servants. For most of their history, robots have been inelegant mechanical devices sitting out of sight in factories. Things are starting to change, however. Robots are leaving carefully managed industrial settings for everyday life and, in the coming years, will increasingly work in supermarkets, clinics, social care and much more. They could not be coming at a better time. Many industries are facing a shortage of labor — the demand for workers has recovered much faster than expected and some people have left the workforce, particularly in America. Warehousing (仓库) has grown rapidly thanks to the e-commerce boom. Robots are picking items off shelves and helping people pack a rising numbers of boxes. They are even beginning to move slowly along some pavements, delivering goods or food right to people’s doors. Nowadays, short of workers but with lots of elderly folk to look after, having more robots to boost productivity would be a good thing. And yet many people fear that robots will destroy jobs. A paper in 2013 by economists at Oxford University was widely misinterpreted as meaning that 47% of American jobs were at risk of being automated. In fact, concerns about mass unemployment are overblown. The evidence suggests robots will be ultimately beneficial for labor markets. Japan and South Korea have the highest robot usage rate but very strong workforces. A Yale University study that looked at Japanese manufacturing between 1978 and 2017 found that an increase of one robot unit per 1,000 workers boosted a company’s employment by 2.2%. Research from the Bank of Korea found that robotization moved jobs away from manufacturing into other sectors, but that there was no decrease in overall vacancies. For all that, the march of the robots will bring big changes to workplaces, too. One supposed example of “bad automation” is self-service checkouts in supermarkets, because they displace human workers. But robots could perform unpleasant work. Checkout staff who retrain to help customers pick items from aisles (传送带) may find that dealing with people in need is more rewarding than spending all day swiping barcodes in front of lasers. In addition, as jobs change, workers should be helped to acquire new skills, including how to work with and manage the robots that will increasingly be their colleagues. The potential gains from the robot revolution are huge. In Capek’s play, the robots revolt(反抗)against their human masters and cause mass unemployment and worse. However, the beginnings of the world’s real robots have not matched Capek’s assumption. So there is no need to concern about their future. 35．The author mentions the two researches in paragraph 4 to ____________. A．prove an argument B．introduce an approach C．present an assumption D．highlight an experiment 36．What can we infer from the passage? A．New skills will be acquired by workers with the help of robots. B．The more robots are used, the greater employment it can bring. C．Robots will betray their human masters and cause worse problems. D．Checkout staff in supermarkets may be happier to do with people in need. 37．Towards wide spread of robots, the author is ____________. A．approved B．neutral C．opposed D．doubtful 38．What’s the best title of the passage? A．Future Risk: Jobs Being Automated B．Robot Revolution: Causes of Changes C．Workplace Automation: Rise of Robots D．Robotization: Solution to Unemployment 【答案】35．A 36．D 37．A 38．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了机器人进入日常生活后给人们带来的便利以及由此人们出现的担忧。 35．推理判断题。根据第四段“In fact, concerns about mass unemployment are overblown. The evidence suggests robots will be ultimately beneficial for labor markets. Japan and South Korea have the highest robot usage rate but very strong workforces.（事实上，对大规模失业的担忧被夸大了。有证据表明，机器人最终将有利于劳动力市场。日本和韩国的机器人使用率最高，但劳动力非常强大。）”可知，作者在第四段段首首先提出自己的观点，然后紧接着用耶鲁大学和韩国银行研究人员提供的数据支持了这一观点。故选A。 36．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“One supposed example of “bad automation” is self-service checkouts in supermarkets, because they displace human workers. But robots could perform unpleasant work. Checkout staff who retrain to help customers pick items from aisles(传送带)may find that dealing with people in need is more rewarding than spending all day swiping barcodes in front of lasers.（超市的自助结账是一个糟糕的自动化的例子，因为它们取代了人力。但是机器人可能会做出做令人不快的表现。收银员人员经过再培训，帮助客户从传送带拿取商品，他们发现帮助需要帮助的人比只是单纯的在扫描仪扫码结账更能感觉到自己的努力有所回报）”可知，收银人员更愿意与人打交道，更愿意帮助人。故选D。 37．推理判断题。根据第二段第一句“They could not be coming at a better time.（他们来得正是时候。）”，第四段“In fact, concerns about mass unemployment are overblown.（事实上，对大规模失业的担忧被夸大了。）”以及最后一段“The potential gains from the robot revolution are huge.（机器人革命带来的潜在收益是巨大的。）”可知，机器人进入生活以来，对于失业率的影响被夸大了，实际上给人类带来的收益的是巨大的，所以作者对机器人的大规模使用是认可的。故选A。 38．主旨大意题。根据第一段中“however. Robots are leaving carefully managed industrial settings for everyday life and, in the coming years, will increasingly work in supermarkets, clinics, social care and much more.（然而机器人正在离开精心管理的工业环境，进入日常生活。在未来几年，机器人将越来越多地在超市、诊所、社会护理等领域工作。）”和最后一段“The potential gains from the robot revolution are huge. In Capek’s play, the robots revolt(反抗)against their human masters and cause mass unemployment and worse. However, the beginnings of the world’s real robots have not matched Capek’s assumption. So there is no need to concern about their future.（机器人革命带来的潜在收益是巨大的。恰佩克的假设中，机器人对抗人类并导致大规模失业。然而，世界上真正的机器人的诞生并不符合恰佩克的假设。所以没有必要担心他们的未来）”可知，本文主要讲述机器人在日常生活中的使用变多。故选C。 Passage11【2022•北京昌平•二模】 Few dishes taste better than a juicy cut of beef. One survey in 2014 found that steak was Americans’ favorite food. Unfortunately, by cooking so many cows, humans are cooking themselves, too. The influence of food on greenhouse-gas (GHG) emissions (排放) can slip under the radar. In a survey in Britain last year, the share of answerers saying that “producing plants and meat on farms” was a “significant contributor” to climate change was the lowest among ten listed activities. Yet two papers published this year in Nature Food find that food, especially beef, creates more GHGS than previously thought. This March researchers from the European Commission and the UN’s Food and Agriculture Office released a study estimating that the global food system was responsible for 34% of GHG in 2015. The paper assigns the full impact of deforestation to the agriculture that results from it;includes emissions after food is sold(such as from waste and cooking);and counts non-food crops like cotton. But even when the authors took away emissions from sources like transport and packaging, they still found that agriculture generated 24% of GHGS. Another recent paper, by Xiaoming Xu of the University of Illinois and eight co-authors, allocates (分配) this impact among 171 crops and 16 animal products. It finds that animal-based foods account for 57% of agricultural GHGS, versus 29% for food from plants. Beef and cow’s milk alone made up 34%. Combined with the earlier study’s results, this implies that cattle produce 12% of GHG emissions. Relative to other food sources, beef is uniquely carbon-intensive. Because cattle emit methane (甲烷) and need large grasslands that are often created by cutting more forests, they produce seven times as many GHGS per calorie of meat as pigs do. This makes beef a bigger share among foods than coal is among sources of electricity. The simplest way to cut beef output is for people to eat other animals instead, or become vegetarians. But convincing people to give up their burgers is a tall order. Fortunately, lab-grown meats are moving from Petri dishes (培养皿) to high-end restaurants. Doing without beef from live cattle is hard to imagine, but the same was true of coal 100 years ago. Lab-grown meat could play an essential role in slowing a climate disaster. 39．The underlined phrase in paragraph 2 can probably be replaced by ____________. A．be detected by radar B．be ignored by people C．be explained by experts D．be controlled by government 40．What can we learn from the passage? A．Lab-grown meats will replace other meats in the future. B．Quitting steak may be an efficient way to reduce GHG. C．Producing beef generates more GHG than burning coal. D．Beef transport is the major contributor of GHG emissions. 41．The author mentions the coal in the last paragraph just to show ____________. A．the importance of both lab-grown beef and coal B．the difficulty to produce the lab-grown meat C．the necessity of beef from live cattle D．the future of lab-grown beef 【答案】39．B 40．B 41．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了动物尤其是牛在整个食物链上对对温室气体排放的不良影响。呼吁人们吃其他动物，或者成为素食者，并指出实验室培育的肉类可能在减缓气候灾难方面发挥重要作用。 39．词句猜测题。根据第二段“In a survey in Britain last year, the share of answerers saying that “producing plants and meat on farms” was a “significant contributor” to climate change was the lowest among ten listed activities.”（去年在英国进行的一项调查中，回答者认为”农场生产植物和肉类”是造成气候变化的”重要因素”的人数比例，在所列的10项活动中排名最低。）可知，食物对温室气体(GHG)排放的影响可能不人们忽视。所以划线部分的意思是“被人们忽视”。故选B项。 40．推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“Relative to other food sources, beef is uniquely carbon-intensive. Because cattle emit methane(甲烷)and need large grasslands that are often created by cutting more forests, they produce seven times as many GHGS per calorie of meat as pigs do. This makes beef a bigger share among foods than coal is among sources of electricity.”（相对于其他食物来源，牛肉是唯一的碳密集型食品。因为牛会排放甲烷，而且需要大草原，而大草原往往是砍伐更多的森林造成的，所以每消耗一卡路里的肉，牛产生的温室气体是猪的七倍。这使得牛肉在食品中的份额比煤炭在电力来源中的份额还要大。）以及最后一段“Lab-grown meat could play an essential role in slowing a climate disaster.”（实验室培育的肉类可能在减缓气候灾难方面发挥重要作用）由此判断出，不吃牛排可能是减少温室气体排放的有效方法。故选B项。 41．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Fortunately, lab-grown meats are moving from Petri dishes(培养皿)to high-end restaurants. Doing without beef from live cattle is hard to imagine, but the same was true of coal 100 years ago.”（幸运的是，实验室培养的肉类，正从培养皿转移到高档餐厅。很难想象没有活牛的牛肉，但100年前的煤炭也是如此。）可知，作者在最后一段提到了煤炭，只是为了展示实验室培育牛肉的未来。故选D项。 Passage12【2022•北京丰台•二模】 It shouldn’t come as news to anyone that the planet is moving quickly towards a climate emergency. And fast fashion certainly plays its part in this. Fast fashion brands, which release hundreds of new styles every week, have caused trends cycles to speed up rapidly, leading to overproduction and overconsumption. British shoppers are buying twice as much as we did a decade ago and both brands and consumers are throwing away “unfashionable” clothing more often—over £300,000 of it ends up in landfill every year. How do we solve this issue? One answer lies in the new generation of made-to-order brands making their way into the mainstream. These brands make clothes only as and when they’re ordered, and because there’s no overproduction, less unwanted stock ends up in landfills. They also promote a slower fashion model, with pieces taking between three weeks and three months to arrive once purchased. The focus is on creating special, well-made pieces for consumers to treasure for years to come. Made-to-order fashion is nothing new. Until the mid-20th century, it was the norm. However, the 1960s brought about the dawn of fast fashion and a shift in our relationship with our clothes. The value once placed on craftsmanship and quality was replaced by the desire for low cost and volume, resulting in cut-cost production and the attitude that clothing should be cheap and disposable. Of course, made-to-order fashion has continued to exist alongside this, though research clearly shows that fast fashion prevails (盛行). Cue a made-to-order brand bringing bespoke (定制) back to the mainstream. Spanish brand Alas features a slow business model. It takes orders each week which are then handmade and delivered in about three weeks. It also revolves around an on-demand production process that rewards consumers for “pre-planned responsible shopping.” Every week, they launch a new drop, available to pre-order for a discounted rate for a limited time. From pre-order, Alas determines how popular each new item is and calculates how many units should be produced to fulfill both pre-orders and future full-price orders, therefore reducing the overproduction of stock. With made-to-order brands growing in popularity, it begs the question—could this be the dawn of a new, environmentally responsible era? The answer is self-evident. 42．What do the first two paragraphs mainly show? A．Our strong desire for fashion. B．The fast development of fashion industry. C．The urgent need for a different fashion model. D．The advantages and disadvantages of fast fashion. 43．What does the underlined word “this” in Paragraph 5 refer to? A．The shadow of fast fashion. B．The value placed on quality. C．The shift towards a green lifestyle. D．The criticism for cheapness and quantity. 44．What does the example of Spanish brand Alas tell us? A．The reward mechanism is a must in slow fashion. B．It takes patience and thought to buy made-to-order items. C．The pre-order model reduces the cost of purchasing brands. D．Consumers have a say about how their orders are produced. 45．As for the future of made-to-order fashion, the author is ________ . A．anxious B．confident C．puzzled D．curious 【答案】42．C 43．A 44．B 45．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了快时尚导致生产过剩和消费过度，对环境产生影响，在这种情况下，定制时尚受到人们的欢迎，它为一个新的、对环境负责的时代带来曙光。 42．推理判断题。根据第一段内容“It shouldn’t come as news to anyone that the planet is moving quickly towards a climate emergency. And fast fashion certainly plays its part in this.”（对于任何人来说，地球正在迅速走向气候紧急状态都不应该成为新闻。而快时尚无疑在其中发挥了作用。）和第二段关键句“Fast fashion brands, which release hundreds of new styles every week, have caused trends cycles to speed up rapidly, leading to overproduction and overconsumption.”（快时尚品牌每周发布数百种新款式，导致潮流周期迅速加快，导致生产过剩和消费过度。）可知，快时尚品牌的经营模式导致生产过剩和消费过度，进而加快了气候危机，因而，我们需要一种不同于快时尚的时尚模式，来解决这个问题，由此可知，前两段主要展示了对一个不同的时尚模式的迫切需要。故选C项。 43．词句猜测题。根据第四段内容“Made-to-order fashion is nothing new. Until the mid-20th century, it was the norm. However, the 1960s brought about the dawn of fast fashion and a shift in our relationship with our clothes. The value once placed on craftsmanship and quality was replaced by the desire for low cost and volume, resulting in cut-cost production and the attitude that clothing should be cheap and disposable.”（定制时尚并不是什么新鲜事。直到20世纪中叶，这才成为常态。然而，20世纪60年代带来了快时尚的曙光，以及我们与服装关系的转变。曾经重视工艺和质量的价值被对低成本和低批量的渴望所取代，导致了低成本生产和人们认为服装应廉价且一次性的态度。）和画线词后文“though research clearly shows that fast fashion prevails”（尽管研究清楚地表明快速时尚盛行）可知，上文介绍了定制时尚是先于快时尚出现的，后来快时尚出现，但定制时尚仍然存在，由此可知，画线单词所在句指的是定制时尚仍然存在于快时尚的阴影之下，“this”代指“快时尚的阴影”。故选A项。 44．推理判断题。根据第五段关键句“Spanish brand Alas features a slow business model. It takes orders each week which are then handmade and delivered in about three weeks. It also revolves around an on-demand production process that rewards consumers for “pre-planned responsible shopping.””（西班牙品牌Alas以缓慢的商业模式为特点。它每周接受订单，然后手工制作并在大约三周内交付。它还围绕一个按需生产流程展开，奖励“预先计划的负责任购物”的消费者。）可知，西班牙品牌Alas号召消费者进行预先计划的、负责任的购物，由此可知，西班牙品牌Alas的例子告诉我们购买定制商品需要耐心和深思熟虑，要进行负责任的购物，并在购物后等待大约三周时间。故选B项。 45．推理判断题。根据最后一段内容“With made-to-order brands growing in popularity, it begs the question—could this be the dawn of a new, environmentally responsible era? The answer is self-evident.”（随着定制品牌越来越受欢迎，人们不禁要问，这是否是一个新的、对环境负责的时代的曙光？答案不言而喻。）可知，作者在文章中介绍定制品牌越来越受欢迎，并且对环境有利，再结合“The answer is self-evident”可知，作者认为定制时尚会为一个新的、对环境负责的时代带来曙光，由此可推断出，关于定制时尚的未来，作者是有自信的。故选B项。 Passage13【2022•北京顺义•二模】 An ageing population is a global phenomenon. Countries are looking for the balm to address the demands of a swelling elderly community. Many nations are threatened by a shortage of healthcare workers because of unenviable tasks such as bathing, feeding and changing the diapers. Advancements in technology now present an innovative solution to this. Japan has now developed carebots, specially-designed robots, to replace human caregivers. Japan is also working at more coordinated care for the elderly within the community which includes the integration of hospitals, homecare, elderly care centres and nursing homes. Putting in place a system that can effectively track and retrieve the medical history of every elderly person, Japan leverages technology to provide quality healthcare for the seniors. The unique feature about Sweden is that most of the elderly live in their own homes where they continue to enjoy living independently. Local governments allocate funds and manage services while citizens have the freedom to choose the type of home services and their service provider. They can apply for homecare services including delivering meals to homes, hanging curtains, changing light bulbs etc. In Sweden, the focus is also on preventive care—keeping the elderly healthy. The elderly who are ill are not just given medicines but also a specific type of physical activity, where their doctors also monitor the outcome. Singapore also provides more homecare services and day-care centres where the older people can go for rehabilitative and social activities. Besides, the government is creating more dementia-friendly communities, where support comes from the community. Various people within a community like policemen, shopkeepers and other volunteers are trained to assist the elderly with dementia (痴呆). With greater community awareness and support, it is more plausible for a dementia sufferer to stay at home instead of a nursing home. In our search for the best model to meet the demands of a burgeoning ageing population, let us keep in mind that there is no one-size-fits-all solution. What is important is shouldering the responsibilities of caring for them and ensuring them to age well and comfortably. 46．How does Japan deal with the problem of the shortage of healthcare workers? A．By offering quality healthcare for the seniors. B．By tracking the medical history of every elderly person. C．By developing robots programmed with caregiving functions. D．By integrating places like hospitals, homecare, and nursing homes. 47．According to the passage, what do Sweden and Singapore have in common? A．Optional care services are both provided free. B．Independent living is respected and supported. C．Preventive care for the elderly is highly valued. D．Social activities and voluntary help are enjoyed. 48．What is the passage mainly about? A．Models for giving the elderly care. B．Countries with an ageing population. C．Responsibilities of caring for the elderly. D．Demands of a growing elderly community. 【答案】46．C 47．B 48．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了在人口老龄化背景下日本、瑞典、和新加坡所采用的养老模式。 46．细节理解题。根据第二段的“Many nations are threatened by a shortage of healthcare workers because of unenviable tasks such as bathing, feeding and changing the diapers. Japan has now developed carebots, specially-designed robots, to replace human caregivers. （许多国家都面临医疗工作者短缺的威胁，因为这些工作都不值得羡慕，比如洗澡、喂奶和换尿布。日本现在已经开发了专门设计的机器人——carebots，以取代人类护理者）”可知，日本通过开发具有护理功能的机器人来应对医疗工作者短缺的问题。故选C。 47．细节理解题。根据第三段的“The unique feature about Sweden is that most of the elderly live in their own homes where they continue to enjoy living independently.（瑞典的独特之处在于，大多数老年人都住在自己的家里，他们继续享受独立生活）”和第四段的“With greater community awareness and support, it is more plausible for a dementia sufferer to stay at home instead of a nursing home.（有了更大的社区意识和支持，痴呆症患者更有可能呆在家里，而不是疗养院）”可知，瑞典和新加坡的相似之处是独立生活收到尊重和支持。故选B。 48．主旨大意题。根据第一段“An ageing population is a global phenomenon. Countries are looking for the balm to address the demands of a swelling elderly community.（人口老龄化是一个全球现象。各国都在寻找这种灵丹妙药，以满足日益增长的老年群体的需求）”和最后一段的“In our search for the best model to meet the demands of a burgeoning ageing population, let us keep in mind that there is no one-size-fits-all solution. What is important is shouldering the responsibilities of caring for them and ensuring them to age well and comfortably.（在我们寻求最佳模式以应付日益增长的老龄化人口的需求时，我们必须牢记，没有放之四海而皆准的解决办法。重要的是肩负起照顾他们的责任，确保他们健康舒适地老去）”并结合文章第二到第四段分别介绍日本、瑞典和新加坡应对人口老龄化问题可知，本文主要介绍了在人口老龄化背景下的养老模式。故选A。 ( 2 )原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$