17.Unit 5 Starting out & Understanding ideas-上好课】2024-2025学年高二英语同步精品课堂(外研版2019选择性必修第一册)

Unit 5 Revealing nature Starting out & Understanding ideas 一、单词拼写 1．We have strongly s him of cheating the old lady out of her money. 2．The doctors decided to run some more tests on the blood s . 3．The man s of setting fire on the hill was arrested last night. 4．He wanted to get away from everything so he moved to a d land. 5．He was s of stealing the money, so he was very upset. 6．The South Seas were calling, and he knew that sooner or later he would a the call. 7．They didn't know who stole the money, but they s John. 8．The telescope reveals many d (遥远的) stars to our sight. 9．That to me was a significant achievement because that tells me I can a to different environments. 10．Rosy morning clouds i rain, and a rosy sunset means fine weather. 11．New ideas need to be g for the bright future of our company. 12．Police s (to believe that something is probably true) there was a link between the two murders. (根据首字母和英文解释填空) 13．Two men were arrested as s in the bombing. 14．Solar energy has been widely used to g electricity in some countries. 15．This behaviour may have e as dogs gradually learned they could benefit from avoiding conflicts with humans. 16．Only by presenting facts and reasoning things out can we c people. 17．The company, New England Electric, burns coal to g power. 18．Their a (=a person in your family who lived a long time ago) was a preacher, traveling around the countryside. 19．S to be a spy, the stranger is being questioned by the police. 20．“No, no. Please, you take the next a seat,” smiled Alice to the old gentleman on the bus. “Age before beauty, you know.” 21．In 1993, China used 1.2 billion tons of coal for heating and g electricity. 22．According to the report, the drug is s________ of causing over 200 deaths. 23．Your a are the people from whom you are descended. 24．Her latest film has g (to cause something to exist) a lot of excitement. 25．The two consecutive earthquakes of magnitude 7.8 in Turkey g a large amount of energy release, which were equivalent to the explosion of 1000 atomic bombs. 26．She had no reason to s that he had not been telling the truth. 27．Police s that there may be a link between the two murders. (v. to have an idea that something is probably true but without having definite proof.) 28．The bright feather of many male birds has e to attract females. 29．A scientist named Dr Grover Krantz became c that these strange creatures exist and that they are linked to a common a . 30．The time we spent together is now a d memory. 二、完成句子 31．The mouse (怀疑有危险)and did not touch the trap. 32．It that some people buy animals as pets just for fun but treat them badly. (是耻辱，是丢脸的事) 33．Once you (体验过乡村生活的乐趣), you will not want to live in the city. 34．It seems (that)…意为“看起来/似乎是……” (似乎是它们的喙已经进化) according to what food was available on that particular island. 35．We are expected to with immediate actions to protect endangered species. (响应号召) 36．What’s more, he had recently received a letter from his father predicting that he would be “ and all your family”.(个人的耻辱) 37．The journey gave him (有机会研究各种生物) in their natural environments. 38．so/such… that…意为“如此……以至于……” But Darwin’s scientific studies were (如此具有说服力以至于) more and more people started to believe his theory. 39．Despite all this,  his adventures on this ship would lead to (最重要的科学发现之一)of all time. 40．When the Beagle reached the Galápagos Islands in 1835, Darwin saw a variety of new species, but (最让他感兴趣的是鸟类)．（用强调句型） 41．There is no doubt that things will improve in the (不远的将来). 42．On a clear day you can see the temple (在远处). 43．Our transportation system is designed to (满足需求)of the city's commuters. 44． Tom (通过伤疤认出了嫌疑犯)on his face. 45．The young man in question,  Charles Darwin,  was a geologist and naturalist, (对……着迷) rocks,  plants and animals. 46．“not...until...”意为“直到……才……” (它直到1859年才出版) and immediately caused a storm. 47．The person who (响应号召) was not the captain’s first choice. 48．Tom is my (远房表弟). 49． (这本书直到1859年才出版) and immediately caused a storm. 三、阅读理解 1 If there is one place you don’t want to stick your finger, it’s the mouth of a Pacific lingcod. These fearsome fish have around 500 needlelike teeth sticking out of jaws (颌) that are strong enough to crush crustaceans (甲壳动物). How lingcod maintain the sharpness of their terrifying teeth has long been a puzzle. But a study, published in November in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B, claims that Pacific lingcod keep their teeth sharp and shiny by replacing about three percent of them every day. For a lingcod, that’s up to 20 teeth replaced daily. In order to determine the frequency at which lingcod replace their teeth, Ms. Cohen, a coauthor of the new study, and her colleagues kept 20 lingcod at the University of Washington’s Friday Harbor Laboratories and tracked how many teeth they lost and regrew over several days. The fish were placed in a tank of seawater mixed with a red dye (染料) that colored their teeth, then returned to their regular tank for 10 days. When the 10 days were up, the fish were placed in a tank containing a green dye and then examined. The teeth that were present since the start of the experiment were both red and green, whereas the new teeth were only green. After collecting and examining a total of 10,000 teeth, the scientists were able to determine how quickly lingcod lost and regrew their teeth and which teeth were replaced most often. Lingcod, like most fish, have two sets of jaws: oral jaws and pharyngeal jaws. Their oral jaws are used to catch food while their pharyngeal jaws, which are positioned in their throats, are used to chew their food and move it from their mouths to the stomach. Ms. Carr, the lead author, and colleagues found that teeth are replaced more frequently in the back of the mouth, where most of the chewing and crushing take place. The way lingcod replace their teeth is likely crucial to their hunting strategy, says Kory Evans, a fish ecologist at Rice University in Houston. “The duller a lingcod’s teeth are, the harder it is going to be for it to hold on to its target. So having the ability to shed teeth and replace them is pretty important.” Dr. Evans said, “In order to make it as a lingcod, you need sharp pointy teeth and all your teeth need to be on point.” 50．What does Paragraph 3 mainly talk about? A．What role seawater played. B．What conclusion was reached. C．How the study was conducted. D．How teeth changed their colors. 51．According to the passage, lingcod’s teeth are replaced ___________. A．every 10 days B．to better hunt for food C．faster in the oral jaw D．with bigger and sharper ones 52．What does the underlined word “shed” in the last paragraph probably mean? A．Repair. B．Sharpen. C．Lose. D．Examine. 53．What is the purpose of writing this passage? A．To warn people of the danger of a fish. B．To introduce the findings of a new study. C．To stress the importance of replacing teeth. D．To suggest new ways to conduct studies on fish. 2 There is a popular saying in the English language, “Sticks and stones may break my bones, but words will never hurt me.” Well, that is not true. Unkind words, name-calling or even the so-called “silent treatment” can hurt children as much as being physically hit, sometimes even more so. A developing brain can be damaged by unkind words, a study shows. A recent study of middle school children showed that verbal abuse by other children can harm development in the brain. The study was a project of researchers at Harvard Medical School in Massachusetts. Researcher Martin Teicher and his team studied young adults aged between 18 and 25. These young men and women had no experience with domestic (家庭的) violence, or physical abuse by their parents. The researchers asked the young people to rate their childhood exposure to verbal abuse from both parents and other children. Then the researchers performed imaging tests on the brains of the subjects. The images showed that the individuals who reported suffering verbal abuse from their peers in middle school had underdeveloped connections between the left and right side of the brain. The two sides of the brain are connected by a large bundle of connecting fibers called the corpus callosum (胼胝体). This was the area that was underdeveloped. The middle school years are a time when these brain connections are developing. So, unkind, hurtful comments from children or adults during this period have the greatest effect. The researchers tested the mental and emotional condition of all the young people in the study. The tests showed that this same group of individuals had higher levels of fear, depression, annoyance and drug abuse than others in the study. The researchers published their findings online on the American Journal of Psychiatry’s website. We cannot control what other people say to our children. But we can prepare them. A website called CreativeWithKids. com suggests 64 things that all children need to hear. Here are our top 20. 54．Why is the saying in the first paragraph quoted? A．To arouse readers’ concern. B．To introduce the topic of the passage. C．To summarize the whole passage. D．To act as the basis of the research. 55．According to imaging tests on the brains of the subjects, ______. A．middle school students have underdeveloped connections between who sides of the brain B．drug abuse affects middle school students more than verbal abuse C．only hurtful comments from children have the greatest effect on brains D．the corpus callosum will be underdeveloped if affected by unkind words 56．Which of the following would be the best title of the passage? A．Actions speak louder than words B．Words will never hurt you C．Unkind words hurt the brain D．Spare the words, spoil the child 57．What will the passage go on to discuss? A．Some beneficial words to say. B．Ways to deal with middle school students. C．Further research done in the field. D．Different opinions about the findings. 四、语法填空 1 阅读下面短文,在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 We’ve all heard the advice to “get out of your comfort zone” by taking on a new challenge. A recent study goes a step further: Make discomfort a direct goal. That’s more likely to motivate you than if you focus on 58 you hope to learn. In the first of five experiments, the researchers assigned several hundred students training at Second City Chicago 59 (participate) in a small-group improvisation (即兴) exercise, and then instructed half of the group that their goal during the session was “to feel awkward and 60 (comfortable).” The rest, those in the control group, 61 (tell) to “feel yourself developing new skills.” Members of the first group kept at the exercise longer than the others did and took 62 (great) risks. Experiments involving other dimensions of personal 63 (grow) — engaging in expressive writing, learning about gun violence, and hearing about opposing political beliefs — 64 (produce) similar results. Reframing anxiety as excitement has been proven a way to improve singing in front of strangers, and 65 (think) of stress as a means to boost achievement a demonstrated stress-management technique. “When people reinterpret negative experiences as functional, they are more willing to engage 66 tasks that call forth those experiences,” the researchers explain. “Instead of seeing discomfort as unrelated to the goal 67 a signal to stop, they will start perceiving it as a sign of progress toward their goal. ” 2 The Longji Rice Terraces 68 (build) by the local Zhuang and Yao people, to 69 Guangxi is home. Starting in the Yuan Dynasty, work on the terraces took hundreds of years, until its 70 (complete) in the early Qing Dynasty. So why did these people go to so much trouble 71 (turn) the entire mountains into terraces? Firstly, there are few large, flat areas of land in the region. 72 (build) the terraces therefore meant that they could increase the areas in which they could grow rice. Secondly, although the region has plenty of rain, the mountains are steep and the soil is shallow. The flat terraces catch the rainwater and prevent the soil from being washed 73 . But perhaps what is the 74 (important) is the way in which people have worked in harmony with nature to make these terraces and grow rice. The terraces are 75 (clever) designed, with hundreds of waterways that connect with each other. During the rainy season, it is along these waterways that rainwater moves down the mountains and into the terraces. The sun heats the water and 76 (turn) it into vapour. This forms clouds from which rain falls down onto the mountain terraces once again. These terraces also provide a perfect environment for birds and fish, some of which feed on insects that can do harm 77 the rice crops. 参考答案 一、 1．suspected/uspected 【解析】考查动词。句意：我们强烈怀疑他骗了那位老太太的钱。根据所给首字母和句意可知，此处意为“怀疑某人做某事”，表达为suspect sb. of doing sth.，结合空前的助动词have可知，此处为现在完成时，空处需填suspect的过去分词形式，故填suspected。 2．samples/amples 【解析】考查名词。句意：医生们决定对血样进行更多的检测。根据句意和首字母可知，空处填名词sample，且表示多个血样，所以用复数samples作宾语。故填samples。 3．suspected/uspected   【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：涉嫌在山上纵火的那个人昨晚被逮捕了。分析句子，句中was arrested为谓语动词，设空处使用非谓语动词，根据首字母和句意提示，表示“怀疑某人做某事”用suspect sb of doing sth，此处the man与suspect之间是被动关系，故使用过去分词作定语。故填suspected。 4．distant/istant 【解析】考查形容词。句意：他想要远离一切，所以他搬到了一个遥远的地方。根据单词首字母和句意“遥远的”及后文名词land可知，此处应用形容词distant作定语。故填distant。 5．suspected/uspected 【解析】考查动词。句意：他被怀疑偷钱，所以他很难过。根据单词首字母以及句意表示“怀疑”，以及固定短语“suspect sb. of doing sth.怀疑某人做某事”可知，空处应填suspect的动词形式。因为句意是“被怀疑”，故填suspect的过去分词形式。故填suspected。 6．answer/nswer 【解析】考查动词。句意：南海在召唤他，他知道他迟早会响应召唤的。根据句意和首字母提示可知，应填入动词answer作宾语从句中谓语动词，意为“回应，响应”，位于情态动词后用原形。故填answer。 7．suspected/uspected 【解析】考查动词。句意：他们不知道是谁偷了钱，但他们怀疑是约翰。根据单词首字母以及句意“怀疑”可知应填动词suspect，作谓语，结合上文didn't可知为一般过去时。故填suspected。 8．distant/istant 【解析】考查形容词。句意：望远镜使我们看到许多遥远的星星。根据首字母提示及“stars”可知，空处需填形容词修饰名词，distant作形容词，表示“遥远的”符合句意。故填distant。 9．adapt/dapt 【解析】考查动词。句意：那对我来说是一个重大的成就，因为它告诉我，我可以适应不同的环境。根据后面的different environments可知，这里是指“适应不同环境”，结合给出的首字母a可知，设空处应填adapt，adapt to为固定搭配，意为“适应”。故填adapt。 10．indicate/ndicate 【解析】考查动词。句意：早霞预示着下雨，晚霞预示着好天气。根据后面的并列连词and可知，前后句结构和语义都应相近，根据后面的means可知，前面谓语动词也应具有“暗示、意味着”等含义，结合首字母i可知，此处应用indicate，意为“表明、暗示”主语为复数，谓语为复数。故填indicate。 11．generated/enerated 【解析】考查动词。句意：为了我们公司的光明未来，需要有新的想法。主语New ideas与generate之间为被动关系，所以用动词的过去分词形式。故填generated。 12．suspected/uspected 【解析】考查动词和时态。句意：警方怀疑这两起谋杀案之间有联系。空格处单词是主句中谓语，结合首字母提示和英文解释可知，表示“怀疑”，用动词suspect，讲述过去的事情用一般过去时态。故填suspected。 13．suspects/uspects 【解析】考查名词。句意：两名男子作为爆炸嫌疑人被捕。结合句意及首字母提示可知，suspect“嫌疑犯”，可数名词，由主语“Two men”可知应用复数形式，在句中作介词as的宾语，故填suspects。 14．generate/enerate 【解析】考查动词。句意：在一些国家，太阳能已被广泛用于发电。be used to do固定搭配，意为“被用来做某事”，此处应用动词原形，根据句意和首字母可知，此处表示“产生”，为动词generate，故填generate。 15．evolved/volved 【解析】考查动词。句意：这种行为可能是随着狗逐渐学会避免与人发生冲突而演变的。根据首字母提示以及“dogs gradually learned they could benefit from avoiding conflicts with humans”可知，狗的这种行为是逐渐演变而来的。evolve“逐渐演变”，根据空前的have可知，本句话为现在完成时态，所以空格处需要现在分词。故填evolved。 16．convince/onvince 【解析】考查动词。句意：只有摆事实，讲道理，才能使人信服。根据句子结构可知，设空处放在情态动词can之后，应该使用动词原形，作谓语。根据句意，convince为动词，意为“使信服”，符合句意。故填convince。 17．generate/enerate 【解析】考查动词。句意：新英格兰电力公司通过烧煤发电。分析句子可知，空处是不定式作目的状语，不定式后应使用动词原形，且根据句意和首字母可知，此处可使用动词generate，意为“产生，引起”。故填generate。 18．ancestor/ncestor 【解析】考查名词。句意：他们的祖先是一名传教士，在乡间旅行。根据英文提示“a person in your family who lived a long time ago(你家里生活在很久以前的人)”和首字母可知，此处为名词ancestor，作主语，结合“was”可知，使用名词单数形式。故填ancestor。 19．Suspected/uspected 【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：因为被怀疑是间谍，这个陌生人正在被警察审问。根据下文“ the stranger is being questioned by the police(这个陌生人正在被警察审问)”可推理出空白处应填表示“怀疑”含义的表达，以字母S开头且表示“怀疑”含义的表达为suspect，空白处应填非谓语动词作原因状语。suspect与其逻辑主语the stranger之间是被动关系，故用过去分词形式表示被动，故填Suspected。 20．available/vailable 【解析】考查形容词。句意：“不，不。请坐下一个空位。”爱丽丝对公交车上的老先生笑着说。“你知道的，年龄优先。”根据take和seat可知，是让老人坐下。设空处位于限定词the next后，又位于名词seat前，由此可知设空处需要一个修饰seat的形容词，根据首字母和句意可知，这里表示“空位的”，available意为“有空的”，符合句意。故填available。 21．generating/enerating 【解析】考查动词。句意：1993年，中国用了12亿吨煤进行供暖和发电。根据句意及首字母提示可知，此处使用动词generate“发电”，与heating是并列成分，作介词for的宾语，应用动名词。故填generating。 22．suspected/uspected 【解析】考查被动语态。句意：据报道，这种药物涉嫌导致200多人死亡。根据句意，suspect为动词，意为“怀疑”，与the drug为之间构成被动关系，故设空处应该填写过去分词与is构成被动语态。suspected符合句意。故填suspected。 23．ancestors/ncestors 【解析】考查名词。句意：你的祖先就是那些你从他们那里继承的人。根据句意及首字母提示，可知名词ancestor，根据谓语动词are，可知设空处为名词的复数的形式。故填ancestors。 24．generated/enerated 【解析】考查动词。句意：她最近的一部电影引起了很大的轰动。根据句意可知，用现在完成时。助动词has后接动词的过去分词形式。根据首字母提示及句意，故填generated。 25．generated /enerated 【解析】考查时态。句意：土耳其连续发生的两次7.8级地震产生了大量的能量释放，相当于1000枚原子弹的爆炸。根据句意和首字母以及“were”可知，空处填过去式generated。故填generated。 26．suspect/uspect 【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：她没有理由怀疑他说的不是真话。根据首字母以及空格前的to可知，此处填入动词suspect的原形构成不定式，来作定语修饰名词reason。故填suspect。 27．suspect/uspect 【解析】考查动词和一般现在时。句意：警方怀疑这两起谋杀案之间可能有联系。根据“that there may be a link between the two murders”和首字母s可知，此处是指警方怀疑这两起谋杀案之间可能有联系，所以应用动词suspect表示“怀疑”。根据“that there may be a link between the two murders”可知，此处应用一般现在时。故填suspect。 28．evolved/volved 【解析】考查动词。句意：许多雄性鸟类的鲜艳羽毛已经进化成吸引雌性的颜色。分析句子，设空处应该填写过去分词与前面have构成现在完成时。根据句意和首字母提示，动词evolve“进化”符合句意。故填evolved。 29． convinced/onvinced ancestor/ncestor 【解析】句意：一位名叫格罗弗·克兰茨博士的科学家相信这些奇怪的生命存在。它们与一个共同的祖先有关。become convinced“相信”，是系表结构，应用convinced。根据句意和首字母提示，ancestor“祖先”符合语境，形容词修饰名词，不定冠词修饰单数名词，应用ancestor。故填①convinced②ancestor。 30．distant/istant 【解析】考查形容词。句意：我们在一起度过的时光现在已成为遥远的回忆。根据单词首字母以及句意“遥远的”及空后的名词memory可知应填形容词形式distant，作定语修饰memory。故填distant。 二、 31．suspected danger 【解析】考查时态和名词。句意：老鼠怀疑有危险，没有去碰捕鼠器。suspect danger疑心有危险。根据句中时态可知，用一般过去时。根据汉语提示及句意，故填suspected danger。 32．is a disgrace 【解析】考查时态和名词。句意：有些人买动物当宠物只是为了好玩，却对它们不好，这是一种耻辱。“丢脸的事”为名词disgrace作表语，为可数名词，此处表示“一件丢脸的事”，应用单数形式，由冠词来修饰，且disgrace发音是以辅音音素开头，应用a，句子描述一般性事实，应用一般现在时，it是形式主语，真正的主语是that从句，故填is a disgrace。 33．have sampled the pleasures of country life/have experienced the pleasures of country life 【解析】考查动词时态和名词。you后面缺少谓语动词“体验”sample或experience，表示现在之前的动作用现在完成时，“乡村生活的乐趣”表示为the pleasures of country life，故填have sampled / experienced the pleasures of country life。 34．It seemed their beaks had evolved 【解析】考查固定句型和时态。句意：它们的喙似乎是根据所在岛屿上可觅得的食物进化而来的。结合提示可知，“似乎是”可用固定句型It seems…，结合was available可知，此处描述过去发生的事情，时态宜用一般过去时，seems应变为seemed，从句中主语“它们的喙”应译为名词短语，谓语“进化”应译为动词evolve，结合汉语提示中的“已经”可知，“进化”是过去某一时间前就已经完成了的动作，时态应用过去完成时，evolve应变为had evolved。故填It seemed their beaks had evolved。 35．answer the call 【解析】考查动词短语。句意：我们应该响应号召，立即采取行动保护濒危物种。根据汉语提示可知短语为answer the call，且上文为短语be expected to do，故填answer the call。 36．a disgrace to yourself 【解析】考查名词和反身代词。句意：更重要的是，他最近收到了父亲的一封信，预言他将是“你自己和你全家的耻辱”。“耻辱”是a disgrace，“个人的耻辱”是a disgrace to yourself，故填a disgrace to yourself。 37．the chance to study various living things 【解析】考查固定搭配、形容词和名词。句意：这次旅行使他有机会研究自然环境中的各种生物。表示“有机会……”短语为chance to do sth.；表示“研究各种生物”翻译为study various living things。上文为短语give sb. sth.。故填the chance to study various living things。 38．so convincing that 【解析】考查固定句型。句意：但达尔文的科学研究是如此令人信服，越来越多的人开始相信他的理论。“如此具有说服力以至于”强调“有说服力”的程度，应用“so+形容词+that…”的固定句型，引导结果状语从句，意为“如此……以至于……”，结合started to believe his theory可知，“有说服力”应用形容词convincing，侧重令人信服。故填so convincing that。 39．one of the most important scientific discoveries 【解析】考查固定结构和形容词最高级。句意：尽管如此，他在这艘船上的冒险将导致有史以来最重要的科学发现之一。句中表示“最……之一”使用固定结构one of the+形容词最高级+名词复数；表示“重要的”用important；表示“科学发现”用scientific discovery。故答案为one of the most important scientific discoveries。 40．it was the birds that interested him the most 【解析】考查强调句。句意：1835年，当Beagle到达加拉帕戈斯群岛时，达尔文看到了各种各样的新物种，但最让他感兴趣的是鸟类。设空处为和上文并列的句子，主语“鸟类”译为“the birds”，谓语“使感兴趣”译为“interest”，宾语“他”译为“him”，根据要求应用强调句型，对主语鸟类进行强调，为It is/was+强调部分+that...，根据上文可知应用一般过去时，故填it was the birds that interested him the most。 41． not too distant future 【解析】考查形容词，副词和名词。句意：毫无疑问，情况在不久的将来会改善。根据汉语提示，not too distant“不是太遥远的”，future“将来”，故填not too distant future。 42． in the distance 【解析】考查固定短语。句意：天气晴朗时，你可以看到远处的暴风雨。根据汉语提示“在远处”可知短语为in the distance。故填①in②the③distance。 43． answer the needs 【解析】考查固定搭配。句意：我们的运输系统是为满足城市通勤者而设计的。根据汉语提示，句中用固定搭配anwer the needs of ...，意为“满足……的需求”，空前是to，此处用不定式表目的，空处动词填原形。故填①answer②the③needs。 44． identified the suspect by the scar 【解析】考查时态和介词。句意：汤姆根据嫌疑犯脸上的伤疤认出了他。identify认出，作及物动词。名词suspect为“嫌疑犯”之意。介词by为“通过”之意。名词scar为“伤疤”之意。陈述过去事情，用一般过去时。根据汉语提示及句意，故填identified the suspect by the scar。 45．fascinated by 【解析】考查非谓语。句意：这位年轻人名叫查尔斯·达尔文，是一位地质学家和博物学家，对岩石、植物和动物非常着迷。根据汉语提示可知短语为be fascinated by，此处省略be动词，过去分词作定语。故填fascinated by。 46．It was not published until 1859 【解析】考查固定句型。根据提示和句意可知，此处应使用固定句型not…until…意为“直到……才……”，表示“它直到1859年才出版”描述的是过去的事情，所以使用一般过去时态，“它”为it作主语，位于句首时，首字母需大写，“出版”应为publish作谓语，且与句子主语it之间为被动关系，使用一般过去时的被动语态，所以该句应为It was not published until 1859。故填It was not published until 1859。 47．answered the call 【解析】考查固定搭配和时态。句意：响应号召的人不是船长的第一选择。answer the call为固定搭配，意为“响应号召”，根据主句动词was可知，应用一般过去时。故填answered the call。 48． distant cousin 【解析】考查形容词和名词。句意：汤姆是我的远方表弟。根据汉语表示“远房表弟”，cousin表示“表兄弟”符合句意，且此处应用单数。distant表示“远方的，遥远的，远亲的”。故填distant cousin。 49．The book was not published until 1859 【解析】考查动词、时态和语态。句意：这本书直到1859年才出版，立即引起了一场风暴。“这本书”用名词短语the book表达；“出版”用动词publish表达，“直到……才……”用not…until表达；根据时间状语“直到1859年”以及空后的“immediately caused a storm”可知此句陈述发生在过去的事情，用一般过去时，the book“这本书（the book）”与动词“出版（publish）”之间是被动关系，此句运用一般过去时的被动语态；“这本书直到1859年才出版”表达为the book was not published until 1859，设空处置于句首，the首字母大写。故答案为The book was not published until 1859。 三、 1 50．C 51．B 52．C 53．B 【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍一项新研究的发现，太平洋鳕鱼通过每天更换大约3%的牙齿来保持牙齿锋利和闪亮。 50．主旨大意题。根据文章第三段“In order to determine the frequency at which lingcod replace their teeth, Ms. Cohen, a coauthor of the new study, and her colleagues kept 20 lingcod at the University of Washington’s Friday Harbor Laboratories and tracked how many teeth they lost and regrew over several days. The fish were placed in a tank of seawater mixed with a red dye (染料) that colored their teeth, then returned to their regular tank for 10 days. When the 10 days were up, the fish were placed in a tank containing a green dye and then examined. The teeth that were present since the start of the experiment were both red and green, whereas the new teeth were only green.(为了确定鳕鱼换牙的频率，这项新研究的合著者科恩女士和她的同事们在华盛顿大学的周五港实验室保存了20条灵鳕鱼，并跟踪了几天内它们失去和再生的牙齿数量。这些鱼被放置在一个海水中混合了一种红色染料的水箱里，这些染料可以给它们的牙齿上色，然后再回到正常的水箱中10天。10天过后，这些鱼被放置在一个装有绿色染料的容器中，然后进行检测。实验开始后出现的牙齿是红色和绿色的，而新牙齿只有绿色。)”可知，本段陈述研究是如何进行的。故选C。 51．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“The way lingcod replace their teeth is likely crucial to their hunting strategy, says Kory Evans, a fish ecologist at Rice University in Houston. “The duller a lingcod’s teeth are, the harder it is going to be for it to hold on to its target. So having the ability to shed teeth and replace them is pretty important.”(休斯敦莱斯大学的鱼类生态学家Kory Evans说，鳕鱼更换牙齿的方式可能对它们的狩猎策略至关重要。“鳕鱼的牙齿越钝，它就越难抓住目标。所以拥有牙齿脱落和更换的能力是非常重要的。”)”可知，鳕鱼的牙齿被替换是为了更好地寻找食物。故选B。 52．词句猜测题。根据文章最后一段划线词前句“The duller a lingcod’s teeth are, the harder it is going to be for it to hold on to its target.(鳕鱼的牙齿越钝，它就越难抓住目标。)”和后半句“and replace them is pretty important. (更换的能力是非常重要的。)”和常识可知，鳕鱼牙齿更换前旧的牙齿会脱落。所以shed为“脱落”之意。故选C。 53．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“But a study, published in November in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B, claims that Pacific lingcod keep their teeth sharp and shiny by replacing about three percent of them every day. (但是11月发表在《英国皇家学会学报B》上的一项研究称，太平洋鳕鱼通过每天更换大约3%的牙齿来保持牙齿锋利和闪亮。)”及全文可知，文章主要介绍一项新研究的发现，太平洋鳕鱼通过每天更换大约3%的牙齿来保持牙齿锋利和闪亮。所以推断写此篇文章的目的是介绍一项新研究的发现。故选B。 2 54．B 55．D 56．C 57．A 【分析】本文是一篇说明文。Martin Teicher和他的团队的研究表明中学期间同龄人或成人的语言虐待对孩子的大脑发育有很大的影响，他们更恐惧、压抑、愤怒，更可能滥用药物。 54．考查推理判断。 由第一段中的“‘Sticks and stones may break my bones, but words will never hurt me.’ Well, that is not true”可知，引用格言的目的不是将其用作研究的基础，而是引入本文的主题。故B项正确。 55．考查细节理解。 由第四段中的“The two sides of the brain are connected by a large bundle of connecting fibers called the corpus callosum (胼胝体). This was the area that was underdeveloped”可知，根据对受试者大脑的成像测试，如果受到不友善的言语的影响，胼胝体会发育不全。故答案为D。 56．考查主旨大意。 由第一段中的“Well, that is not true”以及第二段中的“Unkind words, name-calling or even the so-called ‘silent treatment’ can hurt children as much as being physically hit”可知，本文主要是说语言虐待会伤害孩子的大脑。故选C。 57．考查推理判断。 由文章末尾处“Here are our top 20”可推知答案为A项，文章接下来会提供一些对孩子们有益的话语。故选A。 四、 1 58．what 59．to participate 60．uncomfortable 61．were told 62．greater 63．growth 64．produced 65．thinking 66．in 67．or 【解析】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了最近的一些研究表明，将不适作为一个直接目标，这比你专注于你想学的东西更有可能激励你。 58．考查宾语从句。句意：这比你专注于你想学的东西更有可能激励你。分析句子结构，空处引导宾语从句，且从句缺少learn的宾语，应用what引导，意为“什么，……的事物”。故填what。 59．考查非谓语动词。句意：在五个实验中的第一个实验中，研究人员指派了几百名在芝加哥第二城接受训练的学生参加一个小组即兴表演练习，然后告诉其中一半的学生：他们在这个过程中的目标是“感到尴尬和不舒服”。assign sb. to do sth.意为“指派某人做某事”，不定式作宾补。故填to participate。 60．考查形容词。句意参考上题。and前后连接并列结构，作feel的表语，所以空处应用形容词。根据前面的awkward可知，此处表示“不舒服”，应用形容词uncomfortable。故填uncomfortable。 61．考查时态、语态和主谓一致。句意：其余的人，即对照组的人，被告知去“感觉自己在发展新技能”。根据上下文时态，这里表示发生在过去的事情，用一般过去时，且主语The rest与tell之间是被动关系，应用被动语态，主语表示复数，be动词用were。故填were told。 62．考查形容词比较级。句意：第一组的成员比其他人坚持锻炼的时间更长，承担的风险也更大。根据句中的“longer than the others did”可知，此处表示第一组的成员比其他人承担的风险更大，应用形容词great的比较级greater。故填greater。 63．考查名词。句意：涉及个人成长其他方面的实验——参与表达性写作、了解枪支暴力、倾听队里的政治信仰——产生了类似的结果。根据空前的“personal”，这里应用名词growth，表示“成长”，为不可数名词，作介词的宾语。故填growth。 64．考查时态。句意参考上题。分析句子结构，空处作句子的谓语。根据上下文时态，这里描述过去发生的事情，应用一般过去时。故填produced。 65．考查非谓语动词。句意：将焦虑重新定义为兴奋已被证明是提高在陌生人面前唱歌的一种方法，将压力视为提高成绩的一种手段已被证明是一种得到证实的压力管理技巧。分析句子结构，空处作句子的主语，应用动名词形式。注意，这里and后面的分句中省略了和前面分句一致的谓语has been proven。故填thinking。 66．考查介词。句意：研究人员解释说：“当人们把消极的经历重新解释为功能性体验时，他们就更愿意从事能唤起这些经历的任务。”engage in意为“参与”，为固定搭配。故填in。 67．考查连词。句意：“他们不再将不适视为与目标无关或停止的信号，而是开始将其视为朝着目标前进的标志。”根据句意并分析句子结构，unrelated to the goal和a signal to stop之间为选择关系，应用or，表示“或者”。故填or 。 2 68．were built 69．whom 70．completion 71．to turn 72．Building 73．away 74．most important 75．cleverly 76．turns 77．to 【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了广西的龙脊梯田，它的修建原因，它的工作原理以及修建它所带来的好处。 68．考查时态和语态。句意：龙脊梯田是当地壮族和瑶族人民修建的，广西是他们的家园。分析句子结构可知，此句为主从复合句，设空处在主句中作谓语动词，由下文“Starting in the Yuan Dynasty, work on the terraces took hundreds of years, until its ____3____ (complete) in the early Qing Dynasty.”可知龙脊梯田的修建是过去发生的事情，句子的主语The Longji Rice Terraces和动词build之间为被动关系，所以此主句用一般过去时的被动语态；The Longji Rice Terraces作主语，谓语动词用复数。故填were built。 69．考查定语从句。句意：龙脊梯田是当地壮族和瑶族人民修建的，广西是他们的家园。分析句子结构可知，“to ____2____ Guangxi is home”为非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词Zhuang and Yao people，先行词指人，在定语从句中作介词to的宾语，短语be home to意为“是……的家园”，句中介词to提前，设空处用关系代词whom引导。故填whom。 70．考查名词。句意：从元朝开始，梯田的修建耗时数百年，直到清初完工。根据空前的形容词性物主代词its可知，空处需要名词。动词complete的名词形式为completion意为“完成；结束”，是不可数名词。故填completion。 71．考查固定搭配。句意：那么，为什么这些人要费这么大的劲把整座山变成梯田呢？固定短语go to so much trouble to do sth.“费尽周折做某事，不辞辛苦做某事”；设空处填动词不定式to turn。故填to turn。 72．考查非谓语动词。句意：因此，修建梯田意味着他们可以增加种植水稻的面积。分析句子结构可知，“__________ the terraces”在句中作主语，设空处应填build的动名词building；设空处置于句首，首字母大写。故填Building。 73．考处固定短语。句意：平坦的梯田可以吸收雨水，防止土壤被冲走。固定短语wash away意为“冲掉；冲走”符合句意。故填away。 74．考查形容词最高级。句意：但也许最重要的是人们与自然和谐相处的方式，建造这些梯田种植水稻。根据空前的the以及语境可知，此处指也许最重要的是人们与自然和谐相处的方式，所以空处填形容词important的最高级。故填most important。 75．考查副词。句意：梯田设计巧妙，数百条水道相互连接。分析句子结构可知，空处修饰动词作状语，应填clever的副词cleverly。故填cleverly。 76．考查时态。句意：太阳把水加热，把它变成水蒸气。分析句子结构可知，设空处与heats并列，为句子的谓语动词，由heats以及句意可知此句陈述客观事实，用一般现在时态；The sun作主语，谓语动词用第三人单数形式。故填turns。 77．考查固定搭配。句意：这些梯田也为鸟类和鱼类提供了一个完美的环境，其中一些以昆虫为食，这些昆虫会对水稻作物造成伤害。固定短语do harm to“对……有害”符合句意，设空处填介词to。故填to。 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！2 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$Unit 5 Revealing nature Starting out & Understanding ideas 外研版2019选择性必修第一册 1.distant adj.遥远的;久远的;远亲的;冷淡的 (教材原句)The captain of the ship, the Beagle, wanted someone who would “profit by the opportunity of visiting distant countries yet little known”.贝格尔号的船长想要招募这样一名船员,这名船员将“借此机会访问遥远而鲜为人知的国度并从中受益”。 Most long-distance trains, especially the sleeping car accommodations, sell out very quickly. 大多数长途火车,尤其是卧铺,很快就卖光了。 The life of a kid living in a big city is distant from that of a kid living in a small village. 住在大城市的孩子的生活和住在小村庄的孩子的生活是完全不同的。 【知识拓展】 (1)distantly　　 adv.远离地;冷淡地;关系较远地 (2)distance n.距离;遥远;久远;疏远;远方;冷淡 in the distance 在远处 at a distance (of)　　 在……的距离;相距 within a stone’s throw distance近处 keep one’s distance (from)保持(与……的)距离 keep sb.at a distance 与某人保持相当距离;对某人疏远;敬而远之 (3)be distant from 距……很远;与……不同 【知识微练】单句语法填空/完成句子 ①I looked at her _________(distant) and didn’t want to disturb her. ②We saw lights ___ the distance. ③The railway station is ___ a distance of two miles from our school. ④However, after I went to high school, somehow I became ________(distance) from him.  ⑤The little girl was warned to _____________________ the bad boy.  小女孩被警告离那个坏小子远点。 distantly in at distant keep her distance from 2.evolve v.(使)逐步形成;(使)逐步演变;进化 This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings evolved around 300,000 years ago. 这项研究推翻了一种流行的观点,即大约30万年前人类进化时,所有人类的语音都存在。 【知识拓展】 (1)evolve into　　 进化成;发展成 evolve from 从……逐渐进化/形成 (2)evolution n.进化;发展;演变 【知识微练】单句语法填空 ①__________ (evolve) is the answer to how new species of plants and animals come to exist. ②The company has evolved _____ a major chemical manufacturer. ③Great historical achievements often evolve ______ simple concepts. Evolution into from 3.suspect v.猜想;怀疑;觉得 n.嫌疑犯 Judging from Cynthia’s physical condition, she suspected the grandmother might be suffering from a stroke. 从辛西娅的身体状况来看,她怀疑这位祖母可能患有中风。 I suspect that Emily was lying when she described the incident, for I know her well. 我怀疑埃米莉在描述该事件时撒谎了,因为我很了解她。 【知识拓展】 (1)suspect sb.of (doing) sth. 　　　　　　　　　　　 怀疑某人(做)某事 (2)suspect sb.to do sth. 怀疑/猜想某人做某事 (3)suspect sb.(to be/as) 怀疑某人是…… (4)suspect (that)/ what 从句 怀疑/猜想…… (5)suspected adj.怀疑的 【知识微练】单句语法填空 ①___________(suspect) the traveler of carrying drugs, the customs officials stopped him and went through his suitcase. ②He was taken to hospital after a __________(suspect) heart attack. ③They suspected him ___ betraying state secrets. ④The police __________that two of the _________caught yesterday were connected with another case.(suspect) Suspecting suspected of suspected suspects 4.When the Beagle reached the Galápagos Islands in 1835, Darwin saw a variety of new species, but it was the birds that interested him the most.1835年,当“贝格尔号”抵达加拉帕戈斯群岛时,达尔文发现了各种各样的新物种,但最令他感兴趣的是鸟类。  [句式解构] 本句中but连接并列句,but后面的分句是强调句型。“it+be+被强调部分+that+其他”为强调句型。 强调句型的一般疑问句:be+it +被强调部分+that+其他? 强调句型的特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+be+it +that+其他? not...until...句型的强调句型:it+be+not until部分+that+其他 It was the motorcycle shop that caught fire yesterday. 是那家摩托车店昨天起火了。 It is when you need what you’ve learned from books that you realize you should have read more. 书到用时方恨少。 【要点提示】 强调句型须知 (1)在强调句型中,如果被强调部分是人,后面的that可以换成who。其他情况用that。 (2)判断强调句型的依据是:去掉it和be动词以及that/who,这句话还成立。 【知识微练】单句语法填空/完成句子 ①It was not until 1920 _____ regular radio broadcasts began. ②______________________________________________ villagers realized the importance of protecting the environment.  直到河流严重污染,村民才意识到保护环境的重要性。 ③__________________________________ fuels my courage to work hard.  正是他不断的鼓励使我增加了努力学习的勇气。 that It was not until the river was seriously polluted that It is his consistent encouragement that 5.adapt vt.使适应;改编 vi.适应;适合 (2021·北京高考)You should be able to work well in a team and adapt to an international working environment. 你应该能够很好地在团队中工作,适应国际化的工作环境。 As time went by, I gradually adapted myself to the school life. 随着时间的推移,我逐渐适应了学校生活。 【知识拓展】 (1) adapt to　　　　　 适应 adapt oneself/sth.to sb./ sth. 使某人自己/某物适应某人或某物 adapt from 根据……改写或改编 adapt sth.(for sth.) 改编;使适应 (2) adaptation n.适应;改编;改编本 (3) adaptive adj.适合的;适应的 adaptable adj.能适应的;可改编的 【知识微练】单句语法填空/完成句子 ①Many students find it hard to adapt ___ the new school. ②_________ (adapt) from J.K.Rowling’s book series of the same title, the Harry Potter movies are universally acknowledged as classics. ③Third-culture kids may not be able to _________________________________ _________________as expected.   第三文化的孩子可能无法像预期的那样完全适应新环境。 ④_____________________________________________________________ of the same title by Mo Yan.  众所周知,电影《红高粱》(Red Sorghum)改编自莫言的同名小说。 to Adapted adapt themselves completely to their new surroundings It is well known that the film Red Sorghum is adapted from the novel 6.evidence n. 证据,证词; 根据;迹象 For a long time, this ineffective hiding method was interpreted as evidence that children are hopelessly “egocentric”creatures. 长期以来, 这种无效的隐藏方法被解释为儿童是无可救药的“自我中心”生物的证据。 The police searched the area for several days. Eventually, they found the piece of evidence they were looking for. 警察搜查了这个地区好几天。最后他们找到了他们要找的证据。 【知识拓展】 (1) evidence that...　 ……的证据 (2) evident adj.明白的;明显的 It is/was evident (to sb.) that... 很明显(对于某人)…… 【知识微练】单句语法填空/完成句子 ①There is convincing _________(evident) of a link between exposure to sun and skin cancer. ②We have no positive evidence _____she was involved. ③The growing interest in history is clearly ________(evidence) in the number of people visiting museums and country houses. ④_________________ taking regular exercise is of great benefit to our health.  很明显,定期锻炼对身体健康大有好处。 evidence that evident It was evident that 7.It was not published until 1859 and immediately caused a storm. 这本书直到1859年才出版,出版后立即引起轰动。 [句式解构] (1)until用在肯定句中,谓语动词通常是延续性动词,如stand, stay, talk, wait等,表示主句动作终止的时间。 (2)如果用在否定句中,谓语动词既可以是瞬间性动词也可以是延续性动词,强调主句动作开始的时间。 (3)当not until 位于句首时,句子要倒装。其结构为Not until+从句/表时间的词+助动词+(主句)主语+谓语+其他。 (4)not until的强调结构为:It is/was not until+从句/表时间的词+that+其他。 In fact, don’t wait until you’ve made a mistake to try this—it’s a great way to boost self-confidence at any time. 事实上,不要等到你犯了错误才去尝试——这是一个在任何时候都能增强自信的好方法。 With her eyes glued to the phone, it was not until the teacher patted on her shoulder that she realized the teacher stood in front of her. 她一直盯着手机,直到老师拍了拍她的肩膀她才意识到老师站在她面前。 【知识微练】完成句子/句型转换 ①___________________________the snowstorm stops.  飞机要等暴风雪停了才会起飞。 ②___________________________the stolen car was found.  直到上周,那辆失窃的汽车才被找到。 ③He didn’t know about it until I told him. →________________________know about it.(倒装句)  The plane won’t take off until It was not until last week that Not until I told him did he $$