语法精讲专题12 高考英语长难句分析 - 2025届高考英语一轮复习语法精讲精练

语法精讲专题12 长难句分析（原卷版） 长难句精讲+解题指导+近三年高考真题精练 长难句精讲 高考英语真题中文章长难句较多。利用句子成分分析法解析长难句对于提高英语阅读水平有着非常重要的作用 ，毕竟再长的句子都可以回归为这五个基本句型。无论句子多么复杂，先找到主谓结构，忽略插入成分及次要成分，即可抓住句子主干，把握句子大意。 常见的长难句情形： 1. 在主语的中心语上嵌套一个定语从句或者同位语从句； ① Students who go abroad for further study often should have the ability to live independently. 这个句子的主语中心语是students, 主语之后是一个定语从句。 ② Reports came into London Zoo that a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London. 这个句子的主语中心语是reports, 中心语之后又嵌套了一个同谓语从句，这个句子的特殊之处在于，由于主语部分太长，为了平衡句子，把整个句子的谓语放在了主语部分之前，主语的中心语之后。 2.在宾语的中心语上嵌套一个定语从句或者同位语从句； ① I cherish the dream that one day I will be amply and justifiably rewarded as long as I work ceaselessly. 这个句子的宾语中心语是dream，宾语中心与之后跟的是一个同谓语从句。这个句子希望成为每一位读者的信条。 3.其他成分里嵌套从句 ① They surveyed several hundred park-goers, asking them to submit a written summary online of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park. 句子主干是：They surveyed several hundred park-goers；asking them ... nature in the park作伴随状语；伴随状语中 they had with nature in the park 是省略了关系代词的定语从句，修饰先行词interaction。 翻译：他们调查了数百名公园游客，要求他们在线提交一份书面总结，描述一下他们在公园里与大自然进行的一次有意义的互动。 ② Scientists have assumed that if life exists on Venus, this cloud deck(云盖) is likely the only place where it would survive. 此句话整体结构是一个that引导的宾语从句，而从句也是由复合句组成，即条件状语从句+主句。 翻译：科学家们假设，如果金星上存在生命，那么这个云层可能是它唯一能生存的地方。 4.增加状语修饰主句谓语动词或者修饰整个句子； ① Reconstructed with the aid of the money and enthusiasm of John D. Rockefeller, Jr., Colonial Williamsburg is not only a brilliant example of an American style in historical monuments. 这个句子分词做状语，真正的主干是逗号之后的部分。 ② But a recent discovery of traces of a gas in the clouds of Venus has excited astronomers, as it may serve as a potential sign of life. 这个句子as引导状语从句，真正的主干是逗号之前的部分。 翻译：但是最近在金星云中发现的一种气体让天文学家们兴奋不已，因为它可能是生命的潜在迹象。 5. 插入语。 插入语往往是对句子中的某一个词，某一个概念做一个补充说明。插入语的位置比较灵活，但它有明显的标志：即用两个逗号隔开或者两个破折号隔开；在理解这些插入成分时，可以把两个破折号/逗号之间的内容先忽略，或者把前后两个破折号（或逗号）当作括号，先理解两个破折号/逗号前后的内容。 ① What motivated him, we were to understand, was his zeal for "fundamental fairness" — protecting the taxpayer, controlling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving claimants received their benefits. 解析： What motivated him,（主语从句部分）we were to understand,（插入语）was his zeal for "fundamental fairness"（主句部分）— protecting the taxpayer, controlling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving claimants received their benefits.（同位语解释说明主句部分） ② Paul of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, argues the true enemies of science are those who question the evidence supporting global warming. 其中we were to understand,是插入语，通常先翻译，放到句首。翻译为：“我们要明白”。 ③Can deception—pretending that something is true when it is not—sometimes have good results? 这个句子在主语和谓语之间插入了一部份内容，它客观上影响了句子的理解。这一部分插入语的作用是对主语做出了进一步的解释。 【解题指导】 长难句的分析方法： 方法一 寻谓语，找主干 一般情况下，我们可以根据谓语来确定其主语。而且,如果一个句子中出现两个或两个以上的谓语时,则该句可能是并列句或复合句(并列谓语的情况除外)。 方法二 提主干，去枝叶 一般情况下，一个句子中的主句所表达的信息为主要信息，从句、状语和定语等所表达的信息为次要信息。提炼出句子主干，就能把握句子的核心意义。 方法三 寻关联，辨逻辑 一些长句有时是由若干分句组成的并列句或复合句。而这些并列句或复合句之间需要一些关联词来连接。我们找准这些关联词，就能够弄清楚句与句之间的逻辑关系,弄清楚主句的意义和各从句的意义,长句就容易理解了。要掌握此方法必须对英语中常见的关联词熟记于心。 方法四 看搭配，防分离 有时一个长句或难句是由一个或多个搭配构成，而且这些搭配中常常出现分隔现象。考生若不受分隔现象的干扰，就会看清句子的本来面目，对句意的理解就不会发生偏差。 以2024新课标I卷中文章的句子为例： 1. [2024新课标I卷阅读理解C篇]The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks—like identifying the main idea in a reading passage—to ones that require mental abstraction — such as drawing inferences from a text. 分析：本句是一个主从复合句。when引导时间状语从句，其中like identifying the main idea in a reading passage和such as drawing inferences from a text分别补充说明simple tasks和ones that require mental abstraction。 翻译：纸质阅读的好处尤其突显在实验者从简单任务——比如识别阅读文章的主旨——转向需要思维抽象的任务时——比如从文本中推断出信息。 2. [2024新课标I卷阅读理解C篇]According to this theory, people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media, which are often not so serious, and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print. 分析：本句是一个主从复合句。suited to social media作后置定语修饰mindset, which引导的非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词social media，and连接主句并列的谓语approach和devote。 翻译：根据这一理论，人们对待数字文本的态度与对待社交媒体的态度相当，社交媒体通常不那么严肃，相比纸质阅读，人们投入的脑力要少。 3. [2024新课标I卷阅读理解D篇]These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens, and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know：Are they usable? 分析：本句是一个并列复合句。前半句中的that作关系代词引导定语从句，修饰先行词the primary data ; 后半句中的since引导原因状语从句，how引导宾语从句作investigate的宾语。 翻译：现在，这些观察结果的数量超过了来自实物标本的原始数据，而由于我们越来越多地使用观察数据来研究物种如何应对全球变化，我想知道：这些观察数据可靠吗? 4. [2024新课标I卷阅读理解D篇]Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns. 分析： 本句是一个主从复合句。Using a global dataset ...为分词短语作状语， how引导宾语从句作test的宾语。 翻译：Daru和他的团队使用了一个包含19亿条植物、昆虫、鸟类和动物记录的全球数据集，测试这些数据在多大程度上代表了实际的全球生物多样性模式。 5. [2024新课标I卷阅读理解D篇]This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. 分析： 本句是一个主从复合句。because引导原因状语从句，who引导定语从句修饰先行词the people, recording ... nearby为分词短语作后置定语，修饰citizen scientists。 翻译：这是有道理的，因为民间科学家经常通过移动设备获取生物多样性观察数据，他们记录的是在附近地区接触到的物种。 6. [2024新课标I卷七选五]Of course, these days there are plenty of online dictionaries and thesauruses, but I’m old-fashioned enough to prefer a hard cover and pages I can leaf through with my fingers. 分析：本句是一个并列复合句。but连接两个分句。在后半个分句中，包含一个省略了关系词的定语从句，修饰先行词pages。 翻译：当然，如今虽然有很多在线词典和同义词词典，但我还是足够守旧，更喜欢硬皮封面和可以用手指翻阅的页面。 7. [2024新课标I卷完形填空]Between the girl making my achievement seem small and the pure boredom of jogging, I decided that the only reason I'd ever run again is if a big dog was running after me! 分析：本句是一个主从复合句。句子的主干为I decided that 。Between ... and… 为介词短语作状语，其中making my achievement seem small为现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰the girl；that引导的宾语从句中，the reason (that) ... 表示的原因/理由”。 翻译：那个女孩让我觉得自己的成就微不足道，加上慢跑让我感觉无聊，我决定以后再也不跑步了，除非有一只大狗追着我跑！ 8. [2024新课标I卷语法填空]Further, the Silk Route Garden around the greenhouse walks visitors through a journey influenced by the ancient Silk Road, by which silk as well as many plant species came to Britain for the first time. 分析：本句是一个主从复合句。主句为the Silk Route Garden around the greenhouse walks visitors through a journey influenced by the ancient Silk Road…，by which是“介词+which”引导的非限制性定语从句，补充说明先行词the ancient Silk Road。 翻译：此外，温室周围的丝绸之路花园将带领游客体验受古丝绸之路影响的旅程，丝绸和许多植物物种就是通过这条丝绸之路首次来到英国的。 解构下列长难句并尝试翻译（近三年高考真题） 1．（2023·新课标I卷阅读C）At the end of the thirty days,you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value. 提主干：___________________________ 析成分：短语 a small number of carefully chosen和online 作定语修饰名词____________;that引导定语从句，修饰先行词____________;you value为省略了引导词的定语从句，修饰先行词____________。you believe为 插入语。 尝试翻译：______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ 2．（2023·新课标II卷阅读C）The image of the reader appears throughout history, in art made long before books as we now know them came into being. 提主干：___________________________ 析成分：介词短语in art...作____________；过去分词短语 made long before books...came into being 作____________，修饰名词art;as we now know them 为插入语。 尝试翻译：______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ 3．（2022·新高考I卷阅读A）An essay not submitted in class on the due date will lose a letter grade for each class period it is late. 提主干：___________________________ 析成分：过去分词短语 not submitted in class on the due date 作____________，修饰名词An essay；it is late 为省略关系词when的定语从句，修饰先行词____________。 尝试翻译： 4．（2022·新高考I卷阅读B）It＇s jaw-dropping how much perfectly good food is thrown away-from “ugly”(but quite eatable)vegetables rejected by grocers to large amounts of uneaten dishes thrown into restaurant garbage cans. 提主干： 析成分：破折号后为其枝叶部分，介词短语from...to...意为：____________；过去分词短语 rejected by grocers 和 thrown into restaurant garbage cans 作后置定语，分别修饰名词 和____________。 尝试翻译：______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ 5．（2022·新高考I卷阅读D）A ground-breaking, five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world's languages. 提主干：___________________________ 析成分：第一个that引导____________从句，从句中谓语为____________，在宾语从句中有一个that引导的定语从句，修饰先行词____________。 尝试翻译：______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 语法精讲专题12 长难句分析（解析版） 长难句精讲+解题指导+近三年高考真题精练 长难句精讲 高考英语真题中文章长难句较多。利用句子成分分析法解析长难句对于提高英语阅读水平有着非常重要的作用 ，毕竟再长的句子都可以回归为这五个基本句型。无论句子多么复杂，先找到主谓结构，忽略插入成分及次要成分，即可抓住句子主干，把握句子大意。 常见的长难句情形： 1. 在主语的中心语上嵌套一个定语从句或者同位语从句； ① Students who go abroad for further study often should have the ability to live independently. 这个句子的主语中心语是students, 主语之后是一个定语从句。 ② Reports came into London Zoo that a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London. 这个句子的主语中心语是reports, 中心语之后又嵌套了一个同谓语从句，这个句子的特殊之处在于，由于主语部分太长，为了平衡句子，把整个句子的谓语放在了主语部分之前，主语的中心语之后。 2.在宾语的中心语上嵌套一个定语从句或者同位语从句； ① I cherish the dream that one day I will be amply and justifiably rewarded as long as I work ceaselessly. 这个句子的宾语中心语是dream，宾语中心与之后跟的是一个同谓语从句。这个句子希望成为每一位读者的信条。 3.其他成分里嵌套从句 ① They surveyed several hundred park-goers, asking them to submit a written summary online of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park. 句子主干是：They surveyed several hundred park-goers；asking them ... nature in the park作伴随状语；伴随状语中 they had with nature in the park 是省略了关系代词的定语从句，修饰先行词interaction。 翻译：他们调查了数百名公园游客，要求他们在线提交一份书面总结，描述一下他们在公园里与大自然进行的一次有意义的互动。 ② Scientists have assumed that if life exists on Venus, this cloud deck(云盖) is likely the only place where it would survive. 此句话整体结构是一个that引导的宾语从句，而从句也是由复合句组成，即条件状语从句+主句。 翻译：科学家们假设，如果金星上存在生命，那么这个云层可能是它唯一能生存的地方。 4.增加状语修饰主句谓语动词或者修饰整个句子； ① Reconstructed with the aid of the money and enthusiasm of John D. Rockefeller, Jr., Colonial Williamsburg is not only a brilliant example of an American style in historical monuments. 这个句子分词做状语，真正的主干是逗号之后的部分。 ② But a recent discovery of traces of a gas in the clouds of Venus has excited astronomers, as it may serve as a potential sign of life. 这个句子as引导状语从句，真正的主干是逗号之前的部分。 翻译：但是最近在金星云中发现的一种气体让天文学家们兴奋不已，因为它可能是生命的潜在迹象。 5. 插入语。 插入语往往是对句子中的某一个词，某一个概念做一个补充说明。插入语的位置比较灵活，但它有明显的标志：即用两个逗号隔开或者两个破折号隔开；在理解这些插入成分时，可以把两个破折号/逗号之间的内容先忽略，或者把前后两个破折号（或逗号）当作括号，先理解两个破折号/逗号前后的内容。 ① What motivated him, we were to understand, was his zeal for "fundamental fairness" — protecting the taxpayer, controlling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving claimants received their benefits. 解析： What motivated him,（主语从句部分）we were to understand,（插入语）was his zeal for "fundamental fairness"（主句部分）— protecting the taxpayer, controlling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving claimants received their benefits.（同位语解释说明主句部分） ② Paul of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, argues the true enemies of science are those who question the evidence supporting global warming. 其中we were to understand,是插入语，通常先翻译，放到句首。翻译为：“我们要明白”。 ③Can deception—pretending that something is true when it is not—sometimes have good results? 这个句子在主语和谓语之间插入了一部份内容，它客观上影响了句子的理解。这一部分插入语的作用是对主语做出了进一步的解释。 【解题指导】 长难句的分析方法： 方法一 寻谓语，找主干 一般情况下，我们可以根据谓语来确定其主语。而且,如果一个句子中出现两个或两个以上的谓语时,则该句可能是并列句或复合句(并列谓语的情况除外)。 方法二 提主干，去枝叶 一般情况下，一个句子中的主句所表达的信息为主要信息，从句、状语和定语等所表达的信息为次要信息。提炼出句子主干，就能把握句子的核心意义。 方法三 寻关联，辨逻辑 一些长句有时是由若干分句组成的并列句或复合句。而这些并列句或复合句之间需要一些关联词来连接。我们找准这些关联词，就能够弄清楚句与句之间的逻辑关系,弄清楚主句的意义和各从句的意义,长句就容易理解了。要掌握此方法必须对英语中常见的关联词熟记于心。 方法四 看搭配，防分离 有时一个长句或难句是由一个或多个搭配构成，而且这些搭配中常常出现分隔现象。考生若不受分隔现象的干扰，就会看清句子的本来面目，对句意的理解就不会发生偏差。 以2024新课标I卷中文章的句子为例： 1. [2024新课标I卷阅读理解C篇]The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks—like identifying the main idea in a reading passage—to ones that require mental abstraction — such as drawing inferences from a text. 分析：本句是一个主从复合句。when引导时间状语从句，其中like identifying the main idea in a reading passage和such as drawing inferences from a text分别补充说明simple tasks和ones that require mental abstraction。 翻译：纸质阅读的好处尤其突显在实验者从简单任务——比如识别阅读文章的主旨——转向需要思维抽象的任务时——比如从文本中推断出信息。 2. [2024新课标I卷阅读理解C篇]According to this theory, people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media, which are often not so serious, and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print. 分析：本句是一个主从复合句。suited to social media作后置定语修饰mindset, which引导的非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词social media，and连接主句并列的谓语approach和devote。 翻译：根据这一理论，人们对待数字文本的态度与对待社交媒体的态度相当，社交媒体通常不那么严肃，相比纸质阅读，人们投入的脑力要少。 3. [2024新课标I卷阅读理解D篇]These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens, and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know：Are they usable? 分析：本句是一个并列复合句。前半句中的that作关系代词引导定语从句，修饰先行词the primary data ; 后半句中的since引导原因状语从句，how引导宾语从句作investigate的宾语。 翻译：现在，这些观察结果的数量超过了来自实物标本的原始数据，而由于我们越来越多地使用观察数据来研究物种如何应对全球变化，我想知道：这些观察数据可靠吗? 4. [2024新课标I卷阅读理解D篇]Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns. 分析： 本句是一个主从复合句。Using a global dataset ...为分词短语作状语， how引导宾语从句作test的宾语。 翻译：Daru和他的团队使用了一个包含19亿条植物、昆虫、鸟类和动物记录的全球数据集，测试这些数据在多大程度上代表了实际的全球生物多样性模式。 5. [2024新课标I卷阅读理解D篇]This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. 分析： 本句是一个主从复合句。because引导原因状语从句，who引导定语从句修饰先行词the people, recording ... nearby为分词短语作后置定语，修饰citizen scientists。 翻译：这是有道理的，因为民间科学家经常通过移动设备获取生物多样性观察数据，他们记录的是在附近地区接触到的物种。 6. [2024新课标I卷七选五]Of course, these days there are plenty of online dictionaries and thesauruses, but I’m old-fashioned enough to prefer a hard cover and pages I can leaf through with my fingers. 分析：本句是一个并列复合句。but连接两个分句。在后半个分句中，包含一个省略了关系词的定语从句，修饰先行词pages。 翻译：当然，如今虽然有很多在线词典和同义词词典，但我还是足够守旧，更喜欢硬皮封面和可以用手指翻阅的页面。 7. [2024新课标I卷完形填空]Between the girl making my achievement seem small and the pure boredom of jogging, I decided that the only reason I'd ever run again is if a big dog was running after me! 分析：本句是一个主从复合句。句子的主干为I decided that 。Between ... and… 为介词短语作状语，其中making my achievement seem small为现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰the girl；that引导的宾语从句中，the reason (that) ... 表示的原因/理由”。 翻译：那个女孩让我觉得自己的成就微不足道，加上慢跑让我感觉无聊，我决定以后再也不跑步了，除非有一只大狗追着我跑！ 8. [2024新课标I卷语法填空]Further, the Silk Route Garden around the greenhouse walks visitors through a journey influenced by the ancient Silk Road, by which silk as well as many plant species came to Britain for the first time. 分析：本句是一个主从复合句。主句为the Silk Route Garden around the greenhouse walks visitors through a journey influenced by the ancient Silk Road…，by which是“介词+which”引导的非限制性定语从句，补充说明先行词the ancient Silk Road。 翻译：此外，温室周围的丝绸之路花园将带领游客体验受古丝绸之路影响的旅程，丝绸和许多植物物种就是通过这条丝绸之路首次来到英国的。 解构下列长难句并尝试翻译（近三年高考真题） 1．（2023·新课标I卷阅读C）At the end of the thirty days,you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value. 提主干：___________________________ 析成分：短语 a small number of carefully chosen和online 作定语修饰名词____________;that引导定语从句，修饰先行词____________;you value为省略了引导词的定语从句，修饰先行词____________。you believe为 插入语。 尝试翻译：______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ 2．（2023·新课标II卷阅读C）The image of the reader appears throughout history, in art made long before books as we now know them came into being. 提主干：___________________________ 析成分：介词短语in art...作____________；过去分词短语 made long before books...came into being 作____________，修饰名词art;as we now know them 为插入语。 尝试翻译：______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ 3．（2022·新高考I卷阅读A）An essay not submitted in class on the due date will lose a letter grade for each class period it is late. 提主干：___________________________ 析成分：过去分词短语 not submitted in class on the due date 作____________，修饰名词An essay；it is late 为省略关系词when的定语从句，修饰先行词____________。 尝试翻译： 4．（2022·新高考I卷阅读B）It＇s jaw-dropping how much perfectly good food is thrown away-from “ugly”(but quite eatable)vegetables rejected by grocers to large amounts of uneaten dishes thrown into restaurant garbage cans. 提主干： 析成分：破折号后为其枝叶部分，介词短语from...to...意为：____________；过去分词短语 rejected by grocers 和 thrown into restaurant garbage cans 作后置定语，分别修饰名词 和____________。 尝试翻译：______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ 5．（2022·新高考I卷阅读D）A ground-breaking, five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world's languages. 提主干：___________________________ 析成分：第一个that引导____________从句，从句中谓语为____________，在宾语从句中有一个that引导的定语从句，修饰先行词____________。 尝试翻译：______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ 答案 1. you will add back activities activities activities the things 在这三十天结束时，你可以恢复少量精心挑选的，你认为将对你所珍视的东西大有裨益的线上活动。 2. The image of the reader appears throughout history 状语 后置定语 阅读者的形象是贯穿历史的，早在我们如今熟知的书籍出现之前很久，就已有展现阅读者形象的艺术作品问世。 3. An essay will lose a letter grade 后置定语 each class period 没有按期在课堂上提交论文，每迟交一节课，分数就降一个字母等级。 4. It's jaw-dropping how much perfectly good food is thrown away 从······到······ vegetables dishes 令人瞠目结舌的是：有多少极佳的食物被扔掉了-从“丑陋”（但还可以吃）的被杂货店主丢弃的蔬菜到大量没吃完的被扔进餐馆垃圾桶的菜。 5. A study shows that··· 宾语 led to speech sounds 一项为期五年的突破性研究表明，由于饮食改变，人类咬合发生了变化，从而产生了一些新的语音。这些语音目前存在于世界上一半的语言中。 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$