综合测03 阅读理解：说明文（科学发现与科技创新类）名校综合测试篇-【上好课】2025年高考英语一轮复习讲练测（新教材新高考）

综合测试03 说明文（科学发现与科技创新类） 题型 阅读理解:说明文 1.（2024·广东江门·模拟预测）The human brain is a powerful natural computer that has evolved over tens of thousands of years. But what would you get if you combined this biological computer with a real one? Researchers at Indiana University Bloomington in the US have linked human brain-like tissues to an electronic chip, which can perform simple computer tasks. Their creation, named Brainoware, is part of a growing field called biological computing that might one day do better than current computers, according to Nature. The brain-like tissues the researchers used, also known as brain organoids (类器官), weren’t part of a living person’s brain. They were “grown” from human stem cells, which are capable of producing different types of cells and forming body tissues. It took two months for the stem cells to mature into an organoid. The researchers then placed one organoid onto an electronic chip with thousands of electrodes (电极). Although organoids are much simpler and smaller than an actual brain, they act similarly to human brains, such as responding to electrical signals, which is what our brain does all the time. These responses lead to changes in the brain, which fuel our ability to learn. To test Brainoware, the researchers used it for voice recognition by training it with 240 Japanese recordings spoken by eight speakers. They found that the organoid reacted differently toward each voice. With an accuracy of 78 percent, it successfully identifed the speakers by showing different neural (神经的) activities. What’s special about Brainoware is that researchers can take advantage of the organoid’s complexity without understanding its cell networks, according to Daily Mail. In other words, scientists don’t need to know exactly how the organoid works in order to use it. According to the researchers’ work published in December, combining organoids and electronic chips could increase the speed and efficiency of AI in the future. Also, such models can be used to study human brains, according to Nature. Using Brainoware to model and study neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease, is one example. It could also be used to test the effects of different treatments for such diseases. “That’s where the promise is: using these to one day hopefully replace animal models of the brain,” Arti Ahluwalia, a researcher in Italy, told Nature. 1．What do we know about the tissues used by the researchers? A．They were artificially constructed. B．They were harvested from dead human bodies. C．They formed a complete human brain. D．They were cultured from specific human cells. 2．What success did Brainoware achieve in the voice recognition test? A．Distinguishing the voices between speakers. B．Understanding the content of the recordings. C．Showing preferences for some of the voices. D．Correctly matching all the speakers with their voices. 3．What makes Brainoware distinctive, according to Daily Mail? A．No in-depth knowledge of organoids is needed to use it. B．Its complexity is easy to learn and understand. C．It opens up new possibilities for studying human brains. D．Its cell networks are the same as those of human brains. 4．What does the last paragraph focus on regarding Brainoware? A．Its influence on AI technology. B．Its contribution to animal welfare. C．Its potential applications. D．Its underlying problems. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．A 4．C 【导语】本文体裁为说明文。美国印第安纳大学的研究团队开发了一种名为Brainoware的技术，将类似人脑的组织与电子芯片相结合，实现了简单的计算任务，如声音识别，为生物计算领域带来了新进展。 1．细节理解题。由文章第三段中“They were “grown” from human stem cells, which are capable of producing different types of cells and forming body tissues. (它们是从人类干细胞中“培养”出来的，这些干细胞能够产生不同类型的细胞并形成身体组织。)”可知，它们是从特定的人类细胞中培养出来的。故选D。 2．细节理解题。由文章第五段中“They found that the organoid reacted differently toward each voice. With an accuracy of 78 percent, it successfully identifed the speakers by showing different neural (神经的) activities. (他们发现，类器官对每种声音的反应不同。它通过显示不同的神经活动，成功地识别了说话者，准确率达到了78%。)”可知，Brainoware 在声音识别测试中成功地区分了不同说话人的声音。故选A。 3．细节理解题。由文章第六段中“What’s special about Brainoware is that researchers can take advantage of the organoid’s complexity without understanding its cell networks, according to Daily Mail. (据《每日邮报》报道，Brainoware的特别之处在于，研究人员可以在不了解细胞网络的情况下利用这种类器官的复杂性。)”可知，Brainoware 的独特之处在于不需要深入了解其细胞网络就能使用它。故选A。 4．主旨大意题。由文章最后一段“According to the researchers’ work published in December, combining organoids and electronic chips could increase the speed and efficiency of AI in the future. Also, such models can be used to study human brains, according to Nature. Using Brainoware to model and study neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease, is one example. It could also be used to test the effects of different treatments for such diseases. “That’s where the promise is: using these to one day hopefully replace animal models of the brain,” Arti Ahluwalia, a researcher in Italy, told Nature. (根据研究人员去年12月发表的研究成果，将类器官和电子芯片结合起来，未来可以提高人工智能的速度和效率。此外，根据《自然》杂志的报道，这样的模型可以用来研究人类的大脑。使用brainware来模拟和研究神经系统疾病，如阿尔茨海默病，就是一个例子。它还可以用来测试对这类疾病的不同治疗方法的效果。意大利的研究人员Arti Ahluwalia在接受《自然》杂志采访时表示：“这就是前景所在:有一天，这些技术有望取代动物的大脑模型。”)”可知，最后一段主要讲述了Brainoware在未来可能的应用领域，包括用于研究神经系统疾病模型，以及可能替代动物实验等。因此，该段落的重点在于Brainoware的潜在应用。故选C。 2.（2024·广西·模拟预测）Our tale begins two decades ago, when a group of Dutch women set out to find an explanation for the antisocial behavior of the males in their family. As well as having learning difficulties, these men and boys were likely to out bursts of aggression and were racking up a list of serious offenses, including murder. Suspecting that the behavior might be hereditary (遗传性的), the women approached geneticist Hans Brunner at the University Hospital in Nijmegen, the Netherlands. Eventually, in 1993, he tracked down the crime: a dead variant of a gene called monoamine oxidase A (MAOA), located on the X chromosome (染色体). Understandably, the announcement created a sensation. It was the first time a gene had been linked to human aggression and MAOA seemed to be responsible for a history of violence stretching back five generations. In the following years, evidence poured in to support the connection between MAOA and aggression. Then, in 2004, journalist Ann Gibbons sealed the link by giving MAOA the headline-friendly label “warrior gene”. The nickname stuck, raising the profile of MAOA, and at the same time making misconceptions about how our behavior is affected by our genetic make-up. Explaining the interaction between genes and behavior is one of the toughest tasks in biology. The publication of the entire human genetic code, a decade ago, dispelled any illusion that having the genetic blueprint of our species would give a clear insight into our nature. Instead, what became apparent is that we have far fewer genes than anyone imagined, and that understanding how these shape us as individuals is going to be a huge task. Genes simply make proteins. So for behavioral geneticists the question is how, when and why they influence our behavior. Clearly, this involves a complex tango (探戈舞) between genes and environments. Working out the exact steps is very difficult, and conveying the findings to those without a scientific background is just as problematic. 5．What’s the main purpose of Hans Brunner’s study? A．To help a group of Dutch women improve their rights. B．To prove men are more aggressive than women. C．To find the reasons for aggressive behavior. D．To prove how important monoamine oxidase A is. 6．Why is the publication of the entire human genetic code important according to the text? A．It proved a genetic blueprint would give a clear insight into our nature. B．It proved the complex interaction between genes and behavior. C．It showed we needed further research on how genes shaped us as individuals. D．It showed we actually have more genes than we imagined before. 7．What can we infer from the last paragraph? A．It’s difficult to find rough interplay between genes and behavior. B．Studying the relationship between genes and the environment is like dancing the tango. C．Everyone is responsible for discovering the principle on the interaction of genes and behavior. D．Scientists have a long way to go before the public can understand the findings. 8．What is the best title for this passage? A．Behavioral Geneticists: Discovering the MAOA Gene’s Impact on Aggression B．From Warrior Genes To Behavioral Mysteries: A Dutch Study Sparks Thoughts C．Genes and Environment: The Story of the MAOA Gene D．Decoding Aggression: The Role of the MAOA Gene in Human Behavior 【答案】5．C 6．C 7．D 8．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了荷兰科学家Hans Brunner通过研究发现MAOA基因与人类攻击行为之间的联系，并探讨了基因与行为之间复杂的相互作用。 5．推理判断题。根据第一段“Our tale begins two decades ago, when a group of Dutch women set out to find an explanation for the antisocial behavior of the males in their family. As well as having learning difficulties, these men and boys were likely to out bursts of aggression and were racking up a list of serious offenses, including murder. Suspecting that the behavior might be hereditary (遗传性的), the women approached geneticist Hans Brunner at the University Hospital in Nijmegen, the Netherlands. Eventually, in 1993, he tracked down the crime: a dead variant of a gene called monoamine oxidase A (MAOA), located on the X chromosome (染色体). (我们的故事开始于二十年前，当时一群荷兰妇女开始为她们家族中男性的反社会行为寻找解释。除了有学习障碍外，这些男人和男孩很可能会爆发出攻击性，并且会犯下一系列严重的罪行，包括谋杀。她们怀疑这种行为可能是遗传的，于是找到了荷兰奈梅亨大学医院的遗传学家Hans Brunner。最终，在1993年，他找到了罪魁祸首：一种被称为单胺氧化酶A（MAOA）的基因的死亡变体，位于X染色体上。)”可知，Hans Brunner的研究目的是为了找到攻击性行为的原因。故选C。 6．推理判断题。根据第四段中的“The publication of the entire human genetic code, a decade ago, dispelled any illusion that having the genetic blueprint of our species would give a clear insight into our nature.  Instead, what became apparent is that we have far fewer genes than anyone imagined, and that understanding how these shape us as individuals is going to be a huge task. (十年前，整个人类遗传密码的出版，消除了任何幻想，即拥有我们物种的遗传蓝图将使我们清楚地了解我们的本性。相反，显而易见的是，我们的基因比任何人想象的都要少得多，而理解这些基因如何塑造我们作为个体将是一项艰巨的任务。)”可知，整个人类基因组的公布表明我们需要进一步研究基因如何塑造我们作为个体的特征。故选C。 7．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Working out the exact steps is very difficult, and conveying the findings to those without a scientific background is just as problematic. (计算出确切的步骤是非常困难的，而将这些发现传达给没有科学背景的人同样是有问题的。)”可知，科学家在让公众理解研究发现方面还有很长的路要走。故选D。 8．主旨大意题。根据文章内容，尤其是第一段中的“Eventually, in 1993, he tracked down the crime: a dead variant of a gene called monoamine oxidase A (MAOA), located on the X chromosome (染色体). (最终，在1993年，他找到了罪魁祸首：一种被称为单胺氧化酶A（MAOA）的基因的死亡变体，位于X染色体上。)”以及倒数第二段中的“Explaining the interaction between genes and behavior is one of the toughest tasks in biology. (解释基因和行为之间的相互作用是生物学中最困难的任务之一。)”可知，本文主要讲述了MAOA基因在人类行为中的作用，因此“Decoding Aggression: The Role of the MAOA Gene in Human Behavior (解码攻击性：MAOA基因在人类行为中的作用)”适合作为本文标题。故选D。 3.（24-25高三上·重庆·阶段练习）Shadows are often associated with darkness and uncertainty. Now, researchers from the National University of Singapore (NUS) are giving shadows a positive spin by demonstrating a way to harness this common but often overlooked optical (光学的) effect to generate electricity. The team created a device called a shadow-effect energy generator (SEG), which makes use of the contrast in illumination (照明) between lit and shadowed areas to generate electricity. It’s made up of a series of thin strips of gold film on a silicon layer, which is then placed on a flexible plastic base. “In conventional optoelectronics (光电子学) where a steady source of light is used to power devices, shadows are undesirable, since they degrade the performance of devices. In this work, we took advantage of the illumination contrast caused by shadows as an indirect source of power. The contrast in illumination causes a voltage (电压) difference between the shadow and illuminated sections, resulting in an electric current. This novel concept of harvesting energy in the presence of shadows is unprecedented.” explained research team leader Professor Tan Swee Ching. Mobile electronic devices such as smart phones, smart glasses and e-watches require efficient and continuous power supply. As these devices are worn both indoors and outdoors, wearable power sources that could harness surrounding light can potentially improve the function of these devices. While commercially available solar cells can perform this role in an outdoor environment, their energy harvesting efficiency drops significantly under indoor conditions where shadows are persistent. This new approach to maximizing the efficiency of energy harvesting is both exciting and timely. “When the whole SEG is under illumination or in shadow, the amount of electricity generated is very low or none at all. When a part of the SEG is illuminated, a significant electrical output is detected. We also found that the best surface area for electricity generation is when half of the SEG is illuminated and the other half in shadow, as this gives enough area for charge generation and collection respectively.” said co- team leader Professor Andrew Wee. The NUS researchers are also looking at developing wearable SEGs attached to clothing to harvest energy during normal daily activities. Another promising area of research is the development of low- cost SEG for efficient harvesting of energy from indoor lighting. 9．Why are shadows considered undesirable in traditional optoelectronics? A．They serve no useful purpose. B．They weaken device performance. C．They are rare in outdoor conditions. D．They are difficult to control or predict. 10．What do we know about the SEG? A．It’s specially designed to work in open areas. B．It will replace existing solar cells once and for all. C．It’s most effective when fully positioned in light or in shadow. D．It requires a balance of light and shadow to maximize electricity generation. 11．What can we learn from the last paragraph? A．The SEG is unlikely to work efficiently in dark places. B．The researchers are looking to reduce the cost of the SEG. C．The development of SEG is limited by its high production cost. D．The researchers are developing wearable SEGs attached to smart phones. 12．What does the text mainly talk about? A．An innovative use of shadows to generate electricity. B．The problems with shadows in conventional optoelectronics. C．The challenges of adapting technology for wearable devices. D．A need for efficient power supply in mobile electronic devices. 【答案】9．B 10．D 11．B 12．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了一项新的可产生电的发明，该发明利用明亮和阴影区域之间的照明对比来发电，该设备被称为“阴影效应能量发生器”。 9．细节理解题。根据文章第三段内容“In conventional optoelectronics where a steady source of light is used to power devices, shadows are undesirable, since they degrade the performance of devices.(在传统的光电子技术中，使用稳定的光源为设备供电，阴影是不可取的，因为它们会降低设备的性能。)”可知，阴影不可取的原因在于它们会降低设备的性能。故选B项。 10．推理判断题。根据文章第五段内容“We also found that the best surface area for electricity generation is when half of the SEG is illuminated and the other half in shadow, as this gives enough area for charge generation and collection respectively.(我们还发现，发电的最佳表面积是当SEG的一半被照亮而另一半处于阴影中时，因为这分别为电荷的产生和收集提供了足够的面积。)”可知，当SEG的一半被照亮而另一半处于阴影中时，即，光影面积平衡时，可实现最佳发电表面积。由此可推知，它需要光和影的平衡来最大限度地发电。故选D项。 11．推理判断题。根据文章末尾段内容“Another promising area of research is the development of low-cost SEG for efficient harvesting of energy from indoor lighting.(另一个有前景的研究领域是开发低成本的SEG，以有效地从室内照明中收集能量。)”可知，开发低成本的SEG是有前景的。由此可推知，研究人员在寻求降低SEG的成本。故选B项。 12．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Now, researchers from the National University of Singapore (NUS) are giving shadows a positive spin by demonstrating a way to harness this common but often overlooked optical (光学的) effect to generate electricity.(现在，新加坡国立大学的研究人员正在给阴影一个积极的转变，他们展示了一种利用这种常见但常被忽视的光学效应来发电的方法。)”和文章第二段内容“The team created a device called a shadow-effect energy generator (SEG), which makes use of the contrast in illumination between lit and shadowed areas to generate electricity.(该团队创建了一种称为阴影效应能量发生器（SEG）的设备，该设备利用明亮和阴影区域之间的照明对比来发电。)”可知，文章主要以“阴影效应能量发生器（SEG）”为话题，对其原理和应用进行了阐述。因此，选项A“An innovative use of shadows to generate electricity.(一种利用阴影发电的创新方法。)”可对文章内容进行概述。故选A项。 4.（2024·内蒙古通辽·模拟预测）Most humans are able to recognize about 1,000,000 different colors. Some people can’t recognize this many because of colorblindness. If someone is colorblind, that means he can’t see as many colors as others – or, in rare cases, can’t see colors at all. Thankfully, special glasses have already been made to help fix some types of colorblindness. Now, according to a recent research, scientists have brought this solution one step further. Karepov and Ellenbogen, engineers from Israel have found a way to apply this technology to contact lenses (隐形眼镜). This method is so creative because it can solve many different kinds of visual (视力的) problems. People are able to see color because of how the eye is structured. At the back of our eyes, there’re three different kinds of cells that absorb (吸收) light waves. When light waves are absorbed, the cells send a message to the brain for the image to be processed. If something is wrong with these cells, this can cause problems when the brain processes the image. One of the most common types of colorblindness is red-green colorblindness. People who have this specific type of visual imperfection have difficulty telling apart the colors red and green. “It would influence simple daily routines such as telling the colors of traffic lights,” Karepov explained. He also stressed the importance of using this finding to create special contact lenses instead of relying on color-correcting glasses. Whether you prefer to wear glasses or contacts, it’s nice to know that people who are colorblind will soon be able to choose between the two, as well. 13．The writer leads in the topic by _______ at the beginning of the passage. A．making a table B．listing a number C．asking a question D．giving an example 14．The second paragraph mainly tells us about _______ colorblindness. A．the main cause of B．the different kinds of C．a simple tool to find D．a new method to fix 15．The underlined word “imperfection” in Paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to _______. A．experience B．weakness C．language D．examination 16．The overall tone (总基调) of the passage is _______. A．personal and doubtful B．sad but humorous C．scientific and promising D．informative but meaningless 【答案】13．B 14．D 15．B 16．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文，主要介绍了两位工程师发现的一种治疗色盲的新方法。文章开头通过列举人类能识别的颜色数量引入主题，然后介绍了两位以色列工程师将一种治疗色盲的技术应用于隐形眼镜，最后介绍了色盲的原因和最常见的一种类型——红绿色盲。 13．推理判断题。根据原文第一段“Most humans are able to recognize about 1,000,000 different colors. (大多数人能够识别大约1,000,000种不同的颜色。)”可知，作者通过列举一个数字来引入主题。故选B项。 14．主旨大意题。根据原文第二段“Thankfully, special glasses have already been made to help fix some types of colorblindness. (幸运的是，人们已经制造了特殊的眼镜来帮助治疗一些类型的色盲。)”以及该段中的“Now, according to a recent research, scientists have brought this solution one step further. Karepov and Ellenbogen, engineers from Israel have found a way to apply this technology to contact lenses (隐形眼镜). This method is so creative because it can solve many different kinds of visual (视力的) problems.(现在，根据最近的一项研究，科学家使这个解决方案更进一步。来自以色列的工程师Karepov和Ellenbogen找到了一种将这项技术应用于隐形眼镜的方法。这种方法很有创意，因为它可以解决许多不同类型的视觉问题。)”可知，第二段主要讲述了一种治疗色盲的新方法。故选D项。 15．词义猜测题。根据原文第四段第三句“People who have this specific type of visual … have difficulty telling apart the colors red and green. (患有这种特定类型视觉……的人很难区分红色和绿色。)”可推知，划线词所在句意为“红绿色盲是最常见的一种视觉___。”再根据划线词前的定冠词the及形容词最高级most common types of可知，此处指的是“缺陷”。故选B项。 16．推理判断题。根据第一段“Most humans are able to recognize about 1,000,000 different colors. (大多数人能够识别大约1,000,000种不同的颜色。)”、第二段“Thankfully, special glasses have already been made to help fix some types of colorblindness. (幸运的是，人们已经制造了特殊的眼镜来帮助治疗一些类型的色盲。)”以及该段中的“Now, according to a recent research, scientists have brought this solution one step further. Karepov and Ellenbogen, engineers from Israel have found a way to apply this technology to contact lenses (隐形眼镜). This method is so creative because it can solve many different kinds of visual (视力的) problems.(现在，根据最近的一项研究，科学家使这个解决方案更进一步。来自以色列的工程师Karepov和Ellenbogen找到了一种将这项技术应用于隐形眼镜的方法。这种方法很有创意，因为它可以解决许多不同类型的视觉问题。)”以及最后一段“Whether you prefer to wear glasses or contacts, it’s nice to know that people who are colorblind will soon be able to choose between the two, as well(无论你更喜欢戴眼镜还是隐形眼镜，很高兴知道色盲的人很快也能在这两者之间做出选择了)”可知，本文主要介绍了两位工程师发现的一种治疗色盲的新方法，并指出了这一新方法的优点。由此可推知，这篇文章的总基调是科学且充满希望的。故选C项。 5.（24-25高三上·云南玉溪·开学考试）Artificial intelligence(AI) models have long surpassed (超出) just creating text responses and images. Now, with only one sentence, OpenAI’s latest text-to-video model, Sora, can turn your words into video with good visual quality while completely following your content instructions. Sora is said to be better than many other existing models with similar functions. The AI model can create videos at suitable aspect ratios (屏幕高宽比) for different devices. It also lets users quickly test out content in lower quality before making the high-quality version, which helps speed up output according to the user’s requests. Apart from this, its ability to present videos in a realistic and smooth manner is surprising. Sora can create detailed scenes with several characters, specific types of motion, and accurate subject and background details. Beyond the user’s requests, it also understands how these elements exist in the real world. For example, reflections in the water change as a woman walks by. However, the current model isn’t perfect. It may have trouble accurately showing how things move in a complicated scene and might not get how one action leads to another. For example, if someone eats part of a cookie in a Sora-made video, the cookie might not look like it’s been bitten into. The model might mix up directions and find it hard to describe events in the right order. One possible reason is that Sora learns each basic unit of a video, known as a spacetime patch (时空补丁), independently. Sora is still in the testing stage of development. OpenAI is now inviting network security professionals to make random attacks on Sora’s system in order to test the model’s possible weaknesses and risks. Sora has also been open to some visual artists, designers and filmmakers. Their feedback will help OpenAI to improve the model to better serve creative professionals. 17．What is the main focus of paragraph 2 and 3? A．Sora’s strengths. B．Sora’s weaknesses. C．Sora’s development. D．Sora’s popularity. 18．Why does the author provide the example in paragraph 4? A．To show Sora’s safety problems. B．To show Sora’s existing weaknesses. C．To show Sora’s perfect performance. D．To explain the concept of a spacetime patch. 19．What can we know about Sora up to now? A．It is being tested and improved. B．It has enjoyed great popularity. C．It has made random attacks. D．It has been stopped. 20．What’s the best title for the text? A．Sora: A perfect text-to-video AI model B．Sora: A tool for chatting C．Sora: Known as a spacetime patch D．Sora: Lead the way in creating videos 【答案】17．A 18．B 19．A 20．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了Sora这一先进AI模型能够根据文本指令生成高质量视频及其特点。 17．主旨大意题。根据第二段“Sora is said to be better than many other existing models with similar functions. The AI model can create videos at suitable aspect ratios (屏幕高宽比) for different devices. It also lets users quickly test out content in lower quality before making the high-quality version, which helps speed up output according to the user’s requests.(据说Sora比许多具有类似功能的现有模型更好。人工智能模型可以为不同的设备创建合适的长宽比视频。它还允许用户在制作高质量版本之前快速测试低质量的内容，这有助于根据用户的要求加快输出速度)”及第三段中“Apart from this, its ability to present videos in a realistic and smooth manner is surprising.(除此之外，它以逼真流畅的方式呈现视频的能力令人惊讶)”可知，第二段和第三段主要描述了Sora的优点，包括它可以创建适合不同设备的视频、允许用户快速测试低质量版本以及能够生成真实流畅的视频场景等，这两段的重点在于展示Sora的优势。故选A。 18．推理判断题。根据第四段中“However, the current model isn’t perfect. It may have trouble accurately showing how things move in a complicated scene and might not get how one action leads to another.(然而，目前的模式并不完美。它可能无法准确地显示复杂场景中的事物如何移动，也可能无法理解一个动作如何导致另一个动作)”及所举例子“For example, if someone eats part of a cookie in a Sora-made video, the cookie might not look like it’s been bitten into. The model might mix up directions and find it hard to describe events in the right order.(例如，在由Sora生成的视频中，如果某人吃掉了一部分饼干，饼干可能看起来不像是被咬过的。该模型可能会混淆方向，并且难以按正确的顺序描述事件)”可知，第四段提到的例子是为了说明Sora在处理复杂场景时的一些局限性，比如难以准确表现物体运动或事件顺序等，这个例子是用来展示Sora目前存在的弱点。故选B。 19．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Sora is still in the testing stage of development. OpenAI is now inviting network security professionals to make random attacks on Sora’s system in order to test the model’s possible weaknesses and risks. Sora has also been open to some visual artists, designers and filmmakers. Their feedback will help OpenAI to improve the model to better serve creative professionals.(Sora仍处于开发测试阶段。OpenAI目前正邀请网络安全专业人士对Sora的系统进行随机攻击，以此来测试该模型可能存在的弱点和风险。Sora也已向一些视觉艺术家、设计师和电影制作人开放。他们的反馈将帮助OpenAI改进模型，以便更好地服务于创意专业人士)”可知，Sora正在测试和改进。故选A。 20．主旨大意题。根据全文内容及第一段“Artificial intelligence(AI) models have long surpassed (超出) just creating text responses and images. Now, with only one sentence, OpenAI’s latest text-to-video model, Sora, can turn your words into video with good visual quality while completely following your content instructions.(人工智能模型早已超越了仅创造文本响应和图像的能力。现在，只需一句话，OpenAI的最新文本转视频模型Sora就能将你的文字转化为具有良好视觉质量的视频，并完全遵循你的内容指示)”可知，这篇文章主要介绍了Sora在文本转视频方面的先进功能和技术优势，尽管它还存在一些限制，但它在视频创作领域显示出引领潮流的潜力，D选项“Sora：引领视频创作”符合文意，最适合作为本文标题。故选D。 6.（24-25高三上·广东·开学考试）Every so often, 31-vear-old Chen Jiawen, a product designer at a technology company Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, sets aside a day for herself called Unplug Day. On this day, she disconnects from the digital world and focuses on real-life experiences. In the morning, she prepares breakfast for herself while listening to music. In the afternoon, she wanders through the park with friends and in the evening, they enjoy a meal together without touching their phones, engaged in deep conversation. Upon returning home, she spends the evening reading. Chen started the plan as she often felt “interrupted” by technology, citing moments of distraction (分心) like pop-up notifications, ring tones and repetitious warnings leading her to check for new messages, and feelings of information overload. “Occasionally disconnecting from the network is like feeding the brain a day of vegetarian food,” Chen said. Unplug Day is part of her plan to combat information overload from overusing the phone and to rebuild her focus. In addition to this, she has started replacing short videos with longer ones and prioritizes reading in-depth news articles or books. “When friends gather and everyone is glued to their phones, it makes me uncomfortable,” Chen said, adding that burying herself in social media prevented her from completing work as planned, leading to psychological burdens and a decreasing focus. It’s become a common situation where modem people might unconsciously use the time spent waiting at traffic lights to watch a short video or constantly check out a trending topic upon receiving a push notification from an app. To prevent this sense of being “controlled” by mobile devices, some young Chinese like Chen are experimenting with digital minimalism and are discovering positive outcomes from their efforts. Technology should bring us joy, not reduce the time we spend with family or increase our anxiety. Our goal is to control technology rather than letting it control us. 21．What can we learn about Unplug Day? A．It is a day for reading. B．It is a day without phones. C．It is a day away from the Internet. D．It is a day to spend with friends. 22．What does the underlined word “combat” in paragraph 2 mean? A．Range. B．Cancel. C．Obtain. D．Prevent. 23．What is the direct impact of over-involvement in social media? A．Tasks’ delays. B．Stress from peers. C．Mental problems. D．A decreasing focus. 24．What does the author suggest people do in the last paragraph? A．Enjoy the benefits of technology. B．Decrease the time spent on digital devices. C．Remove the apps informing new messages. D．Watch longer videos while waiting at traffic lights. 【答案】21．C 22．D 23．A 24．B 【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道。文章主要讲述了Chen Jiawen为自己设置了一个 Unplug Day，在这一天远离网络和电子设备，文章呼吁当下年轻人不应当受控于电子设备。 21．细节理解题。根据第一段“On this day, she disconnects from the digital world and focuses on real-life experiences. In the morning, she prepares breakfast for herself while listening to music. In the afternoon, she wanders through the park with friends and in the evening, they enjoy a meal together without touching their phones, engaged in deep conversation. Upon returning home, she spends the evening reading. (在这一天，她脱离了数字世界，专注于现实生活。早上，她一边听着音乐，一边为自己准备早餐。下午，她和朋友们在公园里散步，晚上，他们一起吃饭，不碰手机，进行深入的交谈。一回家，她就用晚上的时间读书。)”可知，Chen Jiawen在这一天会远离数码网络世界，回归真实生活。故选C。 22．词句猜测题。根据第二段“Unplug Day is part of her plan to combat information overload from overusing the phone and to rebuild her focus. (Unplug Day是她combat过度使用手机造成的信息过载和重建注意力计划的一部分)”可知， Chen Jiawen过Unplug Day是想要阻止手机信息过量，重新找回专注力。由此可推知，画线词意思是“阻止”，与D项“Prevent”意思相近。故选 D。 23．细节理解题。根据第二段“Chen said, adding that burying herself in social media prevented her from completing work as planned, leading to psychological burdens and a decreasing focus. (Chen还补充说，把自己埋没在社交媒体上，使她无法按计划完成工作，导致心理负担和注意力下降。)”可知，沉溺于媒体会直接导致Chen Jiawen不能按计划完成工作。故选 A。 24．推理判断题。根据最后一段“To prevent this sense of being “controlled” by mobile devices, some young Chinese like Chen are experimenting with digital minimalism and are discovering positive outcomes from their efforts. (为了防止这种被移动设备“控制”的感觉，一些像Chen这样的中国年轻人正在尝试数字极简主义，并从他们的努力中发现了积极的结果。)”和“Our goal is to control technology rather than letting it control us. (我们的目标是控制技术，而不是让技术控制我们。)”可知，减少数码网络使用时间是有效果的，我们的目标是控制技术，而不是让技术控制我们。由此可推知，作者建议人们减少使用电子设备的时间。故选B。 7.（23-24高三上·云南楚雄·阶段练习）Scientists have created a new tool that can know what you mean. It works by using an Artificial Intelligence (AI) program to translate brain activity into words. Scientists say the program could help people who can’t speak because of a brain injury. To record brain activity without surgery, scientists used an fMRI machine, which can record the activity of the brain as it happens. To translate these recordings into words, scientists used an Al tool called GPT-l that predicts which word is most likely to come next, based on the information that came before. Scientists first trained GPT-1 on lots of stories people had told about their lives. Next, they trained GPT-1 to make connections between brain scans and spoken words. The testing was done on three human volunteers. Each person spent sixteen hours in an fMRI machine listening to stories. The machine created pictures showing which parts of their brain were active. GPT-1 then used these recordings to make connections between the idea s in the stories and the brain activity of the listeners. Then came the test. The scientists played a brand new story. GPT-I was only given recordings of the people’s brain activity. But the words that GPT-1 predicted were very similar to the words in the story that the people were listening to. The words weren’t exactly the same, but they often carried the same meaning. For example, when a person was listening to a story about a person who didn’t have a driver’s license, the program came up with this, “She has not even started to learn to drive yet.” The scientists say that GPT-1 is the first AI program to turn what people are thinking into words without brain surgery. The system isn’t something that is available outside the lab today, mainly because of the size and cost of fMRI machines. But in the future, a similar method could help people who have lost the ability to speak because of an injury or disease. 25．Why were the volunteers asked to listen to stories for 16 hours? A．To produce brain activity. B．To awaken their curiosity. C．To predict the new stories. D．To remember the words. 26．Which of the following best describes the test outcome? A．Unexpected. B．Successful. C．Discouraging. D．Complex. 27．What can be learned about this AI program? A．It’ll reach consumers soon. B．It hasn’t been put to use. C．It eases users’ financial worry. D．It’ll make patients learn to talk. 28．What’s the best title for the text? A．The fMRI Machine Is Used for Brain Surgery B．We Don’t Have to Worry About Brain Injury C．GPT-l Lets Humans Speak from Their Heart D．Scientists Train Al to Read Human Thoughts 【答案】25．A 26．B 27．B 28．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了人工智能可以用来读出人的内心想法。 25．推理判断题。根据第二段“The machine created pictures showing which parts of their brain were active. GPT-1 then used these recordings to make connections between the idea s in the stories and the brain activity of the listeners.(这台机器生成的图片显示了他们大脑的哪些部分是活跃的。然后GPT-1利用这些录音在故事中的想法和听者的大脑活动之间建立联系)”可知，让志愿者听故事的目的是让他们产生大脑活动。故选A。 26．推理判断题。根据第三段“The scientists played a brand new story. GPT-I was only given recordings of the people’s brain activity. But the words that GPT-1 predicted were very similar to the words in the story that the people were listening to. The words weren’t exactly the same, but they often carried the same meaning.(科学家们演绎了一个全新的故事。GPT-I只获得了受试者大脑活动的记录。但GPT-1预测的单词与人们听的故事中的单词非常相似。这些词并不完全相同，但它们往往具有相同的含义)”以及第四段“For example, when a person was listening to a story about a person who didn’t have a driver’s license, the program came up with this, “She has not even started to learn to drive yet.(例如，当一个人在听一个关于一个没有驾照的人的故事时，这个节目就会出现这样的情况:“她甚至还没有开始学习开车。”)”可推知，这个实验是成功的。故选B。 27．细节理解题。根据最后一段“The system isn’t something that is available outside the lab today, mainly because of the size and cost of fMRI machines.(该系统目前还无法在实验室之外使用，主要是因为fMRI机器的尺寸和成本)”可知，目前，该项目还未投入使用。故选B。 28．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Scientists have created a new tool that can know what you mean. It works by using an Artificial Intelligence (AI) program to translate brain activity into words. Scientists say the program could help people who can’t speak because of a brain injury.(科学家们发明了一种新工具，可以知道你的意思。它的工作原理是使用人工智能程序将大脑活动转化为文字。科学家表示，该项目可以帮助那些因脑损伤而不能说话的人)”结合文章主要说明了人工智能可以用来读出人的内心想法。D选项“科学家训练人工智能读懂人类思想”最符合文章标题。故选D。 8.（23-24高三上·云南楚雄·阶段练习）The sound of children’s laughter is not something you often hear at a hospital. Yet in the hallways of Children’s Health of Orange County (CHOC Hospital) in Orange, California, the joyous sound of kids having fun will soon be a common occurrence. That’s because Honda teamed up with the hospital to create a first-of-its-kind electric car made just for kids! Shogo, the child-sized electric ride-on car, was built by Honda through their charitable “Project Courage”, an initiative aimed at making hospital stays a little bit more fun for children battling serious illnesses. Shogo was made entirely by Honda’s in-house engineers, and they’re incredibly proud of it. The car has superseded wheelchairs at CHOC． Now, patients can drive themselves to their treatments in various parts of the hospital, giving them a reason to look forward to these procedures instead of fearing them. “As someone who spent time in the hospital as a young child, I really hope the number one objective of our Shogn is to ease the hardship of a hospital stay by providing kids with a lasting positive memory about that experience,” said Randall Smock, a senior designer of vehicles at American Honda Motor Co., Inc. “Every element of Shogo was designed to accommodate different needs of young children.” With a simple stop/go mechanism they can easily use, Shogo is meant for child drivers aged 4 through 9. It has no doors so kids can easily get in and out, and it has a soft-to-the-touch interior (内部) that can be washed to stay clean in a hospital setting, and it comes equipped with an I. V. (静脉注射) pole holder. There’s even a toy holder and a horn with different sound options, and kids can create their own custom license plate for the built-in holder. 29．What is Project Courage committed to doing? A．Bringing joy to hospitalized kids. B．Investing in designing cars for kids. C．Donating to the children’s hospital. D．Producing medicines for kids’ diseases. 30．What does the underlined word “superseded” in paragraph 3 mean? A．Renewed. B．Withdrawn. C．Controlled. D．Replaced. 31．What made Randall Smock develop Shogo? A．His love for vehicles. B．His work as a doctor. C．His dream of curing illness. D．His experience as a child. 32．What does the last paragraph focus on concerning Shogo? A．Its development. B．Its safety. C．Its practicality. D．Its popularity. 【答案】29．A 30．D 31．D 32．C 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。在加利福尼亚州奥兰治县儿童健康医院(CHOC医院)的走廊里，孩子们玩耍的欢乐声很快就会成为一种常见的现象。这是因为本田公司与医院合作，创造了第一款专为住院儿童带来快乐的电动汽车。 29．细节理解题。根据第二段“Shogo, the child-sized electric ride-on car, was built by Honda through their charitable “Project Courage”, an initiative aimed at making hospital stays a little bit more fun for children battling serious illnesses.(Shogo是一辆儿童大小的电动坐骑，由本田公司通过他们的慈善“勇气计划”制造，该计划旨在为患有严重疾病的儿童提供更多的住院乐趣)”可知，Project Courage 致力于为住院儿童带来快乐。故选A。 30．词句猜测题。根据第三段“Now, patients can drive themselves to their treatments in various parts of the hospital, giving them a reason to look forward to these procedures instead of fearing them.(现在，病人可以自己开车去医院的各个部门接受治疗，这让他们有理由期待这些手术，而不是害怕它们)”可知，Shogo已经取代了该医院中的轮椅。故划线词意思是“取代”。故选D。 31．细节理解题。根据第四段““As someone who spent time in the hospital as a young child, I really hope the number one objective of our Shogn is to ease the hardship of a hospital stay by providing kids with a lasting positive memory about that experience,” said Randall Smock, a senior designer of vehicles at American Honda Motor Co., Inc.( 美国本田汽车公司的高级汽车设计师Randall Smock说：“作为一个小时候住过医院的人，我真的希望我们的项目的首要目标是通过给孩子们留下关于住院经历的持久的积极记忆来减轻住院的痛苦。”)”可知，Randall Smock本人小时候在医院待过，正是这段经历让他产生了开发Shogo的想法。故选D。 32．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“It has no doors so kids can easily get in and out, and it has a soft-to-the-touch interior (内部) that can be washed to stay clean in a hospital setting, and it comes equipped with an I. V. (静脉注射) pole holder. There’s even a toy holder and a horn with different sound options, and kids can create their own custom license plate for the built-in holder.(它没有门，所以孩子们可以很容易地进出，它的内部触感柔软，可以在医院环境中清洗以保持清洁，它还配备了一个静脉注射杆支架。甚至还有一个玩具支架和一个有不同声音选项的喇叭，孩子们可以为内置支架制作自己的定制车牌)”可知，本段主要在谈Shogo的实用性。故选C。 9.（24-25高三上·重庆·阶段练习）Recently, Ai Peiyan, Wei Guo and other scientific researchers from the Medicinal Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization Team of the Agricultural and Biotechnological Center of South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences (中国科学院), used the “cell factory” method to produce anthocyanins (花青素), and the output reached 96.23 mg/g (dry weight). In traditional methods, anthocyanins are mainly extracted from plants, while the content of anthocyanins in common fruit fruits is 0.08-25.77 mg/g (dry weight). In addition to low content and complicated extraction process, there are also difficulties such as long plant growth cycle. If a fully synthetic approach is adopted, there are issues such as high cost and difficulty. The team utilized the regulatory mechanism of efficient synthesis and accumulation of anthocyanins in black fruit goji berries, and employed metabolic engineering and other methods to efficiently synthesize high-value anthocyanins in a “cell factory”. The team achieved a breakthrough in the efficient synthesis of fruit anthocyanin main component petanin from suspension callus tissue through multi omics (组) joint analysis, based on the established efficient genetic transformation system of black fruit goji berries in the early stage, and achieved a high yield of 96.23 mg/g (dry weight) of anthocyanin through a series of measures. This technology system breaks through the temporal and spatial limitations of the growth cycle and planting area of black fruit goji berries, achieving efficient synthesis under the conditions of a “cell factory”, and providing technical support for the protection of wild germplasm resources of black fruit goji berries and the improvement and efficiency of the anthocyanin industry. In addition, the team closely focused on the research and development goals of functional gene mining and industrial development and utilization of anthocyanins in black fruit goji berries. They identified multiple key functional genes that regulate anthocyanin synthesis in black fruit goji berries and established a technical system for efficient production of anthocyanins in black fruit goji berries using suspended callus tissue, laying a solid technical foundation for the development and utilization of anthocyanins in food, health products, and other fields. 33．What is the biggest advantage of using a “cell factory” method to produce anthocyanins? A．The lowest price. B．The steep increase in yield. C．The biggest financial suppose from the local government. D．The simpler collection steps. 34．What does the underlined word in the second paragraph mean? A．compose. B．experiment. C．facility. D．method. 35．Which of the following statements is correct ? A．Genetic transformation is a must-use technology to reach the success. B．The research team used brown fruit goji berries to produce anthocyanins. C．The plants that used in the research can grow anywhere on Earth. D．The application value of this technology in the food industry is negligible. 36．Which can be the best title of this passage ? A．Future humans will achieve the freedom of anthocyanins. B．Anthocyanins- A New Breakthrough in Plant Science. C．Black fruit goji berries give wings to botanic scientific development. D．Scientists Achieve Efficient Production of Anthocyanins Using “Cell Factory” 【答案】33．B 34．A 35．C 36．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了中国科学院华南植物园农业与生物技术中心药用植物种质创新与利用团队的科研人员利用“细胞工厂”方法生产花青素，且产量比传统产量高出很多。 33．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“used the “cell factory” method to produce anthocyanins (花青素), and the output reached 96.23 mg/g (dry weight).(采用“细胞工厂”法生产花青素(花青素)，产量达到96.23 mg/g(干重)。)”和文章第二段“In traditional methods, anthocyanins are mainly extracted from plants, while the content of anthocyanins in common fruit fruits is 0.08-25.77 mg/g(传统方法主要从植物中提取花青素，而普通水果中花青素的含量为0.08-25.77 mg/g)”可知，使用“细胞工厂”方法生产花青素的最大优势是产量的急剧增加。故选B项。 34．词句猜测题。根据文章第二段“If a fully synthetic approach is adopted, there are issues such as high cost and difficulty(如果采用全合成方法，则存在成本高、难度大等问题)”可知，如果采用全合成方法，则存在成本高、难度大等问题，所以该团队利用黑果枸杞花青素高效合成与积累的调控机制，由此推知，此处是指高效“合成的”调控机制，所以划线单词的意思是“合成、组成”的意思。故选A项。 35．细节理解题。根据文章第四段“This technology system breaks through the temporal and spatial limitations of the growth cycle and planting area of black fruit goji berries,(该技术体系突破了黑果枸杞生长周期和种植面积的时空限制，)”可知，种植突破了时空限制，意思就是：研究中使用的植物可以生长在地球上的任何地方。故选C项。 36．主旨大意题。分析全文内容可知，文章主要介绍了中国科学院华南植物园农业与生物技术中心药用植物种质创新与利用团队的科研人员利用“细胞工厂”方法生产花青素，且产量比传统产量高出许多，所以D选项“科学家利用“细胞工厂”高效生产花青素”能概括全文内容，适合用作文章标题。故选D项。 10.（23-24高三下·湖北荆州·阶段练习）A pair of researchers with Leibniz University of Hannover has demonstrated the means by which robots might be programmed to experience something similar to pain in animals. As part of their demonstration at last week’s IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation held in Stockholm, Johannes Kuehn and Sami Haddaddin showed how pain might be used in robots, by interacting with a BioTac fingertip sensor on the end of a Kuka robotic arm that had been programmed to react differently to differing amounts of pain. The idea of developing an artificial robot nervous system may seem contrary to all expectations, but Kuehn says doing so is important in the same way that it is good for humans to feel pain. “Pain is a system that protects us,” says Kuchn. When we avoid the source of pain, it helps us not get hurt. "So when robots can feel and react to pain, they will become smart enough to avoid it. The more dangerous the robot registers the threat to be, the faster it will withdraw and avoid the source of danger. Additionally, Kuehn and Haddadin say humans working alongside robots that feel pain, especially those in heavy machinery, will be protected around them. They have tested out some of their ideas using a robotic arm with a fingertip sensor that can detect pressure and temperature. It uses a robot-tissue patch (小片) modeled on human skin to decide how much pain should be felt and thus what action to take. For example, if the arm feels light pain, it slowly withdraws until the pain stops, and then returns to its original task; severe pain, meanwhile, causes the arm to go into a kind of lockdown mode until it can get help from a human operator. Such robots are likely to raise a host of questions, of course, if they become more common —if a robot acts the same way a human does when touching a hot plate, are we to believe it is truly experiencing pain? Only time will tell of course, but one thing that is evident, Kuehn and Haddadin’s work could lead to robots that are more human-like than ever. 37．What do we learn about the robots in the demonstration? A．They can learn skills like animals. B．They can communicate with people. C．They have the ability to feel pain. D．They respond differently to requests. 38．What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about ? A．The significance of teaching robots to feel pain. B．The principle of robots’ avoidance of injuries. C．The analysis of the artificial robot nervous system. D．The value of protecting human workers from injury. 39．What can we learn from the example given in paragraph 3? A．The robot is smart enough to carry out different tasks. B．The robot can hardly work as well as a human operator. C．The robot can react differently based on degrees of pain. D．The robot is tolerant of changes of pressure and temperature. 40．What is the author’s attitude toward Kuehn and Haddadin’s study? A．Negative. B．Doubtful. C．Unclear. D．Optimistic 【答案】37．C 38．A 39．C 40．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一种可以感知疼痛的机器人，解释了教会机器人感知疼痛的意义以及机器人可以根据疼痛程度做出不同的反应。 37．细节理解题。文章第一段讲到“As part of their demonstration at last week’s IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation held in Stockholm, Johannes Kuehn and Sami Haddaddin showed how pain might be used in robots, by interacting with a BioTac fingertip sensor on the end of a Kuka robotic arm that had been programmed to react differently to differing amounts of pain. (作为上周在斯德哥尔摩举行的IEEE国际机器人与自动化会议上演示的一部分，Johannes Kuehn和Sami Haddaddin展示了如何在机器人中使用疼痛，通过与Kuka机械臂末端的BioTac指尖传感器进行交互，该机械臂被编程为对不同程度的疼痛做出不同的反应。)”可知，演示中的机器人有感觉疼痛的能力。故选C。 38．主旨大意题。文章第二段讲到“but Kuehn says doing so is important in the same way that it is good for humans to feel pain. “Pain is a system that protects us,” says Kuchn. (但Kuehn说，这样做很重要，就像人类感受疼痛一样。Kuehn说：“疼痛是一个保护我们的系统。”)”以及“Additionally, Kuehn and Haddadin say humans working alongside robots that feel pain, especially those in heavy machinery, will be protected around them. (此外，Kuehn和Haddadin表示，与感到疼痛的机器人一起工作的人类，尤其是那些在重型机械中工作的人，将在他们周围受到保护。)”可知，机器人能够感受疼痛会给人类提供保护，第二段主要讲的是教会机器人感知疼痛的意义。故选A。 39．细节理解题。文章第三段讲到“For example, if the arm feels light pain, it slowly withdraws until the pain stops, and then returns to its original task; severe pain, meanwhile, causes the arm to go into a kind of lockdown mode until it can get help from a human operator. (例如，如果手臂感到轻微疼痛，它会慢慢缩回，直到疼痛停止，然后回到原来的任务；与此同时，剧烈的疼痛会导致手臂进入一种锁定模式，直到它能得到人类操作员的帮助。)”可知，机器人可以根据疼痛程度做出不同的反应。故选C。 40．推理判断题。文章最后一段讲到“Only time will tell of course, but one thing that is evident, Kuehn and Haddadin’s work could lead to robots that are more human-like than ever. (当然，只有时间会证明一切，但有一件事是显而易见的，Kuehn和Haddadin的工作可能会使机器人比以往任何时候都更像人类。)”可知，作者对库恩和哈达丁的研究持乐观态度。故选D。 11.（24-25高三上·山西大同·阶段练习）Thomas Bogle has worked in the footwear industry for years. He also loves to run. He runs every day in the forest near his home in Colorado. But while training for a race, he couldn’t stop thinking about the bits of plastic and rubber that his shoes were shedding on the forest floor. With every step we take, our shoes leave behind an invisible trail of contaminants (污染物). These contaminants can potentially harm the soil, water and animal health. Shoes contain different types of plastics. Every year, about 500,000 tons of microplastics seep into the world’s oceans. Microplastics are tiny pieces of plastic. They form as larger plastic objects break down. They can harm living things and the environment. Now, several companies are starting to develop plant-based soles (鞋底). They don’t leave plastics behind when they break down. Plant-based soles address some of these issues. They won’t shed plastic into the environment. Plus, they generate fewer toxic chemicals. But shoes made with natural materials face some of the same challenges as plastic-based shoes once they’re thrown out. Taking the shoes apart is still hard. Recycling shoes will require setting up new systems. Bogle had an idea to create an entirely plastic-free shoe outsole. He got some help from Gene Kelly. He is a professor of soil science at Colorado State University and a fellow runner. Together, Bogle and Kelly developed a shoe sole. It is made of beeswax, vegetable oils and plant products such as leaves and husks from corn and other crops. Bogle’s company, Solum, partners with farmers across the country. The farmers grow and harvest the plant materials. Then, the materials are transformed into little plant balls and blended with natural rubber to create the sole. Solum’s shoes don’t shed toxic chemicals. Instead, the soles put nutrients back into the soil as they naturally wear down over time. These days, Bogle runs, hikes and golfs in shoes with his company’s plant-based soles. “Footwear is a very hard product to fix,” he said. “It really requires completely shifting how we think about footwear and how we make footwear and the materials we use.” 41．What problems of shoes are mentioned in the passage? A．Shoes are easy to break down but nearly impossible to recycle. B．People buy new shoes every year but quite a few are thrown away. C．Plastics of shoes do harm to our environment and living things. D．Footwear industry is intensely competitive in the production of shoes. 42．How did Bogle address the shoes issues? A．By developing shoes made of natural materials. B．By asking other companies for technical support. C．By allowing local farmers to join in his research. D．By testing out his company’s shoes in running races. 43．What is the advantage of Solum’s shoes over others? A．They can endure lots of wear and tear. B．They don’t shed bits of chemicals at all. C．They are cheap in materials and production. D．They bring nutrients to soil instead of plastics. 44．How do we describe Bogle? A．Modest and capable. B．Passionate and friendly. C．Creative and responsible. D．Warm-hearted and devoted. 【答案】41．C 42．A 43．D 44．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章主要介绍了Thomas Bogle对鞋类行业中鞋子对环境造成污染的问题的关注，以及他如何通过开发使用天然材料制成的鞋底来解决这一问题。Bogle与他的合作伙伴共同研发了一种由蜂蜡、植物油和植物产品制成的鞋底，这种鞋底在使用过程中不会释放有毒化学物质，反而会将营养物质带回土壤中。 41．细节理解题。根据第二段“With every step we take, our shoes leave behind an invisible trail of contaminants (污染物). These contaminants can potentially harm the soil, water and animal health.(我们每走一步，鞋子都会留下看不见的污染物痕迹。这些污染物可能会对土壤、水和动物健康造成潜在危害)”及第三段的“They can harm living things and the environment.(它们会伤害生物和环境)”可知，鞋子中的塑料会分解成微塑料，它们会对生物和环境造成伤害。因此，文章中提到鞋子的问题是鞋子的塑料对我们的环境和生物造成了伤害。故选C。 42．细节理解题。根据第五段“Bogle had an idea to create an entirely plastic-free shoe outsole. He got some help from Gene Kelly. He is a professor of soil science at Colorado State University and a fellow runner. Together, Bogle and Kelly developed a shoe sole. It is made of beeswax, vegetable oils and plant products such as leaves and husks from corn and other crops.(博格尔有一个想法，创造一个完全无塑料的鞋外底。他得到了吉恩·凯利的帮助。他是科罗拉多州立大学的土壤科学教授，也是一名跑步爱好者。博格尔和凯利一起开发了一种鞋底。它由蜂蜡、植物油和植物产品制成，如玉米和其他作物的叶子和外壳)”可知，Bogle通过开发由天然材料制成的鞋子来解决鞋子问题。故选A。 43．细节理解题。根据第六段中的“Solum’s shoes don’t shed toxic chemicals. Instead, the soles put nutrients back into the soil as they naturally wear down over time.(Solum的鞋子不会脱落有毒化学物质。相反，鞋底会随着时间的推移自然磨损，将营养物质重新放入土壤中)”可知，Solum的鞋子相比其他鞋子的优势在于它们将营养物质而不是塑料带回土壤。故选D。 44．推理判断题。根据第一段中“But while training for a race, he couldn’t stop thinking about the bits of plastic and rubber that his shoes were shedding on the forest floor.(但在为比赛进行训练时，他无法停止思考他的鞋子掉在森林地面上的塑料和橡胶碎片。)”以及第二段“With every step we take, our shoes leave behind an invisible trail of contaminants (污染物). These contaminants can potentially harm the soil, water and animal health.(我们每走一步，鞋子都会留下看不见的污染物痕迹。这些污染物可能对土壤、水和动物健康造成潜在危害。)”可知，Bogle关注鞋子上的塑料对土壤、水和动物健康造成潜在危害，由此可知，他是一个有责任感的人；根据第五段“Bogle had an idea to create an entirely plastic-free shoe outsole. He got some help from Gene Kelly. He is a professor of soil science at Colorado State University and a fellow runner. Together, Bogle and Kelly developed a shoe sole. It is made of beeswax, vegetable oils and plant products such as leaves and husks from corn and other crops.(博格尔有一个想法，创造一个完全无塑料的鞋外底。他得到了吉恩·凯利的帮助。他是科罗拉多州立大学的土壤科学教授，也是一名跑步爱好者。博格尔和凯利一起开发了一种鞋底。它由蜂蜡、植物油和植物产品制成，如玉米和其他作物的叶子和外壳)”可知，Bogle想出了一个办法，制造一种完全没有塑料的鞋底，并与科罗拉多州立大学的土壤科学教授Gene Kelly合作，开发了一种由蜂蜡、植物油和植物产品（如玉米和其他作物的叶子和谷壳）制成的鞋底，这样做就可以保护环境。由此可推出，Bogle具有创造力。故选C。 12.（2024·河南开封·三模）Although Sir Isaac Newton did not employ his reflecting telescope to uncover novel astronomical phenomena, he did use it to completely transform how we view the world we live in and the universe as a whole. Reflecting telescopes use mirrors to bend light and enlarge images, distinguishing them from refractors (折射望远镜) that rely on lenses. Their simplicity in construction and ability to achieve much greater sizes than refractors have led to a transformation in our astronomical knowledge and our comprehension of the universe. As light passes through glass, various colors or bands are refracted at varying angles, leading to chromatic aberration (色差) and consequently, distorted images when viewed through a lens. In the time of Newton, the technology for producing glass and lenses was still very primitive, and the challenges associated with chromatic aberration had not been adequately addressed. Today we can make lenses that have almost no chromatic aberration but we can’t make them very large. As the size of a lens increases significantly, it becomes extremely heavy, causing its own weight to distort the lens and consequently ruin the image quality. Newton’s telescope solved these problems. A mirror doesn’t allow light to pass. It simply bounces all the light off the surface. This means there’s no chromatic aberration. Plus, because we only need to bounce light off the surface, we can support the entire mirror on a base, reducing its weight. This allows us to build much larger mirrors without any distortion. While Galileo is credited with the discovery of moons around Jupiter and Halley with predicting the comet’s orbit, what Newton did do was tie in mathematics, astronomy and our comprehension of the universe through the use of his telescope and his universal gravitation theory. The original telescope constructed by Newton is preserved and maintained by the Royal Society of London. It is showcased in London and occasionally embarks on international tours as an element of exhibitions. 45．What do we know about Newton’s reflecting telescope? A．It has a complex structure. B．It relies on mirrors instead of lenses. C．It can make the image smaller than a refractor. D．It helped Newton uncover novel astronomical phenomena. 46．What does the underlined word “distorted” mean in Paragraph 3? A．Confused. B．Twisted. C．Evident. D．Vivid. 47．What problems did Newton’s telescope manage to solve? A．Issues with image quality. B．Restrictions on the size. C．Challenges of lens making. D．Limits of light passing angles. 48．What is the author’s purpose of mentioning Galileo and Halley? A．To state a fact. B．To raise a point. C．To explain a concept. D．To make a comparison. 【答案】45．B 46．B 47．A 48．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了牛顿发明的反射望远镜使用镜面而非透镜来聚焦光线，避免了由于色差导致的图像失真问题，提高了望远镜的性能，使我们的天文学知识和对宇宙的理解发生了转变。 45．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Reflecting telescopes use mirrors to bend light and enlarge images, distinguishing them from refractors (折射望远镜) that rely on lenses. (反射望远镜使用镜面来让光线转弯并放大图像，将其与依靠透镜的折射望远镜区别开来)”可知，牛顿的反射望远镜依靠镜子而不是透镜来工作。故选B项。 46．词句猜测题。根据画线词的上文“As light passes through glass, various colors or bands are refracted at varying angles, leading to chromatic aberration (色差) (当光线穿过玻璃时，各种颜色或波段以不同的角度折射，导致色差)”和下文“images when viewed through a lens (通过镜头观看的图像)”可推知，色差会让图像扭曲失真，画线词意思应该是“扭曲的”，与Twisted意思相近。故选B项。 47．细节理解题。根据第四段“Newton’s telescope solved these problems. A mirror doesn’t allow light to pass. It simply bounces all the light off the surface. This means there’s no chromatic aberration. Plus, because we only need to bounce light off the surface, we can support the entire mirror on a base, reducing its weight. This allows us to build much larger mirrors without any distortion. (牛顿的望远镜解决了这些问题。镜子不允许光线通过。它只是把所有的光从表面反射回来。这意味着没有色差。另外，因为我们只需要将光线从表面反射出去，我们可以将整个镜子支撑在一个底座上，从而减轻了它的重量。这使我们能够建立更大的镜子没有任何失真)”可知，牛顿的望远镜成功解决了图像因色差以及重量问题而质量不佳的问题。故选A项。 48．推理判断题。根据第五段“While Galileo is credited with the discovery of moons around Jupiter and Halley with predicting the comet’s orbit, what Newton did do was tie in mathematics, astronomy and our comprehension of the universe through the use of his telescope and his universal gravitation theory. (伽利略发现了木星周围的卫星，哈雷预测了彗星的轨道，而牛顿所做的是通过使用他的望远镜和万有引力理论，将数学、天文学和我们对宇宙的理解联系在一起)”可知，与伽利略、哈雷相比，牛顿虽然没有发现新的天文学现象，但是却做到了将数学、天文学和人们对宇宙的理解联系在一起。由此推知，作者提到伽利略、哈雷的目的是做比较。故选D项。 13.（23-24高三下·湖北荆州·阶段练习）Getting rid of old tyres (轮胎) has long been a problem. Most are thrown into landfills or piled up in storage. Energy recovery is another common method. This involves burning tyres to generate electricity or heat for industries, but that produces planet warming pollution; or we use them to repair roads, but chemicals from them might pollute the ground. Some firms, therefore, have begun exploring an alternative. One such firm is Wastefront, which owns a big tyre-recycling plant in north-east England. In a couple of years, it will be able to turn 8 million old tyres into new products, including a black liquid called TDO (轮胎衍生油). The process works by deconstructing a tyre into steel, rubber, and carbon black. After tearing down the steel, the remaining material is exposed to high temperatures in the absence of air to make the rubber change into a mix of hydrocarbon gases, and then they’re removed. What is left behind is pure carbon black. Once the removed gases cool down, a part of them liquefies (液化) into TDO. The remaining gases are to be burned to fuel the process. This creates a closed-cycle system that prevents emissions. The carbon black can be reused to make new tyres. That is of interest to tyre-makers because it helps efforts to become carbon neutral—achieving a balance between the amounts of carbon dioxide produced and the carbon dioxide removed from the atmosphere. Producing new carbon black requires burning heavy oil or coal, which lets off plenty of greenhouse gases. The recovered TDO is well-suited for making diesel (柴油). While not completely carbon-neutral, it does produce an 80-90% reduction in emissions of carbon dioxide, compared with the conventional fuel. The future market for such cleaner fuels will remain large, even though electric vehicles are on the rise. Fossil-fueled vehicles will exist for decades, particularly the big burners of diesel — trucks, which are harder to electrify. The fuel is also needed by trains and ships. So, anything that helps clean up overall emissions is useful — especially if it also eases a mountainous waste problem. 49．What’s the purpose of the first paragraph? A．To analyze causes. B．To present problems. C．To reach solutions. D．To make comparisons. 50．What can be inferred about the tyre-recycling process? A．Air boosts the burning of the old tyres. B．The remaining gases are emitted into the air. C．Pure carbon black is an unprocessed substance. D．TDO comes from the removed hydrocarbon gases. 51．Why are tyre-makers interested in tyre-recycling? A．They hope to gain financial rewards. B．It helps reduce greenhouse emissions. C．It helps improve production efficiency. D．They hope to expand the future market. 52．What does the underlined word “it” in the last paragraph refer to? A．Diesel made from TDO. B．Clean electric energy. C．Carbon-neutral process. D．Recovered TDO from old tyres. 【答案】49．B 50．D 51．B 52．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了Wastefront公司通过将废旧轮胎转换为TDO和碳黑等产品来解决轮胎废弃问题，TDO可用作较清洁的柴油原料，碳黑则可用于制造新轮胎，有助于减少环境污染和实现碳中和。 49．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Getting rid of old tyres has long been a problem. Most are thrown into landfills or piled up in storage. Energy recovery is another common method. This involves burning tyres to generate electricity or heat for industries, but that produces planet warming pollution; or we use them to repair roads, but chemicals from them might pollute the ground.(处理废旧轮胎长期以来一直是个问题。大多数轮胎被丢弃在垃圾填埋场或者堆积在仓库里。能源回收是另一种常用方法，这涉及燃烧轮胎以产生电力或工业热能，但这会产生加剧全球变暖的污染；或者我们将它们用于修复道路，但这可能导致有害化学物质渗入土壤造成污染)”可知，文章在第一段提出了旧轮胎的处理一直以来都是一个难题这个事实，故第一段的主要目的是为了提出问题。故选B项。 50．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“The process works by deconstructing a tyre into steel, rubber, and carbon black. After tearing down the steel, the remaining material is exposed to high temperatures in the absence of air to make the rubber change into a mix of hydrocarbon gases, and then they’re removed. What is left behind is pure carbon black. Once the removed gases cool down, a part of them liquefies into TDO.(这一过程通过分解轮胎成钢、橡胶和碳黑来实现。首先去除轮胎中的钢材后，剩余的材料在无氧环境中经受高温处理，使橡胶转变成混合烃类气体，随后这些气体被分离出去。剩下的就是纯净的碳黑。当分离出的气体冷却后，其中一部分会液化成为TDO)”可知，被除去的混合烃类气体一旦冷却下来之后它们中的一部分就会液化成了TDO，所以TDO来自被去除的烃类气体。故选D项。 51．推理判断题。根据文章第四段“The carbon black can be reused to make new tyres. That is of interest to tyre-makers because it helps efforts to become carbon neutral — achieving a balance between the amounts of carbon dioxide produced and the carbon dioxide removed from the atmosphere. Producing new carbon black requires burning heavy oil or coal, which lets off plenty of greenhouse gases.(回收得到的碳黑可以用来制造新轮胎。这对轮胎制造商来说很有吸引力，因为它有助于实现碳中和——即达到二氧化碳排放量和从大气中移除的二氧化碳量之间的平衡。生产新的碳黑需要燃烧重油或煤炭，这会释放大量温室气体)”可知，轮胎制造商对轮胎回收感兴趣，因为它有助于减少温室气体排放。故选B项。 52．词句猜测题。根据文章最后一段划线词之前“The recovered TDO is well-suited for making diesel. While not completely carbon-neutral,(回收的TDO非常适合用于制造柴油。虽然不是完全碳中和)”以及划线词之后“does produce an 80-90% reduction in emissions of carbon dioxide, compared with the conventional fuel.(但与传统燃料相比，它确实能减少80-90%的二氧化碳排放)”可知，此处是说TDO制造的柴油与传统的燃料相比较是有优势的，故推测划线词it指代的是由回收的TDO制造的柴油。故选A项。 14.（2024·湖南衡阳·模拟预测）Busy streets, loud noises, and grey buildings can make city life exhausting and boring. Finding a solution to these issues might be possible by turning to nature, which can help us feel calm and refreshed. Adding vegetation or colorful designs may make cities more enjoyable to live in. However, growing plants or covering buildings in paint to test these approaches is costly and inconvenient. Moreover, studying these phenomena outdoors can be tricky, as many factors can affect the final results. “Measuring pleasure and motivation in natural settings is extremely hard,” explained Prof. Yvonne Delevoye. “Human reactions are sensitive to environmental changes, such as weather or traffic. Consequently, we used virtual reality to measure reactions to these factors in a virtual urban space.” The group used virtual reality to make a city setting that felt real. They made two versions: one with no vegetation, and another with some green vegetation. They also introduced colorful patterns onto a path. Then they invited students to participate in the study. Wearing a VR headset and walking on the spot, the students spent time exploring the virtual environment. To find out where the volunteers were looking and for how long, each headset included an eye tracker. The researchers found that the students walked more slowly when there was green vegetation present in the experiment, and their heart rate increased. They would spend less time looking at the ground and more time observing their surroundings. These results indicate a pleasurable experience. Bright color patterns alone did not have quite the same uplifting effect as the green vegetation, but they inspired interest and passion of the students and attracted their stare while increasing their heart rate. Virtual reality might be a useful resource for urban planners, allowing them to experiment with different elements in a virtual environment. In the future, the researchers aim to improve the VR experience to get even better and more precise outcomes. 53．What was the primary reason for using virtual reality in the study? A．To create an entertaining game for students. B．To demonstrate the inconvenience of urban life. C．To prove the superiority of technology over nature. D．To measure reactions without environmental influence. 54．How did the participants interact with the virtual environment in the study? A．By walking around a real city. B．By making use of an eye tracker. C．By wearing a headset and walking on site. D．By observing through a screen without moving. 55．What does the underlined word “uplifting” most probably mean? A．Powerful. B．Cheerful. C．Encouraging. D．Healing. 56．What potential benefit of virtual reality is mentioned for urban planning? A．Reducing the costs of urban development significantly. B．Providing a platform for testing various urban elements. C．Predicting future urban challenges with precise results. D．Helping cities avoid using real vegetation in urban space. 【答案】53．D 54．C 55．B 56．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了一项利用虚拟现实技术进行城市环境中自然元素和色彩设计对人们情绪的影响的研究。研究结果表明，绿色植被和明亮的色彩图案可以提高人们的情绪和兴趣。 53．推理判断题。根据第二段中“Human reactions are sensitive to environmental changes, such as weather or traffic. Consequently, we used virtual reality to measure reactions to these factors in a virtual urban space(人类的反应对环境变化很敏感，比如天气或交通。因此，我们使用虚拟现实来测量在虚拟城市空间中对这些因素的反应)”可知，研究中使用虚拟现实的主要原因是想要在不受环境因素影响的情况下测量人们的反应，故选D。 54．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Wearing a VR headset and walking on the spot, the students spent time exploring the virtual environment(学生们戴着VR头盔并且在原地走动，花时间探索虚拟环境)”可知，这说明参与者是通过戴头盔和在现场走动来与虚拟环境进行互动的，故选C。 55．词句猜测题。根据第四段中划线词前文“The researchers found that the students walked more slowly when there was green vegetation present in the experiment, and their heart rate increased. They would spend less time looking at the ground and more time observing their surroundings.These results indicate a pleasurable experience(研究人员发现，当实验中有绿色植被时，学生们走得更慢，他们的心率也会增加。他们会花更少的时间观察地面，而花更多的时间观察周围的环境。这些结果表明这是一次愉快的经历)”可知，研究结果表明，环境当中的绿色植被让人们感到愉快。划线词所在句“Bright color patterns alone did not have quite the same uplifting effect as the green vegetation, but they inspired interest and passion of the students and attracted their stare while increasing their heart rate.(明亮的色彩图案本身并没有绿色植被那么uplifting的效果，但它们激发了学生们的兴趣和激情，吸引了他们的目光，同时增加了他们的心率。)”说明明亮的色彩图案本身并没有绿色植被那样的效果，由此可推知，划线词uplifting的含义为“使人愉快的”，与B项“Cheerful令人愉快的”含义相近，故选B。 56．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Virtual reality might be a useful resource for urban planners, allowing them to experiment with different elements in a virtual environment(虚拟现实可能是城市规划者的有用资源，使他们在虚拟环境中尝试不同的元素)”可知，虚拟现实为城市规划提供了一个测试各种城市元素的平台，故选B。 15.（2024·山东·二模）Looking up at the sky during early spring, you may see groups of birds moving as they migrate (迁徙) north. But how do these creatures fly in such a cooperative and seemingly effortless fashion? “The answer lies in aerodynamics (空气动力学),” reports a team of scientists from New York University(NYU)in a newly published study. They also found that the impact of aerodynamics depends on the size of the flying group—benefiting small groups and disturbing large ones. To mimic (模仿) the flying patterns of birds in which they line up one directly behind the other, the researchers created mechanized wings. They were 3D-printed from plastic and driven by motors to move in water, which showed how air flows around bird wings and how they interact during flight. For smaller groups, the researchers discovered an effect by which each member gets help from the aerodynamics in holding its position relative to its neighbors. For larger groups, however, these flying interactions cause later members to be thrown out of position, causing a breakdown of the flying patterns due to crashes among members. The researchers then used mathematical modeling to better understand the underlying forces. It indicates that the interactions between neighbors are spring-like forces. However, these “springs” act in only one direction—a lead bird can apply force on its followers, but not the other way around. “The spring-like forces move the members back and forth and then travel down the group and increase in intensity, causing later members to crash together, explains Leif Ristroph, an associate professor at New York University. “This area of research is important since animals are known to take advantage of the flows to save on the energy or to reduce drag or resistance,” explains Leif Ristroph. “Our work may also have applications in transportation—like efficient speeding through air or water—and energy, such as more effectively harvesting power from wind or waves.” 57．What is the major focus of the NYU researchers’ study on birds? A．The migration patterns of birds. B．The flying routes in early spring. C．The benefits of smaller bird grouping. D．The aerodynamic effects on bird groups. 58．How do flying interactions affect smaller groups of birds? A．They lead to a breakdown. B．They disturb the formation. C．They help each member in position. D．They cause crashes among members. 59．Why does the author mention “springs” in paragraph 4? A．To make a contrast. B．To explain a principle. C．To put forward a theory. D．To present new evidence. 60．According to Leif Ristroph, what might be a potential application of this research? A．Relieving public traffic jams. B．Improving harvest of solar energy. C．Changing migration routes of birds. D．Decreasing air resistance of planes. 【答案】57．D 58．C 59．B 60．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了研究人员通过对鸟类飞行模式的研究，发现空气动力学的影响取决于飞行群体的规模——对小群体有利，对大群体不利。 57．细节理解题。根据第二段““The answer lies in aerodynamics (空气动力学),” reports a team of scientists from New York University(NYU)in a newly published study. They also found that the impact of aerodynamics depends on the size of the flying group—benefiting small groups and disturbing large ones.(“答案在于空气动力学，”纽约大学(NYU)的一组科学家在一项新发表的研究中报告说。他们还发现，空气动力学的影响取决于飞行群体的规模——对小群体有利，对大群体不利)”可知，纽约大学研究人员对鸟类的研究重点是对鸟类种群的空气动力学影响。故选D。 58．细节理解题。根据第三段“For smaller groups, the researchers discovered an effect by which each member gets help from the aerodynamics in holding its position relative to its neighbors. (对于较小的群体，研究人员发现了一种效应，通过这种效应，每个成员都可以从空气动力学中获得帮助，从而保持相对于邻居的位置)”可知，飞行相互作用通过帮助每个成员就位影响较小的鸟类群体，故选C。 59．推理判断题。根据第四段“The researchers then used mathematical modeling to better understand the underlying forces. It indicates that the interactions between neighbors are spring-like forces. However, these “springs” act in only one direction—a lead bird can apply force on its followers, but not the other way around. “The spring-like forces move the members back and forth and then travel down the group and increase in intensity, causing later members to crash together, explains Leif Ristroph, an associate professor at New York University.(然后，研究人员使用数学模型来更好地理解潜在的力量。这表明相邻分子之间的相互作用是类似弹簧的力。然而，这些“弹簧”只在一个方向上起作用——领头的鸟可以对它的追随者施加力，而不是相反。纽约大学副教授雷夫·里斯特洛夫解释说：“这种类似弹簧的力量使成员前后移动，然后在群体中传播并增加强度，导致后来的成员撞在一起。”)”可知，作者在第4段提到“springs”是为了解释一个原理。故选B。 60．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Our work may also have applications in transportation—like efficient speeding through air or water—and energy, such as more effectively harvesting power from wind or waves.(我们的工作也可以应用于交通运输，比如在空气或水中的高效加速，以及能源，比如更有效地从风或海浪中收集能量)”可知，根据Leif Ristroph的说法，这项研究的潜在应用是减小飞机的空气阻力。故选D。 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 ( 1 )学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 综合测试03 说明文（科学发现与科技创新类） 题型 阅读理解:说明文 1.（2024·广东江门·模拟预测）The human brain is a powerful natural computer that has evolved over tens of thousands of years. But what would you get if you combined this biological computer with a real one? Researchers at Indiana University Bloomington in the US have linked human brain-like tissues to an electronic chip, which can perform simple computer tasks. Their creation, named Brainoware, is part of a growing field called biological computing that might one day do better than current computers, according to Nature. The brain-like tissues the researchers used, also known as brain organoids (类器官), weren’t part of a living person’s brain. They were “grown” from human stem cells, which are capable of producing different types of cells and forming body tissues. It took two months for the stem cells to mature into an organoid. The researchers then placed one organoid onto an electronic chip with thousands of electrodes (电极). Although organoids are much simpler and smaller than an actual brain, they act similarly to human brains, such as responding to electrical signals, which is what our brain does all the time. These responses lead to changes in the brain, which fuel our ability to learn. To test Brainoware, the researchers used it for voice recognition by training it with 240 Japanese recordings spoken by eight speakers. They found that the organoid reacted differently toward each voice. With an accuracy of 78 percent, it successfully identifed the speakers by showing different neural (神经的) activities. What’s special about Brainoware is that researchers can take advantage of the organoid’s complexity without understanding its cell networks, according to Daily Mail. In other words, scientists don’t need to know exactly how the organoid works in order to use it. According to the researchers’ work published in December, combining organoids and electronic chips could increase the speed and efficiency of AI in the future. Also, such models can be used to study human brains, according to Nature. Using Brainoware to model and study neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease, is one example. It could also be used to test the effects of different treatments for such diseases. “That’s where the promise is: using these to one day hopefully replace animal models of the brain,” Arti Ahluwalia, a researcher in Italy, told Nature. 1．What do we know about the tissues used by the researchers? A．They were artificially constructed. B．They were harvested from dead human bodies. C．They formed a complete human brain. D．They were cultured from specific human cells. 2．What success did Brainoware achieve in the voice recognition test? A．Distinguishing the voices between speakers. B．Understanding the content of the recordings. C．Showing preferences for some of the voices. D．Correctly matching all the speakers with their voices. 3．What makes Brainoware distinctive, according to Daily Mail? A．No in-depth knowledge of organoids is needed to use it. B．Its complexity is easy to learn and understand. C．It opens up new possibilities for studying human brains. D．Its cell networks are the same as those of human brains. 4．What does the last paragraph focus on regarding Brainoware? A．Its influence on AI technology. B．Its contribution to animal welfare. C．Its potential applications. D．Its underlying problems. 2.（2024·广西·模拟预测）Our tale begins two decades ago, when a group of Dutch women set out to find an explanation for the antisocial behavior of the males in their family. As well as having learning difficulties, these men and boys were likely to out bursts of aggression and were racking up a list of serious offenses, including murder. Suspecting that the behavior might be hereditary (遗传性的), the women approached geneticist Hans Brunner at the University Hospital in Nijmegen, the Netherlands. Eventually, in 1993, he tracked down the crime: a dead variant of a gene called monoamine oxidase A (MAOA), located on the X chromosome (染色体). Understandably, the announcement created a sensation. It was the first time a gene had been linked to human aggression and MAOA seemed to be responsible for a history of violence stretching back five generations. In the following years, evidence poured in to support the connection between MAOA and aggression. Then, in 2004, journalist Ann Gibbons sealed the link by giving MAOA the headline-friendly label “warrior gene”. The nickname stuck, raising the profile of MAOA, and at the same time making misconceptions about how our behavior is affected by our genetic make-up. Explaining the interaction between genes and behavior is one of the toughest tasks in biology. The publication of the entire human genetic code, a decade ago, dispelled any illusion that having the genetic blueprint of our species would give a clear insight into our nature. Instead, what became apparent is that we have far fewer genes than anyone imagined, and that understanding how these shape us as individuals is going to be a huge task. Genes simply make proteins. So for behavioral geneticists the question is how, when and why they influence our behavior. Clearly, this involves a complex tango (探戈舞) between genes and environments. Working out the exact steps is very difficult, and conveying the findings to those without a scientific background is just as problematic. 5．What’s the main purpose of Hans Brunner’s study? A．To help a group of Dutch women improve their rights. B．To prove men are more aggressive than women. C．To find the reasons for aggressive behavior. D．To prove how important monoamine oxidase A is. 6．Why is the publication of the entire human genetic code important according to the text? A．It proved a genetic blueprint would give a clear insight into our nature. B．It proved the complex interaction between genes and behavior. C．It showed we needed further research on how genes shaped us as individuals. D．It showed we actually have more genes than we imagined before. 7．What can we infer from the last paragraph? A．It’s difficult to find rough interplay between genes and behavior. B．Studying the relationship between genes and the environment is like dancing the tango. C．Everyone is responsible for discovering the principle on the interaction of genes and behavior. D．Scientists have a long way to go before the public can understand the findings. 8．What is the best title for this passage? A．Behavioral Geneticists: Discovering the MAOA Gene’s Impact on Aggression B．From Warrior Genes To Behavioral Mysteries: A Dutch Study Sparks Thoughts C．Genes and Environment: The Story of the MAOA Gene D．Decoding Aggression: The Role of the MAOA Gene in Human Behavior 3.（24-25高三上·重庆·阶段练习）Shadows are often associated with darkness and uncertainty. Now, researchers from the National University of Singapore (NUS) are giving shadows a positive spin by demonstrating a way to harness this common but often overlooked optical (光学的) effect to generate electricity. The team created a device called a shadow-effect energy generator (SEG), which makes use of the contrast in illumination (照明) between lit and shadowed areas to generate electricity. It’s made up of a series of thin strips of gold film on a silicon layer, which is then placed on a flexible plastic base. “In conventional optoelectronics (光电子学) where a steady source of light is used to power devices, shadows are undesirable, since they degrade the performance of devices. In this work, we took advantage of the illumination contrast caused by shadows as an indirect source of power. The contrast in illumination causes a voltage (电压) difference between the shadow and illuminated sections, resulting in an electric current. This novel concept of harvesting energy in the presence of shadows is unprecedented.” explained research team leader Professor Tan Swee Ching. Mobile electronic devices such as smart phones, smart glasses and e-watches require efficient and continuous power supply. As these devices are worn both indoors and outdoors, wearable power sources that could harness surrounding light can potentially improve the function of these devices. While commercially available solar cells can perform this role in an outdoor environment, their energy harvesting efficiency drops significantly under indoor conditions where shadows are persistent. This new approach to maximizing the efficiency of energy harvesting is both exciting and timely. “When the whole SEG is under illumination or in shadow, the amount of electricity generated is very low or none at all. When a part of the SEG is illuminated, a significant electrical output is detected. We also found that the best surface area for electricity generation is when half of the SEG is illuminated and the other half in shadow, as this gives enough area for charge generation and collection respectively.” said co- team leader Professor Andrew Wee. The NUS researchers are also looking at developing wearable SEGs attached to clothing to harvest energy during normal daily activities. Another promising area of research is the development of low- cost SEG for efficient harvesting of energy from indoor lighting. 9．Why are shadows considered undesirable in traditional optoelectronics? A．They serve no useful purpose. B．They weaken device performance. C．They are rare in outdoor conditions. D．They are difficult to control or predict. 10．What do we know about the SEG? A．It’s specially designed to work in open areas. B．It will replace existing solar cells once and for all. C．It’s most effective when fully positioned in light or in shadow. D．It requires a balance of light and shadow to maximize electricity generation. 11．What can we learn from the last paragraph? A．The SEG is unlikely to work efficiently in dark places. B．The researchers are looking to reduce the cost of the SEG. C．The development of SEG is limited by its high production cost. D．The researchers are developing wearable SEGs attached to smart phones. 12．What does the text mainly talk about? A．An innovative use of shadows to generate electricity. B．The problems with shadows in conventional optoelectronics. C．The challenges of adapting technology for wearable devices. D．A need for efficient power supply in mobile electronic devices. 4.（2024·内蒙古通辽·模拟预测）Most humans are able to recognize about 1,000,000 different colors. Some people can’t recognize this many because of colorblindness. If someone is colorblind, that means he can’t see as many colors as others – or, in rare cases, can’t see colors at all. Thankfully, special glasses have already been made to help fix some types of colorblindness. Now, according to a recent research, scientists have brought this solution one step further. Karepov and Ellenbogen, engineers from Israel have found a way to apply this technology to contact lenses (隐形眼镜). This method is so creative because it can solve many different kinds of visual (视力的) problems. People are able to see color because of how the eye is structured. At the back of our eyes, there’re three different kinds of cells that absorb (吸收) light waves. When light waves are absorbed, the cells send a message to the brain for the image to be processed. If something is wrong with these cells, this can cause problems when the brain processes the image. One of the most common types of colorblindness is red-green colorblindness. People who have this specific type of visual imperfection have difficulty telling apart the colors red and green. “It would influence simple daily routines such as telling the colors of traffic lights,” Karepov explained. He also stressed the importance of using this finding to create special contact lenses instead of relying on color-correcting glasses. Whether you prefer to wear glasses or contacts, it’s nice to know that people who are colorblind will soon be able to choose between the two, as well. 13．The writer leads in the topic by _______ at the beginning of the passage. A．making a table B．listing a number C．asking a question D．giving an example 14．The second paragraph mainly tells us about _______ colorblindness. A．the main cause of B．the different kinds of C．a simple tool to find D．a new method to fix 15．The underlined word “imperfection” in Paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to _______. A．experience B．weakness C．language D．examination 16．The overall tone (总基调) of the passage is _______. A．personal and doubtful B．sad but humorous C．scientific and promising D．informative but meaningless 5.（24-25高三上·云南玉溪·开学考试）Artificial intelligence(AI) models have long surpassed (超出) just creating text responses and images. Now, with only one sentence, OpenAI’s latest text-to-video model, Sora, can turn your words into video with good visual quality while completely following your content instructions. Sora is said to be better than many other existing models with similar functions. The AI model can create videos at suitable aspect ratios (屏幕高宽比) for different devices. It also lets users quickly test out content in lower quality before making the high-quality version, which helps speed up output according to the user’s requests. Apart from this, its ability to present videos in a realistic and smooth manner is surprising. Sora can create detailed scenes with several characters, specific types of motion, and accurate subject and background details. Beyond the user’s requests, it also understands how these elements exist in the real world. For example, reflections in the water change as a woman walks by. However, the current model isn’t perfect. It may have trouble accurately showing how things move in a complicated scene and might not get how one action leads to another. For example, if someone eats part of a cookie in a Sora-made video, the cookie might not look like it’s been bitten into. The model might mix up directions and find it hard to describe events in the right order. One possible reason is that Sora learns each basic unit of a video, known as a spacetime patch (时空补丁), independently. Sora is still in the testing stage of development. OpenAI is now inviting network security professionals to make random attacks on Sora’s system in order to test the model’s possible weaknesses and risks. Sora has also been open to some visual artists, designers and filmmakers. Their feedback will help OpenAI to improve the model to better serve creative professionals. 17．What is the main focus of paragraph 2 and 3? A．Sora’s strengths. B．Sora’s weaknesses. C．Sora’s development. D．Sora’s popularity. 18．Why does the author provide the example in paragraph 4? A．To show Sora’s safety problems. B．To show Sora’s existing weaknesses. C．To show Sora’s perfect performance. D．To explain the concept of a spacetime patch. 19．What can we know about Sora up to now? A．It is being tested and improved. B．It has enjoyed great popularity. C．It has made random attacks. D．It has been stopped. 20．What’s the best title for the text? A．Sora: A perfect text-to-video AI model B．Sora: A tool for chatting C．Sora: Known as a spacetime patch D．Sora: Lead the way in creating videos 6.（24-25高三上·广东·开学考试）Every so often, 31-vear-old Chen Jiawen, a product designer at a technology company Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, sets aside a day for herself called Unplug Day. On this day, she disconnects from the digital world and focuses on real-life experiences. In the morning, she prepares breakfast for herself while listening to music. In the afternoon, she wanders through the park with friends and in the evening, they enjoy a meal together without touching their phones, engaged in deep conversation. Upon returning home, she spends the evening reading. Chen started the plan as she often felt “interrupted” by technology, citing moments of distraction (分心) like pop-up notifications, ring tones and repetitious warnings leading her to check for new messages, and feelings of information overload. “Occasionally disconnecting from the network is like feeding the brain a day of vegetarian food,” Chen said. Unplug Day is part of her plan to combat information overload from overusing the phone and to rebuild her focus. In addition to this, she has started replacing short videos with longer ones and prioritizes reading in-depth news articles or books. “When friends gather and everyone is glued to their phones, it makes me uncomfortable,” Chen said, adding that burying herself in social media prevented her from completing work as planned, leading to psychological burdens and a decreasing focus. It’s become a common situation where modem people might unconsciously use the time spent waiting at traffic lights to watch a short video or constantly check out a trending topic upon receiving a push notification from an app. To prevent this sense of being “controlled” by mobile devices, some young Chinese like Chen are experimenting with digital minimalism and are discovering positive outcomes from their efforts. Technology should bring us joy, not reduce the time we spend with family or increase our anxiety. Our goal is to control technology rather than letting it control us. 21．What can we learn about Unplug Day? A．It is a day for reading. B．It is a day without phones. C．It is a day away from the Internet. D．It is a day to spend with friends. 22．What does the underlined word “combat” in paragraph 2 mean? A．Range. B．Cancel. C．Obtain. D．Prevent. 23．What is the direct impact of over-involvement in social media? A．Tasks’ delays. B．Stress from peers. C．Mental problems. D．A decreasing focus. 24．What does the author suggest people do in the last paragraph? A．Enjoy the benefits of technology. B．Decrease the time spent on digital devices. C．Remove the apps informing new messages. D．Watch longer videos while waiting at traffic lights. 7.（23-24高三上·云南楚雄·阶段练习）Scientists have created a new tool that can know what you mean. It works by using an Artificial Intelligence (AI) program to translate brain activity into words. Scientists say the program could help people who can’t speak because of a brain injury. To record brain activity without surgery, scientists used an fMRI machine, which can record the activity of the brain as it happens. To translate these recordings into words, scientists used an Al tool called GPT-l that predicts which word is most likely to come next, based on the information that came before. Scientists first trained GPT-1 on lots of stories people had told about their lives. Next, they trained GPT-1 to make connections between brain scans and spoken words. The testing was done on three human volunteers. Each person spent sixteen hours in an fMRI machine listening to stories. The machine created pictures showing which parts of their brain were active. GPT-1 then used these recordings to make connections between the idea s in the stories and the brain activity of the listeners. Then came the test. The scientists played a brand new story. GPT-I was only given recordings of the people’s brain activity. But the words that GPT-1 predicted were very similar to the words in the story that the people were listening to. The words weren’t exactly the same, but they often carried the same meaning. For example, when a person was listening to a story about a person who didn’t have a driver’s license, the program came up with this, “She has not even started to learn to drive yet.” The scientists say that GPT-1 is the first AI program to turn what people are thinking into words without brain surgery. The system isn’t something that is available outside the lab today, mainly because of the size and cost of fMRI machines. But in the future, a similar method could help people who have lost the ability to speak because of an injury or disease. 25．Why were the volunteers asked to listen to stories for 16 hours? A．To produce brain activity. B．To awaken their curiosity. C．To predict the new stories. D．To remember the words. 26．Which of the following best describes the test outcome? A．Unexpected. B．Successful. C．Discouraging. D．Complex. 27．What can be learned about this AI program? A．It’ll reach consumers soon. B．It hasn’t been put to use. C．It eases users’ financial worry. D．It’ll make patients learn to talk. 28．What’s the best title for the text? A．The fMRI Machine Is Used for Brain Surgery B．We Don’t Have to Worry About Brain Injury C．GPT-l Lets Humans Speak from Their Heart D．Scientists Train Al to Read Human Thoughts 8.（23-24高三上·云南楚雄·阶段练习）The sound of children’s laughter is not something you often hear at a hospital. Yet in the hallways of Children’s Health of Orange County (CHOC Hospital) in Orange, California, the joyous sound of kids having fun will soon be a common occurrence. That’s because Honda teamed up with the hospital to create a first-of-its-kind electric car made just for kids! Shogo, the child-sized electric ride-on car, was built by Honda through their charitable “Project Courage”, an initiative aimed at making hospital stays a little bit more fun for children battling serious illnesses. Shogo was made entirely by Honda’s in-house engineers, and they’re incredibly proud of it. The car has superseded wheelchairs at CHOC． Now, patients can drive themselves to their treatments in various parts of the hospital, giving them a reason to look forward to these procedures instead of fearing them. “As someone who spent time in the hospital as a young child, I really hope the number one objective of our Shogn is to ease the hardship of a hospital stay by providing kids with a lasting positive memory about that experience,” said Randall Smock, a senior designer of vehicles at American Honda Motor Co., Inc. “Every element of Shogo was designed to accommodate different needs of young children.” With a simple stop/go mechanism they can easily use, Shogo is meant for child drivers aged 4 through 9. It has no doors so kids can easily get in and out, and it has a soft-to-the-touch interior (内部) that can be washed to stay clean in a hospital setting, and it comes equipped with an I. V. (静脉注射) pole holder. There’s even a toy holder and a horn with different sound options, and kids can create their own custom license plate for the built-in holder. 29．What is Project Courage committed to doing? A．Bringing joy to hospitalized kids. B．Investing in designing cars for kids. C．Donating to the children’s hospital. D．Producing medicines for kids’ diseases. 30．What does the underlined word “superseded” in paragraph 3 mean? A．Renewed. B．Withdrawn. C．Controlled. D．Replaced. 31．What made Randall Smock develop Shogo? A．His love for vehicles. B．His work as a doctor. C．His dream of curing illness. D．His experience as a child. 32．What does the last paragraph focus on concerning Shogo? A．Its development. B．Its safety. C．Its practicality. D．Its popularity. 9.（24-25高三上·重庆·阶段练习）Recently, Ai Peiyan, Wei Guo and other scientific researchers from the Medicinal Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization Team of the Agricultural and Biotechnological Center of South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences (中国科学院), used the “cell factory” method to produce anthocyanins (花青素), and the output reached 96.23 mg/g (dry weight). In traditional methods, anthocyanins are mainly extracted from plants, while the content of anthocyanins in common fruit fruits is 0.08-25.77 mg/g (dry weight). In addition to low content and complicated extraction process, there are also difficulties such as long plant growth cycle. If a fully synthetic approach is adopted, there are issues such as high cost and difficulty. The team utilized the regulatory mechanism of efficient synthesis and accumulation of anthocyanins in black fruit goji berries, and employed metabolic engineering and other methods to efficiently synthesize high-value anthocyanins in a “cell factory”. The team achieved a breakthrough in the efficient synthesis of fruit anthocyanin main component petanin from suspension callus tissue through multi omics (组) joint analysis, based on the established efficient genetic transformation system of black fruit goji berries in the early stage, and achieved a high yield of 96.23 mg/g (dry weight) of anthocyanin through a series of measures. This technology system breaks through the temporal and spatial limitations of the growth cycle and planting area of black fruit goji berries, achieving efficient synthesis under the conditions of a “cell factory”, and providing technical support for the protection of wild germplasm resources of black fruit goji berries and the improvement and efficiency of the anthocyanin industry. In addition, the team closely focused on the research and development goals of functional gene mining and industrial development and utilization of anthocyanins in black fruit goji berries. They identified multiple key functional genes that regulate anthocyanin synthesis in black fruit goji berries and established a technical system for efficient production of anthocyanins in black fruit goji berries using suspended callus tissue, laying a solid technical foundation for the development and utilization of anthocyanins in food, health products, and other fields. 33．What is the biggest advantage of using a “cell factory” method to produce anthocyanins? A．The lowest price. B．The steep increase in yield. C．The biggest financial suppose from the local government. D．The simpler collection steps. 34．What does the underlined word in the second paragraph mean? A．compose. B．experiment. C．facility. D．method. 35．Which of the following statements is correct ? A．Genetic transformation is a must-use technology to reach the success. B．The research team used brown fruit goji berries to produce anthocyanins. C．The plants that used in the research can grow anywhere on Earth. D．The application value of this technology in the food industry is negligible. 36．Which can be the best title of this passage ? A．Future humans will achieve the freedom of anthocyanins. B．Anthocyanins- A New Breakthrough in Plant Science. C．Black fruit goji berries give wings to botanic scientific development. D．Scientists Achieve Efficient Production of Anthocyanins Using “Cell Factory” 10.（23-24高三下·湖北荆州·阶段练习）A pair of researchers with Leibniz University of Hannover has demonstrated the means by which robots might be programmed to experience something similar to pain in animals. As part of their demonstration at last week’s IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation held in Stockholm, Johannes Kuehn and Sami Haddaddin showed how pain might be used in robots, by interacting with a BioTac fingertip sensor on the end of a Kuka robotic arm that had been programmed to react differently to differing amounts of pain. The idea of developing an artificial robot nervous system may seem contrary to all expectations, but Kuehn says doing so is important in the same way that it is good for humans to feel pain. “Pain is a system that protects us,” says Kuchn. When we avoid the source of pain, it helps us not get hurt. "So when robots can feel and react to pain, they will become smart enough to avoid it. The more dangerous the robot registers the threat to be, the faster it will withdraw and avoid the source of danger. Additionally, Kuehn and Haddadin say humans working alongside robots that feel pain, especially those in heavy machinery, will be protected around them. They have tested out some of their ideas using a robotic arm with a fingertip sensor that can detect pressure and temperature. It uses a robot-tissue patch (小片) modeled on human skin to decide how much pain should be felt and thus what action to take. For example, if the arm feels light pain, it slowly withdraws until the pain stops, and then returns to its original task; severe pain, meanwhile, causes the arm to go into a kind of lockdown mode until it can get help from a human operator. Such robots are likely to raise a host of questions, of course, if they become more common —if a robot acts the same way a human does when touching a hot plate, are we to believe it is truly experiencing pain? Only time will tell of course, but one thing that is evident, Kuehn and Haddadin’s work could lead to robots that are more human-like than ever. 37．What do we learn about the robots in the demonstration? A．They can learn skills like animals. B．They can communicate with people. C．They have the ability to feel pain. D．They respond differently to requests. 38．What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about ? A．The significance of teaching robots to feel pain. B．The principle of robots’ avoidance of injuries. C．The analysis of the artificial robot nervous system. D．The value of protecting human workers from injury. 39．What can we learn from the example given in paragraph 3? A．The robot is smart enough to carry out different tasks. B．The robot can hardly work as well as a human operator. C．The robot can react differently based on degrees of pain. D．The robot is tolerant of changes of pressure and temperature. 40．What is the author’s attitude toward Kuehn and Haddadin’s study? A．Negative. B．Doubtful. C．Unclear. D．Optimistic 11.（24-25高三上·山西大同·阶段练习）Thomas Bogle has worked in the footwear industry for years. He also loves to run. He runs every day in the forest near his home in Colorado. But while training for a race, he couldn’t stop thinking about the bits of plastic and rubber that his shoes were shedding on the forest floor. With every step we take, our shoes leave behind an invisible trail of contaminants (污染物). These contaminants can potentially harm the soil, water and animal health. Shoes contain different types of plastics. Every year, about 500,000 tons of microplastics seep into the world’s oceans. Microplastics are tiny pieces of plastic. They form as larger plastic objects break down. They can harm living things and the environment. Now, several companies are starting to develop plant-based soles (鞋底). They don’t leave plastics behind when they break down. Plant-based soles address some of these issues. They won’t shed plastic into the environment. Plus, they generate fewer toxic chemicals. But shoes made with natural materials face some of the same challenges as plastic-based shoes once they’re thrown out. Taking the shoes apart is still hard. Recycling shoes will require setting up new systems. Bogle had an idea to create an entirely plastic-free shoe outsole. He got some help from Gene Kelly. He is a professor of soil science at Colorado State University and a fellow runner. Together, Bogle and Kelly developed a shoe sole. It is made of beeswax, vegetable oils and plant products such as leaves and husks from corn and other crops. Bogle’s company, Solum, partners with farmers across the country. The farmers grow and harvest the plant materials. Then, the materials are transformed into little plant balls and blended with natural rubber to create the sole. Solum’s shoes don’t shed toxic chemicals. Instead, the soles put nutrients back into the soil as they naturally wear down over time. These days, Bogle runs, hikes and golfs in shoes with his company’s plant-based soles. “Footwear is a very hard product to fix,” he said. “It really requires completely shifting how we think about footwear and how we make footwear and the materials we use.” 41．What problems of shoes are mentioned in the passage? A．Shoes are easy to break down but nearly impossible to recycle. B．People buy new shoes every year but quite a few are thrown away. C．Plastics of shoes do harm to our environment and living things. D．Footwear industry is intensely competitive in the production of shoes. 42．How did Bogle address the shoes issues? A．By developing shoes made of natural materials. B．By asking other companies for technical support. C．By allowing local farmers to join in his research. D．By testing out his company’s shoes in running races. 43．What is the advantage of Solum’s shoes over others? A．They can endure lots of wear and tear. B．They don’t shed bits of chemicals at all. C．They are cheap in materials and production. D．They bring nutrients to soil instead of plastics. 44．How do we describe Bogle? A．Modest and capable. B．Passionate and friendly. C．Creative and responsible. D．Warm-hearted and devoted. 12.（2024·河南开封·三模）Although Sir Isaac Newton did not employ his reflecting telescope to uncover novel astronomical phenomena, he did use it to completely transform how we view the world we live in and the universe as a whole. Reflecting telescopes use mirrors to bend light and enlarge images, distinguishing them from refractors (折射望远镜) that rely on lenses. Their simplicity in construction and ability to achieve much greater sizes than refractors have led to a transformation in our astronomical knowledge and our comprehension of the universe. As light passes through glass, various colors or bands are refracted at varying angles, leading to chromatic aberration (色差) and consequently, distorted images when viewed through a lens. In the time of Newton, the technology for producing glass and lenses was still very primitive, and the challenges associated with chromatic aberration had not been adequately addressed. Today we can make lenses that have almost no chromatic aberration but we can’t make them very large. As the size of a lens increases significantly, it becomes extremely heavy, causing its own weight to distort the lens and consequently ruin the image quality. Newton’s telescope solved these problems. A mirror doesn’t allow light to pass. It simply bounces all the light off the surface. This means there’s no chromatic aberration. Plus, because we only need to bounce light off the surface, we can support the entire mirror on a base, reducing its weight. This allows us to build much larger mirrors without any distortion. While Galileo is credited with the discovery of moons around Jupiter and Halley with predicting the comet’s orbit, what Newton did do was tie in mathematics, astronomy and our comprehension of the universe through the use of his telescope and his universal gravitation theory. The original telescope constructed by Newton is preserved and maintained by the Royal Society of London. It is showcased in London and occasionally embarks on international tours as an element of exhibitions. 45．What do we know about Newton’s reflecting telescope? A．It has a complex structure. B．It relies on mirrors instead of lenses. C．It can make the image smaller than a refractor. D．It helped Newton uncover novel astronomical phenomena. 46．What does the underlined word “distorted” mean in Paragraph 3? A．Confused. B．Twisted. C．Evident. D．Vivid. 47．What problems did Newton’s telescope manage to solve? A．Issues with image quality. B．Restrictions on the size. C．Challenges of lens making. D．Limits of light passing angles. 48．What is the author’s purpose of mentioning Galileo and Halley? A．To state a fact. B．To raise a point. C．To explain a concept. D．To make a comparison. 13.（23-24高三下·湖北荆州·阶段练习）Getting rid of old tyres (轮胎) has long been a problem. Most are thrown into landfills or piled up in storage. Energy recovery is another common method. This involves burning tyres to generate electricity or heat for industries, but that produces planet warming pollution; or we use them to repair roads, but chemicals from them might pollute the ground. Some firms, therefore, have begun exploring an alternative. One such firm is Wastefront, which owns a big tyre-recycling plant in north-east England. In a couple of years, it will be able to turn 8 million old tyres into new products, including a black liquid called TDO (轮胎衍生油). The process works by deconstructing a tyre into steel, rubber, and carbon black. After tearing down the steel, the remaining material is exposed to high temperatures in the absence of air to make the rubber change into a mix of hydrocarbon gases, and then they’re removed. What is left behind is pure carbon black. Once the removed gases cool down, a part of them liquefies (液化) into TDO. The remaining gases are to be burned to fuel the process. This creates a closed-cycle system that prevents emissions. The carbon black can be reused to make new tyres. That is of interest to tyre-makers because it helps efforts to become carbon neutral—achieving a balance between the amounts of carbon dioxide produced and the carbon dioxide removed from the atmosphere. Producing new carbon black requires burning heavy oil or coal, which lets off plenty of greenhouse gases. The recovered TDO is well-suited for making diesel (柴油). While not completely carbon-neutral, it does produce an 80-90% reduction in emissions of carbon dioxide, compared with the conventional fuel. The future market for such cleaner fuels will remain large, even though electric vehicles are on the rise. Fossil-fueled vehicles will exist for decades, particularly the big burners of diesel — trucks, which are harder to electrify. The fuel is also needed by trains and ships. So, anything that helps clean up overall emissions is useful — especially if it also eases a mountainous waste problem. 49．What’s the purpose of the first paragraph? A．To analyze causes. B．To present problems. C．To reach solutions. D．To make comparisons. 50．What can be inferred about the tyre-recycling process? A．Air boosts the burning of the old tyres. B．The remaining gases are emitted into the air. C．Pure carbon black is an unprocessed substance. D．TDO comes from the removed hydrocarbon gases. 51．Why are tyre-makers interested in tyre-recycling? A．They hope to gain financial rewards. B．It helps reduce greenhouse emissions. C．It helps improve production efficiency. D．They hope to expand the future market. 52．What does the underlined word “it” in the last paragraph refer to? A．Diesel made from TDO. B．Clean electric energy. C．Carbon-neutral process. D．Recovered TDO from old tyres. 14.（2024·湖南衡阳·模拟预测）Busy streets, loud noises, and grey buildings can make city life exhausting and boring. Finding a solution to these issues might be possible by turning to nature, which can help us feel calm and refreshed. Adding vegetation or colorful designs may make cities more enjoyable to live in. However, growing plants or covering buildings in paint to test these approaches is costly and inconvenient. Moreover, studying these phenomena outdoors can be tricky, as many factors can affect the final results. “Measuring pleasure and motivation in natural settings is extremely hard,” explained Prof. Yvonne Delevoye. “Human reactions are sensitive to environmental changes, such as weather or traffic. Consequently, we used virtual reality to measure reactions to these factors in a virtual urban space.” The group used virtual reality to make a city setting that felt real. They made two versions: one with no vegetation, and another with some green vegetation. They also introduced colorful patterns onto a path. Then they invited students to participate in the study. Wearing a VR headset and walking on the spot, the students spent time exploring the virtual environment. To find out where the volunteers were looking and for how long, each headset included an eye tracker. The researchers found that the students walked more slowly when there was green vegetation present in the experiment, and their heart rate increased. They would spend less time looking at the ground and more time observing their surroundings. These results indicate a pleasurable experience. Bright color patterns alone did not have quite the same uplifting effect as the green vegetation, but they inspired interest and passion of the students and attracted their stare while increasing their heart rate. Virtual reality might be a useful resource for urban planners, allowing them to experiment with different elements in a virtual environment. In the future, the researchers aim to improve the VR experience to get even better and more precise outcomes. 53．What was the primary reason for using virtual reality in the study? A．To create an entertaining game for students. B．To demonstrate the inconvenience of urban life. C．To prove the superiority of technology over nature. D．To measure reactions without environmental influence. 54．How did the participants interact with the virtual environment in the study? A．By walking around a real city. B．By making use of an eye tracker. C．By wearing a headset and walking on site. D．By observing through a screen without moving. 55．What does the underlined word “uplifting” most probably mean? A．Powerful. B．Cheerful. C．Encouraging. D．Healing. 56．What potential benefit of virtual reality is mentioned for urban planning? A．Reducing the costs of urban development significantly. B．Providing a platform for testing various urban elements. C．Predicting future urban challenges with precise results. D．Helping cities avoid using real vegetation in urban space. 15.（2024·山东·二模）Looking up at the sky during early spring, you may see groups of birds moving as they migrate (迁徙) north. But how do these creatures fly in such a cooperative and seemingly effortless fashion? “The answer lies in aerodynamics (空气动力学),” reports a team of scientists from New York University(NYU)in a newly published study. They also found that the impact of aerodynamics depends on the size of the flying group—benefiting small groups and disturbing large ones. To mimic (模仿) the flying patterns of birds in which they line up one directly behind the other, the researchers created mechanized wings. They were 3D-printed from plastic and driven by motors to move in water, which showed how air flows around bird wings and how they interact during flight. For smaller groups, the researchers discovered an effect by which each member gets help from the aerodynamics in holding its position relative to its neighbors. For larger groups, however, these flying interactions cause later members to be thrown out of position, causing a breakdown of the flying patterns due to crashes among members. The researchers then used mathematical modeling to better understand the underlying forces. It indicates that the interactions between neighbors are spring-like forces. However, these “springs” act in only one direction—a lead bird can apply force on its followers, but not the other way around. “The spring-like forces move the members back and forth and then travel down the group and increase in intensity, causing later members to crash together, explains Leif Ristroph, an associate professor at New York University. “This area of research is important since animals are known to take advantage of the flows to save on the energy or to reduce drag or resistance,” explains Leif Ristroph. “Our work may also have applications in transportation—like efficient speeding through air or water—and energy, such as more effectively harvesting power from wind or waves.” 57．What is the major focus of the NYU researchers’ study on birds? A．The migration patterns of birds. B．The flying routes in early spring. C．The benefits of smaller bird grouping. D．The aerodynamic effects on bird groups. 58．How do flying interactions affect smaller groups of birds? A．They lead to a breakdown. B．They disturb the formation. C．They help each member in position. D．They cause crashes among members. 59．Why does the author mention “springs” in paragraph 4? A．To make a contrast. B．To explain a principle. C．To put forward a theory. D．To present new evidence. 60．According to Leif Ristroph, what might be a potential application of this research? A．Relieving public traffic jams. B．Improving harvest of solar energy. C．Changing migration routes of birds. D．Decreasing air resistance of planes. 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 ( 1 )学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$