专题08 击破代词专项语法训练(知识网络+考点考法+考点练透)-备战2025年高考英语语法填空专项训练

2024-08-19
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专题08 击破代词专题语法专项训练 击破目录 第一部分 代词基础知识网络 一.近3年高考题中出现的代词考点统计表 1 二.代词的基本知识 2 (一)人称代词 2 (二)物主代词 11 (三)反身代词 12 (四)指示代词 13 (五)不定代词 16 (六)疑问代词 27 (七)代词的注意点 29 第二部分 代词的考点考法 32 一.代词的备考策略 32 二.代词的思路点拨 33 三.代词的考点归纳 34 第三部分 代词考点练透 35 一.高考真题17题 35 二.高考模拟试题22题 37 第一部分 代词基础知识网络 一.下面是近3年高考题中出现代词考点统计表 时间 卷次 语法填空 合计 2024年 全国I卷 0 全国II卷 0 全国甲卷 This area with __ (it) beauty, must be well preserved(答案为its) 1 全国乙卷 0 北京卷 0 浙江卷 some of the forward-looking ___ (one) may come out(答案为ones) 1 2023年 全国I卷 0 全国II卷 0 全国甲卷 Miss Zhao showed_______ insects on stamps.(答案为us) 1 全国乙卷 my mom decided to color _______hair.(答案为her) 1 北京卷 0 浙江卷 0 2022年 全国I卷 0 全国II卷 0 全国甲卷 0 全国乙卷 The Museum opened________ (it) first exhibition(答案为its) 1 北京卷 Since people can’t cook for ________ (they)(答案为themselves) 1 浙江卷 0 第二部分 代词基本知识 一、人称代词 (一)人称代词的用法 1.人称代词作主语,用主格。 We love our country.我们热爱我们的祖国。 2.人称代词作宾语,用宾格。 Winnie is a nice girl.We all like her. 温妮是个好姑娘。我们都喜欢她。 ⒊ 人称代词在口语中,用宾格。 If I were her,I would stay.要是我是她,我就留下来。 (二)人称代词的宾格代替主格的几种场合 ⒈ 在日常生活中,人称代词作表语时,常用代词的宾格。 A:Who is knocking at the door?谁在敲门呀? B:Its me.是我。 ⒉ 口语中,当人称代词孤立地用于不带谓语的句子中作主语时,常用代词的宾格。 A:I don't want to go to the theater tonight.今晚我不想去剧院。 B:Me neither.我也不想去。 A:I would like to stay here for another week. 我想在这里再呆一周。 B:Me too.我也是。 ⒊ 在带as和than的比较级后面,许多场合下用代词的宾格。 She knows me as well as him.她像了解他一样了解我。 He is taller than me.他比我高。 ⒋ 口语中,当人称代词用于带有强烈感情色彩的句子中作主语且其后不带宾语时,多用代词的宾格。 A:You ought to do it at once.你应该马上做。 B:What?Me!什么?我! (三)多个人称代词并列时的顺序 在英语中如果出现多个人称代词,其排列的顺序主要有如下几种情况: ⒈ 单数的场合:you+he/she +I You, he and I will go shopping tomorrow. 你,他和我明天将去购物。 ⒉ 复数的场合:we +you +they We,you and they are all Chinese.我们,你们和他们都是中国人。 ⒊ 男女两性并列场合:he+she He and she don't agree with me.他和她不同意我的看法。 ⒋ 承认错误或承担责任时:I +he/she+you I and he are to blame for the accident. 我和他应为这次事故承担责任。 ⒌ You and I是固定结构,即使是在承认过失时,词序也不变。 You and I are to blame.我和你应为此负责。 (四)it的用法 ⒈ 指刚提到过的事物,以避免重复。 A:When did the letter come?这封信什么时候送来的? B:It delivered this morning.今天早上送来的。 ⒉ 指未知性别的婴儿或孩子。 What a beautiful baby,is it a boy?多漂亮的宝宝呀,是男孩吗? ⒊ 指不明身份的人。 A:Who is it knocking at the door?谁在敲门? B: It might be the postman.可能是邮递员。 ⒋ 指时间或季节。 It is ten o'clock.现在是十点钟。 It is late autumn.现在已是深秋了。 ⒌ 指天气,环境。 It's raining hard outside.外面雨下得正大。 It is noisy in here.这里很嘈杂。 ⒍ 指距离。 It is half an hour's walk to the city centre.走到市中心只需半小时。 ⒎ 用于形式主语或形式宾语。 简单句:It is hard to learn English well. (it做形式主语,真正主语是learn English) I find it hard to learn English well. (hard为宾语补足语,语义上的补充) (it做形式宾语,真正宾语是learn English) 复合句:I find(that)it is hard to learn English well宾语从句)(主句是I find……,系表为it is引导的从句) (1)it作形式主语 it常可代替不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)或从句等作形式主语,而将真正的主语移至句子后面。 it作形式主语的几种常见句型: ①It is+形容词(good/kind/clever/stupid/easy/hard/ difficult/important,etc.)(+of/for sb.)+to do sth. It’s important for us to learn English well. 学好英语对我们来说很重要。 ②It is+形容词(important/necessary/clear/possible/natural /strange, etc.)+that+sb.+(should) do sth.(虚拟语气) It is important that we should pay close attention to the situation. 我们密切关注形势的发展是很重要的。 ③It is no use/good/useless/senseless/dangerous/enjoyable /worthwhile/a waste/fun, etc.+doing sth. It’s no use crying over the spilt milk.覆水难收。 ④It is said /reported/announced /(well­)known/believed /hoped/suggested/expected, etc. that ... It is reported that 22 people were killed in the grassland fire in Sichuan Province. 据报道在四川省火灾中有22人丧生。 ⑤It is +名词(词组)(a pity/a shame/an honor/ no wonder/a fact, etc.)+that从句。 It’s a pity that you missed such an exciting football match. 你错过了这么令人兴奋的足球比赛,真遗憾。 ⑥It is time ( high time ) for sb. to do sth./that ... It is time for us to leave. =It’s time that we left. =it is time that we should leave. ⑦It is/was the first ( second ... ) time that have /had done... It is the first time that I have been praised. It was the second time that I had visited the Great Wall. 当主句谓语动词是is时,从句用现在完成时;当主句谓语 动词是was时,从句用过去完成时 ⑧It is / was ... when ... (当…的时候时间是…) It was midnight when we got home. ⑨ It + be + 一段时间 + since… (自从…以来有一段时间了 It is three years since he graduated. 自从他毕业以来,已经三年了。 It is two years since he worked here. 自从他不在那儿工作以来,已经两年了。 ⑩It +be +时间段 + before ...(在…之前有一段时间) It will be two years before we meet again. It was some time before I realized the truth. ⑪某些固定句型中it作形式主语 It takes (sb.) some time to do sth. (某人)花时间做某事 It costs (sb.) some money to do sth. (某人)花钱做某事 It doesn’t matter (to sb.) … ...(对某人)不重要 It makes no difference (to sb.) … … (对某人)没有影响 It remains to be seen whether… …还有待证实 It occurs to sb. that… 某人突然想到… It happens that… 碰巧... (2)it作形式宾语 it常可代替不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)或从句在句子中作形式宾语,而将真正的宾语放在句子后面。 it作形式宾语常用于以下几种情况: ①动词+it+形容词/名词+(for sb.+)to do或+that从句。 其中,常用动词有think, believe, suppose, consider, feel, make, keep等; 常用形容词有hard, useless, worth, worthwhile等。 I think it important that you (should) attend the conference. 我认为你参加这次会议很重要。 I found it hard to get on with Mary. 我发现同玛丽相处很难。 ②动词+it+to sb.+that ... 常用句型有: owe it to sb. that ...     把……归功于…… leave it to sb. that ... 把……留给某人去做 take it for granted that ... 认为……理所当然 keep it in mind that ... 把……记在心里 We owe it to you that we finished the work on time. 多亏了你我们才按时完成了这项工作。 I leave it to your own judgment whether you should do it. 我让你自己判断这事是否该做。 ③动词(短语)+it+that/when/if ... 常用在此结构中的动词(短语)有: enjoy, like, love, dislike, appreciate, hate, prefer, see to, depend on, insist on等。 See to it that the goods are kept well. 注意这些货物要保存好。 I like it when the weather is fine in autumn. 我喜欢秋高气爽的天气。 ⒏ 用于强调结构中,不作任何成分 注意:在强调结构中,不能强调谓语部分。 It is/was...that/who... 【例】 The students are learning grammar in the classroom now. →It is the students who are learning grammar in the classroom now. →It is grammar that the students are learning in the classroom now. →It is in the classroom that the students are learning grammar now. →It is now that the students are learning grammar in the classroom. (1)与主谓一致结合一起考查 被强调部分如果是主语,who/that之后的谓语动词在人称和数上应与主语保持一致。 It is he who is wrong. (2)强调句型与定语从句、主语从句、宾语从句、状语从句结合在一起 It was at the school that/which was named after the hero that he spent his childhood. Do you know who it was that came up with the bright idea? It is not until + 被强调部分 + that ... 该句型也是强调句型。主要用于强凋时间状语,译成汉语 “直到……才……”,可以说是not ... until ... 的强调形式。 I didn’t realize she was a famous film star until she took off her dark glasses. = Not until she took off her dark glasses did I realize she was a famous film star. =It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a famous film star. 9.it的固定搭配 (1)make it ①在口语当中相当于succeed,表示:成功、做到、说定、赶上、及时到达。 It's hard to make it to the top in show business. ② 在口语中相当于fix the date for,表示“约定好时间”。 —Shall we meet next week? —OK. We just make it next Saturday. ③ take it/things easy 相当于Don’t worry or don’t hurry. 用来劝告别人,表示“不要慌,别担心,沉住气”。 Take it easy! He will do it well. ④It all depends/that all depends 在口语中,相当于it hasn’t been decided yet,表示那得看情况 还没有定下来。 —Are you going to the countryside for holiday? —It/That all depends. It's up to sb. ⑤在口语中,相当于it's decided by sb. 表示“由…决定,由…负责,取决于…” —Shall we go out for dinner?—It's up to you. 10.用来代替上文提到过的句子。 this上文发生过的,下文要说的事。(通常) that 只能指代上文说过的一个名词。 it通常指代上文的一句话。 You saved my life,I never forget it. He bought me a shirt.I like it. He bought me a shirt.I like that. 11. It常用的固定句型: (1) It takes sb.to do…某人用多长时间做某事 It took the man a week to mend our roof. 这些人花了一周时间修好我们的屋顶。 (2)It's(about/high)time that should...是该做某事的时侯了 It's (about/high)time that we should take action. 该是采取行动的时候了。 (3)It's the+序数词+time(that)..have + v-ed 第几次做某事了 It is the third time that he has failed the driving test. 这是他第三次没能通过驾驶考试。 (4)It's...since...从..已(多长时间了) It is five years since he stopped smoking. 他戒烟五年了。 (5)It was not.before..;It won't be long before. 用不了多长时间某动作发生了;过不了多久某动作将要发生 It was not long before they arrived.It won't be long before he returns from abroad.没过多久他们就到了。不久以后他们就要回国。 二、物主代词 (一)形容词性物主代词相当于形容词,放在名词前作定语 It's not my computer.那不是我的电脑。 She turned away her eyes.她把目光移开。 Is this your coat?这是你的大衣吗? ⒈形容词性物主代词后可加own表示强调,意为“自己的,完全属于自己的”。 Monica has her own computer.莫妮卡有自己的电脑。 I won't believe anything unless I see it with my own eyes. 除非我亲眼看见,否则我不会相信任何事情。 ⒉形容词性物主代词常用来构成固定短语,此时代词不可缺少。 try ones luck碰运气 in ones opinion依某人的观点 (二)名词性物主代词相当于名词,不能用于名词之前 名词性物主代词相当于形容词性物主代词加上前面所提到的名词,其功能如下: ⒈ 作主语: This is not my dictionary.Mine is lent to Lucy. 这不是我的字典,我的借给露西了。 ⒉ 作宾语: Every person showed his ticket and I showed mine. 每个人都出示了票,我也出示了我的。 ⒊ 作表语: This camera is mine and that is you.这架照相机是我的,那是你的。 ⒋ 与of连用构成双重所有格作定语: I am a great admirer of yours.我是你的一位崇拜者。 三、反身代词 反身代词表示动作对象是发出者本身。 (一)反身代词的用法 ⒈ 作宾语 反身代词作宾语表示动作的承受者就是动作的执行者自己。 I hope you will enjoy yourselves on the trip. 我希望你们旅途玩得愉快。 The little boy can dress himself now. 那个小男孩现在能自己穿衣服了。 ⒉ 作表语 在be和其他系动词如feel,look,seem之后,反身代词可以用来描述感觉,情绪和状态。 I am not feeling myself today.今天我感觉有点不舒服。 The poor girl in the picture is myself. 照片上这个可怜的小女孩就是我。 ⒊ 作同位语 反身代词在句中作名词或代词的同位语,用来加强其语气,常位于名词或代词后,作主语的同位语时也可位于句尾。 I want to see Bob himself.我想见鲍勃本人。 Mary worked out the problem herself.玛丽自己做出了这道题。 (二)常用的反身代词短语 devote oneself to致力于 enjoy oneself 玩得高兴 dress oneself 自己穿衣 come to oneself恢复知觉 help oneself to随便吃,随便用 hide oneself把自己藏起来 teach oneself 自学 lose oneself 迷路 by oneself 亲自(独自地) talk to oneself 自言自语 excuse oneself 自我辩解 be not oneself身体不舒服 for oneself 替自己,为自己 in oneself本身 between ourselves 私下说的话(不可告诉别人) among themselves他们之间 to oneself供自己使用 四、指示代词 (一)this,that,these,those的用法 ⒈ 表示近指和远指 this,these往往指时间或空间较近的人或物;that,those可指时间或空间较远的人或物。 This gift is for you and that one is for your brother. 这件礼物是你的,那件是你弟弟的。 I love these books but I dislike those ones. 我喜欢这些书,但不喜欢那些。 注意:英国人打电话时,this指自己,that指对方。 Hello,this is Allan.Who is that speaking? 喂,你好!我是艾伦,你是哪位? ⒉ 指刚提到过的或将要提到的事 ①指刚提到过的事情或已经完成的事情用that。 Little George broke the vase,but he didn't admit it and that was very annoying.小乔治打碎了花瓶,自己还不承认,真是太气人了。 ②指即将要发生或将要提到的事情用this. I want to know this was Miss Tones here the whole morning? 我想知道的是,琼斯小姐整个上午都在这里吗? ③ that,those常常用来代替上文提到过的名词,以避免重复。 ④ that 指代不可数名词或可数名词的单数。 Life today is much better than that in the old days. 指现在的生活比过去好多了。 ⑤ those 指代可数名词复数。 The days in summer are longer than those in winter. 夏天的白天比冬天的白天长。 ⒊ this,that还可用作副词,意为“这么”“那么”。修饰形容词或副词,其用法与so类似。 She has never been this late for school before. 她以前上学从没有这么晚过。 She is too young to walk that far.她太小,走不了那么远。 ⒋ 与表示时间的名词搭配。 ①this 与有些名词连用表示“目前的具体时间” this morning 今天早晨 this afternoon今天下午 this evening今天晚上 this week 本周 this month这个月 this spring今年春天 ②that 与某些名词连用表示“过去的具体时间” that morning 那天早上 that afternoon 那天下午 that evening 那天晚上 that week 那周 that month 那个月 that spring那年春天 ③these 与某些名词连用表示“与目前相关的一段时间” these days如今,目前,这些天 these years 这些年 these months 这些月 those与某些名词连用表示“与过去相关的一段时间”。 those days 那些日子 those years 那些年 those months那些月 (二)指示代词在句中所作得成分 ⒈ 主语: This is what I want to emphasize.这就是我想强调的。 ⒉ 宾语: Better take those with you.最好把那些带着。 ⒊ 表语: My idea is this.我的想法是这样的。 ⒋ 定语: What shall I do with these flower这些花怎么办? 五、不定代词 不指明代替任何特定名词或形容词的代词叫不定代词。不定代词表示某种程度和各种类型的不确定意义,它们在逻辑意义上是数量词,具有整体或局部意义。 (一)简单不定代词 1.one的用法 one 指代可数名词,既可指人,也可指物。 可单独使用,也可放在单数可数名词前作定语。 one→ones(复数)→one's(名词所有格)→oneself(反身代词) 反义疑问句:one 正式语体;you 口语 ① 单独使用,泛指“人”“一个人”“人们”。 (此时句中也可以出现one's或oneself与之呼应) One often fails to see their own faults.人往往看不见自己的缺点。 One should do their best at all times. 一个人无论如何都应尽最大努力。 ② 表示具体的“一个人”或“一个事物” He is not one who is easy to work with.他不是容易合作的人。 This is the one you looking for.这就是你要找的那一个。 注意:当one前面有形容词修饰时,形容词前必须有冠词或代词。 Her new car goes faster than her old one.她的新汽车比旧的跑得快。 I don't like this green peach.Please give me a red one. 我不喜欢这个绿桃子,请给我一个红的。 ③ 代替上文已出现过的单数可数名词或复数名词以避免重复。 I prefer red roses to white ones.我喜欢红玫瑰胜过白玫瑰。 The problem is harder than that one.这个问题比那个更难。 ④ 词汇辨析:it,one,与that a. it是用来代替前文出现的同一事物,即指同类同物,代替可数或不可数名词。复数是they(主格)them(宾格) I left my electronic dictionary in my drawer,but today it is gone. 我把电子词典放在抽屉里,可今天不见了。 (it 指上文提到的electronic dictionary) b. one 代替与前面事物同属一类但非同一个的可数名词,表示泛指意义。复数为ones. I don't like this type of CD player.Could you show me a better one?我不喜欢这种类型的CD播放机,能不能给我拿一个更好一点的?(one 指CD player) c. that用来代替前面出现的特指的单数可数名词或特指的不可数名词,可以指同一类;它的复数形式是those,用来替代前面特指的复数名词,只能指物不能指人。 Mary's handwriting is far better than that of Henry.玛丽的书法比亨利的好多了。(that 指the handwriting) 2.either,neither either表示“两者中任何一个”;neither表示“两者中任何一个都不”;either,neither是一对意义相反的代词,二者用法相同,都可作主语,宾语和定语。 Either is OK.(作主语)两个随便哪个都行。 You may take either of the books.(作宾语)两本书中随你拿一本。 There are roses on either side of the road.(作定语) 路两旁种着玫瑰花。 (1) either 和neither作主语时,谓语动词常用单数形式。 Neither is willing to help her.两人都不愿帮她。 注意:neither 后可跟of 短语 Neither of them is interested in the film. 他们两个都对那部电影没兴趣。 (2)either用作代词,可以单独使用,也可和of连用,of后接复数名词,名词前要用一个物主代词,指示代词或定冠词。 He doesn't like either of the two places. 他不喜欢这两个地方中的任何一个。 (3) either...or“不是.….就是..…;或者……或者.……” neither..…nor“既不.…….也不..…” 皆为并列连词,连接句中两并列成分,连接两并列主语时,谓语动词在人称和数上应遵循就近一致的原则,即根据与谓语动词最靠近的主语决定谓语动词的人称和数的形式。 Either he or you have stolen my watch. 不是他就是你偷了我的手表。 Neither my sister nor I am willing to work with you. 我姐姐和我都不愿和你一起工作。 (4) either 在否定句中常位于句末,表示“也”之意,此时 either为副词。 I don't like maths and he dislike it,either. 我不喜欢数学,他也不喜欢。 (5) neither表示“也不”,位于句首。后面使用倒装语序。 This shirt doesn't fit me;neither does that one. 这种衬衣不合我的身,那件也一样。 3.both,all both“两者,都”仅指两个人或物;all “全部,都”指三个或三个以上的人或物;both of/all of后为名词时,of 可以省略。为代词宾格时,of不可以省略。 All (of) the students went to the concert last night. 昨晚所有的学生都去听音乐会了。 She invited both of us to her birthday party. 她邀请我们两个参加她的生日宴会。 (1) all指事物的整体或抽象概念时用作单数,指人时用作复数。 All is going perfectly.一切进展顺利。 All are here,so let get started.所有人都到齐了,咱们开始吧。 (2) both 和all都可置于定冠词等限定词之前,也可以直接修饰名词。 All the windows are open.所有的窗户都开着。 Both my sister and my cousin like playing cards. 我的妹妹和表弟都喜欢打扑克。 (3) both,all作主语同位语时应位于实义动词之前,系动词,助动词或情态动词之后。 They both like coffee very much.他们两个都很喜欢喝咖啡。 The people all agree to pass a law to protect wild animals. 人们一致同意通过一项保护野生动物的法令。 They have both been living in Beijing for 20 years. 他们两个在北京生活20年了。 You should all hand in your work tomorrow. 明天你们必须把作业交上。 (4)在简略答语中,all和both不可置于句末。 A:Were you all present at the meeting?你们都出席会议了吗? B:Yes,we all were.是的,我们都出席了。 A:Have you finished the homework?你们完成作业了吗? B:Yes,we both have.是的,我们都完成了。 注意:all的全部否定形式是none; both的全部否定形式是neither None of us is a worker./ None of us are workers.我们都不是工人。 Neither of us is going to share the cost.我们俩都不承担这笔费用。 (5) all,both与not连用表示部分否定 Not all/both the teachers in this remote school have opportunity to get further education. =All/both the teachers in this remote school don't have opportunity to get further education. 在这所边远学校,不是所有(两个)老师都有机会去进修。 4.each,every (1) each表示两者或两者以上的“每一个”,强调“个体”,倾向于把整体分开来考虑。(具体的概念)作代词或形容词,可以作主语,宾语,定语和同位语。 Each of them has a mobile phone.(作主语) 他们每一个都有一部手机。 From each according to his ability,to each according to his need. (作宾语)各尽所能,各取所需。 Each room can seat at least fifty people.(作定语) 每个房间至少能坐50人。 We each have a text book.(作同位语)我们每个人有一本教科书。 注意:代词each作同位语,谓语动词与主语we保持一致。 (2) every指三者或三者以上的“每一个”,强调“全体”,暗示无一例外,在句中只能作定语。(概括的概念) Every student went to the Great Wall with their teachers last Sunday.上周日全体师生去爬的长城。 注意:each of后跟可数名词或代词复数,every不与of连用。 如:Each of the houses here is painted a different color. 这里每幢房子都漆成不同的颜色。 (3)“every+基数词+名词复数”“every+序数词+名词单数”表示“每…,每隔……” He went to see his grandpa every five days/every fifth day. 他每五天去看一次爷爷。 ⑴ every 与not连用,表示部分否定。 Every man is not honest.=Not every man is honest. 并非每个人都诚实。 ⑵ each与not连用,表示全部否定。 Each man is not honest每个人都不诚实。 ⑶ 在下列短语中,用each和every均可。 each/every day;each/every year,each/every time。 但:every now and then“时常,不时”为固定结构,不能用each. 5.another,other,the other,others,the others ① another ⑴ 强调三者或三者以上“另一个”,与可数名词单数连用,表示“另一个”,泛指(无整体范围) I have looked through these.Will you please show me another shirt?这些我都看了,能不能再拿一件衬衫给我看一看。 ⑵“another+数词+复数名词”表示在原有基础上“又,再,额外” I have been here for two weeks and I will stay here for another three weeks.我在这里已呆了两周了,我还要在这里再呆三周。 ② the other,other ⑴ the other:强调两者之间的“另一个”,one…,the other… On one side of the river grow willows,and on the other side grow poplars.河的一岸长着垂柳,另一岸长着杨树。 可与复数名词连用,表示“其他的人或物” Can you distinguish Venus from the other stars? 你能把金星与其他的星星区别开来吗? ⑵ other:“其他的”,与复数名词连用。 No matter what other people may said stick to my plan. 不管别人说什么,我都会坚持我的计划。 也可与单数名词连用,与单数名词连用时必须有the,some,any,no等词限定;“any + other+单数名词”,表示排除本身的“别的任何一个……” I have no other shoe.我没有其他可穿的鞋了。 Have you got any other book on this subject? 你还有关于这个问题的其他书吗? John isn't here.He might be in some other room. 约翰不在这里,他可能在别的房间。 ⑶“数词十other+复数名词”表示“额外的” He found there were two other guests beside himself. 他发现除了他自己还有另外两个客人。 ③ others,the others ⑴ others “others =other+复数名词”,常与some连用,表示“一些”“另一些”。 Some of the questions are hard;others are easy.这些问题中有些很 难,有些容易。 In the summer vacation,some like to travel,and others like to have part-time jobs.在暑假,有的人喜欢旅游,有的人喜欢打工。 ⑵ the others 作代词,表示特定范围的其余的一些人或物。 There are five foreign students in our class.Two of them are British and the others(=the other three foreign students)are Americans.我们班有五个外国学生,其中两个是英国人,剩下的三个是美国人。 There are ten apples.Five of them are mine,the others are yours. 这儿有10个苹果,5个是我的,其余的5个是你的。 6.some,any (1) some常用在肯定句中,接可数名词复数或不可数名词。 Some people work to live,and some live to work. 一些人工作是为了活着,一些人活着是为了工作。 I'd like some coffee with milk.我想要点加奶的咖啡。 (2) any多用于疑问句,否定句,或条件句中,表示“一些”,既可以指可数名词复数,也可指不可数名词。 Have you got any money with you?你身上带钱了吗? There won’t be any trouble.不会有麻烦。 If you have any books,please give me some. 如果你有书,请给我一些。 (3)注意: ① some有时也用于疑问句中,表示说话者希望对方给予肯定的回答。 Would you like some tea?你想喝点茶吗? ② any 有时也可用于肯定句中,表示“任何一个”“任何一些”。 Any normal child can learn a language very quickly. 任何正常的儿童学习一门语言都非常快。 Tom is taller than any other student in my class. 汤姆比班里的其他任何一个同学都高。 (汤姆是班里个儿最高的一位同学) ③“some/any of +…”结构作主语时,谓语动词需要根据 of 后面的名词单复数而定。 Some of the food has gone bad.有些食品变质了。 Some of them agree,and some of them don't. 他们中有些人同意,有些不同意。 I don't think any of them are coming.我认为他们没人会来。 Any of your time is to be made full use of. 应该充分利用你的任何时间。 ④some 还可指某一个,此时常修饰可数名词的单数形式, some的这种用法暗含不认识,不知道,不感兴趣,不重视等意思。 Some person parked his car here.有人把车停在了这里。 Some day I'm going to take a long motor trip. 某一天我要骑摩托车做一次长途旅行。 7.much,many (1) many修饰或代替可数名词,much修饰或代替不可数名词。 He hasn't had much happiness these last few years. 最近这几年他没有过多少舒心的日子。 How many times have you been there?你到那里去过几次? (2) more是many和much的比较级,many的比较级前用many 等修饰可数名词的词语;much的比较级前用much等修饰不可数名词的词语。 He has many (a lot/a few)more apples than I. 他的苹果比我的多得多(多几个)。 He has much (a lot/a little)more money than I. 他的钱比我的多得多(多一些)。 (3)词组a good many和复数名词连用,谓语动词也用复数形式;many a后的名词,动词都用单数。 A good many books were imported last year. 去年进口了许多书籍。 Many a man has tried it.许多人都已试过了。 (4)作名词或代词,much一般只用于否定句或疑问句。 但much 可用在too,so及as之后的肯定句中。 Does he know much about it?他对此了解很多吗? He spends too much money on beer.他花太多的钱喝啤酒。 (5) much ton修饰形容词或副词,意为“实在太.…”;too much修饰不可数名词,表示“太多.……” He drives much too carefully.他开车实在太小心了。 I drank too much wine last night.昨晚我的酒喝多了。 8.few,a few,little,a little (1) few几乎没有;表否定;代替或修饰可数名词。 a few几个,一些;表little,a little作主语修饰名词时,谓语动词用单数。 Few of them have been to London.他们中几乎没人去过伦敦。 There are a few mistakes in his composition. 他的作文中有几处错误。 Hurry up.There is little time left.快点,快没时间了。 (2) little 可作状语,修饰形容词、副词或形容词、副词的比较级 形式,相当于a bit.意为“有点”。 not a little=very非常,很 not a bit=not in the least/not at all点也不 He is a little/a bit taller than his brother.他比他的兄弟稍高一点。 He is not a little tired.他很累。 He is not a bit tired.他一点也不累。 (3) quite a few=many很多; quite a little=much跟多 Quite a few people knew about it. (4)有关的固定搭配 not a few 相当多的 only a few仅少数,只有几个 little or no 几平没有 little by little 逐渐地 (二)复合不定代词 somebody,anybody,nobody someone,anyone,no one something,anything,nothing everybody,everyone,everything 1.作主语时,谓语动词一律用单数。 人员:Everything is ready for the meeting. Is anybody absent? 注意:作反义疑间句,指物时,一律用单数 Everything is ready,isn't it? 指人时 Somebody was here yesterday,wasn't he? Nobody came here yesterday,did they? (看不出单复数时,表泛指) 2.当形容词修饰复合不定代词时,应放在其后,作后置定语。 He said nothing new. My mother cooked something rice for dinner. 注意:复合不定代词可与else 连用。 Nobody else but Robert could ever say this thing. 除了罗伯特,其他人未曾说过这件事。 Ask somebody else to help you.请别人帮你吧。 3.复合不定代词后不可接 of 短语,但分开写的some one, every one,any one定后可接 of 短语。 Every one of the students can speak good English. 这些学生中每个人都能说一口流利的英语。 You may tell any one of us.你可以告诉我们中的任何一个人。 (no one后不可接of短语,但none可以) 六、疑问代词 (一)who,whom,whose,what,which. 1.who who指人,是主格。主要作主语或表语。 Who saw you?谁看见你了? Who is that girl哪女孩是谁? 2.whom whom指人,为who的宾格,用作定语。 With whom did you go to the concert?你和谁去听音乐会? 3.whose whose是用来询问某人或某物属于谁的,在句中放在名词前作定语。 Whose bicycle is this? 这是谁的自行车? 4.what what用于对未知事物提问,主要指事物,也可以指人的职业或身份特征,还可用来询问价格,人口数量等。 What do you usually do on Sundays?星期天你经常做什么? What color do you like?你喜欢什么颜色? What is your father?你父亲是做什么职业的? (1) What...for?有时省略为What for?用来询问原因或目的。 What do you spend all the money for? 你为什么把那些钱都花光了? What for?We still have enough food in the apartment. 为什么?在公寓里我们仍然还有足够的食物。 (2) What if...用来表示假设,建议,征求意见或疑虑等。 What if it rains while we are on the way? 要是旅途中下雨怎么办? What if I go with you to the bazaar tomorrow? 明天我和你们一块去集市怎么样? (3) What about..?表示建议或征求对方意见。 What about going to the zoo?去动物园怎么样? I don't want to leave,what about you?我不想走,你呢? (4)What do yon mean 用于向对方表示愤怒,不满等情绪。 What do you mean by shutting the door so loudly? 你这么大声关门是什么意思? What do you mean by shouting at me? 你对着我大嚷是什么意思? (5)which which可指人或事物,表示在某一范围内选择。用于必须做出某种特定的选择时,which后可以加of,而what 则不可以。 Which color do you like better,red or yellow? 红色和黄色你更喜欢哪一种? (七)代词的注意点 1.it的用法 (1)it可作人称代词,主要指某样东西、抽象事物、不知性别的孩子或不明确的人。 (2)it也可代指时间、距离、天气等。 (3)it作形式主语或形式宾语代指不定式、动词­ing形式、名词性从句。 It is a waste of time trying to persuade him to change his mind.As is known to us all, he is so stubborn. 试图说服他改变主意是在浪费时间。众所周知,他是如此的固执。 (4)表示“喜欢、恨”等心理方面的动词后常接it作形式宾语,然后再接真正的宾语(宾语从句),这类动词有:enjoy,prefer,love,like,hate,dislike,appreciate等。 They would appreciate it, to be frank, if the goods could be delivered as soon as possible. 坦率地讲,如果货物能尽快送到,他们将会感激不尽。 2.3组不定代词对比识记 (1)either, both, neither, all, none, any either 肯定意义 表示“两者中的一个”,作主语时,谓语动词常用单数形式。 both 肯定意义 表示“两者都”,作主语时,谓语动词常用复数形式。 neither 否定意义 表示“两者都不”,作主语时,谓语动词常用单数形式。 all 肯定意义 作主语时,谓语动词的人称和数应与all所指代的人或事物保持一致。 none 否定意义 作主语后接复数名词时,谓语动词可用单数也可用复数;后接不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数形式。 any 肯定意义 作主语时,谓语动词的数要根据其代指的名词确定,常与of连用。 As the two dictionaries are useful, I'll take both and either of them is very important to me. 由于这两本词典都有用,我会把它们都买下来,每一本对我来说都非常重要。 Larry asks Bill and Peter to go on a picnic with him, but neither of them wants to, because they have work to do. 拉里让比尔和彼得跟他一起去野餐,但他们两个都不想去,因为他们都有工作要做。 All horses are animals, but not all animals are horses. 所有的马都是动物,但并不是所有的动物都是马。 注意:both, all与not连用表示部分否定;表示全部否定时应用neither, none。 (2)none, nobody/no one, nothing none 既可指人也可指物,多与表示范围的介词of连用;与数量有关,可回答how many或how much类的问句,表示“一个也没有”。 nobody/ no one 不能与of连用,只能指人,表示“什么人也没有”,可回答who引导的疑问句。 nothing 表示“什么也没有”,用来否定一切,可回答what引导的疑问句。 Nobody can do something well for 40 years if he doesn't love it. 没有人能持续四十年把某件事做得很好,除非他热爱这件事。 None of them knew about the plan because it was kept a secret. 他们中没有人知道那个计划,因为它还是个秘密。 (3)the other, other, another, others other 不能单独使用,只能修饰名词,表示泛指意义。 another 可单独使用,也可修饰名词,泛指三者或三者以上的人或物中的“另一个”,代替或修饰单数可数名词。另外,another后可接“基数词/few+复数名词”形式,表示“另外的……”。 others 单独使用,表示泛指意义,意为“其他的人或事物”,常与some一起出现;特指“其他的全部人或事物”时用the others。 I have two books; one is English, and the other is French. 我有两本书,一本是英语书,另一本是法语书。 Shopping on the Internet enables people not to search for goods from one store to another. 网上购物使人们不必从一家店到另一家店地寻找商品。 You are a team star! Working with others is really your cup of tea. 你是队里的明星!与别人一起工作的确是你喜欢的事。 (4)5个常用指示代词对比识记 指示代词it和that/those, one/ones it 特指前面提到过的同一个人或物 that/those that指代前面出现过的不可数名词或单数可数名词,指代单数可数名词时,相当于the one。其复数形式为those,相当于the ones。 one/ones one指代前面出现过的那类事物中的“一个”,其复数形式为ones。 The basic design of the car is very similar to that of the earlier model. 这款车的基本设计与之前车型的设计非常相似。 At our factory there are a few machines similar to those described in this magazine. 我们工厂里的一些机器与这本杂志里描述的那些机器很相似。 We've been looking for a cheap house but haven't found one yet. 我们一直在找一个便宜的房子,但是还没有找到。 注意:在语法填空题中,当句子缺少主语、定语、宾语或表语时,一般需填代词;确定填代词之后,再看一下设空处所填代词是否与前文提到的人或物有指代关系。 (1)作主语:人称代词主格(I, we, you, he等); (2)作宾语/表语:人称代词宾格(me, us, him等)、名词性物主代词(ours, mine, yours等); (3)作定语:形容词性物主代词(our, my, your等); (4)如果宾语与主语是指同一个人,用反身代词(myself, yourself, itself等); (5)填it的情况:作形式主语或形式宾语;指代前面提到的同一个事物或情况; (6)that, those作替代词,用来代替已提到的名词,以避免重复。 第二部分 代词的考点考法 一.代词的备考策略  在语法填空题中,当句子缺少主语、定语、宾语或表语时,一般需填代词;确定填代词之后,再看一下设空处所填代词是否与前文提到的人或物有指代关系。 (一)作主语:人称代词主格(I, we, you, he等); (二)作宾语/表语:人称代词宾格(me, us, him等)、名词性物主代词(ours, mine, yours等); (三)作定语:形容词性物主代词(our, my, your等); (四)如果宾语与主语是指同一个人,用反身代词(myself, yourself, itself等); (五)填it的情况:作形式主语或形式宾语;指代前面提到的同一个事物或情况; (六)that, those作替代词,用来代替已提到的名词,以避免重复。 二.代词的思路点拨 从近几年的高考真题来看,若要求考生填物主代词、宾格代词、反身代词等时,命题人通常会给出其基本形式——人称代词的主格;若题目本身要求考生填代词本身,如主格人称代词it,或some, any, another, both等不定代词,是不给提示词的。 (一)当括号中所给词是人称代词时,可能是填以下形式: 1.宾格形式:在句中作宾语或表语。 2.形容词性物主代词:在名词前作定语。 3.名词性物主代词:作主语、宾语或表语。 4.也可能是反身代词。 (二)在纯空格题中: 1.句子缺宾语时,到目前为止,高考只要求考生填it,即“宾语位置填it”,来指代前文提到的物或事。 以下两点到目前为止全国卷暂未考过。尽管今后考查的可能性也不大,但还是建议考生了解: 2.句子缺主语时,可能填:(1)人称代词主格;(2)不定代词;(3)it,包括用作形式主语的it,替代后面作真正主语的不定式、动名词或从句。如: Behind him were other people to whom he was trying to talk, but after some minutes _______ walked away and sat near me,looking annoyed. 解析:因but后的并列句中缺主语,故应填代词;根据语境,不难推出走开坐到“我”附近的应是他后面的那些人,即other people,指人,是复数,且作主语,应当填they。故填they。 因为充当主语或宾语的应是名词或代词,而在语法填空的纯空格题中一般是不要求考生填名词的,所以只要句子缺主语或宾语,就该填代词。此时,要根据前后语境, 看该空格是指人还是事物,指男还是指女,是单数还是复数。 3.空格后是名词,即名词前需要填限定词时,可能是填不定代词。如: The young man went home with a happy heart. After the student left, the teacher let _________ student taste the water. 解析:空格后是名词student,且为单数,作let的宾语,故应填限定词;由句意“在送水的这个学生走了之后,这位老师让他的另外一个学生尝一尝”可知填another。故填another。 三.代词的考点归纳 (一)人称代词主格有I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they等,在句中只能作主语用。一般在纯空格题中考查。 (二)人称代词宾格有me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them等,在句中作及物动词或介词的宾语。 (三)形容词性物主代词有my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their等,在句中只能作定语。 (四)名词性物主代词有mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs等,相当于“形容词性物主代词+名词”, 在句中可以作主语、宾语或表语。 (五)反身代词有myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves等,在句中作宾语,或者主语或宾语的同位语。 (六) it可以指代前面提到的物,或猜测中不确定的人,或指时间、 距离、 环境、 天气等,还可作形式主语或形式宾语,或用于强调结构。 第三部分 代词考点练透 一.高考真题17题 1.(2024年浙江1月卷)Who knows, perhaps some of the more forward-looking ______ (one) may yet come out with a whole range of “just for you” pack sizes with special offers as well. 2.(2024年全国甲卷)This area, with _______ (it) unique and breathtaking natural beauty, must be well preserved for all people of the nation to enjoy-as a national park. 3.(2023年全国甲卷)In that class, Miss Zhao, our biology teacher, showed_______ insects on stamps. 4.(2023年全国乙卷)Last Friday my mom decided to color _______hair. She studied with all the hair products at the drugstore. 5.(2022全国乙卷)The Chinese Ancient Tea Museum was officially unveiled(揭幕)at the ceremony, opening ________ (it) first exhibition: The Avenue of Truth — A Special Exhibition of Pu’er Tea. 6.(2022年北京卷)Since people can’t always eat out or cook for ________ (they), they get takeout or order delivery. 7.(2021新课标I卷)It sure does in ________ (I). 8.(2021全国乙卷)Ecotourism has ________ (it) origin with the environmental movement of the 1970s. 9.(2021年浙江卷)She was extremely pretty, and her house was a reflection of ________ (she), everything in good taste and in perfect order. 10.(2020新课标I卷)Data about the moon’s composition, such as how much ice and other treasures it contains, could help China decide whether ________ (it) plans for a future lunar(月球的)base are practical. 11.(2020年山东卷)As well as looking at exhibits, visitors can play with computer simulations(模拟)and imagine ________ (they) living at a different time in history or walking through a rainforest. 12.(2019年北京卷)Nervously facing challenges, I know I will whisper to ________ (I) the two simple words “Be yourself”. 13.(2018全国I卷)If you are time poor, you need run for only half the time to get the same benefits as other sports, so perhaps we should all give ________ a try. 14.(2018全国III卷)When the gorillas and I frightened each other, I was just glad to find ________ (they) alive. 15.(2018年浙江卷)Many westerners who come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap ________ can be to eat out. 16. (2017全国Ⅱ卷) However, the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months, more than 25,000 people were using ____ every day. 17.(2014全国II卷) Then the driver stood up and asked, “Did anyone lose a suitcase at the last stop?”A woman on the bus shouted,“Oh dear! It’s _________(I).”She pushed her way to the driver and took the suitcase thankfully. 二.高考模拟题17题 1.【广东省清远市2023-2024学年高二下学期期末英语试题】 45 is also an important part of socialization and ceremonies such as weddings and sacrifices. 2.(2024·广东佛山·二模) 4 provides a reference for the protection of cultural relics, and suggests measures for helping heritage sites respond to the influence of climate change. 3.(2024·广东汕头·一模)In the gentle winter sunlight, Gulangyu Island lies like a pearl in the ocean, quietly revealing 11 (it) unique charm. 4.(23-24高三下·广东东莞·阶段练习)For instance, Vladimirova thinks 47 interesting that elderly parents will gather in parks to find potential marriage partners for their adult children. 5.(23-24高三上·广东深圳·阶段练习) Besides, almost every country has made 79 a must that children learn English in schools and colleges. 6.(23-24高三上·广东梅州·期末)Thanks to 120 (they) proven efficiency, though, diesel engines are regaining some ground. 7.(23-24高三上·广东深圳·阶段练习)Recognized as the “world’s art factory”, Dafen impressed visitors with 152 (it) many workshops, in which painters created mock (模仿的) masterpieces by Van Gogh, Monet and Warhol. 8.(23-24高三上·广东汕头·期末)They are now embracing 170 (they) own cultural aesthetics (美学), which is meaningful. 9.(23-24高三上·广东深圳·期末)The flow of ink, both guided and resisted by water, determines the output of Chinese art, and Xuan paper outshines others with 197 (it) excellent ability to give full play to ink. 10.【2024届江苏省苏锡常镇四市高三下学期二模英语试题】However, the history of Chinese furniture is even longer than ___37___ of its writing, which can be traced back to the Hemudu Culture more than 7, 000 years ago. 11.【2024届江苏省南京市、盐城市高三第二次模拟考试英语试卷】 Once the medical elements within incense are breathed in, they soon find____63____(they) way into the bloodstream. 12.【2024届浙江省湖州市、丽水市、衢州市三地市高三下学期二模英语试题】The mobile nature of the machine made 58 the perfect production machine to serve customers attending outdoor sporting events, or circuses and fairs. 13.【2024届浙江省绍兴市高三下学期二模英语试题】Realising the importance of field research outweighed ____38____of extensive reading, in 1565 Li travelled far and wide into the mountains and wilderness. 14.【浙江省嘉兴市2023-2024学年高二下学期期末英语试题】The moments your brain imagines — from waving to a friend to eating your favorite snack—feel exactly the same as they would if you were actually doing 42 (they). 15.(23-24高三上·广东深圳·阶段练习) Besides, almost every country has made 79 a must that children learn English in schools and colleges. 16.(23-24高三下·广东东莞·阶段练习)For instance, Vladimirova thinks 47 interesting that elderly parents will gather in parks to find potential marriage partners for their adult children. 17.(2024·广东汕头·一模)In the gentle winter sunlight, Gulangyu Island lies like a pearl in the ocean, quietly revealing 11 (it) unique charm. 18.[2023·山东省泰安市三模]While many called this region the Southern Ocean, some scientists called ________ the Antarctic Ocean, others said Austral Ocean. 19.[2023·唐山市一模]It will take some time to popularize the new travel trend and the prices must remain competitive to ensure that regular tourists can afford ________. 20.[2023·苏州八校三模]After graduation he began to take part in the PLA Air Force's selection of astronaut candidates and was finally selected with ________ 13 male aviators(飞行员). 21.[2023·广州市综合测试二]In such festivals, people create projects and present ________ to judges. There are two rules: the project must be made of food, and it must be based on a book. 22.[2023·湖北省八市联考]Also, the lecture is an eye-opener and I actually have developed an appreciation of the devotion and hard work ________ takes to create art. 1 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 $$ 专题08 击破代词专题语法专项训练 击破目录 第一部分 代词基础知识网络 一.近3年高考题中出现的代词考点统计表 1 二.代词的基本知识 2 (一)人称代词 2 (二)物主代词 11 (三)反身代词 12 (四)指示代词 13 (五)不定代词 16 (六)疑问代词 27 (七)代词的注意点 29 第二部分 代词的考点考法 32 一.代词的备考策略 32 二.代词的思路点拨 33 三.代词的考点归纳 34 第三部分 代词考点练透 35 一.高考真题17题 35 二.高考模拟试题22题 40 第一部分 代词基础知识网络 一.下面是近3年高考题中出现代词考点统计表 时间 卷次 语法填空 合计 2024年 全国I卷 0 全国II卷 0 全国甲卷 This area with __ (it) beauty, must be well preserved(答案为its) 1 全国乙卷 0 北京卷 0 浙江卷 some of the forward-looking ___ (one) may come out(答案为ones) 1 2023年 全国I卷 0 全国II卷 0 全国甲卷 Miss Zhao showed_______ insects on stamps.(答案为us) 1 全国乙卷 my mom decided to color _______hair.(答案为her) 1 北京卷 0 浙江卷 0 2022年 全国I卷 0 全国II卷 0 全国甲卷 0 全国乙卷 The Museum opened________ (it) first exhibition(答案为its) 1 北京卷 Since people can’t cook for ________ (they)(答案为themselves) 1 浙江卷 0 第二部分 代词基本知识 一、人称代词 (一)人称代词的用法 1.人称代词作主语,用主格。 We love our country.我们热爱我们的祖国。 2.人称代词作宾语,用宾格。 Winnie is a nice girl.We all like her. 温妮是个好姑娘。我们都喜欢她。 ⒊ 人称代词在口语中,用宾格。 If I were her,I would stay.要是我是她,我就留下来。 (二)人称代词的宾格代替主格的几种场合 ⒈ 在日常生活中,人称代词作表语时,常用代词的宾格。 A:Who is knocking at the door?谁在敲门呀? B:Its me.是我。 ⒉ 口语中,当人称代词孤立地用于不带谓语的句子中作主语时,常用代词的宾格。 A:I don't want to go to the theater tonight.今晚我不想去剧院。 B:Me neither.我也不想去。 A:I would like to stay here for another week. 我想在这里再呆一周。 B:Me too.我也是。 ⒊ 在带as和than的比较级后面,许多场合下用代词的宾格。 She knows me as well as him.她像了解他一样了解我。 He is taller than me.他比我高。 ⒋ 口语中,当人称代词用于带有强烈感情色彩的句子中作主语且其后不带宾语时,多用代词的宾格。 A:You ought to do it at once.你应该马上做。 B:What?Me!什么?我! (三)多个人称代词并列时的顺序 在英语中如果出现多个人称代词,其排列的顺序主要有如下几种情况: ⒈ 单数的场合:you+he/she +I You, he and I will go shopping tomorrow. 你,他和我明天将去购物。 ⒉ 复数的场合:we +you +they We,you and they are all Chinese.我们,你们和他们都是中国人。 ⒊ 男女两性并列场合:he+she He and she don't agree with me.他和她不同意我的看法。 ⒋ 承认错误或承担责任时:I +he/she+you I and he are to blame for the accident. 我和他应为这次事故承担责任。 ⒌ You and I是固定结构,即使是在承认过失时,词序也不变。 You and I are to blame.我和你应为此负责。 (四)it的用法 ⒈ 指刚提到过的事物,以避免重复。 A:When did the letter come?这封信什么时候送来的? B:It delivered this morning.今天早上送来的。 ⒉ 指未知性别的婴儿或孩子。 What a beautiful baby,is it a boy?多漂亮的宝宝呀,是男孩吗? ⒊ 指不明身份的人。 A:Who is it knocking at the door?谁在敲门? B: It might be the postman.可能是邮递员。 ⒋ 指时间或季节。 It is ten o'clock.现在是十点钟。 It is late autumn.现在已是深秋了。 ⒌ 指天气,环境。 It's raining hard outside.外面雨下得正大。 It is noisy in here.这里很嘈杂。 ⒍ 指距离。 It is half an hour's walk to the city centre.走到市中心只需半小时。 ⒎ 用于形式主语或形式宾语。 简单句:It is hard to learn English well. (it做形式主语,真正主语是learn English) I find it hard to learn English well. (hard为宾语补足语,语义上的补充) (it做形式宾语,真正宾语是learn English) 复合句:I find(that)it is hard to learn English well宾语从句)(主句是I find……,系表为it is引导的从句) (1)it作形式主语 it常可代替不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)或从句等作形式主语,而将真正的主语移至句子后面。 it作形式主语的几种常见句型: ①It is+形容词(good/kind/clever/stupid/easy/hard/ difficult/important,etc.)(+of/for sb.)+to do sth. It’s important for us to learn English well. 学好英语对我们来说很重要。 ②It is+形容词(important/necessary/clear/possible/natural /strange, etc.)+that+sb.+(should) do sth.(虚拟语气) It is important that we should pay close attention to the situation. 我们密切关注形势的发展是很重要的。 ③It is no use/good/useless/senseless/dangerous/enjoyable /worthwhile/a waste/fun, etc.+doing sth. It’s no use crying over the spilt milk.覆水难收。 ④It is said /reported/announced /(well­)known/believed /hoped/suggested/expected, etc. that ... It is reported that 22 people were killed in the grassland fire in Sichuan Province. 据报道在四川省火灾中有22人丧生。 ⑤It is +名词(词组)(a pity/a shame/an honor/ no wonder/a fact, etc.)+that从句。 It’s a pity that you missed such an exciting football match. 你错过了这么令人兴奋的足球比赛,真遗憾。 ⑥It is time ( high time ) for sb. to do sth./that ... It is time for us to leave. =It’s time that we left. =it is time that we should leave. ⑦It is/was the first ( second ... ) time that have /had done... It is the first time that I have been praised. It was the second time that I had visited the Great Wall. 当主句谓语动词是is时,从句用现在完成时;当主句谓语 动词是was时,从句用过去完成时 ⑧It is / was ... when ... (当…的时候时间是…) It was midnight when we got home. ⑨ It + be + 一段时间 + since… (自从…以来有一段时间了 It is three years since he graduated. 自从他毕业以来,已经三年了。 It is two years since he worked here. 自从他不在那儿工作以来,已经两年了。 ⑩It +be +时间段 + before ...(在…之前有一段时间) It will be two years before we meet again. It was some time before I realized the truth. ⑪某些固定句型中it作形式主语 It takes (sb.) some time to do sth. (某人)花时间做某事 It costs (sb.) some money to do sth. (某人)花钱做某事 It doesn’t matter (to sb.) … ...(对某人)不重要 It makes no difference (to sb.) … … (对某人)没有影响 It remains to be seen whether… …还有待证实 It occurs to sb. that… 某人突然想到… It happens that… 碰巧... (2)it作形式宾语 it常可代替不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)或从句在句子中作形式宾语,而将真正的宾语放在句子后面。 it作形式宾语常用于以下几种情况: ①动词+it+形容词/名词+(for sb.+)to do或+that从句。 其中,常用动词有think, believe, suppose, consider, feel, make, keep等; 常用形容词有hard, useless, worth, worthwhile等。 I think it important that you (should) attend the conference. 我认为你参加这次会议很重要。 I found it hard to get on with Mary. 我发现同玛丽相处很难。 ②动词+it+to sb.+that ... 常用句型有: owe it to sb. that ...     把……归功于…… leave it to sb. that ... 把……留给某人去做 take it for granted that ... 认为……理所当然 keep it in mind that ... 把……记在心里 We owe it to you that we finished the work on time. 多亏了你我们才按时完成了这项工作。 I leave it to your own judgment whether you should do it. 我让你自己判断这事是否该做。 ③动词(短语)+it+that/when/if ... 常用在此结构中的动词(短语)有: enjoy, like, love, dislike, appreciate, hate, prefer, see to, depend on, insist on等。 See to it that the goods are kept well. 注意这些货物要保存好。 I like it when the weather is fine in autumn. 我喜欢秋高气爽的天气。 ⒏ 用于强调结构中,不作任何成分 注意:在强调结构中,不能强调谓语部分。 It is/was...that/who... 【例】 The students are learning grammar in the classroom now. →It is the students who are learning grammar in the classroom now. →It is grammar that the students are learning in the classroom now. →It is in the classroom that the students are learning grammar now. →It is now that the students are learning grammar in the classroom. (1)与主谓一致结合一起考查 被强调部分如果是主语,who/that之后的谓语动词在人称和数上应与主语保持一致。 It is he who is wrong. (2)强调句型与定语从句、主语从句、宾语从句、状语从句结合在一起 It was at the school that/which was named after the hero that he spent his childhood. Do you know who it was that came up with the bright idea? It is not until + 被强调部分 + that ... 该句型也是强调句型。主要用于强凋时间状语,译成汉语 “直到……才……”,可以说是not ... until ... 的强调形式。 I didn’t realize she was a famous film star until she took off her dark glasses. = Not until she took off her dark glasses did I realize she was a famous film star. =It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a famous film star. 9.it的固定搭配 (1)make it ①在口语当中相当于succeed,表示:成功、做到、说定、赶上、及时到达。 It's hard to make it to the top in show business. ② 在口语中相当于fix the date for,表示“约定好时间”。 —Shall we meet next week? —OK. We just make it next Saturday. ③ take it/things easy 相当于Don’t worry or don’t hurry. 用来劝告别人,表示“不要慌,别担心,沉住气”。 Take it easy! He will do it well. ④It all depends/that all depends 在口语中,相当于it hasn’t been decided yet,表示那得看情况 还没有定下来。 —Are you going to the countryside for holiday? —It/That all depends. It's up to sb. ⑤在口语中,相当于it's decided by sb. 表示“由…决定,由…负责,取决于…” —Shall we go out for dinner?—It's up to you. 10.用来代替上文提到过的句子。 this上文发生过的,下文要说的事。(通常) that 只能指代上文说过的一个名词。 it通常指代上文的一句话。 You saved my life,I never forget it. He bought me a shirt.I like it. He bought me a shirt.I like that. 11. It常用的固定句型: (1) It takes sb.to do…某人用多长时间做某事 It took the man a week to mend our roof. 这些人花了一周时间修好我们的屋顶。 (2)It's(about/high)time that should...是该做某事的时侯了 It's (about/high)time that we should take action. 该是采取行动的时候了。 (3)It's the+序数词+time(that)..have + v-ed 第几次做某事了 It is the third time that he has failed the driving test. 这是他第三次没能通过驾驶考试。 (4)It's...since...从..已(多长时间了) It is five years since he stopped smoking. 他戒烟五年了。 (5)It was not.before..;It won't be long before. 用不了多长时间某动作发生了;过不了多久某动作将要发生 It was not long before they arrived.It won't be long before he returns from abroad.没过多久他们就到了。不久以后他们就要回国。 二、物主代词 (一)形容词性物主代词相当于形容词,放在名词前作定语 It's not my computer.那不是我的电脑。 She turned away her eyes.她把目光移开。 Is this your coat?这是你的大衣吗? ⒈形容词性物主代词后可加own表示强调,意为“自己的,完全属于自己的”。 Monica has her own computer.莫妮卡有自己的电脑。 I won't believe anything unless I see it with my own eyes. 除非我亲眼看见,否则我不会相信任何事情。 ⒉形容词性物主代词常用来构成固定短语,此时代词不可缺少。 try ones luck碰运气 in ones opinion依某人的观点 (二)名词性物主代词相当于名词,不能用于名词之前 名词性物主代词相当于形容词性物主代词加上前面所提到的名词,其功能如下: ⒈ 作主语: This is not my dictionary.Mine is lent to Lucy. 这不是我的字典,我的借给露西了。 ⒉ 作宾语: Every person showed his ticket and I showed mine. 每个人都出示了票,我也出示了我的。 ⒊ 作表语: This camera is mine and that is you.这架照相机是我的,那是你的。 ⒋ 与of连用构成双重所有格作定语: I am a great admirer of yours.我是你的一位崇拜者。 三、反身代词 反身代词表示动作对象是发出者本身。 (一)反身代词的用法 ⒈ 作宾语 反身代词作宾语表示动作的承受者就是动作的执行者自己。 I hope you will enjoy yourselves on the trip. 我希望你们旅途玩得愉快。 The little boy can dress himself now. 那个小男孩现在能自己穿衣服了。 ⒉ 作表语 在be和其他系动词如feel,look,seem之后,反身代词可以用来描述感觉,情绪和状态。 I am not feeling myself today.今天我感觉有点不舒服。 The poor girl in the picture is myself. 照片上这个可怜的小女孩就是我。 ⒊ 作同位语 反身代词在句中作名词或代词的同位语,用来加强其语气,常位于名词或代词后,作主语的同位语时也可位于句尾。 I want to see Bob himself.我想见鲍勃本人。 Mary worked out the problem herself.玛丽自己做出了这道题。 (二)常用的反身代词短语 devote oneself to致力于 enjoy oneself 玩得高兴 dress oneself 自己穿衣 come to oneself恢复知觉 help oneself to随便吃,随便用 hide oneself把自己藏起来 teach oneself 自学 lose oneself 迷路 by oneself 亲自(独自地) talk to oneself 自言自语 excuse oneself 自我辩解 be not oneself身体不舒服 for oneself 替自己,为自己 in oneself本身 between ourselves 私下说的话(不可告诉别人) among themselves他们之间 to oneself供自己使用 四、指示代词 (一)this,that,these,those的用法 ⒈ 表示近指和远指 this,these往往指时间或空间较近的人或物;that,those可指时间或空间较远的人或物。 This gift is for you and that one is for your brother. 这件礼物是你的,那件是你弟弟的。 I love these books but I dislike those ones. 我喜欢这些书,但不喜欢那些。 注意:英国人打电话时,this指自己,that指对方。 Hello,this is Allan.Who is that speaking? 喂,你好!我是艾伦,你是哪位? ⒉ 指刚提到过的或将要提到的事 ①指刚提到过的事情或已经完成的事情用that。 Little George broke the vase,but he didn't admit it and that was very annoying.小乔治打碎了花瓶,自己还不承认,真是太气人了。 ②指即将要发生或将要提到的事情用this. I want to know this was Miss Tones here the whole morning? 我想知道的是,琼斯小姐整个上午都在这里吗? ③ that,those常常用来代替上文提到过的名词,以避免重复。 ④ that 指代不可数名词或可数名词的单数。 Life today is much better than that in the old days. 指现在的生活比过去好多了。 ⑤ those 指代可数名词复数。 The days in summer are longer than those in winter. 夏天的白天比冬天的白天长。 ⒊ this,that还可用作副词,意为“这么”“那么”。修饰形容词或副词,其用法与so类似。 She has never been this late for school before. 她以前上学从没有这么晚过。 She is too young to walk that far.她太小,走不了那么远。 ⒋ 与表示时间的名词搭配。 ①this 与有些名词连用表示“目前的具体时间” this morning 今天早晨 this afternoon今天下午 this evening今天晚上 this week 本周 this month这个月 this spring今年春天 ②that 与某些名词连用表示“过去的具体时间” that morning 那天早上 that afternoon 那天下午 that evening 那天晚上 that week 那周 that month 那个月 that spring那年春天 ③these 与某些名词连用表示“与目前相关的一段时间” these days如今,目前,这些天 these years 这些年 these months 这些月 those与某些名词连用表示“与过去相关的一段时间”。 those days 那些日子 those years 那些年 those months那些月 (二)指示代词在句中所作得成分 ⒈ 主语: This is what I want to emphasize.这就是我想强调的。 ⒉ 宾语: Better take those with you.最好把那些带着。 ⒊ 表语: My idea is this.我的想法是这样的。 ⒋ 定语: What shall I do with these flower这些花怎么办? 五、不定代词 不指明代替任何特定名词或形容词的代词叫不定代词。不定代词表示某种程度和各种类型的不确定意义,它们在逻辑意义上是数量词,具有整体或局部意义。 (一)简单不定代词 1.one的用法 one 指代可数名词,既可指人,也可指物。 可单独使用,也可放在单数可数名词前作定语。 one→ones(复数)→one's(名词所有格)→oneself(反身代词) 反义疑问句:one 正式语体;you 口语 ① 单独使用,泛指“人”“一个人”“人们”。 (此时句中也可以出现one's或oneself与之呼应) One often fails to see their own faults.人往往看不见自己的缺点。 One should do their best at all times. 一个人无论如何都应尽最大努力。 ② 表示具体的“一个人”或“一个事物” He is not one who is easy to work with.他不是容易合作的人。 This is the one you looking for.这就是你要找的那一个。 注意:当one前面有形容词修饰时,形容词前必须有冠词或代词。 Her new car goes faster than her old one.她的新汽车比旧的跑得快。 I don't like this green peach.Please give me a red one. 我不喜欢这个绿桃子,请给我一个红的。 ③ 代替上文已出现过的单数可数名词或复数名词以避免重复。 I prefer red roses to white ones.我喜欢红玫瑰胜过白玫瑰。 The problem is harder than that one.这个问题比那个更难。 ④ 词汇辨析:it,one,与that a. it是用来代替前文出现的同一事物,即指同类同物,代替可数或不可数名词。复数是they(主格)them(宾格) I left my electronic dictionary in my drawer,but today it is gone. 我把电子词典放在抽屉里,可今天不见了。 (it 指上文提到的electronic dictionary) b. one 代替与前面事物同属一类但非同一个的可数名词,表示泛指意义。复数为ones. I don't like this type of CD player.Could you show me a better one?我不喜欢这种类型的CD播放机,能不能给我拿一个更好一点的?(one 指CD player) c. that用来代替前面出现的特指的单数可数名词或特指的不可数名词,可以指同一类;它的复数形式是those,用来替代前面特指的复数名词,只能指物不能指人。 Mary's handwriting is far better than that of Henry.玛丽的书法比亨利的好多了。(that 指the handwriting) 2.either,neither either表示“两者中任何一个”;neither表示“两者中任何一个都不”;either,neither是一对意义相反的代词,二者用法相同,都可作主语,宾语和定语。 Either is OK.(作主语)两个随便哪个都行。 You may take either of the books.(作宾语)两本书中随你拿一本。 There are roses on either side of the road.(作定语) 路两旁种着玫瑰花。 (1) either 和neither作主语时,谓语动词常用单数形式。 Neither is willing to help her.两人都不愿帮她。 注意:neither 后可跟of 短语 Neither of them is interested in the film. 他们两个都对那部电影没兴趣。 (2)either用作代词,可以单独使用,也可和of连用,of后接复数名词,名词前要用一个物主代词,指示代词或定冠词。 He doesn't like either of the two places. 他不喜欢这两个地方中的任何一个。 (3) either...or“不是.….就是..…;或者……或者.……” neither..…nor“既不.…….也不..…” 皆为并列连词,连接句中两并列成分,连接两并列主语时,谓语动词在人称和数上应遵循就近一致的原则,即根据与谓语动词最靠近的主语决定谓语动词的人称和数的形式。 Either he or you have stolen my watch. 不是他就是你偷了我的手表。 Neither my sister nor I am willing to work with you. 我姐姐和我都不愿和你一起工作。 (4) either 在否定句中常位于句末,表示“也”之意,此时 either为副词。 I don't like maths and he dislike it,either. 我不喜欢数学,他也不喜欢。 (5) neither表示“也不”,位于句首。后面使用倒装语序。 This shirt doesn't fit me;neither does that one. 这种衬衣不合我的身,那件也一样。 3.both,all both“两者,都”仅指两个人或物;all “全部,都”指三个或三个以上的人或物;both of/all of后为名词时,of 可以省略。为代词宾格时,of不可以省略。 All (of) the students went to the concert last night. 昨晚所有的学生都去听音乐会了。 She invited both of us to her birthday party. 她邀请我们两个参加她的生日宴会。 (1) all指事物的整体或抽象概念时用作单数,指人时用作复数。 All is going perfectly.一切进展顺利。 All are here,so let get started.所有人都到齐了,咱们开始吧。 (2) both 和all都可置于定冠词等限定词之前,也可以直接修饰名词。 All the windows are open.所有的窗户都开着。 Both my sister and my cousin like playing cards. 我的妹妹和表弟都喜欢打扑克。 (3) both,all作主语同位语时应位于实义动词之前,系动词,助动词或情态动词之后。 They both like coffee very much.他们两个都很喜欢喝咖啡。 The people all agree to pass a law to protect wild animals. 人们一致同意通过一项保护野生动物的法令。 They have both been living in Beijing for 20 years. 他们两个在北京生活20年了。 You should all hand in your work tomorrow. 明天你们必须把作业交上。 (4)在简略答语中,all和both不可置于句末。 A:Were you all present at the meeting?你们都出席会议了吗? B:Yes,we all were.是的,我们都出席了。 A:Have you finished the homework?你们完成作业了吗? B:Yes,we both have.是的,我们都完成了。 注意:all的全部否定形式是none; both的全部否定形式是neither None of us is a worker./ None of us are workers.我们都不是工人。 Neither of us is going to share the cost.我们俩都不承担这笔费用。 (5) all,both与not连用表示部分否定 Not all/both the teachers in this remote school have opportunity to get further education. =All/both the teachers in this remote school don't have opportunity to get further education. 在这所边远学校,不是所有(两个)老师都有机会去进修。 4.each,every (1) each表示两者或两者以上的“每一个”,强调“个体”,倾向于把整体分开来考虑。(具体的概念)作代词或形容词,可以作主语,宾语,定语和同位语。 Each of them has a mobile phone.(作主语) 他们每一个都有一部手机。 From each according to his ability,to each according to his need. (作宾语)各尽所能,各取所需。 Each room can seat at least fifty people.(作定语) 每个房间至少能坐50人。 We each have a text book.(作同位语)我们每个人有一本教科书。 注意:代词each作同位语,谓语动词与主语we保持一致。 (2) every指三者或三者以上的“每一个”,强调“全体”,暗示无一例外,在句中只能作定语。(概括的概念) Every student went to the Great Wall with their teachers last Sunday.上周日全体师生去爬的长城。 注意:each of后跟可数名词或代词复数,every不与of连用。 如:Each of the houses here is painted a different color. 这里每幢房子都漆成不同的颜色。 (3)“every+基数词+名词复数”“every+序数词+名词单数”表示“每…,每隔……” He went to see his grandpa every five days/every fifth day. 他每五天去看一次爷爷。 ⑴ every 与not连用,表示部分否定。 Every man is not honest.=Not every man is honest. 并非每个人都诚实。 ⑵ each与not连用,表示全部否定。 Each man is not honest每个人都不诚实。 ⑶ 在下列短语中,用each和every均可。 each/every day;each/every year,each/every time。 但:every now and then“时常,不时”为固定结构,不能用each. 5.another,other,the other,others,the others ① another ⑴ 强调三者或三者以上“另一个”,与可数名词单数连用,表示“另一个”,泛指(无整体范围) I have looked through these.Will you please show me another shirt?这些我都看了,能不能再拿一件衬衫给我看一看。 ⑵“another+数词+复数名词”表示在原有基础上“又,再,额外” I have been here for two weeks and I will stay here for another three weeks.我在这里已呆了两周了,我还要在这里再呆三周。 ② the other,other ⑴ the other:强调两者之间的“另一个”,one…,the other… On one side of the river grow willows,and on the other side grow poplars.河的一岸长着垂柳,另一岸长着杨树。 可与复数名词连用,表示“其他的人或物” Can you distinguish Venus from the other stars? 你能把金星与其他的星星区别开来吗? ⑵ other:“其他的”,与复数名词连用。 No matter what other people may said stick to my plan. 不管别人说什么,我都会坚持我的计划。 也可与单数名词连用,与单数名词连用时必须有the,some,any,no等词限定;“any + other+单数名词”,表示排除本身的“别的任何一个……” I have no other shoe.我没有其他可穿的鞋了。 Have you got any other book on this subject? 你还有关于这个问题的其他书吗? John isn't here.He might be in some other room. 约翰不在这里,他可能在别的房间。 ⑶“数词十other+复数名词”表示“额外的” He found there were two other guests beside himself. 他发现除了他自己还有另外两个客人。 ③ others,the others ⑴ others “others =other+复数名词”,常与some连用,表示“一些”“另一些”。 Some of the questions are hard;others are easy.这些问题中有些很 难,有些容易。 In the summer vacation,some like to travel,and others like to have part-time jobs.在暑假,有的人喜欢旅游,有的人喜欢打工。 ⑵ the others 作代词,表示特定范围的其余的一些人或物。 There are five foreign students in our class.Two of them are British and the others(=the other three foreign students)are Americans.我们班有五个外国学生,其中两个是英国人,剩下的三个是美国人。 There are ten apples.Five of them are mine,the others are yours. 这儿有10个苹果,5个是我的,其余的5个是你的。 6.some,any (1) some常用在肯定句中,接可数名词复数或不可数名词。 Some people work to live,and some live to work. 一些人工作是为了活着,一些人活着是为了工作。 I'd like some coffee with milk.我想要点加奶的咖啡。 (2) any多用于疑问句,否定句,或条件句中,表示“一些”,既可以指可数名词复数,也可指不可数名词。 Have you got any money with you?你身上带钱了吗? There won’t be any trouble.不会有麻烦。 If you have any books,please give me some. 如果你有书,请给我一些。 (3)注意: ① some有时也用于疑问句中,表示说话者希望对方给予肯定的回答。 Would you like some tea?你想喝点茶吗? ② any 有时也可用于肯定句中,表示“任何一个”“任何一些”。 Any normal child can learn a language very quickly. 任何正常的儿童学习一门语言都非常快。 Tom is taller than any other student in my class. 汤姆比班里的其他任何一个同学都高。 (汤姆是班里个儿最高的一位同学) ③“some/any of +…”结构作主语时,谓语动词需要根据 of 后面的名词单复数而定。 Some of the food has gone bad.有些食品变质了。 Some of them agree,and some of them don't. 他们中有些人同意,有些不同意。 I don't think any of them are coming.我认为他们没人会来。 Any of your time is to be made full use of. 应该充分利用你的任何时间。 ④some 还可指某一个,此时常修饰可数名词的单数形式, some的这种用法暗含不认识,不知道,不感兴趣,不重视等意思。 Some person parked his car here.有人把车停在了这里。 Some day I'm going to take a long motor trip. 某一天我要骑摩托车做一次长途旅行。 7.much,many (1) many修饰或代替可数名词,much修饰或代替不可数名词。 He hasn't had much happiness these last few years. 最近这几年他没有过多少舒心的日子。 How many times have you been there?你到那里去过几次? (2) more是many和much的比较级,many的比较级前用many 等修饰可数名词的词语;much的比较级前用much等修饰不可数名词的词语。 He has many (a lot/a few)more apples than I. 他的苹果比我的多得多(多几个)。 He has much (a lot/a little)more money than I. 他的钱比我的多得多(多一些)。 (3)词组a good many和复数名词连用,谓语动词也用复数形式;many a后的名词,动词都用单数。 A good many books were imported last year. 去年进口了许多书籍。 Many a man has tried it.许多人都已试过了。 (4)作名词或代词,much一般只用于否定句或疑问句。 但much 可用在too,so及as之后的肯定句中。 Does he know much about it?他对此了解很多吗? He spends too much money on beer.他花太多的钱喝啤酒。 (5) much ton修饰形容词或副词,意为“实在太.…”;too much修饰不可数名词,表示“太多.……” He drives much too carefully.他开车实在太小心了。 I drank too much wine last night.昨晚我的酒喝多了。 8.few,a few,little,a little (1) few几乎没有;表否定;代替或修饰可数名词。 a few几个,一些;表little,a little作主语修饰名词时,谓语动词用单数。 Few of them have been to London.他们中几乎没人去过伦敦。 There are a few mistakes in his composition. 他的作文中有几处错误。 Hurry up.There is little time left.快点,快没时间了。 (2) little 可作状语,修饰形容词、副词或形容词、副词的比较级 形式,相当于a bit.意为“有点”。 not a little=very非常,很 not a bit=not in the least/not at all点也不 He is a little/a bit taller than his brother.他比他的兄弟稍高一点。 He is not a little tired.他很累。 He is not a bit tired.他一点也不累。 (3) quite a few=many很多; quite a little=much跟多 Quite a few people knew about it. (4)有关的固定搭配 not a few 相当多的 only a few仅少数,只有几个 little or no 几平没有 little by little 逐渐地 (二)复合不定代词 somebody,anybody,nobody someone,anyone,no one something,anything,nothing everybody,everyone,everything 1.作主语时,谓语动词一律用单数。 人员:Everything is ready for the meeting. Is anybody absent? 注意:作反义疑间句,指物时,一律用单数 Everything is ready,isn't it? 指人时 Somebody was here yesterday,wasn't he? Nobody came here yesterday,did they? (看不出单复数时,表泛指) 2.当形容词修饰复合不定代词时,应放在其后,作后置定语。 He said nothing new. My mother cooked something rice for dinner. 注意:复合不定代词可与else 连用。 Nobody else but Robert could ever say this thing. 除了罗伯特,其他人未曾说过这件事。 Ask somebody else to help you.请别人帮你吧。 3.复合不定代词后不可接 of 短语,但分开写的some one, every one,any one定后可接 of 短语。 Every one of the students can speak good English. 这些学生中每个人都能说一口流利的英语。 You may tell any one of us.你可以告诉我们中的任何一个人。 (no one后不可接of短语,但none可以) 六、疑问代词 (一)who,whom,whose,what,which. 1.who who指人,是主格。主要作主语或表语。 Who saw you?谁看见你了? Who is that girl哪女孩是谁? 2.whom whom指人,为who的宾格,用作定语。 With whom did you go to the concert?你和谁去听音乐会? 3.whose whose是用来询问某人或某物属于谁的,在句中放在名词前作定语。 Whose bicycle is this? 这是谁的自行车? 4.what what用于对未知事物提问,主要指事物,也可以指人的职业或身份特征,还可用来询问价格,人口数量等。 What do you usually do on Sundays?星期天你经常做什么? What color do you like?你喜欢什么颜色? What is your father?你父亲是做什么职业的? (1) What...for?有时省略为What for?用来询问原因或目的。 What do you spend all the money for? 你为什么把那些钱都花光了? What for?We still have enough food in the apartment. 为什么?在公寓里我们仍然还有足够的食物。 (2) What if...用来表示假设,建议,征求意见或疑虑等。 What if it rains while we are on the way? 要是旅途中下雨怎么办? What if I go with you to the bazaar tomorrow? 明天我和你们一块去集市怎么样? (3) What about..?表示建议或征求对方意见。 What about going to the zoo?去动物园怎么样? I don't want to leave,what about you?我不想走,你呢? (4)What do yon mean 用于向对方表示愤怒,不满等情绪。 What do you mean by shutting the door so loudly? 你这么大声关门是什么意思? What do you mean by shouting at me? 你对着我大嚷是什么意思? (5)which which可指人或事物,表示在某一范围内选择。用于必须做出某种特定的选择时,which后可以加of,而what 则不可以。 Which color do you like better,red or yellow? 红色和黄色你更喜欢哪一种? (七)代词的注意点 1.it的用法 (1)it可作人称代词,主要指某样东西、抽象事物、不知性别的孩子或不明确的人。 (2)it也可代指时间、距离、天气等。 (3)it作形式主语或形式宾语代指不定式、动词­ing形式、名词性从句。 It is a waste of time trying to persuade him to change his mind.As is known to us all, he is so stubborn. 试图说服他改变主意是在浪费时间。众所周知,他是如此的固执。 (4)表示“喜欢、恨”等心理方面的动词后常接it作形式宾语,然后再接真正的宾语(宾语从句),这类动词有:enjoy,prefer,love,like,hate,dislike,appreciate等。 They would appreciate it, to be frank, if the goods could be delivered as soon as possible. 坦率地讲,如果货物能尽快送到,他们将会感激不尽。 2.3组不定代词对比识记 (1)either, both, neither, all, none, any either 肯定意义 表示“两者中的一个”,作主语时,谓语动词常用单数形式。 both 肯定意义 表示“两者都”,作主语时,谓语动词常用复数形式。 neither 否定意义 表示“两者都不”,作主语时,谓语动词常用单数形式。 all 肯定意义 作主语时,谓语动词的人称和数应与all所指代的人或事物保持一致。 none 否定意义 作主语后接复数名词时,谓语动词可用单数也可用复数;后接不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数形式。 any 肯定意义 作主语时,谓语动词的数要根据其代指的名词确定,常与of连用。 As the two dictionaries are useful, I'll take both and either of them is very important to me. 由于这两本词典都有用,我会把它们都买下来,每一本对我来说都非常重要。 Larry asks Bill and Peter to go on a picnic with him, but neither of them wants to, because they have work to do. 拉里让比尔和彼得跟他一起去野餐,但他们两个都不想去,因为他们都有工作要做。 All horses are animals, but not all animals are horses. 所有的马都是动物,但并不是所有的动物都是马。 注意:both, all与not连用表示部分否定;表示全部否定时应用neither, none。 (2)none, nobody/no one, nothing none 既可指人也可指物,多与表示范围的介词of连用;与数量有关,可回答how many或how much类的问句,表示“一个也没有”。 nobody/ no one 不能与of连用,只能指人,表示“什么人也没有”,可回答who引导的疑问句。 nothing 表示“什么也没有”,用来否定一切,可回答what引导的疑问句。 Nobody can do something well for 40 years if he doesn't love it. 没有人能持续四十年把某件事做得很好,除非他热爱这件事。 None of them knew about the plan because it was kept a secret. 他们中没有人知道那个计划,因为它还是个秘密。 (3)the other, other, another, others other 不能单独使用,只能修饰名词,表示泛指意义。 another 可单独使用,也可修饰名词,泛指三者或三者以上的人或物中的“另一个”,代替或修饰单数可数名词。另外,another后可接“基数词/few+复数名词”形式,表示“另外的……”。 others 单独使用,表示泛指意义,意为“其他的人或事物”,常与some一起出现;特指“其他的全部人或事物”时用the others。 I have two books; one is English, and the other is French. 我有两本书,一本是英语书,另一本是法语书。 Shopping on the Internet enables people not to search for goods from one store to another. 网上购物使人们不必从一家店到另一家店地寻找商品。 You are a team star! Working with others is really your cup of tea. 你是队里的明星!与别人一起工作的确是你喜欢的事。 (4)5个常用指示代词对比识记 指示代词it和that/those, one/ones it 特指前面提到过的同一个人或物 that/those that指代前面出现过的不可数名词或单数可数名词,指代单数可数名词时,相当于the one。其复数形式为those,相当于the ones。 one/ones one指代前面出现过的那类事物中的“一个”,其复数形式为ones。 The basic design of the car is very similar to that of the earlier model. 这款车的基本设计与之前车型的设计非常相似。 At our factory there are a few machines similar to those described in this magazine. 我们工厂里的一些机器与这本杂志里描述的那些机器很相似。 We've been looking for a cheap house but haven't found one yet. 我们一直在找一个便宜的房子,但是还没有找到。 注意:在语法填空题中,当句子缺少主语、定语、宾语或表语时,一般需填代词;确定填代词之后,再看一下设空处所填代词是否与前文提到的人或物有指代关系。 (1)作主语:人称代词主格(I, we, you, he等); (2)作宾语/表语:人称代词宾格(me, us, him等)、名词性物主代词(ours, mine, yours等); (3)作定语:形容词性物主代词(our, my, your等); (4)如果宾语与主语是指同一个人,用反身代词(myself, yourself, itself等); (5)填it的情况:作形式主语或形式宾语;指代前面提到的同一个事物或情况; (6)that, those作替代词,用来代替已提到的名词,以避免重复。 第二部分 代词的考点考法 一.代词的备考策略  在语法填空题中,当句子缺少主语、定语、宾语或表语时,一般需填代词;确定填代词之后,再看一下设空处所填代词是否与前文提到的人或物有指代关系。 (一)作主语:人称代词主格(I, we, you, he等); (二)作宾语/表语:人称代词宾格(me, us, him等)、名词性物主代词(ours, mine, yours等); (三)作定语:形容词性物主代词(our, my, your等); (四)如果宾语与主语是指同一个人,用反身代词(myself, yourself, itself等); (五)填it的情况:作形式主语或形式宾语;指代前面提到的同一个事物或情况; (六)that, those作替代词,用来代替已提到的名词,以避免重复。 二.代词的思路点拨 从近几年的高考真题来看,若要求考生填物主代词、宾格代词、反身代词等时,命题人通常会给出其基本形式——人称代词的主格;若题目本身要求考生填代词本身,如主格人称代词it,或some, any, another, both等不定代词,是不给提示词的。 (一)当括号中所给词是人称代词时,可能是填以下形式: 1.宾格形式:在句中作宾语或表语。 2.形容词性物主代词:在名词前作定语。 3.名词性物主代词:作主语、宾语或表语。 4.也可能是反身代词。 (二)在纯空格题中: 1.句子缺宾语时,到目前为止,高考只要求考生填it,即“宾语位置填it”,来指代前文提到的物或事。 以下两点到目前为止全国卷暂未考过。尽管今后考查的可能性也不大,但还是建议考生了解: 2.句子缺主语时,可能填:(1)人称代词主格;(2)不定代词;(3)it,包括用作形式主语的it,替代后面作真正主语的不定式、动名词或从句。如: Behind him were other people to whom he was trying to talk, but after some minutes _______ walked away and sat near me,looking annoyed. 解析:因but后的并列句中缺主语,故应填代词;根据语境,不难推出走开坐到“我”附近的应是他后面的那些人,即other people,指人,是复数,且作主语,应当填they。故填they。 因为充当主语或宾语的应是名词或代词,而在语法填空的纯空格题中一般是不要求考生填名词的,所以只要句子缺主语或宾语,就该填代词。此时,要根据前后语境, 看该空格是指人还是事物,指男还是指女,是单数还是复数。 3.空格后是名词,即名词前需要填限定词时,可能是填不定代词。如: The young man went home with a happy heart. After the student left, the teacher let _________ student taste the water. 解析:空格后是名词student,且为单数,作let的宾语,故应填限定词;由句意“在送水的这个学生走了之后,这位老师让他的另外一个学生尝一尝”可知填another。故填another。 三.代词的考点归纳 (一)人称代词主格有I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they等,在句中只能作主语用。一般在纯空格题中考查。 (二)人称代词宾格有me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them等,在句中作及物动词或介词的宾语。 (三)形容词性物主代词有my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their等,在句中只能作定语。 (四)名词性物主代词有mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs等,相当于“形容词性物主代词+名词”, 在句中可以作主语、宾语或表语。 (五)反身代词有myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves等,在句中作宾语,或者主语或宾语的同位语。 (六) it可以指代前面提到的物,或猜测中不确定的人,或指时间、 距离、 环境、 天气等,还可作形式主语或形式宾语,或用于强调结构。 第三部分 代词考点练透 一.高考真题17题 1.(2024年浙江1月卷)Who knows, perhaps some of the more forward-looking ______ (one) may yet come out with a whole range of “just for you” pack sizes with special offers as well. 【解析】考查代词。句意:谁知道呢,也许一些更有远见的人可能还会推出一系列“只为你”的包装尺寸,并提供特别优惠。代词one意为“一个人”,在some of后应用复数形式。故填ones。 2.(2024年全国甲卷)This area, with _______ (it) unique and breathtaking natural beauty, must be well preserved for all people of the nation to enjoy-as a national park. 【解析】考查代词。句意:这个地方,以其独特而令人惊叹的自然美景,必须被妥善保存供全国人民欣赏。这里“它们”用形容词性物主代词做定语修饰名词beauty。故填its。 3.(2023年全国甲卷)In that class, Miss Zhao, our biology teacher, showed_______ insects on stamps. 【解析】考查代词。句意:在那节课上,我们的生物老师赵老师给我们看了邮票上的昆虫。作动词show的宾语,应用宾格us。故填us。 4.(2023年全国乙卷)Last Friday my mom decided to color _______hair. She studied with all the hair products at the drugstore. 【解析】考查代词。句意:上周五,我妈妈决定染头发。此处指“我妈妈染她的头发”,应用代词her。故填her。 5.(2022全国乙卷)The Chinese Ancient Tea Museum was officially unveiled(揭幕)at the ceremony, opening ________ (it) first exhibition: The Avenue of Truth — A Special Exhibition of Pu’er Tea. 【解析】考查代词。句意:在开幕式上,中国古茶博物馆正式揭牌,开启了它的第一个展览:大道遗真 — 普洱茶专题展。名词exhibition前用形容词性物主代词。故填its。 6.(2022年北京卷)Since people can’t always eat out or cook for ________ (they), they get takeout or order delivery. 【解析】考查反身代词。句意:因为人们不能总是在外面吃饭或者为他们自己做饭,所以他们叫外卖或者预定配送服务。空处在句中作介词for的宾语,当主语和宾语为同一物时,宾语要用反身代词。所以此处要用反身代词themselves。故填themselves。     7.(2021新课标I卷)It sure does in ________ (I). 【解析】考查代词。句意为:对我来说的确如此。指my memory,所以用名词性物主代词作介词的宾语,故填mine. 8.(2021全国乙卷)Ecotourism has ________ (it) origin with the environmental movement of the 1970s. 【解析】考查代词。句意:生态旅游起源于20世纪70年代的环境运动。根据空格后名词origin可知,此处形容词性物主代词来修饰名词origin。故填its。 9.(2021年浙江卷)She was extremely pretty, and her house was a reflection of ________ (she), everything in good taste and in perfect order. 【解析】考查代词。句意:她非常漂亮,她的房子是她自己的写照,一切都很有品位,井井有条。根据句意可知,此处意为“她自己”,可知此处考查反身代词;提示词she的反身代词是herself。故填herself。 10.(2020新课标I卷)Data about the moon’s composition, such as how much ice and other treasures it contains, could help China decide whether ________ (it) plans for a future lunar(月球的)base are practical. 【解析】考查代词。句意:关于月亮构成的数据,比如它含有多少水和其他财富,可以帮助中国决定它未来月球基地的计划是否实用。根据空后的名词plans可知,此处应使用形容词性物主代词its,故填its。 11.(2020年山东卷)As well as looking at exhibits, visitors can play with computer simulations(模拟)and imagine ________ (they) living at a different time in history or walking through a rainforest. 【解析】考查反身代词。句意:除了观赏展品,游客还可以玩电脑模拟游戏,想象自己生活在一个不同的历史时期,或者漫步在热带雨林中。此处指代visitors,意为“他们自己”,应使用反身代词。故填themselves。 12.(2019年北京卷)Nervously facing challenges, I know I will whisper to ________ (I) the two simple words “Be yourself”. 【解析】考查代词。句意:紧张地面对挑战,我知道我将轻声对自己说两个简单的字“Be yourself”。本句的主语是I,当宾语与主语是同一人称时,宾语要用反身代词。故填myself。 13.(2018全国I卷)If you are time poor, you need run for only half the time to get the same benefits as other sports, so perhaps we should all give ________ a try. 【解析】考查名词或代词。句意:如果你时间有限,你只需要跑一半的时间就可以得到和其他运动一样的好处,所以也许我们都应该试一试。指代前面提到的running,可以用running,作宾语,也可以用it。故填running/it。 14.(2018全国III卷)When the gorillas and I frightened each other, I was just glad to find ________ (they) alive. 【解析】考查人称代词。句意:当大猩猩和我互相惊吓时,我很高兴发现它们还活着。作宾语,所以用宾格代词。故填them。 15.(2018年浙江卷)Many westerners who come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap ________ can be to eat out. 【解析】考查it用法。句意:许多来中国的西方人一旦意识到出去吃是多么便宜,就会比在自己的国家少做饭。句子为感叹句,正常语序应该是it can be how cheap to eat out. 其中不定式to eat out是真正主语,it是形式主语。故填it。 16. (2017全国Ⅱ卷) However, the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months, more than 25,000 people were using ____ every day. 【解析】考查代词。句意:然而,事实证明,这条铁路很快取得了巨大的成功,在六个月内,每天有超过25万人乘坐这条铁路。指代前句中的the railway,故填it。 17.(2014全国II卷) Then the driver stood up and asked, “Did anyone lose a suitcase at the last stop?”A woman on the bus shouted,“Oh dear! It’s _________(I).”She pushed her way to the driver and took the suitcase thankfully. 【解析】考查代词。句意:然后司机站起来问:“有人在最后一站丢了一个手提箱吗?”公交车上的一位女士喊道:“天哪!是我。她挤向司机,感激地接过了行李箱。句中It可能是替代my suitcase,意为“那是我的箱子”,故填mine; 也可能是代替anyone,意为“丢东西的人是我”,故填me。 二.高考模拟题22题 1.【广东省清远市2023-2024学年高二下学期期末英语试题】 45 is also an important part of socialization and ceremonies such as weddings and sacrifices. 【解析】考查代词。句意:它也是社交和婚礼、祭祀等仪式的重要组成部分。空处作主语,结合前后文可知,空处指代前一句中提到的Tea,应用代词it,且句首单词首字母应大写。故填It。 2.(2024·广东佛山·二模) 4 provides a reference for the protection of cultural relics, and suggests measures for helping heritage sites respond to the influence of climate change. 【解析】考查代词。句意:它为文物保护提供了参考,并提出了帮助遗址应对气候变化影响的措施。本空填代词It,指代前一句中的The structure,作主语,位于句首,首字母大写。故填It。 3.(2024·广东汕头·一模)In the gentle winter sunlight, Gulangyu Island lies like a pearl in the ocean, quietly revealing 11 (it) unique charm. 【解析】考查代词。句意:在冬日柔和的阳光下,鼓浪屿像一颗明珠,静静地躺在大海里,展现着它独特的魅力。修饰名词charm,需用形容词性物主代词its。故填its。 4.(23-24高三下·广东东莞·阶段练习)For instance, Vladimirova thinks 47 interesting that elderly parents will gather in parks to find potential marriage partners for their adult children. 【解析】考查it。句意:例如,Vladimirova认为有趣的是,年迈的父母会聚集在公园里,为成年子女寻找潜在的婚姻伴侣。分析句子可知,空处应填it作形式宾语,真正的宾语是后面的that从句。故填it。 5.(23-24高三上·广东深圳·阶段练习) Besides, almost every country has made 79 a must that children learn English in schools and colleges. 【解析】考查形式宾语。句意:此外,几乎每个国家都规定孩子们必须在中小学和大学学习英语。设空处用形式宾语it,后面that引导的宾语从句为真正的宾语。故填it。 6.(23-24高三上·广东梅州·期末)Thanks to 120 (they) proven efficiency, though, diesel engines are regaining some ground. 【解析】考查代词。句意:然而,由于其已被证明的效率,柴油发动机正在重新获得一些地位。故此处用形容词性物主代词their“它们的”,作定语,修饰空后名词proven efficiency。故填their。 7.(23-24高三上·广东深圳·阶段练习)Recognized as the “world’s art factory”, Dafen impressed visitors with 152 (it) many workshops, in which painters created mock (模仿的) masterpieces by Van Gogh, Monet and Warhol. 【解析】考查代词。句意:大芬村被誉为“世界艺术工厂”,它的许多工作室给游客留下了深刻的印象,画家们在这里模仿梵高、莫奈和沃霍尔的杰作。修饰名词workshops,应用形容词性物主代词its。故填its。 8.(23-24高三上·广东汕头·期末)They are now embracing 170 (they) own cultural aesthetics (美学), which is meaningful. 【解析】考查代词。句意:他们现在正在接受自己的文化美学,这很有意义。空处应用形容词性物主代词their,作定语修饰aesthetics。故填their。 9.(23-24高三上·广东深圳·期末)The flow of ink, both guided and resisted by water, determines the output of Chinese art, and Xuan paper outshines others with 197 (it) excellent ability to give full play to ink. 【解析】考查代词。句意:水墨的流动,受水的引导和阻力,决定了中国艺术的输出,并且宣纸以其出色的发挥水墨的能力而出类拔萃。限定名词短语excellent ability用形容词性物主代词。故填its。 10.【2024届江苏省苏锡常镇四市高三下学期二模英语试题】However, the history of Chinese furniture is even longer than ___37___ of its writing, which can be traced back to the Hemudu Culture more than 7, 000 years ago. 【解析】考查代词。句意:然而,中国家具的历史甚至比它的文字还要悠久,它可以追溯到7000多年前的河姆渡文化。空前是介词,所以空处应填入宾语,根据句意,此处应用代词that代指前文的history of Chinese furniture。故填that。 11.【2024届江苏省南京市、盐城市高三第二次模拟考试英语试卷】 Once the medical elements within incense are breathed in, they soon find____63____(they) way into the bloodstream. 【解析】考查代词。句意:一旦熏香中医学成分被吸入,它们很快就会进入血液。分析句子,设空处使用they的形容词性物主代词their作定语。故填their。 12.【2024届浙江省湖州市、丽水市、衢州市三地市高三下学期二模英语试题】The mobile nature of the machine made 58 the perfect production machine to serve customers attending outdoor sporting events, or circuses and fairs. 【解析】考查代词。句意:机器的移动特性使其成为完美的生产机器,为参加户外体育赛事或马戏团和博览会的客户服务。根据“the perfect production machine”可知,此处是指使这种机器成为完美的生产机器,代指the machine应用代词it。故填it。 13.【2024届浙江省绍兴市高三下学期二模英语试题】Realising the importance of field research outweighed ____38____of extensive reading, in 1565 Li travelled far and wide into the mountains and wilderness. 【解析】考查代词。句意:李意识到实地考察的重要性超过了广泛阅读的重要性,于是在1565年跋山涉水。根据句意可知,空处代指前文提到的the importance,应用that代指。故填that。 14.【浙江省嘉兴市2023-2024学年高二下学期期末英语试题】The moments your brain imagines — from waving to a friend to eating your favorite snack—feel exactly the same as they would if you were actually doing 42 (they). 【解析】考查代词。句意:你的大脑想象的时刻——从向朋友挥手到吃你最喜欢的零食——感觉就像你真的在做一样。作动词的宾语,应用宾格them。故填them。 15.(23-24高三上·广东深圳·阶段练习) Besides, almost every country has made 79 a must that children learn English in schools and colleges. 【解析】考查形式宾语。句意:此外,几乎每个国家都规定孩子们必须在中小学和大学学习英语。设空处用形式宾语it,后面that引导的宾语从句为真正的宾语。故填it。 16.(23-24高三下·广东东莞·阶段练习)For instance, Vladimirova thinks 47 interesting that elderly parents will gather in parks to find potential marriage partners for their adult children. 【解析】考查it。句意:例如,Vladimirova认为有趣的是,年迈的父母会聚集在公园里,为成年子女寻找潜在的婚姻伴侣。分析句子可知,空处应填it作形式宾语,真正的宾语是后面的that从句。故填it。 17.(2024·广东汕头·一模)In the gentle winter sunlight, Gulangyu Island lies like a pearl in the ocean, quietly revealing 11 (it) unique charm. 【解析】考查代词。句意:在冬日柔和的阳光下,鼓浪屿像一颗明珠,静静地躺在大海里,展现着它独特的魅力。修饰名词charm,需用形容词性物主代词its。故填its。 18.[2023·山东省泰安市三模]While many called this region the Southern Ocean, some scientists called ________ the Antarctic Ocean, others said Austral Ocean. 【解析】考查代词。句意:虽然很多人称这个地区为南大洋,但一些科学家称其为南冰洋,另一些科学家称其为南极海。空处指代上文的“this region”作宾语,需用代词it。故填it。 19.[2023·唐山市一模]It will take some time to popularize the new travel trend and the prices must remain competitive to ensure that regular tourists can afford ________. 【解析】考查代词。句意:要普及这种新的旅游趋势还需要一段时间,而且价格必须保持竞争力,以确保普通游客能够负担得起。分析句意可知,这里指代的是复数名词prices且动词afford后接宾语,所以用人称代词的宾格形式。故填them。 20.[2023·苏州八校三模]After graduation he began to take part in the PLA Air Force's selection of astronaut candidates and was finally selected with ________ 13 male aviators(飞行员). 【解析】考查形容词(不定代词)。句意:毕业后,他开始参加中国人民解放军空军的航天员选拔工作,最终与另外13名男性航天员一起入选。根据句意和后文“13 male aviators”可知,此处应用形容词another修饰名词,表示“另外13名男性航天员”。故填another。 21.[2023·广州市综合测试二]In such festivals, people create projects and present ________ to judges. There are two rules: the project must be made of food, and it must be based on a book. 【解析】考查代词。根据句意“在这些节日中,人们创作出项目并向评委展示他们”,此处 present 为及物动词,后面缺少宾语,故填 them,指代前面的 projects。故填them。 22.[2023·湖北省八市联考]Also, the lecture is an eye-opener and I actually have developed an appreciation of the devotion and hard work ________ takes to create art. 【解析】考查代词。句意:“而且,这次讲座让我大开眼界,实际上,我已经开始欣赏创作艺术所需要的奉献和辛勤工作。”此处为句型it takes/took sth. to do sth.,表示“做某事需要……”。故填it。 1 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 $$

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