2025届高考英语重点语法总结讲义

语法 第一章 名词 一、分类 专有名词 name, place, Tom, Harbin, China, the United Nations(U.N.) （1）个体名词 teacher, chair, book等 可数名词 普通名词 （2）集合名词 class, team, family, people等 （3）物质名词 water, tea, iron, air等 不可数名词 （4）抽象名词 happiness, anger, love等 二、名词的复数形式变化规则 1.规则变化 （1）词尾直接加-s book-books, girl-girls, teacher-teachers （2） 以-s, -x, -ch, -sh结尾的名词，词尾加-es glass-glasses, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes （3）以辅音字母加-y结尾的名词，变-y为-i加-es baby-babies, city-cities, factory-factories （4）以-o结尾的名词，常加-s，有些要加-es radio-radios, Negro-Negroes, hero-heroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes （5）以-f, -fe结尾的名词，一般加-es，有些变-f或-fe为-v加-es proof-proofs, roof-roofs, knife-knives, self-selves, leaf-leaves, wolf-wolves, wife-wives 2.不规则变化 （1）变-a为-e man-men, woman-women （2）变-oo为-ee foot-feet, goose-geese, tooth-teeth （3）词尾加-en ox-oxen, child-children （4）单复数同形 sheep-sheep, deer-deer, Chinese-Chinese, means-means, species-species, headquarters-headquarters 3.外来名词 （1）变-sis为-ses analysis-analyses, basis-bases, crisis-crises, thesis-theses （2）变-on为-a phenomenon-phenomena （3）变-um为-a medium-media, bacterium-bacteria, datum-data 4.合成名词 （1）中心名词加修饰语在中心名词后变复数 classroom-classrooms, sister-in-law--sisters-in-law （2）没有名词时在词尾变复数 grown-up--grown-ups, sit-in--sit-ins （3）合成词中有man, woman, man和woman与后面名词是同位关系时，二者均发生变化，否则只在中心名词后变复数 man servant-men servant, man hole-man holes 三、名词所有格 1.变化形式 （1）单数名词和不可数名词后加-’s, 以-s结尾的复数名词直接加-’ Tom’s car, the children’s desk, the workers’ struggle （2）无生命的名词可用of构成短语表示所属关系 the leg of desk, the price of the desk （3）复合名词在最后一个词的词尾加-’s brother-in-law’s （4）双重所有格 a portrait of Henry’s（表所属关系） 2.省略 （1）上文提到，避免重复可省略 This book is not mine, but Jack’s. （2）表示店铺、某人的家时，名词所有格后面省略所修饰的名词 the tailor’s 第二章 冠词 一、不定冠词（a, an） 1.种类 A horse is a useful animal. 2.一个(=one) a hundred, a student 3.某一个(=some)A girl is waiting for you. 4.每一个(=every/per)He drove the car at 70 miles an hour. 5.同样的(=the same)We are of an age. 二、定冠词（the) 1.特指Please hand me the key on the desk. 2.第二次提到Beijing is the capital of China, the city is very beautiful. 3.说话双方都知道Please open the door. 4.世界上独一无二的名词前the sun, the moon, the earth, the world 5.方位名词前 the east, the west, the right, the left 6.形容词最高级、序数词前 Summer is the hottest season of the year. 7.the+adj.表示一类人the rich, the James 8.西洋乐器前加the piano, violin 9.动词+名词/代词+介词+the+body（身体部位）in the face, on the head 三、零冠词 1.表示称呼，头衔，在句中做表语，同位语，补足语时 Trump, president of USA, will come to China. 2.家庭成员Where’s father? 3.表泛指（可数名词复数及不可数名词）Water is precious. 4.by+交通、通讯工具by car, by air, by telephone, bye satellite 5.at, by before, after+一天中的时间 at night=in the night 6.季节，月份，星期前无冠词，但特指某一年的季节要加定冠词in spring, in the spring of 1977. 7.一日三餐前不加冠词，但特指时加定冠词have breakfast, a rich dinner 8.球类，棋类前无冠词play basketball 9.语言前无冠词She speaks Chinese. 10.turn（变成）Has he turned scientist? 11.有冠词直译，无冠词引申译 in the hospital在医院里/in hospital住院 in the prison在监狱里/in prison住院 in the front of在内部的前面/in front of在外部的前面 四、专有名词 1.由一个词构成，单数不加冠词，复数必须加冠词China, America, the Netherlands 2.由几个词构成， 第一个词是普通名词，数词，形容词时必须加定冠词 the People’s Republic of China, the United States of America 3.第一个词是专有名词时，最后一个词单数不加冠词，复数必须加定冠词Harbin Normal University, Zhong Shan Park, the Canary Islands 4.河流、运河前必须加冠词the Songhua River, the Yangtze, the Panama Canal, 5.节日前无冠词，定冠词与festival同在on National Day, the Dragon Boat Festival 第三章 代词 代词分为人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、疑问代词、不定代词、关系代词、连接代词在句中可作主语、宾语、和表语，有些可作定语。 一、人称代词 1.主格I, you, he, she, it, me, you, they 2.宾格me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them 用法：1.主格作主语He is a doctor. 作表语Oh, it’s you. 2.宾格作宾语I’ll meet you at the railway station. They took good care of us. 二、物主代词 1.形容词性物主代词my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their 2.名词性物主代词 mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs 用法：形容词性物主代词相当于形容词，作定语，修饰名词 There are 50 students in our class. 名词性物主代词相当于形容词+名词 1.作主语 My book is on the desk, and hers is on the chair. 2.作宾语 I didn’t borrow her pen; I borrowed his. 3.作表语 The blue shirt is mine. 三、反身代词 myself-ourselves, yourself-yourselves, himself/herself/itself-themselves 用法：1.作宾语 Please help yourself to some tea. 2.作表语 She isn’t quite herself today. 她今天有点儿不舒服。 3.作同位语 I fixed the window myself. 四、指示代词 this, that, these, those, such(如此的，如此的事情), same(同样的，同样的事情), it 用法：1. this, that, these, those this/these指在时间上或空间上较接近的事物，that/those指在时间上或空间上较远的事物。在句中的用法相当于名词和形容词，作主语，表语，宾语，定语 This is a pen. (作主语) The problem is not that. (作表语) How do you like these? (作宾语) Those books are about Chinese traditional architecture. (作定语) 2. such, same such, same在句子中可作主语，宾语，表语，定语，其中same前一般用定冠词the, such作定语时，它所修的名词前如有不定冠词a/an，放在such之后 Such was the result. (作主语) I have never seen such a moving film before. (作定语) Her name and mine are the same. (作表语) We are not talking about the same thing. (作定语) 3. it (1).指代上文提到过的东西 It is a lovely cat. (2)指代时间、天气、距离、价值等 It is two miles away from here to the hospital. (3)指代不知性别的婴儿或身份不确定的人 The baby cried because it was hungry. (4)代替动名词短语，不定式或名词性从句在句中作形式主语或宾语 It is important to learn English well. I find it important to learn English well. (5)强调结构 It is/was +被强调部分+that/who+句子剩余部分，强调人可用who，其余用that It is the students that/who are learning English in the classroom now.（强调主语） It is in the classroom that the students are learning English now.（强调状语） It is him that/who I met at the bus stop.（强调宾语） 五、疑问代词 who(谁，主格),whom(谁，宾格), whose(谁的，所有格), what(什么), which(哪个，哪些)等。 用法 1.用于特殊疑问句中，一般放在句首。Who作主语，宾语，表语。Whom作宾语。Whose作主语，宾语，表语，定语。 Who is going to come here tomorrow? (主语) Who is the boy standing there? (表语) Whose umbrella is this? (定语) Which bus will you take? (定语) Whom are you waiting for? (宾语) Which one do you like best? (宾语) 2.引导从句。在从句中充当成分，可以作主语、宾语或介词宾语、表语等，同时起连接词的作用，将从句和主句连接起来。 What he says is quite true. (what引导主语从句，在从句中作宾语) He asked me who the boy was. (who引导宾语从句，在从句中作表语) 六、不定代词 1. little, a little, few, a few, many, much Little, a little修饰或代替不可数名词；few, a few修饰或代替可数名词。A little, a few表肯定含义，意为“有一个，有一点儿”，little, few表否定含义意为“没有几个，没有多少”。Many修饰或代替可数名词，much修饰或代替不可数名词，意为“很多”。 There isn’t much tea, but we only need a little for a cup of tea. The question is so difficult that few of us answer it correctly. Many people don’t have much food. 2. each, every Each, every表示“每个”，each着重个别含义，可用作定语、主语、宾语和同位语；every着重于全体含义，只用作定语。Every child in the kindergarten can answer the question but they each give a different answer. There are four books in my desk. You can take all of them. 3. one, other, another, the other, some, others, the others 一个/一些 one/ some；另外一个/一些 another/ others；剩余的一个/一些 the other/ the others I have two books. One is English, and the other is French. There are many books on the table. Some are English, the others are French. 4. both, all, either, any, neither, none both两者都，either两者任何一个都，neither两者任何一个都不 all三者或以上都，any三者任何一个都，none三者任何一个都不（不可数名词也用all, any, none指代） I’ve bought two books, you can have either. None of this money is mine. 5.复合不定代词 some, any, no, every加上body, one, thing构成复合不定代词，相当于名词，修饰语放在其后面，作主语时谓语动词用单数。 I have something important to tell you. Everyone is here. -Who is coming? -Nobody/No one. 七、关系代词、连接代词在定语从句及名词性从句中详细说明 第四章 数词 1.基数词 one, two, three, twenty-five, eighty-eight, hundred, thousand, million(百万), billion(十亿) 159 one hundred and fifty-nine 45,208 forty-five thousand, two hundred and eight 2,675,341 two million, six hundred and seventy-five thousand, three hundred and forty-one hundreds of, thousands of, millions of数以百计的、数以千计的、数以百万计的 two hundred students-hundreds of students 2.序数词 first, second, third, fourth, thirteenth, twentieth, sixty-second, ninety-ninth 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 20th, 99th 3.分数 (1) 分子用基数词，分母用序数词，分子大于1，分母用复数形式 1/2 one-second (half), 3/4 three-fourths (three quarters), 5/6 five-sixths (2) 假分数，分子分母都用基数词，先说分子，再说分母，中间用介词over 5/3 five over three, 9/5 nine over five, one and a half 4.小数 小数点前按基数词读法，小数点读作point，小数点后数字一一读出 15.74 fifteen point seven four 0.5 zero(naught)point five 第五章 形容词与副词 一、形容词 用来修饰名词，表名词的属性，一般放在名词前 1.用法 (1)作主语 the + adj. 表一类人The old and the young do not always understand each other. (2)作宾语 the + adj. We support the blind. (3)作表语 The water is drinkable. (4)作定语 He is the greatest musician. He is the happiest person alive. (5)作状语 He got home, hungry and cold. (6)作补语 This letter made her sad. 2.形容词比较级最高级构成 (1)规则变化 a.末尾直接加-er, -est great-greater-greatest, tall-taller-tallest b.以字母-e结尾，直接加-r, -rst fine-finer-finest late-later-latest c.以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节，双写辅音字母加-er, -est hot-hotter-hottest d.以辅音字母+y结尾的单词，变y为i加-er, -est early-earlier-earliest e.其他双音节和多音节词，在词前加-more, -most beautiful-more beautiful-most beautiful (2)不规则变化 good/well-better-best bad-worse-worst many/much-more-most little-less-least fur-farther(较远的，指距离)/further(进一步的，指程度)-farthest(最远的)/furthest(最大限度的) old-older(较旧的，较老的，指年纪)/elder(较年长的，指长幼顺序)-oldest(最旧的，最老的)/eldest(最年长的) late-later(较迟的，指时间)/latter(后者，指顺序)-latest(最迟的，最近的)-last(最后的) 3.比较级用法 (1) as…as 像……一样(否定not so(as)…as This book is as big as that one (2) more than Tom is taller than Mary. (3) the + -est +of Tom is the tallest of us. (4) the + -er + of the two(两者中较……的一个) Tom is the taller of the two. (5) the more…the more 越……越…… The more he eats, the fatter he gets. (6) more and more 越来越…… It is getting warmer and warmer. (7) the same as He is of the same age as I (am). (8)倍数表达 a.倍数+adj./adv.比较级+than Our room is twice larger than theirs. b.倍数+as +adj./adv.原级+as This table is three times as long as that one. c.倍数+the +n.(size, height, weight, length, width…) +of This river is three times the depth of that one. (9)比较级表最高级 比较级+than+ anyone/anything/ever/never/any other/the other… The population of China is larger than that of any other country in Asia. 4.比较级修饰语 a little, a bit, rather, some用于肯定句及请求或建议的问句中；any用于否定句及疑问句，表稍微，一点；much, far, a great/good deal, a lot, lots, a good bit等表示……得多。 I feel much better now. You have far more imagination than I have. 二、副词 用来修饰动词、形容词、副词、短语或整个句子，说明时间、地点、程度、方式等概念。 1.用法 (1)作状语 We are learning English here. (2)作定语 The students here are good. (3)作表语 I’m here. (4)作补足语 I’ll let him in. (5)插入语 The idea, indeed, is not good. 2.分类 (1)时间副词 now, then, soon, recently, finally, before, today, immediately, yet, already等 (2)地点副词 here, there, up, down, away, ahead, nearby, indoors, upstairs, abroad等 (3)方式副词 carefully, happily, quietly, warmly, correctly, politely, angrily, well, badly等 (4)频率副词 ever, never, rarely, seldom, once, often, occasionally, frequently, usually, always等 (5)程度副词 fairly, pretty, rather, quite, very, much, too, greatly, almost, such, so, nearly, half等 (6)疑问副词 when, where, how, why等，引导特殊疑问句 (7)连接副词 therefore, besides, otherwise, however, thus等连接句子或从句；when, where, why, how 等引导不定式及主语从句宾语从句、表语从句 (8)关系副词 when, where, why等，引导定语从句 (9)句子副词 actually, clearly, fortunately, frankly, honestly, probably等，用于修饰句子 3.副词比较级最高级构成 (1)规则变化 与形容词相同 (2)不规则变化 badly-worse-worst little-less-least much-more-most 第六章 介词 介词一般用于名词或代词（或相当于名词的其他词类、短语、从句）前，表示该词与其他句子成分的关系。介词是虚词，不能单独做成分。 1.种类 (1)简单介词 about, across, after, against, among, around, at, below, beyond, during, in, on (2)合成介词 inside, into, onto, out of, outside, throughout, upon, within, without (3)短语介词 according to, because of, instead of, due to, owing to, thanks to (4)双重介词 from among, from behind, from under, till after, in between (5)分词转化成的介词 considering, including (6)形容词转化成的介词 like, unlike, near, next, opposite 2.常用介词 (1)方位介词 (1)in, on, at in较大空间 in China，on在表面之上 on the ground，at较小空间at a small town (2)above, over 在……上方，over指垂直的上方，还有覆盖之意 There is a bridge over the river. The sun rises from the horizon. (3)below, under 在……下方，under指接触的上下方或垂直的上下，与over相对。 She put the letter under the pillow. There is a cat under the table. (4)between, among between用于两者之间，among用于三者或三者以上 There is a long river between the two cities. Among his classmates, Tom is his best friend. (5)before, in front of before表顺序或位置，in front of指位置，尤指建筑物时使用 He arrived minutes ago, just before you. The restaurant is in front of the school. (6)after, behind after指位置，behind指顺序 The game will continue after the rain. She is just waiting behind the tree. (7)其他介词 about在……周围 around在……四周，环绕 beside在……附近 near靠近，接近 by在……旁边，通过 through穿过toward(s)朝 within在……以内 without在……范围以外 (2)时间介词 (1)at, in, on, by at表时间 at eight, in表示一段时间 in the morning, on表某一天 on July 1st, on a Sunday morning, by在……前 All of you are to arrive at school by seven o’clock. (2)after, in 在……以后after指从过去某事起，in指从现在起的一段时间之后 He started the job after he left the university. I’ll leave for London in two days. (3)since, for 表动作的延续或状态。since接点时间，for接段时间，多用于完成时 He has lost his parents since 4 years old. I haven’t seen her for years. (4)其他介词 during在……期间 until到……为止，直到……时 (3)原因介词 (1)from由于 Lots of people suffered from hunger in those days. (2)with由于 The grass was wet with rain. (3)because of因为，由于 The old man couldn’t fall asleep because of the loud noise. (4)due to 因为，由于His success is entirely due to hard work. (5)owing to由于，因为 Our flight was delayed owing to the bad weather. (4)表示关于 (1)about关于，对于 He said he would to tell us about his adventures in Africa. (2)concerning关于 He wrote to me concerning a business arrangement. (3)as for/as to至于，关于 As for the burglar, he escaped through the window. (4)on关于（较正式）He made a speech on the current situation. (5)手段、方式介词by, with, in by表示用某种方法，with表示用某种具体工具，in表示用某种语言或墨水。 I go to school by bus. He cut an apple with that knife. Please say it in English. (6) besides, but, except, except for beside除……之外，还有 Besides these honors he received a sum of money. but除去（多和nobody, nothing, who等代词连用）I have told nobody but you. except除……之外（后面的内容排除在外）All the students have arrived except Tom. except for除……之外 Your composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes. 3.介词短语用法 (1)定语 The book on the table is mine. (2)表语 The child is like her mother. (3)补语 He woke up and found himself in hospital. (4)状语 My brother often goes to school on foot. (5)主语 From the library to the teaching building is a 10 minutes’ walk. 第七章 动词 一、动词时态 种类 肯定形式 否定形式 一般现在时 do/does do/does not do 一般过去时 did did not do 现在进行时 am/is/are doing am/is/are not doing 过去进行时 was/were doing was/were not doing 现在完成时 have/has done have/has not done 过去完成时 had done had not done 一般将来时 will do will not do 过去将来时 would do would not do 现在完成进行时 have/has been doing have/has not been doing 将来进行时 will be doing will not be doing 1. He always sleeps with the windows open. 一般现在时，时间状语always，表示经常发生的动作。常用时间状语有always, often, sometimes, seldom, never 2. Two days ago I fell off my bike and broke my leg. 一般过去时，时间状语two days ago，表示过去发生的动作。常用时间状语有two days ago, the other day, in 1998, on March 14, 2018. 3. Brian is sitting on his sofa and telling me about his perfect day now. 现在进行时，时间状语at that time，表示现在正在发生的动作。常用时间状语有now, at present. 4. Mary was listening to light music at that time. 过去进行时，时间状语at that time，表示过去发生的动作。常用时间状语有at that time. 5. Since 1996,she has won Wimbledon and the US Open twice. China used to be closed off of Westerners in the past. 现在完成时，时间状语since 1996，表示过去发生的动作，对现在产生的影响或结果。常用时间状语有recently, just, already, yet, so far, in the past five years, up to now，for +时间段 6. My friend had lived in China for many years before he returned to England. 过去完成时，时间状语before he returned to England 表示在过去某个时间或动作以前已经发生的动作或存在的状态，即我们所常说的“过去的过去”。 7. It will rain tomorrow.So take an umbrella with you. 一般将来时，时间状语tomorrow，表示从现在某个时间看将来会发生的事情。常用时间状语有tomorrow, in two days(在两天之后）, next week。 8. He said he would come to see me the next week. 过去将来时，时间状语the next week，表示从过去某个时间看将来会发生的事情，常用于宾语从句中。 9. —What have you been reading in the last few weeks? — I have been reading “The Old Man and the Sea”. 现在完成进行时，时间状语in the last few weeks，表示从过去开始，一直延续到现在还将持续的动作。 10. At this time tomorrow evening they will be singing at the Workers’ Club. 将来进行时，时间状语at this time tomorrow，表示从现在某个时间看，将来某时正在进行的动作。 二、被动语态 种类 主动形式 被动形式 一般现在时 do/does am/is/are done 一般过去时 did was/were done 现在进行时 am/is/are doing am/is /are being done 过去进行时 was/were doing was/were being done 现在完成时 have/has done have/has been done 过去完成时 had done had been done 一般将来时 will do will be done 过去将来时 would do would be done 没有被动语态的短语有 come up, belong to, date back to, come into being等 易错提醒：含情态动词的被动形式为—must/should +be done 三、非谓语动词 1. 动词不定式 形式 主动式 被动式 与谓语动作的关系 一般式 to do to be done 动作发生在谓语动作之后 进行式 to be doing / 与谓语动作同时发生 完成式 to have done to have been done 动作发生在谓语动作之前 There are so many papers to finish. I’m really busy recently. The book to be published next year is supposed to be a best-seller. 2. 分词 形式 主动式 被动式 与谓语动词的关系 现在 分词 一般式 doing being done 与谓语动词几乎同时发生 完成式 having done having been done 动作发生在谓语动作之前 过去分词 done 动作发生在谓语动作之前 Having realized that he had fallen behind, Peter started to quicken his pace. This course is of great interest to students, hoping to improve their writing skills. Confused at the differences between her culture and theirs, Annie wanted to return home. 四、情态动词 情态动词表示能力、允许、许可、可能、意愿等概念或态度，需要和其他动词一起构成谓语。情态动词没有人称和数的变化，其后接不带to的不定式，否定形式直接在情态动词后加not。主要的情态动词包括：can, could, may, might, must, have to, ought to, should, would, will, shall, need, dare等。 1. can, could (1)表示能力 can表示现在的能力，could表示过去的能力。 The boy can open the door. I could swim at the age of ten. (2)表请求 could表示委婉的语气，回答时用can。 -Could I borrow your bicycle?-Yes, you can. (3)表可能性，一般用在否定句及疑问句中，could也可用于肯定句。 That can’t be Mary, for she is in hospital. 2. may, might (1)表请求、允许，might表示语气更加委婉。May 表示请求时，否定回答一般用mustn’t，may not意为可能不，can’t意为不可能。 Might I make a suggestion? (2)表可能性。表示把握性不太大的推测，不用于疑问句中，might可能性比may更小。 This coat may be Peter’s. He might be doing his work now. 3. will, would (1)用于第二人称作主语的疑问句，表示请求。 Will you help me with the luggage? (2)表示意志，决心或愿望 I will do my best to help you. (3)表示客观上的习惯，will表示现在，would表示过去。 He would often get up early. (4)表示推测或猜想。 The will have arrived in Shanghai. (5)表示按规律“注定会”。 Oil will float on water. 4. shall, should (1)Shall用在第一、第三人称作主语的疑问句中，表示征求对方的意见或请示。用在第二、第三人称作主语的陈述句中，表示说话者的命令、警告、许诺等语气。用在第三人称作主语的陈述句中，表示法律条文等的规定，意为必须。 Shall he come in or wait outside? You shall remain in your seats until all papers have been collected. (2)should可表示义务、责任、劝告或建议，意为应该，表示主观。Should表示预测，意为应该会，按理说。表示意外、惊讶、纳闷等情感色彩，意为竟然。 We should arrive home before dark. How should I know it? 5. ought to (1)表示职责和义务，表示说话者认为应该做的事。 You ought to be more careful next time. (2)表推测，意为按道理说应该。 The seats ought to be enough for all the guests. (3)ought to 否定形式为ought not to，一般疑问句将ought置于主语前，反义疑问句用oughtn’t+主语。 You ought not to let out the secret. Ought I to return all the books tomorrow? 6.need need用作情态动词时常用于否定句，疑问句和条件句。一般疑问句肯定句为must，在否定句忠意为不必，疑问句中表示需要，肯定回答用must，否定回答用needn’t。 -Need I come tomorrow?-No, you needn’t/Yes, you must. You needn’t be told twice about one single thing. 7.have to Have to强调客观上的必要性，意为不得不，还可以有更多的时态形式。 I have to go now. You have got to go across the busy market to go to the station. 8.固定结构 Can/could have done本能够做某事但实际上没做 Couldn’t/can’t have done 不可能做过某事 Should have done过去本该做但实际上没做 Must have done 想必做了 Shouldn’t have done 本不该做某事但实际上做了 Ought to have done表示应该做某事实际上没做 Ought not to have done本不该做却做了 Needn’t have done本没必要做某事但实际上做了 第八章 连词 虚词，不担任任何句子成分，起到连接作用。连词分为并列连词和从属连词。 1.并列连词 (1)引申类 and, as well as We waited and waited. (2)转折类 but, yet, though I am sorry but I won’t be able to come tonight. (3)选择类 or, nor, neither Would you prefer tea or coffee. (4)因果类 for, so It must have rained last night, for it is wet all over. (5)其他类 while, when We were having a meeting when someone broke in. 2.从属连词 (1)表时间 when, as, while, before, after, since, until, as soon as, once, the moment (2)表地点 where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere (3)表原因 as, because, since, for (4)表结果 so…that, such…that, so that (5)表目的 so that, in order that, in case (6)表条件 if, unless, once, in case, as(so)long as, as far as (7)表让步 though, although, when, while, even though(if), no matter…as (8)表比较 as…as, than (9)表方式 as if(though), as 3.关联连词 (1)并列关联词neither…nor既不……也不，both…and和，either…or要么……要么，not…but不是……而是，not only…but (also)不但……而且, whether…or是……还是 (2)从属关联词hardly…when, no sooner…than一……就，so/such…that如此……以至于，if…not, not…until直到……才，the more…the more越……越……，as…as像……一样，not so(as)…as 第九章 简单句、并列句、复合句 一、句子成分 1.主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。 The painter painted a very nice picture. 2.谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。 The painter painted a very nice picture. 3.表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow）等 以及感官动词有feel, sound, taste, smell, look等之后 We were tired out. 4.宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。 The painter painted a very nice picture. 5.宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等+宾语+宾补）。 I tried my best to make him happy. 6）定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。 Lei seizes any available moment to read books related to ancient poems. 7）状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子 The walls were originally built in the Spring& Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. 8）同位语：一个名词(或其它形式)对另一个名词或代词进行解释或补充说明，这个名词（或其它形式）就是同位语。 Lei Haiwei, a fast food delivery man, won the championship 英文报刊杂志中，往往用定语从句放在解释说明的内容之后，如： Lei Haiwei, a fast food delivery man who likes reciting poems, won the championship 二、简单句 只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）的句子，叫简单句。 句子结构：(1)主语+谓语+宾语 (2)主语+系动词+表语 (3)主语+及物动词+宾语+宾补 (4)主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语 三、并列句 含有两个或两个以上独立分句的句子，叫并列句，并列句可以使用逗号，分号或并列连词连接。 Not only does he do well in English, but he does well in physics. (表并列) It was raining heavily, however, my father went to work as usual. (表转折) Either you are right, or I am. (表选择) It must have rained last night for it is well all over. (表因果) 四、名词性从句 名词性从句包括主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。引导名词性从句的连接词有：连接词that, whether, if；疑问代词who, what, which, whose；疑问副词when, where, how, why等。 1.主语从句，在句中充当主语。 That she will come is certain. Who did the work is unknown. What is done cannot be undone. How he became a successful businessman is strange to everybody. It is not yet fixed when the parent-teacher meeting will be held. 注：(1) That引导主语从句，that无词义且不在主语从句中充当任何成分。 That she was angry made everyone worry about her. (2)当主句谓语为command, demand, insist, suggest, require等，表示建议、要求等语义时，从句谓语动词用(should)+动词原形。 It is suggested that each of them (should) write an article. (3)whether引导的主语从句可用it作形式主语。 Whether he’s coming or not doesn’t matter too much. It remains to be a question whether/if it will do us harm or good. 2.表语从句 表语从句在复合句中作主句的表语，相当于名词。引导表语从句的词有：that, whether, as if, as though, who, that, which, when, where, how, why等。 That’s what we are worrying about. That’s why she had a day off yesterday. 表语从句在用because引导时，通常只用This/That/It is because结构 It is because we need your help. It looked as if it was going to snow. 3.宾语从句 在复合句中做宾语，相当于名词。 (1)that引导宾语从句时，在句中不作任何成分，只起到连接作用；当及物动词后跟两个或以上宾语时，只有第一个that可省略。 He promised me (that) he wouldn’t do that again. He said (that) the text was important and that we should recite it. (2)有些表语形容词如sure, certain, glad, afraid等也可接宾语从句。 He was afraid that someone might find him. (3)连词whether, if引导宾语从句，只起连接作用，在句中补充当成分，但不可以省略，后面跟or not时，只能用whether，不能用if。 We didn’t know whether or not she was ready. (3)连接代词who, whom, whose, which, what以及连接副词when, where, how, why引导宾语从句。 He will report what he saw and heard in Japan. He asked me which man I had seen the night before. 4.同位语从句 同位语从句一般跟在某些抽象名词之后，对该名词进行进一步的解释说明，可接同位语从句的名词通常是概括性的抽象名词，例如answer, belief, command, face, explanation, idea, hope, news, problem, report, suggestion, truth, wish, thought等。 The fact that he had not said anything surprised anybody. I have no idea when he will be back. We heard the news that our team had won. 注：同位语从句和定语从句的区别在于，同位语从句中that不作任何成分，定语从句中that在句子中充当成分。定语从句对先行词加以限定，同位语从句对名词进行补充说明。 The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year. (第一个that引导定语从句，在句中充当宾语) The new that Tom would go abroad is told by him. (that引导同位语从句，句子中不作任何成分) 五、定语从句 在句中修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。被修饰的词叫先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词，包括关系代词和关系副词。定语从句必须放在先行词之后。定语从句包括限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。 1.关系代词引导定语从句 关系代词包括who, whom, whose, that, which, as，在定语从句中可作主语、宾语、定语。 修饰人 修饰物 修饰人和物 主语 Who Which That 宾语 Whom Which(可省略) That(可省) 定语 Whose (of whom) Whose (of whom) He is the person who is going to give a concert on the square. A dictionary is a book that/which gives the meanings of words. The story (which) we heard over the radio was very interesting. 注：1.关系代词只能用that不用which的情况 (1)先行词是all, few, little, nothing, everything, nothing等不定代词时。 All that he said is true. (2)先行词被only, no, any, all等修饰时。 No news that he tells us is good. (3)先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰，以及形容词最高级或被其修饰的词，或先行词是the only, the very。 This is the best book that I have read this year. (4)先行词既指人又指物时。 They talked about the persons and things that they saw in the factory. (5)主句是以who或which开头的疑问句时，避免重复用that。 Who is the boy that shook hands with you just now? (6)先行词在从句中作表语时。 Shanghai is no longer the city that is used to be. 2.关系代词as在句中通常与such, same连用。 Please lend us such books as you have here. I feel just the same as you do. 2.关系副词 关系副词包括when, where, why，在句中做时间、地点、原因状语，可用介词+关系代词替代。 I have never been to the town where (in which) I was born. I well never forget the day when (on which) I joined the League. We don’t know the reason why (for which) they didn’t finish their homework on time. 3.非限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句是对先行词的附加说明，如果省去不影响主句的完整性和意思，往往用逗号与主句分开，一般不用that引导。 His wife, who works in another city, comes to see him every mouth. In the old days, when I was a little boy, the city had no factory. 六、状语从句 在句中功能相当于副词短语作状语的从句称为状语从句，通常由从属连词引导。状语从句分为时间、地点、原因、方式、条件、目的、结果、让步，比较状语从句等。 1.时间状语从句 时间状语从句通常由when, while, as, after, before, since, as soon as, until等连词引导。 (1) when, while, as a)when, as可以表示一段时间，也可表示点时间。 I’ll tell him when he comes. When you are in trouble, you can ask her for help. As he was speaking, he heard a terrible cry from behind. b) while一般表示主句与从句动作同时发生，可以是一般的动作，也可以是正在进行的动作或状态。 While I was out, he began to watch TV. I was reading the book while he was writing. c) when可表示这时，突然，while用作连词可表让步关系意为虽然，也可表示转折关系意为但是，as可表伴随意为一边……一边。 I was about to go out when someone dropped in on me. I was reading a book when the light went out. While I understand what you say, I can’t agree with you. (2) since谓语动词多用于一般过去时，主句谓语动词一般用完成时（It is+时间段+since从句结构中可用一般时态） Since he entered the university, he has made great progress. It is twenty years since she joined the Party. They have never seen each other again since she fill ill. (3) before, after before引导的从句表示主句的动作发生在从句动作之前，after引导的从句表示主句的动作发生在从句动作之后。 We want to buy something before prices go up. I found your coat after you had left the house. (4) as soon as, once, hardly…when, no sooner…than表示一……就 He started as soon as he received the news. Once you show any fear, he will attack you. Hardly had we got into the country when it began to rain. (5) till, until直到……才 She didn’t go to bed until she had reviewed her lessons. 2. 地点状语从句 表示主句谓语动词的行为发生的地点，通常由where, wherever等连词引导。 We’ll go where we are most needed by the country. Wherever you are, you should work for the people heart and soul/. 3. 原因状语从句 表示主句谓语动词的行为的原因或理由，通常由because, since, as等从属连词引导。 Lily was worried because she hadn’t had any letter from Tom. Since she isn’t prepared for the job, you’d better let him do it. As David said we had better walk, we started off on foot. 注：because语气最强，用于回答why的提问，通常表示表示直接的，未知的原因。Since 表示已知或显而易见的原因，译为既然。As语气最弱，用于说明理由，译为由于。 4. 方式状语从句 表示动作的方式，常用as, as if, as though, the way, how等引导，多位于主句之后。 He worked hard all through the day as everybody else did. Do as I do. 5. 条件状语从句 表示主句谓语动词动作的行为发生的条件，通常由if, unless(除非), so long as(只要)等连词引导，多位于主句之后。 We’ll go to the Great Wall if it is fine tomorrow. As long as I have anything, you will always have a home. In case the house burns down, we’ll get the insurance money. 6. 目的状语从句 表示目的，常用so, so that, in order that, for fear (that), lest(以免)等词引导。 He arranged everything so that we could get there at one o’clock. I’ll ring him up at once so he shouldn’t wait for me. They didn’t talk much for fear (that) others might hear them. 7. 结果状语从句。 表示结果，常用that, so (that), such…that, so…that等引导。 He didn’t take his raincoat so that he got wet all over. It is such a big box that nobody can move it. He did such a good job that people all praised him. 8. 让步状语从句 表示虽然、尽管、即使等概念，常用though, although, if, even though/if, when, while等引导。 Although/Though he is still young, he often falls ill. (Young though/as he is, he often falls ill.) I won’t mind even if he doesn’t come. 注：no matter后可接who, what, where, how等疑问词，或由疑问词+ever构成的复合词。 Don’t trust him, no matter what/whatever he says. 9.比较状语从句 常用as, than, the+比较级引导 She is as bad-tempered as her mother. The more you exercise, the healthier you will be. 七、倒装句 1.完全倒装，将句中谓语部分全部提到主语前面 There are many students in the classroom. Here comes the bus. In the south of the city lies a modern hospital. 2.部分倒装，将句中助动词、情态动词提前到主语之前。 Never have I been to England. He can’t answer the question. Neither can I. Only in this way can you succeed. Child as she was, she had to make a living. 八、强调句 It is/was +被强调部分+that/who(指人）+其他部分 第九章 主谓一致 主谓一致包括语法一致，意义一致以及就近一致等。 一、and连接并列主语 1.表示不同的人或事，谓语动词用复数。 Her mother and her teacher are in the sitting room. 2.表示同一人或事、概念，谓语动词用单数，后一个名词不用冠词。 The writer and teacher is very famous. 3.前有every, each修饰时，谓语动词用单数；当every, each位于修饰词后面时，谓语动词用复数。 Each boy and each girl has been given a new book. The boy and the girl each have their own toys. 二、就远一致原则 当作主语的名词后有as well as, as much as, no less than, with, along with, together with, rather than, like, unlike, but, except, besides including等引导的短语时，谓语动词和第一个主语保持一致。 The teacher as well as the students was present at the meeting. The two workers as well as the factory director were present at the meeting. 三、就近一致原则 当or, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also…, not…but, whether…or…等连接两个并列主语时，谓语动词和最近的一个主语保持一致。 Either the boy or the girl has no difficulty. Neither the children nor their father was in the car. 四、集合名词 1.family, public, club, crowd, group, audience, class ,team等表示整体时谓语动词用单数，表示个体时谓语动词用复数。 His family is going to move. My family are fond of films. 2.people, the police, cattle, poultry等单数形式有复数意义，谓语动词用复数。 The Chinese people are brave and hardworking. 3.单复数同形的名词，谓语动词单复数取决于实际意义。 A deer is grown in the research center. Lots of deer are grown in the research center. 五、抽象名词 1.不定代词anyone, anybody, someone, no one, nobody等作主语时，谓语动词用单数。 There is nobody in the house. Nobody knows about it. 2.表示时间、距离、金钱、重量等名词作主语，谓语动词用单数。 Ten pounds was missing from the till. 3.动词不定式（短语）、动名词（短语）或从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数。 Persuading him to join us seems very difficult. That Jack has gone abroad makes us all surprised. 4.the+形容词表示一类人，谓语动词用复数。 The wounded were treated well. 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$