阅读理解“干扰选项”的编写方法有何特点 ---以2024年新高考全国卷I为例 讲义-2025届高三英语上学期一轮复习专项

2024年新高考全国卷I的阅读干扰选项主要使用了其中的错误联想、无中生有两种手段。 所谓错误联想，就是在原文中找到部分词句表述，以此为基础进行联想，编写出的短语或句子与原文意思大相径庭。由于正确答案中也会涉及到原文的部分原词表述，学生必须真正读懂文章，才能判断各选项是原文的同义转述还是错误联想。无中生有的选项则完全脱离了原文词句，在文中难以找到依据，不过也并非完全“无中生有”，而是基于原文词汇的同义词或同语义场内的词汇进行错误联想。基于这两种手段联想产生的新意，在文章原文的语境中，逻辑是通顺的，只不过与原文意义不符，读者一般无法在不阅读原文的前提下仅仅依靠常识判断正误。本套题命题者在编写干扰选项时主要使用了上述两种干扰手段（还偶尔涉及到句式杂糅，答非所问等），具体案例分析如下： 1. 原文：We’ll explore beautiful park sites while conducting invasive plant removal, winter planting and seed collection. Habitat Restoration Team volunteers play a vital role in restoring sensitive resources and protecting ... 题干：21.What is the aim of the Habitat Restoration Team? 选项： A.To discover mineral resources.    （错误联想）                 B.To develop new wildlife parks.    （错误联想）      D. To conduct biological research. （错误联想/ 无中生有） 分析：A选项对应的原文意为“恢复敏感的resources”，干扰项通过错误联想变成“发现矿物resources”；B选项对应的原文意为“探索美丽的park场地”，干扰项通过错误联想变成了“开发新的野生动物parks”；D选项对应的原文意为“conduct入侵plant清除，冬季planting，seed收集”，干扰项变成了“conduct生物biological研究”，植物属于生物，是生物的下义词，基于原文下义词无中生有，不过干扰项中出现了conduct原词，也可以算错误联想。 2. 原文：Wear clothes that can get dirty. Bring layers for changing weather and a raincoat if necessary.... No experience necessary. Training and tools will be provided.             UPCOMING EVENTS （下面表格中含有三个安排：时间+碰头地） 题干：23.What are the volunteers expected to do? 选项： A. Bring their own tools.        （错误联想）                   C. Wear a team uniform.         （无中生有）                    D. Do at least three projects.    （无中生有） 分析：A选项对应的原文意为“将会提供tools”，与选项意思相反；C选项的关键词“team uniform”在文章中没有出现，而是根据文中“clothes”这个词进行联想的同语义场词（不过wear一词源自原文，也勉强算错误联想）；D选项的“projects”也没有在原文中出现，但是属于“events”的同义词，基于此进行无中生有。 3. 原文：If he seems a little defensive, it might be because even some of his coworkers occasionally laugh at his unusual methods.  题干：24.What do some of Farber's coworkers think of him? 选项：  A.He’s odd.                      B. He’s  strict.                                 C. He’s  brave.                 D. He’s  rude. 分析：A选项对应原文“同事嘲笑他”，所以同事认为他“奇怪”；由于被同事嘲笑，作者显得有点defensive（防守的，辩护的），命题者可能根据该词联想出brave（勇敢者才会防守辩护），rude（防守辩护时可能显得很粗鲁），CD这两个选项都可以算是错误联想，逻辑很好，不过问题问的是同事的观点，答非所问。文章中没有提到作者是个strict的人，或许医生这个职业需要从业者strict，才能让技艺精湛？B选项算无中生有。 4. 原文：Farber, a  graduate of Colorado State University, started out as a more conventional veterinarian. He became interested in alternative treatments 20 years ago when he suffered from terrible back pain. 题干：25. Why did Farber decide to try acupuncture on pets? 选项：A. He was trained in it at university.   （错误联想）  B. He was inspired by another veterinarian.    （错误联想）  D. He wanted to save money for pet owners.     （无中生有） 分析：AB选项分别基于原文中的university和veterinarian进行的错误联想，逻辑无误，不看原文无法判断正误。D选项的pet owner在答案所在段落没有出现，不过在下一段提到了一个宠物主Leigh Tindale的狗心脏病严重，通过针灸延长了寿命。Pet owner算是一个同义转换，基于此错误联想到save money，算无中生有。 5. 原文：Farber is certain that the holistic approach will grow more popular with time, and if the past is  any  indication,he may be right: Since 1982, membership in the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association has grown from 30 to over 700. “Sometimes it surprises me  that it works so well,” he says. “I will do anything to help an animal. That’s my job.” 题干：27.Why does the author mention the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association? 选项：A. To prove Farber’s point.                                                B. To emphasize its importance.    （错误联想）                 C. To praise veterinarians.             （错误联想）                 D. To advocate animal protection. （错误联想） 分析：B选项“强调它的重要性”与原文“it works so well”强调其功效表面上是相关的，但是it的指称对象不一致，一个是Association一个是Holistic approach。命题者根据“works so well”联想到“importance”。如果说该治疗方法有效（works so well），表面上也是在赞扬veterinarians，也属于错误联想。D选项根据原文“help an animal”进行错误联想，得出“advocate animal protection”。学生们不应该只抓住文章的只言片语，进行错误联想，需要搞懂句间逻辑，才能读懂段落内的逻辑。 6. 原文：But equally important is the mental aspect. Reading researchers have proposed a theory called "shallowing hypothesis," According to this theory, people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media, which are often not so serious, and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print. 题干：29. What does the shallowing hypothesis assume? 选项： A.Readers treat digital texts lightly.     B.Digital texts are simpler to understand.     （错误联想）    C.People select digital texts randomly.         （错误联想）    D.Digital texts are suitable for social media. （句式杂糅） 分析：B选项可能基于原文“devote less mental effort”错误联想到“简单易懂，不需要投入太多精力”；C选项可能基于原文“are often not serious”错误联想到“态度不端正，随便选择digital texts”；D选项对原文“ digital texts with a mindset suited to social media”关键词抽取后杂糅成新的句子。 7. 原文：Audio  and video can feel more engaging than text, and so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies---say, assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person. However, psychologists have demonstrated that when adults read news stories, they remember more of the content than if they listen to or view identical pieces. 题干：30. Why are audio and video increasingly used by university teachers? 选项：  A. They can hold students'attention.  B. They are more convenient to prepare.     （无中生有）  C. They help develop advanced skills.     （无中生有）  D. They are more informative than text.    （无中生有） 分析：B选项“音视频更方便准备”在原文中没有依据，属于按照常识的联想；C选项也根据原文的technologies无中生有，错误联想了“它们帮助开发高级skills”；D选项也是根据原文的“more of the content”无中生有，错误联想到“more informative”。 8. 原文：Digital texts, audio and video all have educational roles, especially when providing resources not available in print. However, for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for, educators shouldn't assume all media are the same, even when they contain identical words. 题干：31. What does the author imply in the last paragraph? 选项：  A. Students should apply multiple learning techniques.     （无中生有） B. Teachers should produce their own teaching material.     （无中生有） C. Print texts cannot be entirely replaced in education.  D. Education outside the classroom cannot be ignored.        （无中生有） 分析：A选项提到的“multiple learning techniques”在原文中没有提到，可能基于原文的learning无中生有；B选项提到的“teaching material”原文也没有提到，可能基于原文的texts/resources无中生有；D选项的“out of classroom”文中也没有提到，可能根据原文“resources not available in text”无中生有。这些选项的表述都在文章没有原词依据，但是都与“学习”这一主题有关。 9. 原文：In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect. 题干：32.What do we know about the records of species collected now? 选项： A. They are becoming outdated.   （无中生有）    B. They are mostly in electronic form.        C. They are limited in number.   （错误联想）    D. They are used for public exhibition. （无中生有） 分析：A选项和D选项在文章中都没有依据，属于无中生有，基于原文“go extinct”错误联想到“become outdated”；基于原文“in the form os photoes, videos...”错误联想到“public exhibition”；C选项与原文“have collected billions of records”意思相反，是基于原文的错误联想。 10. 原文：“With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application," said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable?" 题干：33. What does Daru's study focus on? 选项：  A. Threatened species. （错误联想）                         B. Physical specimens.（答非所问）                 C. Observational data.                  D. Mobile applications. （答非所问） 分析：B选项和D选项在文章中都出现过，属于答非所问；A选项根据原文单词species错误联想。 11. 原文：“We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差)data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it," said Daru. 题干：34.What has led to the biases according to the study? 选项：  A. Mistakes in data analysis. （无中生有）    B. Poor quality of uploaded pictures. （错误联想）    C. Improper way of sampling.     D. Unreliable data collection devices. （无中生有） 分析：A选项和D选项提到的“数据分析”和“收集设备”在文中都没有提到，属于无中生有；B选项基于文章的take a picture错误联想。 12. 原文：“Quite a lot,” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places---and even species---that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.” 题干：35.What is Daru's suggestion for biodiversity apps? 选项：A. Review data from certain areas. （错误联想）             B. Hire experts to check the records.  （错误联想）             C. Confirm the identity of the users. （句式杂糅）             D. Give guidance to citizen scientists.  分析：A选项基于原文“places...that are not well-sampled”进行错误联想到“review data from certain areas”; B选项基于原文“have an expert confirm...”错误联想到“hire experts to check the records”; C选项基于原文“...users to have an expert confirm the identification” 杂糅成“confirm the identity of the users”。 综上可知，命题专家在进行干扰项编写的时候，主要采用了错误联想和无中生有两种方式，基于原文的原词，或者同义词/同语义场内的词汇进行错误联想，考查学生对原文的理解以及表述的同义转换能力。命题者也用到了答非所问以及句式杂糅的方式编写干扰项。通过对这些干扰项编写方式的了解，有助于提升我们原创试题的质量和高考味道。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$