高考英语复习名词性从句 讲义-2025届高三英语上学期一轮复习专项

名词性从句 一．定义：在复合句中具有名词的性质的作主语、表语、同位语、宾语的从句叫名词性从句。 因此，我们把主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句和宾语从句这四种从句统称为名词性从句。 如：It is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.  事实上英语作为国际语言正为世人所接受。(主语从句) The trouble is that she has lost his address.麻烦的是她把他的地址搞丢了。（表语从句） They have no idea at all where he has gone.他们不知道他去什么地方了。（同位语从句） Do you remember how he came? 你记得他怎么来的么？（宾语从句） 二．名词性从句的连接词 连接词 语义 在从句中的作用 连接词 that 无 不充当成分 whether/if 是否 不充当成分 as if/  as though （只连接表从） 似乎 不充当成分 连接 代词 what(ever) 什么；…的事/东西；多么 充当主、宾、表、定 who(ever)/whomever 谁 充当主、宾、表 which(ever) 哪一个 充当主、宾、表、定 whose 谁的 充当定语 连接 副词 when(ever) 什么时候 充当状语 where(ever) 什么地方 充当状语 why 为什么 充当状语 how(ever) 怎么; 多么 充当状语 because（只连接表从） 因为 充当状语 三．语序（正常语序） 如：What we can't get seems better than what we have.我们得不到的似乎比我们所拥有的要好。 The photographs will show you what our village looks like.这些照片将向你展示我们村庄的面貌。 四．时态的呼应 （1）如果主句中的谓语动词是一般现在时态，从句的谓语动词的时态不受主句谓语动词时态的制约。 如：I wonder why Jenny hasn’t written us recently. 我不知道为什么珍妮最近没有给我们写信。 （2）如果主句的谓语动词是过去时态，从句的谓语动词动作发生在主句的动作之前，过去完成时、过去完成进行时。 如：The police found that the house had been broken into and a lot of things stolen. 警察发现有人闯入房子并且很多东西被偷 She said she had been waiting for me for a long time.她说她等了我很长时间。 （3）如果主句的谓语动词是过去时态，从句的动作和主句的动作同时发生，则从句的动词用一般过去时或过去进行时。 如：I didn’t know you were here.我不知道你在这里。 I was told that they were designing a new machine.有人告诉我他们在设计一种新机器。 （4）如果主句的谓语动词是过去时态，从句的动作发生在主句的动作之后，则从句的动词用过去将来时、过去将来进行时或过去将来完成时。 如：We were all surprised when he made it clear that he would leave office soon. 当他宣布他不久就要离职时，我们都很吃惊。 They said they would be listening to a report on current affairs.他说他们将听关于时事的报告。 主语从句 1． 定义：在复合句中，作主语的句子称为主语从句，通常位于谓语动词之前。 如：Who will win the match is still unknown.谁会赢得这场比赛，目前还不清楚。 二．连接词 引导主语从句的关联词有从属连词：that、whether、if； 关系代词：who, what, which, whom, whose, whatever, whoever, whomever, whichever； 关系副词：when, where, how, why, however, whenever, wherever等 ①从属连词that，whether引导的主语从句：引导主语从句，它们在从句中不担任成分，不能省略 如：Whether she will come or not is still a question. 她是否会来仍是一个问题。 That they will go is certain.他们去是肯定的。 注意：whether，if 的区别： （1）whether 引导主语从句可以放句首，也可以放句尾，表示“是否”，不可省略。 （2）If引导的主语从句只能放在句尾，前面要用 it 作形式主语。 如：Whether she will come or not is uncertain.她会不会来还不确定。 It remains to be seen if they can be good parents.他们是否能成为一对合格的父母还有待观察。 随堂练习：用whether,if或that填空 1. the meeting will be put off hasn't been decided yet. 2.It remains unknown we will go for an outing tomorrow. 3. the earth is round is true. 4. you missed such an interesting film is a pity. 5. she's coming or not doesn't matter too much. ②由关系代词引导的主语从句：who, what, which, whom, whose, whatever, whoever, whomever, whichever等，引导主语从句时，它们分别在从句中担任主语、宾语或定语，不能省略。 如：Whoever leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights.无论谁最后离开房间，都应该关灯。 注意：no matter who和whoever的区别： 1.no matter who通常只能引导状语从句，而不能引导名词性从句。 2.whoever 既可引导名词性从句也可引导状语从句 ③关系副词引导的主语从句：when, where, why, how, however, whenever, wherever等引导主语从句时，它们在从句中担任状语，不能省略。 如：Why he didn't come here is not clear to anyone.他为什么没来谁也不清楚。 How a telephone works is a question which not everyone can answer.电话是怎样工作的，这个问题并不是每个人都能回答。 Where she has gone is not known yet.她去了哪儿，还不知道。 When they will start has not been decided yet. 他们何时动身还未定下来。 随堂练习 1.     you don't like him is none of my business. A. What   B. Who  C. That  D. Whether 2.     we'll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather. A. If   B. Whether  C. That  D. Where 3.     is going to do the job will be decided by the manager. A. That  B. Why  C. How   D. Who 4.     we'll finish translating the book depends on the time. A. When   B. Why  C. What   D. That 5.     he won't go there is clear to all of us. A. How    B. What  C. Why   D. This 三．有时为了避免头重脚轻，常用it作形式主语，真正的主语放后面。it作形式主语的常用句型 ①It + be + 形容词（clear /unfair等）+ that ... 如：It's strange that he didn't come yesterday. 他昨天没来是很奇怪的。 ②It + be + 名词词组（a fact /a pity /a shame等）+ that ... 如：It is a question that who will hold the meeting.谁来主持会议是个问题。 ③It + be + 过去分词（announced /believed /expected等）+ that ... 如：It is said that there was a terrible plane crash this morning.据说今天早上有一起可怕的飞机坠毁事故。 ④It + seems /appears /happens等+ that ... 如：It seems that he is a good guy.他似乎是个好人 注意：在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should) +do” 如：It is a pity that you (should) have to leave. 真遗憾你非走不可。 随堂练习：翻译句子 1.吸烟危害健康，这是事实。 2.中国人口众多是一件极大的好事。 3.据说Jack篮球打得很棒。 4.对她来参加聚会来说很重要。 5.他们似乎已经离开了北京。 四．主语从句不可位于句首的四种情况。 （1）含主语从句的复合句是疑问句、感叹句时，主语从句不可提前，用引导词it作形式主语。 如：Is it really true that he has gone abroad? 他真的出国了吗？ How surprising it was that he failed in the exam!真令人惊奇，他考试没有及格！ （2）It is said, reported, …结构中的主语从句不可提前。 如：It’s said that the play is very interesting.据说戏剧很有趣。 It’s reported that the highway will be opened to traffic next week.据报道，高速路下周通车。 （3）It happens, occurs…结构中的主语从句不可提前。 如：It occurred to her that she had forgotten to lock the door.她突然想起忘了锁门。 It happened that I met him in the street.我恰巧在大街上遇到了他。 （4）It doesn’t matter how, whether or not…结构中的主语从句不可提前。 如：It doesn’t matter whether he likes it or not.他喜欢与否无关紧要。 五．it作形式主语与it引导强调句的比较。 强调句：去掉it is...that部分，句子意思仍然完整 如：It is certain that she will succeed.她会成功是肯定的。（主语从句） It is in New York that I met him.是在纽约我见到了他。（强调句） 随堂练习：用适当的连接词填空 1.It is probable it will rain today. 2. you don't like him is none of my business. 3. matters most in learning English is enough practice. 4. breaks the law can never escape from being punished. 5. of them will take charge of our company is still being discussed. 6. worries us most is that the number of the kids dominated by computers is growing fast. 7. one can turn his dream into a reality depends on his talent and the efforts he makes. 8. I believe is that you need to act smartly, instead of following what everyone else is doing. 9.It is required in the regulations you shouldn't tell other people the password of your e-mail account. 10.It has been proved eating vegetables in childhood helps to protect you against serious illnesses in later life. 表语从句 一．在复合句中，作表语的句子称为表语从句，位于主句中的连系动词之后。 如：The trouble is that we are short of money.困难是我们资金短缺。 二．常见的连系动词常见的连系动词有：(系动词后接形容词) ①be动词：am, is, are, was, were. 如：I am interested in reading books. Books are very interesting. 我对读书很感兴趣。书很有趣。 ②感官连系动词：feel(摸起来), look/seem (看起来), smell(闻起来), sound (听起来), taste (尝起来). 如：Cotton feels soft. 棉花摸起来很软。 It sounds good.听起来很棒。 ③“变化”连系动词：become, get, grow, turn, come, go, fall, run. 如：The fish went bad. 鱼变坏了。 Trees turn green when spring comes.春天来临时，树会变绿。 ④“持续、保持”连系动词：keep, stay, remain, stand, lie, hold. 如：Please keep silent. 请保持安静 ⑤“似乎”：seem, appear, look ⑥“证明是”：prove 随堂练习：改错 1. His English is very well. 2. Be carefully. 3. You will feel badly if you are lack of sleep. 4. I afraid he won’t come tomorrow. 5. Going to bed and getting to early will make you keep health. 三．连接词 引导表语从句的词有从属连词that、whether； 关系代词who, what, which, whom, whose, whatever, whoever, whomever, whichever等； 关系副词when, where, why, how, however, whenever, wherever等 ①由从属连词that，whether, because引导的表语从句,that在引导表语从句时无词义，而whether有词义，意为、“是否”。这时主句的主语常常是些抽象名词，如question(问题)，trouble(麻烦)，problem(问题)，result(结果)，chance(可能性)，suggestion(建议)，idea(想法)，reason(理由)等。 如：The trouble is that we are short of money.困难是我们资金短缺。 The question is whether we need more ice cream.问题是我们是否还需要一些冰淇淋。 注：because 也可以引导表语从句，但不能和 reason一起出现。 如：I’m a little bit sleepy. It’s because I stayed up late last night. 我有点困了。这是因为我昨天晚上熬夜了。 ②关系代词who, what, which, whom, whose, whatever, whoever, whomever, whichever等引导表语从句，在句中作主语、宾语、表语，关系代词不能省略 如：The question is which of us should go.问题是我们哪一个应该去。 The problem was who could do the work.问题是谁能做这项工作。 That's what we should do.那是我们应该做的。 ③由关系副词when，why，where，how 引导的表语从句。 如：That is why stone walls are used instead of fences around New England fields. 这就是为什么在新英格兰用石头墙而不用栅栏的原因。 注：as if, as though（好像、似乎）也可以引导表语从句,一般跟在特定动词后面，如 seem, appear, look, sound, taste, feel 等。as if , as though引导的表语从句，可用陈述语气，也可用虚拟语气，根据后面的内容来判断。 如：It sounds as if you are from Hongkong.听起来你好像来自中国香港。（真实） It looks as if he were from the Moon.他看起来好像来自月球。（虚拟） 随堂练习：单选 1．The reason      he didn’t come was      he was ill. A．why； that    B．that； why    C．for that； that D．for which； what 2．—I won’t get good grades      I study hard. —That’s      everyone is trying his best to study for the exam. A．until; why    B．unless; when    C．unless; why D．until; when 3．The little child can't find his mother.That's      he is crying on the street. A．why B．because    C．how    D．where 4．—I can't understand      you said. —That's      you didn't listen to me carefully. A．that, because B．what, why C．which, why D．what, because 5．Lucy is an interesting girl. That’s      they all like her. A．when B．what    C．why    D．where 6．Michael Jordan has failed over and over again in his life．And that’s      he succeeds． A．what B．when    C．why    D．where 7．He is      the soccer team. That’s      he plays soccer better than us. A．at; because  B．in; why  C．on; why  D．in; because 8．I’m afraid he’s more of a talker than a doer, which is      he never finishes anything. A．That B．when    C．where    D．why 9．      your father wants to know is      getting on with your studies. A．What; how are you B．That; how you are    C．How; that you are    D．What; how you are 10．Lucy is an interesting girl. That’s      they all like her. A．when B．what    C．why    D．where 宾语从句 一．在复合句中，作宾语的句子称为宾语从句 如：He said that he wanted to go to town. 他说他想去城里。 二．连接词：从属连词that whether、if，关系代词what, who, whose, which和关系副词when、where、how、why ①that 引导的宾语从句，that 可省略，无意义，不作成分。 如：I believe (that) she will succeed.我相信她会成功 ②whether /if引导的宾语从句，whether /if不作成分，含“是否”之意，不可省略。 如：Nobody knows whether /if she likes this present.没人知道她喜不喜欢这份礼物。 注：只用whether不用if的情况： （1）介词+ whether：It depends on whether it will rain next week. （2）whether ... or not ...：I want to know whether it’s harmful or not. （3）whether to do：I can’t decide whether to pick. ③关系代词what, who, whose, which 引导的宾语从句 如：I know nothing about it except what I have read in the papers.除了在报上读到的以外,我对这件事一无所知。 ④关系副词when、where、how、why引导的宾语从句 如：Most of the Chinese people usually go to work on the bike except when it rains.除了雨天,大多数中国人一般都骑自行车上班。 随堂练习：根据句意用that,if或whether完成句子。 1. Helen doesn't know _ _ to stay here or not. 2.-What did the shopkeeper say to you?--She asked me __ _ I preferred that T-shirt. 3.-I am looking forward to watching the show.-Me,too.I believe _ _ it'll be fantastic. 4.Before you throw away something,always think about it can be reused or not. 5.I hope    our school trip will be great. 6.I'm worrying about I'll be late for class. 三．用宾语从句的三种情况：动宾、形宾、介宾 ①谓语动词后接宾从：I have found (动词) that she did well in school (宾从).     ②介词后接宾从：It depends on (介词) whether it’ll rain today (宾从). ③形容词后接宾从：I’m glad (形容词) that you came (宾从). （这些形容词一般是sure \certain \pleased \happy \afraid \surprised \sorry \willing等表示情感的形容词） 四．that引导宾语从句的省略 （1）主句谓语动词是agree, argue, hold, learn,, observe, state, suggest等时，其后宾语从句的引导词that一般不可省略；主句谓语动词是hear, know, say, see, consider, understand等时，其后宾语从句的引导词that可以省略，也可以不省略；主句谓语动词是think, suppose, believe, dare say等时，其后宾语从句的引导词that可以省略。 如：He suggested that we should set off at 8 o’clock tomorrow morning.他建议我们明天早晨8点走。(that不可省略) I think (that) this is very important.我认为这很重要。(that可省略) （2）当一个句子很复杂，句中有多个状语时，that不可省略；或者一个句子有多个并列的宾语从句时，特别第一个宾语从句特别长，后面的宾语从句的that不可省略；谓语动词与that从句之间有插入语时，that不可省去。 He said you needn't worry and that he would help you .他说你没有必要着急，他会帮助你的。（said之后可省去that，但第二个that不可省去） 五．宾语从句不能省略that的情况： ①有两个或两个以上的由 that 引导的宾语从句时，第一个 that 可以省去，后面的都不可以省。 如：She said (that) she liked the actress so much and that she wanted to take a photo with her.她说她很喜欢这个女演员，想跟她合影。 ②that从句中又有其他从句，且该从句位于主句之前时。 如：Aunt Liu understands that unless she arrives at the station on time, she’ll have to book another ticket. 刘阿姨明白，除非她按时到达车站，否则她就得再订一张票。 ③ it 作形式宾语时，that 不可省略。 如：I think it necessary that he should apologize to you.我认为他有必要向你道歉。 ④当宾语从句的主语是that，this 或者被 that，this 修饰时。 如：I want to tell you that this kind of disease is very common.我想告诉你，这种疾病很常见。 ⑤ 当宾语从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时。 如：I want to tell you (间接宾语) that this problem is very common (直接宾语)我想告诉你，这种疾病很常见。 六．否定转移 ①如果主句的谓语动词是“think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, reckon, imagine等，主语是第一人称的一般现在时态，其后的宾语从句如含有否定意义，一定要把否定词一道主句谓语上，从句谓语动词用肯定形式。 如：I don’t think he can do it better than me.我想他不会比我干得好。 I don’t believe he treated the child like that.我相信他不会那样对待孩子的。 ②如果think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, reckon, imagine等前有副词或表示强调的do, does, did；或者同其它词构成并列谓语；或者不以现在时出现；或者用作插入语中。这时候不用否定转移。 如：I really expect she didn’t say that to him.我确实希望她不和他说那件事。 I think and hope that he won’t be deceived by the man.我认为也希望他不会被那个人欺骗。 七．时态的呼应与语序，在宾语从句中只能用陈述句语序，时态呼应上要遵循以下三条原则： （1）如果主句谓语是一般现在时或将来时，宾语从句的谓语可根据意思的需要使用任何一种时态。 如：Do you know who he was talking with at eight last night？你知道他昨晚和谁一起说话吗？ （2）如果主句谓语是一般过去时，宾语从句要用表示过去的某一时态。 如： He said he would come to see us the next day.他说他明天将来看我们。 （3）如果宾语从句是表示客观事实、真理等，不管主句是什么时态，宾语从句一律用一般现在时。 如：The teacher said the sun rises in the east．老师说太阳从东方升起。 随堂练习 1. I don't know ________ he will come or not. A. if  B. whether  C. that  D. what 2. She wonders ________ he is doing now. A. what  B. that  C. if  D. whether 3. Can you tell me ________ you like this book? A. if  B. that  C. whether  D. what 4. I think ________ he is a good student. A. if  B. that  C. whether  D. what 5. He said ________ he had been to Shanghai before. A. if  B. that  C. whether  D. what 6. I'm not sure ________ she will come to the party. A. if  B. that  C. whether  D. what 7. The teacher asked me ________ I had finished my homework. A. if  B. that  C. whether  D. what 8. We don't believe ________ he can pass the exam. A. if  B. that  C. whether  D. what 9. It depends on ________ you can help me. A. if  B. that  C. whether  D. what 10. I don't suppose ________ he will come on time. A. if  B. that  C. whether  D. what 11. Please tell me ________ is wrong with the machine. A. what  B. that  C. if  D. whether 12. He doesn't know ________ to do next. A. what  B. that  C. if  D. whether 13. I don't think ________ she is right. A. if  B. that  C. whether  D. what 14. The doctor asked me ________ I felt better. A. if  B. that  C. whether  D. what 15. We want to know ________ the earth moves around the sun. A. if  B. that  C. whether  D. what 16. She said ________ she would come back soon. A. if  B. that  C. whether  D. what 17. I don't know ________ he will come tomorrow. A. if  B. that  C. whether  D. what 18. They asked me ________ I had seen the film. A. if  B. that  C. whether  D. what 19. Do you know ________ he is looking for? A. if  B. that  C. whether  D. what 20. The boy wonders ________ the moon goes around the earth. A. if  B. that  C. whether  D. what 同位语从句 一．跟在名词后面起解释说明作用的从句（不缺成分） 如：It is a fact that smoking is a danger to health. 吸烟危害健康，这是事实。 二．连接词：连词that，whether；还有关系代词what, which, who；关系副词how，when，where，why ①连词that，whether引导的同位语从句（不能用if引导同位语从句） 如：The fact that we lack enough phones needs to be considered.我们缺少足够的电话这一事实需要加以考虑。 The question of whether it is right or wrong depends on the result.这个是对还是错要看结果。 注：在suggestion, advice, request, order等意为“建议；命令；要求”的名词后，同位语从句中的谓语动词通常用“should+动词原形”的虚拟语气结构，句中的should可以省略。 如：Our teacher gave us some advice how we (should) use the computer. ②关系代词what, which, who引导的同位语从句 如：The question who should be the first has not been settled.谁应该是第一名的问题还没有定下来。 You can have no idea what he said.你根本想不到他说了些什么。 ③由关系副词how，when，where，why引导的同位语从句 如：I have no idea when he will be back.我不知道他什么时候回来。 They usually write exact instructions how the music is to be played.他们通常为如何演奏乐曲写出精确的说明。 随堂练习：用适当的连接词填空 1.There was a suggestion Brown should be dropped from the team. 2.I have no idea size shoes she wears. 3.The question will take his place is still not clear. 4.I don't know the question h pen is mine. 5.I have no idea he will come back. 6.He had no idea she left. 7.I don't know the question the concert will be held. 三．定语从句与同位语从句的区别。 （1）同位语从句相当于名词，它对其前的名词起补充说明或进一步解释其内容的作用；而定语从句的功能相当于形容词，它对其先行词起修饰、描述或限制作用。 如：The suggestion (that) she has put forward is very good.她提出的建议很好。(定语从句) The suggestion that we clean the classroom by turns is very good.我们轮流打扫教室，这个建议很好。(同位语从句) （2）引导定语从句的that是关系代词，在从句中充当某种成分，作宾语时可省略；而引导同位语从句的that是连接词，在从句中不作任何成分，也不能省略。 如：The fact (that) we talked about is important.我们所谈论的情况很重要。(定语从句，that作从句中介词about的宾语) The fact that he succeeded in the experiment pleased everybody.他的实验成功了，这使大家很高兴。(同位语从句，that不作任何成分) （3）引导定语从句的when，where是关系副词，不但在句中充当句子成分，还有与其含义相当的先行词；而引导同位语从句的when，where是关系副词，虽可以在从句中充当句子成分，但没有与之含义相当的先行词。 如：Gone forever are the days when  Chinese people were bullied.中国人民受欺侮的时候一去不复返了。 (定语从句，the days与when构成含义相当的搭配关系) I have no idea when he will be back.我不知道他什么时候回来。(同位语从句，idea与when在含义上没有任何搭配关系) （4）同位语从句的先行词应是表示抽象概念的词，如：idea, belief, conclusion, impression，fact，news，idea，thought，hope，order, suggestion，belief等，而定语从句的先行词是各种抽象概念的词或具体概念的词。 如：He expressed the hope that he would write a novel someday.他表示希望有一天能写小说。（同位语从句） I will never forget the days when we were in Liangxiang together.我永远忘不了我们在良乡的日子。（定语从句） 随堂练习：单选 1.—Is there any possibility _____ you could pick me up at the airport? —No problem. A.if B.that C.where D.which 2.It is often the case______ miracles can happen for those who hang on to hope. A. what B. that C. where D. why 3.The question came up at the meeting ______we had enough money to conduct the research. A.what B.which C.that D.whether 4.Is there any possibility  scientists will find a planet like our earth in the near future? A. that B. which C. what D. whether 5.The BRICS leaders reached a consensus(一致看法) _______ member countries should strengthen mutual cooperation（相互合作）. A. Where B. that C. what D. which 6.We should consider the students' request ________ the school library provide more books on popular science. A. that B. when C. which D. where 7.The opinion ______learning is a lifelong process has been expressed by education experts throughout the years. A.which B.that C.what D.how 8.A story goes ________ Elizabeth I of England liked nothing more than being surrounded by clever and qualified noblemen at court. A. when B. where C. what D. that 9.While they are rare north of 88°, there is evidence _______ they range all the way across the Arctic, and as far south as James Bay in Canada. A. that B. in which C. where D. from which 10.Even if there is no scientific proof _____ second-hand smoke causes cancer, there is no reason why non-smokers should be forced to take this risk. A.which B.that C.when D.where 11. I can't stand the terrible noise ____ she is crying loudly. 　 A. it      B. which     C. this       D. that 12. ______ is no possibility ______ Bob can win the first prize in the match.  A. There, that B. It, that C. There, whether D. It, whether 13. I'm looking for my bike. If you have any ideas _____ it might be, please call me. A. where B. what C. when D. how 14. He often asked me the question ____ the work was worth doing. A.whether B.where C.that D.when  15. I have no idea ____ he will start.  A.when B.that C.what D./. 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 名词性从句 一．定义：在复合句中具有名词的性质的作主语、表语、同位语、宾语的从句叫名词性从句。 因此，我们把主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句和宾语从句这四种从句统称为名词性从句。 如：It is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.  事实上英语作为国际语言正为世人所接受。(主语从句) The trouble is that she has lost his address.麻烦的是她把他的地址搞丢了。（表语从句） They have no idea at all where he has gone.他们不知道他去什么地方了。（同位语从句） Do you remember how he came? 你记得他怎么来的么？（宾语从句） 二．名词性从句的连接词 连接词 语义 在从句中的作用 连接词 that 无 不充当成分 whether/if 是否 不充当成分 as if/  as though （只连接表从） 似乎 不充当成分 连接 代词 what(ever) 什么；…的事/东西；多么 充当主、宾、表、定 who(ever)/whomever 谁 充当主、宾、表 which(ever) 哪一个 充当主、宾、表、定 whose 谁的 充当定语 连接 副词 when(ever) 什么时候 充当状语 where(ever) 什么地方 充当状语 why 为什么 充当状语 how(ever) 怎么; 多么 充当状语 because（只连接表从） 因为 充当状语 三．语序（正常语序） 如：What we can't get seems better than what we have.我们得不到的似乎比我们所拥有的要好。 The photographs will show you what our village looks like.这些照片将向你展示我们村庄的面貌。 四．时态的呼应 （1）如果主句中的谓语动词是一般现在时态，从句的谓语动词的时态不受主句谓语动词时态的制约。 如：I wonder why Jenny hasn’t written us recently. 我不知道为什么珍妮最近没有给我们写信。 （2）如果主句的谓语动词是过去时态，从句的谓语动词动作发生在主句的动作之前，过去完成时、过去完成进行时。 如：The police found that the house had been broken into and a lot of things stolen. 警察发现有人闯入房子并且很多东西被偷 She said she had been waiting for me for a long time.她说她等了我很长时间。 （3）如果主句的谓语动词是过去时态，从句的动作和主句的动作同时发生，则从句的动词用一般过去时或过去进行时。 如：I didn’t know you were here.我不知道你在这里。 I was told that they were designing a new machine.有人告诉我他们在设计一种新机器。 （4）如果主句的谓语动词是过去时态，从句的动作发生在主句的动作之后，则从句的动词用过去将来时、过去将来进行时或过去将来完成时。 如：We were all surprised when he made it clear that he would leave office soon. 当他宣布他不久就要离职时，我们都很吃惊。 They said they would be listening to a report on current affairs.他说他们将听关于时事的报告。 主语从句 1． 定义：在复合句中，作主语的句子称为主语从句，通常位于谓语动词之前。 如：Who will win the match is still unknown.谁会赢得这场比赛，目前还不清楚。 二．连接词 引导主语从句的关联词有从属连词：that、whether、if； 关系代词：who, what, which, whom, whose, whatever, whoever, whomever, whichever； 关系副词：when, where, how, why, however, whenever, wherever等 ①从属连词that，whether引导的主语从句：引导主语从句，它们在从句中不担任成分，不能省略 如：Whether she will come or not is still a question. 她是否会来仍是一个问题。 That they will go is certain.他们去是肯定的。 注意：whether，if 的区别： （1）whether 引导主语从句可以放句首，也可以放句尾，表示“是否”，不可省略。 （2）If引导的主语从句只能放在句尾，前面要用 it 作形式主语。 如：Whether she will come or not is uncertain.她会不会来还不确定。 It remains to be seen if they can be good parents.他们是否能成为一对合格的父母还有待观察。 随堂练习：用whether,if或that填空 1.Whether the meeting will be put off hasn't been decided yet. 2.It remains unknown whether/if we will go for an outing tomorrow. 3.That the earth is round is true. 4.That you missed such an interesting film is a pity. 5.Whether she's coming or not doesn't matter too much. ②由关系代词引导的主语从句：who, what, which, whom, whose, whatever, whoever, whomever, whichever等，引导主语从句时，它们分别在从句中担任主语、宾语或定语，不能省略。 如：Whoever leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights.无论谁最后离开房间，都应该关灯。 注意：no matter who和whoever的区别： 1.no matter who通常只能引导状语从句，而不能引导名词性从句。 2.whoever 既可引导名词性从句也可引导状语从句 ③关系副词引导的主语从句：when, where, why, how, however, whenever, wherever等引导主语从句时，它们在从句中担任状语，不能省略。 如：Why he didn't come here is not clear to anyone.他为什么没来谁也不清楚。 How a telephone works is a question which not everyone can answer.电话是怎样工作的，这个问题并不是每个人都能回答。 Where she has gone is not known yet.她去了哪儿，还不知道。 When they will start has not been decided yet. 他们何时动身还未定下来。 随堂练习 C1.     you don't like him is none of my business. A. What   B. Who  C. That  D. Whether B2.     we'll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather. A. If   B. Whether  C. That  D. Where D3.     is going to do the job will be decided by the manager. A. That  B. Why  C. How   D. Who A4.     we'll finish translating the book depends on the time. A. When   B. Why  C. What   D. That C5.     he won't go there is clear to all of us. A. How    B. What  C. Why   D. This 三．有时为了避免头重脚轻，常用it作形式主语，真正的主语放后面。it作形式主语的常用句型 ①It + be + 形容词（clear /unfair等）+ that ... 如：It's strange that he didn't come yesterday. 他昨天没来是很奇怪的。 ②It + be + 名词词组（a fact /a pity /a shame等）+ that ... 如：It is a question that who will hold the meeting.谁来主持会议是个问题。 ③It + be + 过去分词（announced /believed /expected等）+ that ... 如：It is said that there was a terrible plane crash this morning.据说今天早上有一起可怕的飞机坠毁事故。 ④It + seems /appears /happens等+ that ... 如：It seems that he is a good guy.他似乎是个好人 注意：在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should) +do” 如：It is a pity that you (should) have to leave. 真遗憾你非走不可。 随堂练习：翻译句子 1.吸烟危害健康，这是事实。It is a fact that smoking is a danger to health.  2.中国人口众多是一件极大的好事。It is a good thing that China has a big population.  3.据说Jack篮球打得很棒。It’s said that Jack plays basketball very well. 4.对她来参加聚会来说很重要。It is important for her to come to the party. 5.他们似乎已经离开了北京。It seems that they have already left Beijing. 四．主语从句不可位于句首的四种情况。 （1）含主语从句的复合句是疑问句、感叹句时，主语从句不可提前，用引导词it作形式主语。 如：Is it really true that he has gone abroad? 他真的出国了吗？ How surprising it was that he failed in the exam!真令人惊奇，他考试没有及格！ （2）It is said, reported, …结构中的主语从句不可提前。 如：It’s said that the play is very interesting.据说戏剧很有趣。 It’s reported that the highway will be opened to traffic next week.据报道，高速路下周通车。 （3）It happens, occurs…结构中的主语从句不可提前。 如：It occurred to her that she had forgotten to lock the door.她突然想起忘了锁门。 It happened that I met him in the street.我恰巧在大街上遇到了他。 （4）It doesn’t matter how, whether or not…结构中的主语从句不可提前。 如：It doesn’t matter whether he likes it or not.他喜欢与否无关紧要。 五．it作形式主语与it引导强调句的比较。 强调句：去掉it is...that部分，句子意思仍然完整 如：It is certain that she will succeed.她会成功是肯定的。（主语从句） It is in New York that I met him.是在纽约我见到了他。（强调句） 随堂练习：用适当的连接词填空 1.It is probable that it will rain today. 2. That you don't like him is none of my business. 3. What matters most in learning English is enough practice. 4. Whoever breaks the law can never escape from being punished. 5. Which of them will take charge of our company is still being discussed. 6. What worries us most is that the number of the kids dominated by computers is growing fast. 7. Whether one can turn his dream into a reality depends on his talent and the efforts he makes. 8. What I believe is that you need to act smartly, instead of following what everyone else is doing. 9.It is required in the regulations that you shouldn't tell other people the password of your e-mail account. 10.It has been proved that eating vegetables in childhood helps to protect you against serious illnesses in later life. 表语从句 一．在复合句中，作表语的句子称为表语从句，位于主句中的连系动词之后。 如：The trouble is that we are short of money.困难是我们资金短缺。 二．常见的连系动词常见的连系动词有：(系动词后接形容词) ①be动词：am, is, are, was, were. 如：I am interested in reading books. Books are very interesting. 我对读书很感兴趣。书很有趣。 ②感官连系动词：feel(摸起来), look/seem (看起来), smell(闻起来), sound (听起来), taste (尝起来). 如：Cotton feels soft. 棉花摸起来很软。 It sounds good.听起来很棒。 ③“变化”连系动词：become, get, grow, turn, come, go, fall, run. 如：The fish went bad. 鱼变坏了。 Trees turn green when spring comes.春天来临时，树会变绿。 ④“持续、保持”连系动词：keep, stay, remain, stand, lie, hold. 如：Please keep silent. 请保持安静 ⑤“似乎”：seem, appear, look ⑥“证明是”：prove 随堂练习：改错 1. His English is very well. Well----good. 2. Be carefully. Carefully----careful. 3. You will feel badly if you are lack of sleep. Badly------bad. 4. I afraid he won’t come tomorrow. Afraid---am afraid. 5. Going to bed and getting to early will make you keep health. Health---healthy. 三．连接词 引导表语从句的词有从属连词that、whether； 关系代词who, what, which, whom, whose, whatever, whoever, whomever, whichever等； 关系副词when, where, why, how, however, whenever, wherever等 ①由从属连词that，whether, because引导的表语从句,that在引导表语从句时无词义，而whether有词义，意为、“是否”。这时主句的主语常常是些抽象名词，如question(问题)，trouble(麻烦)，problem(问题)，result(结果)，chance(可能性)，suggestion(建议)，idea(想法)，reason(理由)等。 如：The trouble is that we are short of money.困难是我们资金短缺。 The question is whether we need more ice cream.问题是我们是否还需要一些冰淇淋。 注：because 也可以引导表语从句，但不能和 reason一起出现。 如：I’m a little bit sleepy. It’s because I stayed up late last night. 我有点困了。这是因为我昨天晚上熬夜了。 ②关系代词who, what, which, whom, whose, whatever, whoever, whomever, whichever等引导表语从句，在句中作主语、宾语、表语，关系代词不能省略 如：The question is which of us should go.问题是我们哪一个应该去。 The problem was who could do the work.问题是谁能做这项工作。 That's what we should do.那是我们应该做的。 ③由关系副词when，why，where，how 引导的表语从句。 如：That is why stone walls are used instead of fences around New England fields. 这就是为什么在新英格兰用石头墙而不用栅栏的原因。 注：as if, as though（好像、似乎）也可以引导表语从句,一般跟在特定动词后面，如 seem, appear, look, sound, taste, feel 等。as if , as though引导的表语从句，可用陈述语气，也可用虚拟语气，根据后面的内容来判断。 如：It sounds as if you are from Hongkong.听起来你好像来自中国香港。（真实） It looks as if he were from the Moon.他看起来好像来自月球。（虚拟） 随堂练习：单选 1．The reason      he didn’t come was      he was ill. A．why； that    B．that； why    C．for that； that D．for which； what 2．—I won’t get good grades      I study hard. —That’s      everyone is trying his best to study for the exam. A．until; why    B．unless; when    C．unless; why D．until; when 3．The little child can't find his mother.That's      he is crying on the street. A．why B．because    C．how    D．where 4．—I can't understand      you said. —That's      you didn't listen to me carefully. A．that, because B．what, why C．which, why D．what, because 5．Lucy is an interesting girl. That’s      they all like her. A．when B．what    C．why    D．where 6．Michael Jordan has failed over and over again in his life．And that’s      he succeeds． A．what B．when    C．why    D．where 7．He is      the soccer team. That’s      he plays soccer better than us. A．at; because  B．in; why  C．on; why  D．in; because 8．I’m afraid he’s more of a talker than a doer, which is      he never finishes anything. A．That B．when    C．where    D．why 9．      your father wants to know is      getting on with your studies. A．What; how are you B．That; how you are    C．How; that you are    D．What; how you are 10．Lucy is an interesting girl. That’s      they all like her. A．when B．what    C．why    D．where ACADC CCDDC 宾语从句 一．在复合句中，作宾语的句子称为宾语从句 如：He said that he wanted to go to town. 他说他想去城里。 二．连接词：从属连词that whether、if，关系代词what, who, whose, which和关系副词when、where、how、why ①that 引导的宾语从句，that 可省略，无意义，不作成分。 如：I believe (that) she will succeed.我相信她会成功 ②whether /if引导的宾语从句，whether /if不作成分，含“是否”之意，不可省略。 如：Nobody knows whether /if she likes this present.没人知道她喜不喜欢这份礼物。 注：只用whether不用if的情况： （1）介词+ whether：It depends on whether it will rain next week. （2）whether ... or not ...：I want to know whether it’s harmful or not. （3）whether to do：I can’t decide whether to pick. ③关系代词what, who, whose, which 引导的宾语从句 如：I know nothing about it except what I have read in the papers.除了在报上读到的以外,我对这件事一无所知。 ④关系副词when、where、how、why引导的宾语从句 如：Most of the Chinese people usually go to work on the bike except when it rains.除了雨天,大多数中国人一般都骑自行车上班。 随堂练习：根据句意用that,if或whether完成句子。 1. Helen doesn't know _whether__ to stay here or not. 2.-What did the shopkeeper say to you?--She asked me __if / whether_ I preferred that T-shirt. 3.-I am looking forward to watching the show.-Me,too.I believe _that__ it'll be fantastic. 4.Before you throw away something,always think about __whether__ it can be reused or not. 5.I hope _that__   our school trip will be great. 6.I'm worrying about _whether__ I'll be late for class. 三．用宾语从句的三种情况：动宾、形宾、介宾 ①谓语动词后接宾从：I have found (动词) that she did well in school (宾从).     ②介词后接宾从：It depends on (介词) whether it’ll rain today (宾从). ③形容词后接宾从：I’m glad (形容词) that you came (宾从). （这些形容词一般是sure \certain \pleased \happy \afraid \surprised \sorry \willing等表示情感的形容词） 四．that引导宾语从句的省略 （1）主句谓语动词是agree, argue, hold, learn,, observe, state, suggest等时，其后宾语从句的引导词that一般不可省略；主句谓语动词是hear, know, say, see, consider, understand等时，其后宾语从句的引导词that可以省略，也可以不省略；主句谓语动词是think, suppose, believe, dare say等时，其后宾语从句的引导词that可以省略。 如：He suggested that we should set off at 8 o’clock tomorrow morning.他建议我们明天早晨8点走。(that不可省略) I think (that) this is very important.我认为这很重要。(that可省略) （2）当一个句子很复杂，句中有多个状语时，that不可省略；或者一个句子有多个并列的宾语从句时，特别第一个宾语从句特别长，后面的宾语从句的that不可省略；谓语动词与that从句之间有插入语时，that不可省去。 He said you needn't worry and that he would help you .他说你没有必要着急，他会帮助你的。（said之后可省去that，但第二个that不可省去） 五．宾语从句不能省略that的情况： ①有两个或两个以上的由 that 引导的宾语从句时，第一个 that 可以省去，后面的都不可以省。 如：She said (that) she liked the actress so much and that she wanted to take a photo with her.她说她很喜欢这个女演员，想跟她合影。 ②that从句中又有其他从句，且该从句位于主句之前时。 如：Aunt Liu understands that unless she arrives at the station on time, she’ll have to book another ticket. 刘阿姨明白，除非她按时到达车站，否则她就得再订一张票。 ③ it 作形式宾语时，that 不可省略。 如：I think it necessary that he should apologize to you.我认为他有必要向你道歉。 ④当宾语从句的主语是that，this 或者被 that，this 修饰时。 如：I want to tell you that this kind of disease is very common.我想告诉你，这种疾病很常见。 ⑤ 当宾语从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时。 如：I want to tell you (间接宾语) that this problem is very common (直接宾语)我想告诉你，这种疾病很常见。 六．否定转移 ①如果主句的谓语动词是“think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, reckon, imagine等，主语是第一人称的一般现在时态，其后的宾语从句如含有否定意义，一定要把否定词一道主句谓语上，从句谓语动词用肯定形式。 如：I don’t think he can do it better than me.我想他不会比我干得好。 I don’t believe he treated the child like that.我相信他不会那样对待孩子的。 ②如果think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, reckon, imagine等前有副词或表示强调的do, does, did；或者同其它词构成并列谓语；或者不以现在时出现；或者用作插入语中。这时候不用否定转移。 如：I really expect she didn’t say that to him.我确实希望她不和他说那件事。 I think and hope that he won’t be deceived by the man.我认为也希望他不会被那个人欺骗。 七．时态的呼应与语序，在宾语从句中只能用陈述句语序，时态呼应上要遵循以下三条原则： （1）如果主句谓语是一般现在时或将来时，宾语从句的谓语可根据意思的需要使用任何一种时态。 如：Do you know who he was talking with at eight last night？你知道他昨晚和谁一起说话吗？ （2）如果主句谓语是一般过去时，宾语从句要用表示过去的某一时态。 如： He said he would come to see us the next day.他说他明天将来看我们。 （3）如果宾语从句是表示客观事实、真理等，不管主句是什么时态，宾语从句一律用一般现在时。 如：The teacher said the sun rises in the east．老师说太阳从东方升起。 随堂练习 1. I don't know ________ he will come or not. A. if  B. whether  C. that  D. what 2. She wonders ________ he is doing now. A. what  B. that  C. if  D. whether 3. Can you tell me ________ you like this book? A. if  B. that  C. whether  D. what 4. I think ________ he is a good student. A. if  B. that  C. whether  D. what 5. He said ________ he had been to Shanghai before. A. if  B. that  C. whether  D. what 6. I'm not sure ________ she will come to the party. A. if  B. that  C. whether  D. what 7. The teacher asked me ________ I had finished my homework. A. if  B. that  C. whether  D. what 8. We don't believe ________ he can pass the exam. A. if  B. that  C. whether  D. what 9. It depends on ________ you can help me. A. if  B. that  C. whether  D. what 10. I don't suppose ________ he will come on time. A. if  B. that  C. whether  D. what 11. Please tell me ________ is wrong with the machine. A. what  B. that  C. if  D. whether 12. He doesn't know ________ to do next. A. what  B. that  C. if  D. whether 13. I don't think ________ she is right. A. if  B. that  C. whether  D. what 14. The doctor asked me ________ I felt better. A. if  B. that  C. whether  D. what 15. We want to know ________ the earth moves around the sun. A. if  B. that  C. whether  D. what 16. She said ________ she would come back soon. A. if  B. that  C. whether  D. what 17. I don't know ________ he will come tomorrow. A. if  B. that  C. whether  D. what 18. They asked me ________ I had seen the film. A. if  B. that  C. whether  D. what 19. Do you know ________ he is looking for? A. if  B. that  C. whether  D. what 20. The boy wonders ________ the moon goes around the earth. A. if  B. that  C. whether  D. what BACBB CCBCC AABCB BCCDC 同位语从句 一．跟在名词后面起解释说明作用的从句（不缺成分） 如：It is a fact that smoking is a danger to health. 吸烟危害健康，这是事实。 二．连接词：连词that，whether；还有关系代词what, which, who；关系副词how，when，where，why ①连词that，whether引导的同位语从句（不能用if引导同位语从句） 如：The fact that we lack enough phones needs to be considered.我们缺少足够的电话这一事实需要加以考虑。 The question of whether it is right or wrong depends on the result.这个是对还是错要看结果。 注：在suggestion, advice, request, order等意为“建议；命令；要求”的名词后，同位语从句中的谓语动词通常用“should+动词原形”的虚拟语气结构，句中的should可以省略。 如：Our teacher gave us some advice how we (should) use the computer. ②关系代词what, which, who引导的同位语从句 如：The question who should be the first has not been settled.谁应该是第一名的问题还没有定下来。 You can have no idea what he said.你根本想不到他说了些什么。 ③由关系副词how，when，where，why引导的同位语从句 如：I have no idea when he will be back.我不知道他什么时候回来。 They usually write exact instructions how the music is to be played.他们通常为如何演奏乐曲写出精确的说明。 随堂练习：用适当的连接词填空 1.There was a suggestion that Brown should be dropped from the team. 2.I have no idea what size shoes she wears. 3.The question who will take his place is still not clear. 4.I don't know the question which pen is mine. 5.I have no idea when he will come back. 6.He had no idea why she left. 7.I don't know the question where the concert will be held. 三．定语从句与同位语从句的区别。 （1）同位语从句相当于名词，它对其前的名词起补充说明或进一步解释其内容的作用；而定语从句的功能相当于形容词，它对其先行词起修饰、描述或限制作用。 如：The suggestion (that) she has put forward is very good.她提出的建议很好。(定语从句) The suggestion that we clean the classroom by turns is very good.我们轮流打扫教室，这个建议很好。(同位语从句) （2）引导定语从句的that是关系代词，在从句中充当某种成分，作宾语时可省略；而引导同位语从句的that是连接词，在从句中不作任何成分，也不能省略。 如：The fact (that) we talked about is important.我们所谈论的情况很重要。(定语从句，that作从句中介词about的宾语) The fact that he succeeded in the experiment pleased everybody.他的实验成功了，这使大家很高兴。(同位语从句，that不作任何成分) （3）引导定语从句的when，where是关系副词，不但在句中充当句子成分，还有与其含义相当的先行词；而引导同位语从句的when，where是关系副词，虽可以在从句中充当句子成分，但没有与之含义相当的先行词。 如：Gone forever are the days when  Chinese people were bullied.中国人民受欺侮的时候一去不复返了。 (定语从句，the days与when构成含义相当的搭配关系) I have no idea when he will be back.我不知道他什么时候回来。(同位语从句，idea与when在含义上没有任何搭配关系) （4）同位语从句的先行词应是表示抽象概念的词，如：idea, belief, conclusion, impression，fact，news，idea，thought，hope，order, suggestion，belief等，而定语从句的先行词是各种抽象概念的词或具体概念的词。 如：He expressed the hope that he would write a novel someday.他表示希望有一天能写小说。（同位语从句） I will never forget the days when we were in Liangxiang together.我永远忘不了我们在良乡的日子。（定语从句） 随堂练习：单选 1.—Is there any possibility _____ you could pick me up at the airport? —No problem. A.if B.that C.where D.which 2.It is often the case______ miracles can happen for those who hang on to hope. A. what B. that C. where D. why 3.The question came up at the meeting ______we had enough money to conduct the research. A.what B.which C.that D.whether 4.Is there any possibility  scientists will find a planet like our earth in the near future? A. that B. which C. what D. whether 5.The BRICS leaders reached a consensus(一致看法) _______ member countries should strengthen mutual cooperation（相互合作）. A. Where B. that C. what D. which 6.We should consider the students' request ________ the school library provide more books on popular science. A. that B. when C. which D. where 7.The opinion ______learning is a lifelong process has been expressed by education experts throughout the years. A.which B.that C.what D.how 8.A story goes ________ Elizabeth I of England liked nothing more than being surrounded by clever and qualified noblemen at court. A. when B. where C. what D. that 9.While they are rare north of 88°, there is evidence _______ they range all the way across the Arctic, and as far south as James Bay in Canada. A. that B. in which C. where D. from which 10.Even if there is no scientific proof _____ second-hand smoke causes cancer, there is no reason why non-smokers should be forced to take this risk. A.which B.that C.when D.where 11. I can't stand the terrible noise ____ she is crying loudly. 　 A. it      B. which     C. this       D. that 12. ______ is no possibility ______ Bob can win the first prize in the match.  A. There, that B. It, that C. There, whether D. It, whether 13. I'm looking for my bike. If you have any ideas _____ it might be, please call me. A. where B. what C. when D. how 14. He often asked me the question ____ the work was worth doing. A.whether B.where C.that D.when  15. I have no idea ____ he will start.  A.when B.that C.what D./. BBDAB ABDAB DAAAA 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$