专题03 阅读理解之说明文-【好题汇编】5年（2020-2024）中考1年模拟英语分类汇编（北京专用）

专题03 阅读理解之说明文 【五年考情回顾】 年份 体裁 主题内容 2024年 说明文 本文主要探讨了人们在辨识方向能力上的差异及其原因。研究表明，生活经验决定了人们的辨识方向能力，文化和经验比天生能力更重要。 2023年 说明文 主要介绍了食物浪费的现状以及四个解决食物浪费问题的方法，并得出结论：如果我们每个人都做出努力，食物浪费问题一定会有所改善。 2023年 说明文 本文主要讲述了快乐和享受的联系和对比。 2022年 说明文 文章通过解释“Green”这个词，呼吁大家保护环境。 2020年 说明文 本文讲述了技术进步给健康医疗领域带来的机遇和挑战。 （2024·北京·中考真题）Sam Hill is really bad at finding his way from place to place. The world is full of people like Hill—and their opposites, who always seem to know exactly where they are and how to get where they want to go. It has proved hard to explain why. However, with the development of technology, there’s new excitement happening in the research world. An experiment was carried out in 2022 to find out what might influence way finding ability. Researchers developed an online game in which players travel by boat to find where a lot of checkpoints lie. The game asked players to provide basic background information , and nearly four million people worldwide did so. Through the game, the researchers were able to judge navigational (辨识方向的) ability by looking at how far each person traveled to reach all the cheek points. Then they compared players’ performance with their background information. The researchers found that Northern Europeans seemed to be better navigations, perhaps because they love orienteering (定向越野), a sport which involves cross- country running and navigation. And those from cities with more disorganized street networks (网状系统) did better than those from cities with orderly ones. Perhaps people of planned cities don’t need to build complex (复杂的) maps in their minds. Research results like these suggest that people’s life experience decides how well they find their way. In fact, experience may even explain a popular belief that men are more likely to perform better than women. It turns out that this difference is more a question of culture and experience than of in born ability. Northern Europeans, for example, show almost no gender (性别) difference in navigation. However, men do much better than women in places where women face cultural limits on exploring their environment on their own. That finding is also supported by studies on the Tsimane, a community living in a forest in South America. Researchers put GPS units on 305 Tsimane people to check their daily movements over a three-day period, and found no difference between men and women in navigational ability. Even children performed very well—a result, researchers think, of growing up in an environment that encourages children to explore the forest. 1．Why was an experiment carried out in 2022? A．To develop an online way finding game. B．To improve the players’ way finding ability. C．To pick out people who are weak in way finding. D．To find out why people are different in way finding ability. 2．According to the passage, who is probably the best at finding their way? A．A woman who often explores nature. B．A girl who studies South American culture. C．A man who runs on a sports ground every morning. D．A boy who lives in a city with an orderly street network. 3．What can we learn from the passage? A．Good navigators are mostly made, not born. B．Navigation skills differ between the genders. C．Navigation skills are passed down, never lost. D．Good navigators bring developments in technology. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．A 【导语】本文主要探讨了人们在辨识方向能力上的差异及其原因。研究表明，生活经验决定了人们的辨识方向能力，文化和经验比天生能力更重要。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“An experiment was carried out in 2022 to find out what might influence way finding ability.”可知，2022年进行实验的目的是找出人们认路能力不同的原因。故选D。 2．推理判断题。根据第四段第一句“Research results like these suggest that people’s life experience decides how well they find their way.”可知，人们的生活经历决定了他们在认路方面的表现，结合最后一段最后一句“Even children performed very well—a result, researchers think, of growing up in an environment that encourages children to explore the forest.”可知，A选项“一个经常探索自然的女性”最为符合。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段“In fact, experience may even explain a popular belief that men are more likely to perform better than women. It turns out that this difference is more a question of culture and experience than of in born ability. ”可知，事实上，经验甚至可以解释一种普遍的观点——男性比女性更有可能表现得更好。事实证明，这种差异与其说是天生的能力问题，不如说是文化和经验的问题。由此推知，好的领航员大多是培养出来的，而不是天生的。故选A。 （2023·北京·中考真题）Do you know that over 1/3 of all food produced in the world goes to waste? According to the United Nations (UN), every year around the world, about one billion (十亿) tons of food is wasted. At the same time, there are nearly one billion people who go hungry. Simply 1/4 of the food wasted is enough to keep them out of hunger. In addition, the wasted food produces over three billion tons of carbon dioxide (CO2), which speeds up climate (气候) change. What can we do to solve this food waste problem? One effective solution is balancing food production with demand (需求). In hotels and other similar places, special instruments should be used so that cooking specialists just prepare and cook food as it is ordered. Another effective solution is starting programs to reduce (减少) food waste. Stores and buyers can try their best to be creative in food waste reduction. For example, stores can provide customers with instructions telling them how to make full use of food. Buyers can try not fixing their eyes only on food of the best quality (质量). Sometimes, the food of non-top quality is also good enough to eat, or can be bought and then used to make delicious dishes. One of the hardest solutions to achieve is for each and every one to buy and prepare food with a plan of their own so that less food is wasted. Challenging as it is, the use of meal plans in preparing food can play an important role in ending food waste in the family. Food recycling is one of the known solutions. Efforts are now already in progress. Food that is not safe for humans to eat is recycled into other products such as animal feeds and clothing. Yet, there is still a long way to go and much for improvement in this area. In a word, food waste has been one of the biggest problems in the world that have influenced us greatly. Many solutions have been found and many more are yet to be worked out. If each of us can put in more efforts, food waste is sure to be reduced for the good of our future. 4．According to the passage, what is a possible result of food waste? A．The problem of worldwide hunger. B．A big increase in food production. C．The speed-up of climate change. D．A sudden drop in population. 5．What can we learn from the passage? A．Food recycling has been hugely successful. B．Buyers should give up non-top quality food. C．Stores should train people to make delicious dishes. D．Meal plans in the family are hard to put into practice. 6．What is the passage mainly about? A．Benefits of reducing food waste. B．Solutions to the food waste problem. C．The importance of fighting food waste. D．The attitude to the food waste problem. 【答案】4．C 5．D 6．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了食物浪费的现状以及四个解决食物浪费问题的方法，并得出结论：如果我们每个人都做出努力，食物浪费问题一定会有所改善。 4．细节理解题。根据“In addition, the wasted food produces over three billion tons of carbon dioxide (CO2), which speeds up climate change.”可知食物浪费可能造成的一个结果是气候变化的加速。故选C。 5．细节理解题。根据“One of the hardest solutions to achieve is for each and every one to buy and prepare food with a plan of their own so that less food is wasted.”可知家庭的膳食计划很难付诸实施。故选D。 6．主旨大意题。根据第一段最后一句“What can we do to solve this food waste problem?”以及通读全文可知主要介绍了四种解决食物浪费问题的方法。故选B。 （2023·北京·中考真题）When considering the kind of experience that makes life better, most people first think that happiness depends on experiencing pleasure: good food, good jobs, all the comforts that money can buy. If we couldn’t have these, we might as well sit in front of the television on a quiet evening. Pleasure is an important part of the quality of life, but by itself it doesn’t bring happiness. When people think further about what makes a worthy life, they tend (倾向于) to move beyond pleasant memories and begin to remember other events, other experiences that overlap (有重叠) pleasurable ones but fall into a group with a separate name: enjoyment. Enjoyable events take place when people have not only satisfied a need or met some earlier expectation, but also achieved something unexpected. Enjoyment is characterized by a sense of curiosity, of achievement. Playing a tennis game that improves one’s ability is enjoyable, as is reading a book that shows things in a new light, as is having a conversation that leads us to express ideas we didn’t know we had. None of these experiences may be especially pleasurable when they are taking place, but when we think back on them afterwards, we would say, “That really was fun” and wish they would happen again. After an enjoyable event we know that we have changed, and grown. Experiences that give pleasure can also give enjoyment, but the two feelings are quite different. For example, everybody takes pleasure in eating. However, to enjoys food is more difficult — you have to pay enough attention to a meal, so as to sense and tell its various tastes. As this example suggests, we can experience pleasure without any psychic energy, while enjoyment happens only as a result of full attention. A person can feel pleasure without any effort, as long as certain parts in his brain are stimulated (刺激). But it’s impossible to enjoy a tennis game or a book without full attention. It’s for this reason that pleasure does not last long, nor does it make us grow. Growth requires full attention to goals that are new, that are relatively challenging. Without enjoyment, life will go on, and it can even be pleasant. But it depends heavily on luck and the external (外部的) environment. To achieve personal control over the quality of experience, however, we need to learn how to build enjoyment into what happens day in, day out. 7．You will most probably experience enjoyment when you ________. A．buy expensive shoes B．order a delicious meal C．talk with friends for new ideas D．sit quietly in front of a television 8．What do you know about pleasure and enjoyment from the passage? A．Enjoyment grows out of pleasure. B．Pleasure and enjoyment come hand in hand. C．Pleasurable experiences are part of enjoyable ones. D．Some experiences provide both pleasure and enjoyment. 9．The words “psychic energy” in Paragraph 4 are closest in meaning to ________. A．attention B．interest C．ability D．knowledge 10．The writer probably agrees that ________. A．feeling pleasure stops people from achieving growth B．feeling enjoyment comes with achieving growth C．a worthy life depends on luck and environment D．pleasure is the key to a happy and worthy life 【答案】7．C 8．D 9．A 10．B 【导语】本文主要讲述了快乐和享受的联系和对比。 7．推理判断题。根据“Playing a tennis game that improves one’s ability is enjoyable, as is reading a book that shows things in a new light, as is having a conversation that leads us to express ideas we didn’t know we had.”可知打一场能提高一个人能力的网球是令人愉快的，就像读一本从新的角度看待事物的书一样，就像进行一场能让我们表达自己不知道自己拥有的想法的谈话一样。由此推出当你和朋友谈论新想法时，你很可能会体验到乐趣。故选C。 8．细节理解题。根据“Experiences that give pleasure can also give enjoyment, but the two feelings are quite different.”可知有些经历既能带来愉悦，又能带来享受。故选D。 9．词义猜测题。根据“As this example suggests, we can experience pleasure without any psychic energy, while enjoyment happens only as a result of full attention.”可知正如这个例子所表明的，我们可以在没有任何精神能量的情况下体验快乐，而享受只有在全神贯注的情况下才会发生。psychic energy与attention意思相近。故选A。 10．观点态度题。根据“Enjoyment is characterized by a sense of curiosity, of achievement.”以及“Growth requires full attention to goals that are new, that are relatively challenging.”可知作者会赞成“感到快乐与得到成长是相辅相成的”这一观点。故选B。 （2022·北京·中考真题）What does it mean to be green? Green is more than just a color. It also means taking special steps to protect the environment. Buying a green product is a small step everyone can take. Deciding whether a product is green, however, isn’t always easy. We need to consider the whole life cycle of the product even after it’s of no use. Here is what we may keep in mind. The materials of a product are usually our first focus (关注). What is it made of? Are there any harmful chemicals in it? Green products are made of more natural materials which are free from harmful chemicals, so they can be good for our physical health. Packaging is important. How is a product packaged? Is it over packaged? We’d better choose glass, metal and paper packaging, as these can be reused or more easily recycled (回收利用). We can also look for less packaging or even choose unbagged products whenever possible. Location (地点) matters. Where was a product produced? Where are we buying it? Think about how much energy was used to get it to us try to choose local products. When it comes to food, it is a good idea to order directly from local farmer, shop at markets and buy fruits in season. Buying from stores near our houses is also a good choice, because we can go there without driving a car. Look into what the company tells us about their product. It’s easy to say that a product is “green” or “all natural” but the words may be too good to be true. So, much of the information about a product should be taken with a grain of salt. After all, companies try to make us believe that their products are environmentally responsible. The greenest thing is certainly the one we don’t buy. Things like food and clothing are necessary for life. But many others are not. Better than buying is choosing to leave an unnecessary product in the store and doing without. It sends a message to the producer, keeps money in our pockets, reduces (减少) waste and keeps the planet healthy. 11．The writer would suggest choosing a product that is ________. A．over packaged B．delivered from abroad C．locally produced D．made of unnatural materials 12．The words “be taken with a grain of in salt” Paragraph 5 probably mean “________”. A．be easily understood B．not be completely believed C．be widely spread D．not be quickly forgotten 13．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A．Buying Green B．Recycling Waste C．Keeping Healthy D．Reducing Energy Use 【答案】11．C 12．B 13．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章通过解释“Green”这个词，呼吁大家保护环境。 11．推理判断题。根据“Think about how much energy was used to get it to us try to choose local products. When it comes to food, it is a good idea to order directly from local farmer, ...”可知，作者建议选择当地生产的产品，故选C。 12．词句猜测题。分析“So, much of the information about a product should be taken with a grain of salt. After all, companies try to make us believe that their products are environmentally responsible.”可知，公司试图让我们相信他们的产品对环境负责，但是我们应该秉持一个怀疑的态度，此处“be taken with a grain of salt”的意思是“不被完全相信”，故选B。 13．最佳标题题，本文作者通过解释“Green”这个词，呼吁大家保护环境。选项A“Buying Green”符合主题，故选A。 （2020·北京·中考真题） Today we can do everything with apps: pay bills, order food and shop for anything. Mobile technology means we can hold the world in our hands. However, when it comes to technology and health care, opportunities and challenges come together. Let’s start with the ways to get health care. Telemedicine can allow a patient to use technology to see the doctor online and get a diagnosis (诊断) and instructions without leaving home. In addition, there are many patient websites. These allow for different kinds of interactions about our health needs without involving the medical team. Setting a date with doctors and reading lab results are readily achieved by technology. A whole new age of medical care seems likely (可能的) to come in the future. But every coin has two sides. What might be on the other side of techno-health care? Firstly, we should think about the health care experience as a whole. A usual visit to a doctor begins with a receptionist (接待员) , who can see and tell how a patient is doing, This may influence the treatment effect. It’s unlikely that a patient website will have such intuition. Next, sharing the details of one's life requires trust, which takes time to build. This is certainly true in health care, where some of life's best and worst moments involve doctors. The human touch should not be undervalued and is unlikely to be there over the smartphone. Lastly, test results can be difficult to understand. When someone without a medical degree sees a flagged result with no explanation on the website, there's room for all kinds of stories to form in their minds—and also great worry. So how does medicine adapt (适应) to the new technology age? Very talented companies are working on it .There is medical equipment(设备) that can be used at home to send necessary signs and heart sounds through telemedicine . It seems likely that some companies will find a way to explain test results. But what it will not achieve is the warmth of human interaction and touch. Patients often need someone to listen to —and care about—their journey story, which will never be realized through a human-less technology. Technology should be a tool, but depending on it totally will most certainly have unexpected effects. Let's not allow our humanity to be one of them. 14．According to the passage, how does technology help health care? A．It encourages doctors to voice their needs on the websites B．It offers the patient a convenient way to get a diagnosis C．It improves relations between doctors and patients. D．It provides an opportunity to build a medical team 15．The word “intuition” in Paragraph 5 probably means______. A．an ability to understand B．an interesting experience C．a chance to win D．a fair decision 16．What do you know about techno-health care from the passage? A．Patient websites require trust from doctors. B．Talented companies can give medical advice. C．Flagged results may cause worry for patients. D．Medical equipment collects patients’ stories. 17．The writer probably agrees that_____. A．technology can deal with unexpected effects. B．telemedicine can take the place of usual health care. C．it is difficult for patients to adapt to the new technology age. D．techno-health care should take humanity into consideration. 【答案】14．B 15．A 16．C 17．D 【分析】本文讲述了技术进步给健康医疗领域带来的机遇和挑战。 14．细节理解题。根据第二段“Telemedicine can allow a patient to use technology to see the doctor online and get a diagnosis (诊断) and instructions without leaving home. 远程医疗可以让病人不用离开家就可以使用技术在线看医生并得到诊断和指导。”，可知它为病人提供了一种方便的诊断方法，故选B。 15．词义猜测题。an ability to understand理解的能力；an interesting experience有趣的经历；a chance to win获胜的机会；a fair decision公平的决定。根据猜题所在句子中的such可知intuition指代的是上文中的“A usual visit to a doctor begins with a receptionist (接待员) , who can see and tell how a patient is doing, This may influence the treatment effect. 通常去看医生的时候会有一个前台接待员，他可以看到并告诉病人情况，这可能会影响治疗效果。”，可知猜题句是指“病人的网站不太可能有这样的理解能力”,所以intuition应指“理解的能力”，故选A。 16．推理判断题。根据第六段中“Next, sharing the details of one's life requires trust, which takes time to build. ”，可知分享生活细节需要信任，所以选项A是错误的；根据第八段中“Very talented companies are working on it”，可知有能力的公司正致力于解决这个问题，所以选项B是错误的；根据第七段中“When someone without a medical degree sees a flagged result with no explanation on the website, there's room for all kinds of stories to form in their minds—and also great worry. 当一个没有医学学位的人在网站上看到一个没有任何解释的标记结果时，就会有各种各样的故事在他们脑海中形成，同时也会产生巨大的担忧。”，可知标记的结果可能会引起患者的担忧，所以选项C是正确的；根据第八段中“There is medical equipment(设备) that can be used at home to send necessary signs and heart sounds through telemedicine .”，可知有医疗设备可以在家里通过远程医疗发送必要的信号和心脏声音，所以选项D是错的。故选C。 17．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Technology should be a tool, but depending on it totally will most certainly have unexpected effects.”，可知技术应该是一种工具，但完全依赖它肯定会产生意想不到的效果，所以选项A是错误的；选项B意为“远程医疗可以取代通常的医疗保健。”，文章中没有提及，所以排除；根据第八段中“So how does medicine adapt (适应) to the new technology age? Very talented companies are working on it那么医学如何适应新技术时代呢? 有能力的公司正致力于解决这个问题。”，可知选项C是错误的；根据最后一段“Technology should be a tool, but depending on it totally will most certainly have unexpected effects. Let's not allow our humanity to be one of them. 技术应该是一种工具，但完全依赖它肯定会产生意想不到的效果。让我们的人性不用成为其中一个。”，可知选项D符合原文。故选D。 （2024·北京朝阳·二模） Moffully-II Getting hugged by someone you care about can be a wonderfully encouraging experience. Research has shown that hugs can strengthen (加强) our social connections, improve our emotional (情感的) state and reduce feelings of loneliness and sadness. They can even help to lower stress levels and improve our health. Unluckily, not everyone has the chance to receive hugs whenever they need them. So, how can this problem be solved? One idea that scientists have suggested is developing social robots that can hug people. These robots could probably offer lonely people the positive benefits of getting hugged without the need to know a person who hug them. However, creating a hug robot that is well-received by people and leads to positive feelings and reduced stress is no simple task. For example, if the robot is too large or has a design like something intimidating, people may feel uneasy about hugging it. Therefore, it is important for researchers to carry out further studies to ensure that hug robots are designed in a way that supports acceptance and comfort. A recent study published in the International Journal of Social Robotics focused on the development of Moffully-II, a newly developed hug robot. It looks like a large, human-shaped teddy bear and stands at two meters tall. During a hug, it is able to move its arms and perform different gestures (手势). Copying the actions that humans usually do during hugs, such as tapping someone on the back, is necessary for making the hug feel real. During the study, volunteers who received hugs from Moffully-II showed a preference for hugs with gestures over those without gestures. They sensed the robot as friendlier and safer when it performed gestures, and they found the hugs to be more enjoyable in general. While some people may feel uncomfortable with the idea of hugging a robot instead of a human, hug robots show possibilities for improving the well-being of those who are short of hugs. This includes persons in nursing homes who may benefit from the comforting effects of hugs, even if they are provided by a robot. 18．What is one of the possible benefits of receiving hugs? A．Increased loneliness. B．Lowered emotional state. C．Controlled social connections. D．Reduced stress and improved health. 19．The word “intimidating” in Paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to ________. A．terrible B．cool C．friendly D．convenient 20．What is the main purpose of the study mentioned in the passage? A．To prove the influence of gestures. B．To examine how effective hug robots are. C．To develop social robots for sick people. D．To study the behavior of robots in nursing homes. 21．What is the best title for the passage? A．Are You Ready to Hug a Robot? B．Is It Strange for Robots to Give Hugs? C．Are Robots Good at Giving Comforting Hugs? D．Do Robot Hugs Feel the Same as Human Hugs? 【答案】18．D 19．A 20．B 21．A 【导语】本文主要阐述了拥抱的积极作用，并讲述研究人员正在研究的拥抱机器人。 18．细节理解题。根据第一段“Research has shown that hugs can...help to lower stress levels and improve our health.”可知，研究表明拥抱可以帮助降低压力水平，改善我们的健康。故选D。 19．词句猜测题。根据第三段“For example, if the robot is too large or has a design like something intimidating, people may feel uneasy about hugging it.”可知本处是要推断什么样的机器人会使人在拥抱它时感到不安；terrible可怕的；cool酷的；friendly友好的；convenient方便的。结合词义可推断是可怕的机器人设计会让人感到不安。故选A。 20．推理判断题。根据第三段“...it is important for researchers to carry out further studies to ensure that hug robots are designed in a way that supports acceptance and comfort.”和第六段“...hug robots show possibilities for improving the well-being of those who are short of hugs.”可知，研究人员的进一步研究拥抱机器人提高了那些缺乏拥抱的人的幸福感，进一步确认了拥抱机器人很有效。故选B。 21．最佳标题题。本文的第一段讲述拥抱的积极作用；第二段至第五段讲述研究人员研发拥抱机器人；第六段讲述目前拥抱机器人的取得成效。能读全文，可知拥抱机器人的研发日益完善，本文意在向民众推介拥抱机器人。故选A。 （2024·北京门头沟·二模）Me and My Brain We all know that meaningful changes happen in our bodies during adolescence (青春期), but have you ever stopped to wonder what’s actually going on inside our brains during this time? To paint a clear picture, we should first know about ourselves with the different parts of the brain. Did you know, for example, that our brains are made up of around 100 billion nerve cells (神经细胞) called neurons (神经元)? And coming from these neurons are several branch-like structures for sending and receiving electrical signals? Every time we do or think anything, a signal is sent. The signal travels down a long structure called the axon (轴突) and, at the end, it passes across small gaps called synapses (神经元的突触) to the dendrites (树突) of another neuron, which receive the signal. In this way, messages are sent across our neural network. Our brain structure changes greatly as we grow up. Newborn babies have almost all their neurons but few connections between them, which is why they can’t do very much. After a few months however, the number of connections increases quickly, which in turn helps small kids master new skills such as walking and talking. Most brain development is completed in the first few years, but we now know that our brains continue to develop throughout our lives and perhaps the most surprising time of change and development is during adolescence. During this period of reorganization, the brain notices a sudden increase in neurons not dissimilar to a plant growing uncontrollably in spring. Just as we cut back a plant to make it stronger and healthier, we cut back our brains. The connections that are used become stronger, whereas those which aren’t used dry and die. So, the more often an action or thought is activated, the stronger the connections become between the neurons, which in turn makes the part of the brain being used stronger. This explains why the more you do something, the better you become at it, reinforcing the old saying “practice makes perfect”. In fact, the teenage brain provides conditions for perfecting skills such as playing a musical instrument, speaking another language, or learning a difficult computer game. It could be argued that teenagers decide the development of their own grey matter through the activities they take part in and their experiences. It may also be unsurprising to many to learn that the last part of the adolescent brain to develop is the frontal cortex (额皮质), responsible for self-control, problem solving and decision making. So, long before teens are good at abstract thinking (抽象思维) and logical decision making, they depend on the emotional center of the brain to make choices and think. So perhaps unpredictable, uncertain, risk taking teenage behaviors, often put down to hormones (荷尔蒙), may actually have more to do with what’s going on inside our brain. 22．What do we learn about the structure of the brain? A．All neurons are activated when we think. B．The structure of a brain cell is compared to a tree. C．Neurons allow a message to travel around the brain. D．The structure of a brain changes when a message is sent. 23．What does Paragraph 3 tell us? A．A decision helps babies learn how to speak. B．Most changes in brain happen after adulthood. C．The process of brain development is continuous. D．Babies are born with the ability to do anything. 24．The word “reinforcing” in Paragraph 4 probably means “_________”. A．judging B．challenging C．supporting D．limiting 25．The writer agrees that teenagers ________. A．are cleverer than they used to be when they study their brains B．are misunderstood and they can play difficult computer games C．want to learn more about the changes in their brains and bodies D．can benefit from understanding the changes that happen in their brains 【答案】22．C 23．C 24．C 25．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了青少年大脑在青春期经历的显著变化，特别是神经元连接的增强和修剪过程，以及这一变化如何影响青少年的技能发展、自我控制、决策制定和行为表现。 22．细节理解题。根据“And coming from these neurons are several branch-like structures for sending and receiving electrical signals? Every time we do or think anything, a signal is sent. The signal travels down a long structure called the axon (轴突) and, at the end, it passes across small gaps called synapses (神经元的突触) to the dendrites (树突) of another neuron, which receive the signal. In this way, messages are sent across our neural network.”可知，此处讲述了信息如何通过神经元在神经网络中传递，也就是说神经元允许信息在大脑中传播。故选C。 23．主旨大意题。根据“Most brain development is completed in the first few years, but we now know that our brains continue to develop throughout our lives”和整段内容可知，从初生婴儿到他们几岁前，大脑一直在发育，并且大多数大脑发育在几岁前就完成了，现在还发现我们的大脑在一生中都在继续发育，由此可知本段告诉我们大脑发育的过程是持续的。故选C。 24．词义猜测题。根据“This explains why the more you do something, the better you become at it, reinforcing the old saying ‘practice makes perfect’.”可知，上文的例子解释了为什么你做得越多，你就变得越擅长，强化了“熟能生巧”这句谚语，由此可知“reinforcing”与supporting“支撑，证实”意思相近。故选C。 25．推理判断题。根据“So perhaps unpredictable, uncertain, risk taking teenage behaviors, often put down to hormones (荷尔蒙), may actually have more to do with what’s going on inside our brain.”可知，也许那些不可预测、不确定、充满风险的青少年行为，通常被归咎于荷尔蒙的影响，但实际上可能与我们大脑内部的活动有更大的关系。由此可知青少年在了解大脑内部的活动后能更好理解自身的各种行为，也就是说青少年可以从了解他们大脑发生的变化中受益。故选D。 （2024·北京房山·一模）Microplastics (微塑料) are in our soil, our water, our air, getting into our bodies and causing health problems. Plastics are everywhere, and they’re not going away. Now, that may be changing. A new environmentally-friendly shopping model was created. For example, in this model, you are able to buy ice cream in a reusable container (容器). When you’re done eating the ice cream, you’ll throw the container in your personal reuse bin. The containers are then picked up by a delivery service, cleaned and refilled, and shipped out to consumers again. In other words, it’s the 21st century milkman to save the world from single-use plastics. This shopping model is called Loop. Already, two large retailers (零售商) are Loop partners and more may join the project. While recycling is very important, it is not going to solve waste at the root (根本的) cause. “Our company collects the ocean plastics and puts them into products making,” says Tom Szaky, CEO of TerraCycle, a company that is known for recycling hard-to-recycle materials. “But every day, more and more gets put in the ocean, so no matter how much we clean the ocean, we’re never going to solve the problem. That’s really where Loop came out. To us, the root cause of waste is not plastic, it’s using things once, and that’s really what Loop tries to change as much as possible.” For customers, the process is designed to be as easy as possible. “The goal isn’t as much to get you to change, it’s instead to create systems that don’t make you change—but have you then solve the problem in the process,” Szaky says. “Making customers change is difficult. So the first question we asked in developing the model was ‘Why did throwing rubbish win?’ I think it did because throwing rubbish is convenient and affordable.” If the solutions are not convenient, people will not accept them. Loop aims to be as convenient as throwing something in the bin. You don’t even need to wash the container, so it’s simpler than recycling. Jennifer Morgan from the environmental non-profit organization Greenpeace said, “Greenpeace welcomes the aim of the Loop to move away from throwaway culture.” But Morgan questioned whether companies worldwide are ready to change their business models. Anyway, this is an effort to change the problem of plastics and hopefully this model will work. 26．The second paragraph is mainly about ________. A．what customers should do to solve waste problem B．what benefits the retailers can get from Loop C．how the new shopping model Loop works D．how the milkman picks up the containers 27．What can we learn from the passage? A．Loop is designed to be convenient for customers to accept. B．Companies worldwide are using the shopping model Loop. C．Ocean plastics can be cleaned up by the shopping model Loop. D．Customers have to clean the containers under the new model Loop. 28．What is the best title of the passage? A．Making Plastics into Products B．Recycling: A Falling Industry C．From Throwing Away to Reusing D．Plastics: Hard-to-recycle Materials 【答案】26．C 27．A 28．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了为解决一次性塑料问题，出现的环保购物新模式——Loop。 26．主旨大意题。根据第二段整段可知，第二段介绍了一种新的环保购物模式——Loop，并举例说明新的购物模式Loop是如何运作的。故选C。 27．细节理解题。根据“For customers, the process is designed to be as easy as possible”可知，对于客户来说，流程设计得尽可能简单，所以Loop的设计便于客户接受。故选A。 28．标题归纳题。根据全文可知，文章主要介绍了为解决一次性塑料问题，出现的环保购物新模式——Loop，在这个模式中，用可重复使用的容器来代替一次性包装物，来购买物品，即文章的标题可为“从丢弃到再利用”。故选C。 （2024·北京·一模）The sun is setting, brightening your kids’ faces as they play in the waves. You reach for your phone for this perfect moment. But before you do, here’s a bit of surprising science: Taking photos is not the perfect way to keep memory as you think. Taking too many pictures could actually harm the brain’s ability to keep memories, says Elizabeth Loftus, a psychology professor at the University of California, Irvine. So we get the photo but kind of lose the memory. Photos may outsource memories. It works in two ways: We either shake off the responsibility of remembering moments when taking pictures, or we’re so distracted (分心的) by the process that we miss the moment altogether. The first explanation is the loss of memory. People know that their camera is recording that moment, so they don’t try to remember. Similarly, if you write down someone’s phone number, you’re less likely to remember it offhand because your brain tells you there’s just no need. That’s all well and good—until that piece of paper goes missing. The other is distraction. We’re distracted by the process of taking a photo—how we hold our phone, composing the photo, such as smiling faces, the background to our liking and clear image, all of which uses up our attention that could otherwise help us memorize. However, taking photos can benefit memory—when done mindfully. While taking a photo may be distracting, the act of preparation by focusing on visual (视觉的) details around has some upsides. When people take the time to zoom in (拉近镜头) on specific things, memories become strengthened. Another benefit is that we recall moments more accurately with the photos. Memory has been reshaped with the help of new information and new experiences. Thus, photos or videos help us recall moments as if they really happened. Memories die away without a visual record backing them up. Therefore, a photo is an excellent tool to help remember when done purposefully, which is worth exploring further. 29．What does Professor Elizabeth Loftus think of taking too many photos? A．It can benefit our memories. B．It could be harmful to keep memories. C．It could be helpful to recall the perfect moment. D．It will use up our attention to remember the beautiful moments. 30．What can we learn from the passage? A．Memories will disappear when we back up a visual record. B．We may not pay full attention to the moment when taking pictures. C．Take photos if you want to get new information or new experiences. D．It is useless to remember someone’s phone number by writing it down. 31．Which of the following could be the best title for the passage? A．Photography or Memories B．Fewer Photos, More Memories C．Photography Does Good to Memories D．Remember the Moment and Take Photos Properly 【答案】29．B 30．B 31．D 【导语】本文主要介绍了拍照并不像人们认为的那样是保存记忆的完美方式，过多的拍照可能会损害大脑记忆的能力，因此，有意识地拍照是一种值得探索的记忆辅助工具。 29．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Taking too many pictures could actually harm the brain’s ability to keep memories, says Elizabeth Loftus, a psychology professor at the University of California, Irvine.”可知，加州大学欧文分校的心理学教授Elizabeth Loftus认为，拍太多照片实际上可能会损害大脑保持记忆的能力。故选B。 30．细节理解题。根据第三段中“We either shake off the responsibility of remembering moments when taking pictures, or we’re so distracted by the process that we miss the moment altogether.”可知，我们在拍照时可能没有充分注意到瞬间。故选B。 31．最佳标题题。根据最后一段中“Therefore, a photo is an excellent tool to help remember when done purposefully, which is worth exploring further.”以及通读全文可知，文章主要介绍了过度拍照可能会损害大脑记忆的能力，鼓励人们有计划、有目的地拍照，D选项“记住这个时刻，适当地拍照”为最佳标题。故选D。 （2024·北京朝阳·一模）In a culture that focuses so strongly on success, it’s easy to feel like a failure. But according to the organizational psychologist Adam Grant, that might be because we’re thinking about achievements all wrong. Many people think that achievements are tied closely to innate (天生的) ability, so they give up on activities they find challenging. That’s a mistake. Dr. Grant writes in his new book, Hidden Potential(潜能): The Science of Achieving Greater Things. The following are the three key points from his book that could help you unlock your own hidden potential. Accept discomfort. Dr. Grant argues that success is more about gradual (逐渐的) growth than achieving immediate victories. And one of the most effective methods for skill development is to challenge oneself. “The discomfort we feel offers a chance for new learning,” Dr. Grant explained in an interview and he also stressed the importance of welcoming such moments. According to him, stepping outside our comfort zones (区域) may actually encourage greater growth. He also suggests accepting mistakes as a natural part of the learning process. Besides, he stresses that making mistakes is necessary for progress. Without enough efforts and mistakes, development becomes challenging. Keep things interesting. Dr. Grant warns us about burnout, which happens when we work too much. But he also talks about “bore out”, which is feeling tired from not having enough to do. He suggests adding fun activities and new things to learn to our daily life. In his book, he says basketball player Stephen Curry got rapid improvement after college because of a coach who focused on different activities and games in his training periods, rather than repetitive (重复的) practice. Dr. Grant mentions that trying out different skills helps people improve faster. If you’re stuck, he advises taking a break and doing something enjoyable. This can improve your confidence and skills, helping you make progress. Ask for advice and give it, too. Dr. Grant points to Harvard Business School research that found it’s more helpful to ask for advice, which focuses on what you can do better in the future. Furthermore, advice has positive effect, changing your mindset to what you can do right. We often perform better after we give other people advice, too, in what Dr.Grant refers to as the “coach effect”. That’s because we are more likely to focus on advice that we have already given to others, he says. One study he mentions discovered that high school students who were chosen by chance to offer encouragement to younger students went on to get better grades. 32．Dr. Grant would suggest ________ to unlock your own hidden potential. A．accepting mistakes B．having repetitive practice C．shortening learning process D．achieving immediate victories 33．Why does Dr. Grant mention the Harvard Business School research in Paragraph 5? A．To point out the importance of asking for advice among students. B．To show the connection between coach effect and encouragement. C．To present examples of high school students’ educational achievements. D．To stress the benefits of giving and receiving advice on better performance. 34．What is the passage mainly about? A．The effects of keeping things interesting. B．The reasons of keeping things interesting. C．The ways to unlock your own hidden potential. D．The difficulties in unlocking your own hidden potential. 【答案】32．A 33．A 34．C 【导语】本文介绍的是释放你隐藏潜力的方法。 32．细节理解题。根据第三段“Accept discomfort.”及“He also suggests accepting mistakes as a natural part of the learning process. Besides, he stresses that making mistakes is necessary for progress.”可知，格兰特博士建议接受错误来释放你隐藏的潜力。故选A。 33．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Ask for advice and give it, too. Dr. Grant points to Harvard Business School research that found it’s more helpful to ask for advice, which focuses on what you can do better in the future.”可知，是为了指出向学生征求意见的重要性。故选A。 34．主旨大意题。根据第二段“The following are the three key points from his book that could help you unlock your own hidden potential.”可知，文章说的是释放你自己隐藏潜力的方法。故选C。 （2024·北京西城·一模）On a Saturday afternoon, your best friend calls you and says he needs help moving. You gladly show up to help. When you are done, he hands you some money, saying “Thanks for your help.” The situation suddenly feels awkward (尴尬的). Why doesn’t direct payment fit the situation? According to economist Dan Ariely, we live in two worlds—one governed by social norms (规范), and the other characterized by market norms. Social norms are part of our social nature. They include the friendly requests (请求) that people make of one another and immediate payback is not required. In the second world, where market norms make the rules, people work for money and get what they pay for. Market relationships are not necessarily bad or mean, but they do suggest comparable benefits and immediate payments. When we keep social norms and market norms on their separate paths, things move along smoothly. Moreover, when social and market norms run into each other, the results are not satisfying. There was an experiment involving daycare center fines. Some parents would arrive late to pick up their children, so fines were introduced. However, this made more parents late. Before the fine was introduced, parents were sorry for keeping the teachers waiting, and this made them feel compelled to arrive on time in the future. But the introduction of the fine replaced this social norm with a market norm. Parents felt they were paying to be allowed to choose whether they wanted to be late. Even after the center removed the fine, the parents didn’t return to social norms and the number of late pick-ups didn’t drop. The result showed a fact: when a special norm runs into a market norm, the social norm goes away and seldom returns. However, does this necessarily mean market norms always have a bigger effect than social norms? Ariely performed an experiment by paying people $5 (Group 1) or $0.50 (Group 2) for dragging (拖动) circles across a computer screen for five minutes. With payment, he expected them to use market norms in that situation and act accordingly. And to Group 3, he introduced the task as a social request, just asking them for help. The results showed that Group 1 dragged on average 159 circles, and Group 2 dragged about 101 circles. But the ones who were paid nothing dragged 168 circles. When people were paid, motivation (动力) and productivity rose as pay rose, but people worked even harder under social norms than for money, Why? Because people love to feel that they have helped others. Money is the most expensive way to motivate people. Social norms are not only cheaper, but often more effective as well. Money will take you only so far—social norms are the forces that can make a difference in the long run. 35．Which of the following examples fits within social norms? A．Paying a friend for his voluntary help. B．Fining a worker because of his mistakes. C．Offering a neighbor a free ride to the airport. D．Returning a product to get your money back. 36．The words “feel compelled to” in Paragraph 4 most probably mean ________. A．remain unwilling to B．think it necessary to C．be afraid to D．find it easy to 37．What can we learn about Dan Ariely’s experiment in Paragraph 5? A．Ariely expected people to help each other to complete the task. B．The result suggested who should receive the highest payment. C．People in the experiment acted according to the same norms. D．The experiment showed the effects of the two norms. 38．According to the passage, the writer probably agrees that _________. A．social norms can play a great role in society B．market norms aren’t effective as they used to be C．better performance sometimes leads to lower pay D．people should replace market norms with social norms 【答案】35．C 36．B 37．D 38．A 【导语】本文主要介绍了我们生活在两个世界，一个是社会规范统治的世界，一个是以市场规范为特征的世界，并通过实验表明从长远来看，社会规范更能够产生影响。 35．推理判断题。根据“Social norms are part of our social nature. They include the friendly requests (请求) that people make of one another and immediate payback is not required.”可知，社会规范是我们社会本性的一部分。它们包括人们相互友好的请求，并且不需要立即回报。因此C选项“让邻居搭便车去机场”符合社会规范。故选C。 36．词义猜测题。根据“Before the fine was introduced, parents were sorry for keeping the teachers waiting, and this made them feel compelled to arrive on time in the future.”可知，在罚款开始之前，家长们为让老师们久等而感到抱歉，因此这让他们觉得以后有必要准时到达。因此划线单词表示“认为有必要”。故选B。 37．细节理解题。根据“The results showed that Group 1 dragged on average 159 circles, and Group 2 dragged about 101 circles. But the ones who were paid nothing dragged 168 circles. When people were paid, motivation (动力) and productivity rose as pay rose, but people worked even harder under social norms than for money, Why? Because people love to feel that they have helped others.”可知，当人们得到报酬时，动力和生产力随着报酬的增加而增加，但人们在社会规范下比为钱更努力工作，由此可知这项实验表明了这两种规范的影响。故选D。 38．推理判断题。根据“Social norms are not only cheaper, but often more effective as well. Money will take you only so far—social norms are the forces that can make a difference in the long run.”可知，社会规范不仅成本更低，而且往往更有效，因此作者可能同意社会规范可以在社会中发挥很大的作用。故选A。 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 专题03 阅读理解之说明文 【五年考情回顾】 年份 体裁 主题内容 2024年 说明文 本文主要探讨了人们在辨识方向能力上的差异及其原因。研究表明，生活经验决定了人们的辨识方向能力，文化和经验比天生能力更重要。 2023年 说明文 主要介绍了食物浪费的现状以及四个解决食物浪费问题的方法，并得出结论：如果我们每个人都做出努力，食物浪费问题一定会有所改善。 2023年 说明文 本文主要讲述了快乐和享受的联系和对比。 2022年 说明文 文章通过解释“Green”这个词，呼吁大家保护环境。 2020年 说明文 本文讲述了技术进步给健康医疗领域带来的机遇和挑战。 （2024·北京·中考真题）Sam Hill is really bad at finding his way from place to place. The world is full of people like Hill—and their opposites, who always seem to know exactly where they are and how to get where they want to go. It has proved hard to explain why. However, with the development of technology, there’s new excitement happening in the research world. An experiment was carried out in 2022 to find out what might influence way finding ability. Researchers developed an online game in which players travel by boat to find where a lot of checkpoints lie. The game asked players to provide basic background information , and nearly four million people worldwide did so. Through the game, the researchers were able to judge navigational (辨识方向的) ability by looking at how far each person traveled to reach all the cheek points. Then they compared players’ performance with their background information. The researchers found that Northern Europeans seemed to be better navigations, perhaps because they love orienteering (定向越野), a sport which involves cross- country running and navigation. And those from cities with more disorganized street networks (网状系统) did better than those from cities with orderly ones. Perhaps people of planned cities don’t need to build complex (复杂的) maps in their minds. Research results like these suggest that people’s life experience decides how well they find their way. In fact, experience may even explain a popular belief that men are more likely to perform better than women. It turns out that this difference is more a question of culture and experience than of in born ability. Northern Europeans, for example, show almost no gender (性别) difference in navigation. However, men do much better than women in places where women face cultural limits on exploring their environment on their own. That finding is also supported by studies on the Tsimane, a community living in a forest in South America. Researchers put GPS units on 305 Tsimane people to check their daily movements over a three-day period, and found no difference between men and women in navigational ability. Even children performed very well—a result, researchers think, of growing up in an environment that encourages children to explore the forest. 1．Why was an experiment carried out in 2022? A．To develop an online way finding game. B．To improve the players’ way finding ability. C．To pick out people who are weak in way finding. D．To find out why people are different in way finding ability. 2．According to the passage, who is probably the best at finding their way? A．A woman who often explores nature. B．A girl who studies South American culture. C．A man who runs on a sports ground every morning. D．A boy who lives in a city with an orderly street network. 3．What can we learn from the passage? A．Good navigators are mostly made, not born. B．Navigation skills differ between the genders. C．Navigation skills are passed down, never lost. D．Good navigators bring developments in technology. （2023·北京·中考真题）Do you know that over 1/3 of all food produced in the world goes to waste? According to the United Nations (UN), every year around the world, about one billion (十亿) tons of food is wasted. At the same time, there are nearly one billion people who go hungry. Simply 1/4 of the food wasted is enough to keep them out of hunger. In addition, the wasted food produces over three billion tons of carbon dioxide (CO2), which speeds up climate (气候) change. What can we do to solve this food waste problem? One effective solution is balancing food production with demand (需求). In hotels and other similar places, special instruments should be used so that cooking specialists just prepare and cook food as it is ordered. Another effective solution is starting programs to reduce (减少) food waste. Stores and buyers can try their best to be creative in food waste reduction. For example, stores can provide customers with instructions telling them how to make full use of food. Buyers can try not fixing their eyes only on food of the best quality (质量). Sometimes, the food of non-top quality is also good enough to eat, or can be bought and then used to make delicious dishes. One of the hardest solutions to achieve is for each and every one to buy and prepare food with a plan of their own so that less food is wasted. Challenging as it is, the use of meal plans in preparing food can play an important role in ending food waste in the family. Food recycling is one of the known solutions. Efforts are now already in progress. Food that is not safe for humans to eat is recycled into other products such as animal feeds and clothing. Yet, there is still a long way to go and much for improvement in this area. In a word, food waste has been one of the biggest problems in the world that have influenced us greatly. Many solutions have been found and many more are yet to be worked out. If each of us can put in more efforts, food waste is sure to be reduced for the good of our future. 4．According to the passage, what is a possible result of food waste? A．The problem of worldwide hunger. B．A big increase in food production. C．The speed-up of climate change. D．A sudden drop in population. 5．What can we learn from the passage? A．Food recycling has been hugely successful. B．Buyers should give up non-top quality food. C．Stores should train people to make delicious dishes. D．Meal plans in the family are hard to put into practice. 6．What is the passage mainly about? A．Benefits of reducing food waste. B．Solutions to the food waste problem. C．The importance of fighting food waste. D．The attitude to the food waste problem. （2023·北京·中考真题）When considering the kind of experience that makes life better, most people first think that happiness depends on experiencing pleasure: good food, good jobs, all the comforts that money can buy. If we couldn’t have these, we might as well sit in front of the television on a quiet evening. Pleasure is an important part of the quality of life, but by itself it doesn’t bring happiness. When people think further about what makes a worthy life, they tend (倾向于) to move beyond pleasant memories and begin to remember other events, other experiences that overlap (有重叠) pleasurable ones but fall into a group with a separate name: enjoyment. Enjoyable events take place when people have not only satisfied a need or met some earlier expectation, but also achieved something unexpected. Enjoyment is characterized by a sense of curiosity, of achievement. Playing a tennis game that improves one’s ability is enjoyable, as is reading a book that shows things in a new light, as is having a conversation that leads us to express ideas we didn’t know we had. None of these experiences may be especially pleasurable when they are taking place, but when we think back on them afterwards, we would say, “That really was fun” and wish they would happen again. After an enjoyable event we know that we have changed, and grown. Experiences that give pleasure can also give enjoyment, but the two feelings are quite different. For example, everybody takes pleasure in eating. However, to enjoys food is more difficult — you have to pay enough attention to a meal, so as to sense and tell its various tastes. As this example suggests, we can experience pleasure without any psychic energy, while enjoyment happens only as a result of full attention. A person can feel pleasure without any effort, as long as certain parts in his brain are stimulated (刺激). But it’s impossible to enjoy a tennis game or a book without full attention. It’s for this reason that pleasure does not last long, nor does it make us grow. Growth requires full attention to goals that are new, that are relatively challenging. Without enjoyment, life will go on, and it can even be pleasant. But it depends heavily on luck and the external (外部的) environment. To achieve personal control over the quality of experience, however, we need to learn how to build enjoyment into what happens day in, day out. 7．You will most probably experience enjoyment when you ________. A．buy expensive shoes B．order a delicious meal C．talk with friends for new ideas D．sit quietly in front of a television 8．What do you know about pleasure and enjoyment from the passage? A．Enjoyment grows out of pleasure. B．Pleasure and enjoyment come hand in hand. C．Pleasurable experiences are part of enjoyable ones. D．Some experiences provide both pleasure and enjoyment. 9．The words “psychic energy” in Paragraph 4 are closest in meaning to ________. A．attention B．interest C．ability D．knowledge 10．The writer probably agrees that ________. A．feeling pleasure stops people from achieving growth B．feeling enjoyment comes with achieving growth C．a worthy life depends on luck and environment D．pleasure is the key to a happy and worthy life （2022·北京·中考真题）What does it mean to be green? Green is more than just a color. It also means taking special steps to protect the environment. Buying a green product is a small step everyone can take. Deciding whether a product is green, however, isn’t always easy. We need to consider the whole life cycle of the product even after it’s of no use. Here is what we may keep in mind. The materials of a product are usually our first focus (关注). What is it made of? Are there any harmful chemicals in it? Green products are made of more natural materials which are free from harmful chemicals, so they can be good for our physical health. Packaging is important. How is a product packaged? Is it over packaged? We’d better choose glass, metal and paper packaging, as these can be reused or more easily recycled (回收利用). We can also look for less packaging or even choose unbagged products whenever possible. Location (地点) matters. Where was a product produced? Where are we buying it? Think about how much energy was used to get it to us try to choose local products. When it comes to food, it is a good idea to order directly from local farmer, shop at markets and buy fruits in season. Buying from stores near our houses is also a good choice, because we can go there without driving a car. Look into what the company tells us about their product. It’s easy to say that a product is “green” or “all natural” but the words may be too good to be true. So, much of the information about a product should be taken with a grain of salt. After all, companies try to make us believe that their products are environmentally responsible. The greenest thing is certainly the one we don’t buy. Things like food and clothing are necessary for life. But many others are not. Better than buying is choosing to leave an unnecessary product in the store and doing without. It sends a message to the producer, keeps money in our pockets, reduces (减少) waste and keeps the planet healthy. 11．The writer would suggest choosing a product that is ________. A．over packaged B．delivered from abroad C．locally produced D．made of unnatural materials 12．The words “be taken with a grain of in salt” Paragraph 5 probably mean “________”. A．be easily understood B．not be completely believed C．be widely spread D．not be quickly forgotten 13．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A．Buying Green B．Recycling Waste C．Keeping Healthy D．Reducing Energy Use （2020·北京·中考真题） Today we can do everything with apps: pay bills, order food and shop for anything. Mobile technology means we can hold the world in our hands. However, when it comes to technology and health care, opportunities and challenges come together. Let’s start with the ways to get health care. Telemedicine can allow a patient to use technology to see the doctor online and get a diagnosis (诊断) and instructions without leaving home. In addition, there are many patient websites. These allow for different kinds of interactions about our health needs without involving the medical team. Setting a date with doctors and reading lab results are readily achieved by technology. A whole new age of medical care seems likely (可能的) to come in the future. But every coin has two sides. What might be on the other side of techno-health care? Firstly, we should think about the health care experience as a whole. A usual visit to a doctor begins with a receptionist (接待员) , who can see and tell how a patient is doing, This may influence the treatment effect. It’s unlikely that a patient website will have such intuition. Next, sharing the details of one's life requires trust, which takes time to build. This is certainly true in health care, where some of life's best and worst moments involve doctors. The human touch should not be undervalued and is unlikely to be there over the smartphone. Lastly, test results can be difficult to understand. When someone without a medical degree sees a flagged result with no explanation on the website, there's room for all kinds of stories to form in their minds—and also great worry. So how does medicine adapt (适应) to the new technology age? Very talented companies are working on it .There is medical equipment(设备) that can be used at home to send necessary signs and heart sounds through telemedicine . It seems likely that some companies will find a way to explain test results. But what it will not achieve is the warmth of human interaction and touch. Patients often need someone to listen to —and care about—their journey story, which will never be realized through a human-less technology. Technology should be a tool, but depending on it totally will most certainly have unexpected effects. Let's not allow our humanity to be one of them. 14．According to the passage, how does technology help health care? A．It encourages doctors to voice their needs on the websites B．It offers the patient a convenient way to get a diagnosis C．It improves relations between doctors and patients. D．It provides an opportunity to build a medical team 15．The word “intuition” in Paragraph 5 probably means______. A．an ability to understand B．an interesting experience C．a chance to win D．a fair decision 16．What do you know about techno-health care from the passage? A．Patient websites require trust from doctors. B．Talented companies can give medical advice. C．Flagged results may cause worry for patients. D．Medical equipment collects patients’ stories. 17．The writer probably agrees that_____. A．technology can deal with unexpected effects. B．telemedicine can take the place of usual health care. C．it is difficult for patients to adapt to the new technology age. D．techno-health care should take humanity into consideration. （2024·北京朝阳·二模） Moffully-II Getting hugged by someone you care about can be a wonderfully encouraging experience. Research has shown that hugs can strengthen (加强) our social connections, improve our emotional (情感的) state and reduce feelings of loneliness and sadness. They can even help to lower stress levels and improve our health. Unluckily, not everyone has the chance to receive hugs whenever they need them. So, how can this problem be solved? One idea that scientists have suggested is developing social robots that can hug people. These robots could probably offer lonely people the positive benefits of getting hugged without the need to know a person who hug them. However, creating a hug robot that is well-received by people and leads to positive feelings and reduced stress is no simple task. For example, if the robot is too large or has a design like something intimidating, people may feel uneasy about hugging it. Therefore, it is important for researchers to carry out further studies to ensure that hug robots are designed in a way that supports acceptance and comfort. A recent study published in the International Journal of Social Robotics focused on the development of Moffully-II, a newly developed hug robot. It looks like a large, human-shaped teddy bear and stands at two meters tall. During a hug, it is able to move its arms and perform different gestures (手势). Copying the actions that humans usually do during hugs, such as tapping someone on the back, is necessary for making the hug feel real. During the study, volunteers who received hugs from Moffully-II showed a preference for hugs with gestures over those without gestures. They sensed the robot as friendlier and safer when it performed gestures, and they found the hugs to be more enjoyable in general. While some people may feel uncomfortable with the idea of hugging a robot instead of a human, hug robots show possibilities for improving the well-being of those who are short of hugs. This includes persons in nursing homes who may benefit from the comforting effects of hugs, even if they are provided by a robot. 18．What is one of the possible benefits of receiving hugs? A．Increased loneliness. B．Lowered emotional state. C．Controlled social connections. D．Reduced stress and improved health. 19．The word “intimidating” in Paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to ________. A．terrible B．cool C．friendly D．convenient 20．What is the main purpose of the study mentioned in the passage? A．To prove the influence of gestures. B．To examine how effective hug robots are. C．To develop social robots for sick people. D．To study the behavior of robots in nursing homes. 21．What is the best title for the passage? A．Are You Ready to Hug a Robot? B．Is It Strange for Robots to Give Hugs? C．Are Robots Good at Giving Comforting Hugs? D．Do Robot Hugs Feel the Same as Human Hugs? （2024·北京门头沟·二模）Me and My Brain We all know that meaningful changes happen in our bodies during adolescence (青春期), but have you ever stopped to wonder what’s actually going on inside our brains during this time? To paint a clear picture, we should first know about ourselves with the different parts of the brain. Did you know, for example, that our brains are made up of around 100 billion nerve cells (神经细胞) called neurons (神经元)? And coming from these neurons are several branch-like structures for sending and receiving electrical signals? Every time we do or think anything, a signal is sent. The signal travels down a long structure called the axon (轴突) and, at the end, it passes across small gaps called synapses (神经元的突触) to the dendrites (树突) of another neuron, which receive the signal. In this way, messages are sent across our neural network. Our brain structure changes greatly as we grow up. Newborn babies have almost all their neurons but few connections between them, which is why they can’t do very much. After a few months however, the number of connections increases quickly, which in turn helps small kids master new skills such as walking and talking. Most brain development is completed in the first few years, but we now know that our brains continue to develop throughout our lives and perhaps the most surprising time of change and development is during adolescence. During this period of reorganization, the brain notices a sudden increase in neurons not dissimilar to a plant growing uncontrollably in spring. Just as we cut back a plant to make it stronger and healthier, we cut back our brains. The connections that are used become stronger, whereas those which aren’t used dry and die. So, the more often an action or thought is activated, the stronger the connections become between the neurons, which in turn makes the part of the brain being used stronger. This explains why the more you do something, the better you become at it, reinforcing the old saying “practice makes perfect”. In fact, the teenage brain provides conditions for perfecting skills such as playing a musical instrument, speaking another language, or learning a difficult computer game. It could be argued that teenagers decide the development of their own grey matter through the activities they take part in and their experiences. It may also be unsurprising to many to learn that the last part of the adolescent brain to develop is the frontal cortex (额皮质), responsible for self-control, problem solving and decision making. So, long before teens are good at abstract thinking (抽象思维) and logical decision making, they depend on the emotional center of the brain to make choices and think. So perhaps unpredictable, uncertain, risk taking teenage behaviors, often put down to hormones (荷尔蒙), may actually have more to do with what’s going on inside our brain. 22．What do we learn about the structure of the brain? A．All neurons are activated when we think. B．The structure of a brain cell is compared to a tree. C．Neurons allow a message to travel around the brain. D．The structure of a brain changes when a message is sent. 23．What does Paragraph 3 tell us? A．A decision helps babies learn how to speak. B．Most changes in brain happen after adulthood. C．The process of brain development is continuous. D．Babies are born with the ability to do anything. 24．The word “reinforcing” in Paragraph 4 probably means “_________”. A．judging B．challenging C．supporting D．limiting 25．The writer agrees that teenagers ________. A．are cleverer than they used to be when they study their brains B．are misunderstood and they can play difficult computer games C．want to learn more about the changes in their brains and bodies D．can benefit from understanding the changes that happen in their brains （2024·北京房山·一模）Microplastics (微塑料) are in our soil, our water, our air, getting into our bodies and causing health problems. Plastics are everywhere, and they’re not going away. Now, that may be changing. A new environmentally-friendly shopping model was created. For example, in this model, you are able to buy ice cream in a reusable container (容器). When you’re done eating the ice cream, you’ll throw the container in your personal reuse bin. The containers are then picked up by a delivery service, cleaned and refilled, and shipped out to consumers again. In other words, it’s the 21st century milkman to save the world from single-use plastics. This shopping model is called Loop. Already, two large retailers (零售商) are Loop partners and more may join the project. While recycling is very important, it is not going to solve waste at the root (根本的) cause. “Our company collects the ocean plastics and puts them into products making,” says Tom Szaky, CEO of TerraCycle, a company that is known for recycling hard-to-recycle materials. “But every day, more and more gets put in the ocean, so no matter how much we clean the ocean, we’re never going to solve the problem. That’s really where Loop came out. To us, the root cause of waste is not plastic, it’s using things once, and that’s really what Loop tries to change as much as possible.” For customers, the process is designed to be as easy as possible. “The goal isn’t as much to get you to change, it’s instead to create systems that don’t make you change—but have you then solve the problem in the process,” Szaky says. “Making customers change is difficult. So the first question we asked in developing the model was ‘Why did throwing rubbish win?’ I think it did because throwing rubbish is convenient and affordable.” If the solutions are not convenient, people will not accept them. Loop aims to be as convenient as throwing something in the bin. You don’t even need to wash the container, so it’s simpler than recycling. Jennifer Morgan from the environmental non-profit organization Greenpeace said, “Greenpeace welcomes the aim of the Loop to move away from throwaway culture.” But Morgan questioned whether companies worldwide are ready to change their business models. Anyway, this is an effort to change the problem of plastics and hopefully this model will work. 26．The second paragraph is mainly about ________. A．what customers should do to solve waste problem B．what benefits the retailers can get from Loop C．how the new shopping model Loop works D．how the milkman picks up the containers 27．What can we learn from the passage? A．Loop is designed to be convenient for customers to accept. B．Companies worldwide are using the shopping model Loop. C．Ocean plastics can be cleaned up by the shopping model Loop. D．Customers have to clean the containers under the new model Loop. 28．What is the best title of the passage? A．Making Plastics into Products B．Recycling: A Falling Industry C．From Throwing Away to Reusing D．Plastics: Hard-to-recycle Materials （2024·北京·一模）The sun is setting, brightening your kids’ faces as they play in the waves. You reach for your phone for this perfect moment. But before you do, here’s a bit of surprising science: Taking photos is not the perfect way to keep memory as you think. Taking too many pictures could actually harm the brain’s ability to keep memories, says Elizabeth Loftus, a psychology professor at the University of California, Irvine. So we get the photo but kind of lose the memory. Photos may outsource memories. It works in two ways: We either shake off the responsibility of remembering moments when taking pictures, or we’re so distracted (分心的) by the process that we miss the moment altogether. The first explanation is the loss of memory. People know that their camera is recording that moment, so they don’t try to remember. Similarly, if you write down someone’s phone number, you’re less likely to remember it offhand because your brain tells you there’s just no need. That’s all well and good—until that piece of paper goes missing. The other is distraction. We’re distracted by the process of taking a photo—how we hold our phone, composing the photo, such as smiling faces, the background to our liking and clear image, all of which uses up our attention that could otherwise help us memorize. However, taking photos can benefit memory—when done mindfully. While taking a photo may be distracting, the act of preparation by focusing on visual (视觉的) details around has some upsides. When people take the time to zoom in (拉近镜头) on specific things, memories become strengthened. Another benefit is that we recall moments more accurately with the photos. Memory has been reshaped with the help of new information and new experiences. Thus, photos or videos help us recall moments as if they really happened. Memories die away without a visual record backing them up. Therefore, a photo is an excellent tool to help remember when done purposefully, which is worth exploring further. 29．What does Professor Elizabeth Loftus think of taking too many photos? A．It can benefit our memories. B．It could be harmful to keep memories. C．It could be helpful to recall the perfect moment. D．It will use up our attention to remember the beautiful moments. 30．What can we learn from the passage? A．Memories will disappear when we back up a visual record. B．We may not pay full attention to the moment when taking pictures. C．Take photos if you want to get new information or new experiences. D．It is useless to remember someone’s phone number by writing it down. 31．Which of the following could be the best title for the passage? A．Photography or Memories B．Fewer Photos, More Memories C．Photography Does Good to Memories D．Remember the Moment and Take Photos Properly （2024·北京朝阳·一模）In a culture that focuses so strongly on success, it’s easy to feel like a failure. But according to the organizational psychologist Adam Grant, that might be because we’re thinking about achievements all wrong. Many people think that achievements are tied closely to innate (天生的) ability, so they give up on activities they find challenging. That’s a mistake. Dr. Grant writes in his new book, Hidden Potential(潜能): The Science of Achieving Greater Things. The following are the three key points from his book that could help you unlock your own hidden potential. Accept discomfort. Dr. Grant argues that success is more about gradual (逐渐的) growth than achieving immediate victories. And one of the most effective methods for skill development is to challenge oneself. “The discomfort we feel offers a chance for new learning,” Dr. Grant explained in an interview and he also stressed the importance of welcoming such moments. According to him, stepping outside our comfort zones (区域) may actually encourage greater growth. He also suggests accepting mistakes as a natural part of the learning process. Besides, he stresses that making mistakes is necessary for progress. Without enough efforts and mistakes, development becomes challenging. Keep things interesting. Dr. Grant warns us about burnout, which happens when we work too much. But he also talks about “bore out”, which is feeling tired from not having enough to do. He suggests adding fun activities and new things to learn to our daily life. In his book, he says basketball player Stephen Curry got rapid improvement after college because of a coach who focused on different activities and games in his training periods, rather than repetitive (重复的) practice. Dr. Grant mentions that trying out different skills helps people improve faster. If you’re stuck, he advises taking a break and doing something enjoyable. This can improve your confidence and skills, helping you make progress. Ask for advice and give it, too. Dr. Grant points to Harvard Business School research that found it’s more helpful to ask for advice, which focuses on what you can do better in the future. Furthermore, advice has positive effect, changing your mindset to what you can do right. We often perform better after we give other people advice, too, in what Dr.Grant refers to as the “coach effect”. That’s because we are more likely to focus on advice that we have already given to others, he says. One study he mentions discovered that high school students who were chosen by chance to offer encouragement to younger students went on to get better grades. 32．Dr. Grant would suggest ________ to unlock your own hidden potential. A．accepting mistakes B．having repetitive practice C．shortening learning process D．achieving immediate victories 33．Why does Dr. Grant mention the Harvard Business School research in Paragraph 5? A．To point out the importance of asking for advice among students. B．To show the connection between coach effect and encouragement. C．To present examples of high school students’ educational achievements. D．To stress the benefits of giving and receiving advice on better performance. 34．What is the passage mainly about? A．The effects of keeping things interesting. B．The reasons of keeping things interesting. C．The ways to unlock your own hidden potential. D．The difficulties in unlocking your own hidden potential. （2024·北京西城·一模）On a Saturday afternoon, your best friend calls you and says he needs help moving. You gladly show up to help. When you are done, he hands you some money, saying “Thanks for your help.” The situation suddenly feels awkward (尴尬的). Why doesn’t direct payment fit the situation? According to economist Dan Ariely, we live in two worlds—one governed by social norms (规范), and the other characterized by market norms. Social norms are part of our social nature. They include the friendly requests (请求) that people make of one another and immediate payback is not required. In the second world, where market norms make the rules, people work for money and get what they pay for. Market relationships are not necessarily bad or mean, but they do suggest comparable benefits and immediate payments. When we keep social norms and market norms on their separate paths, things move along smoothly. Moreover, when social and market norms run into each other, the results are not satisfying. There was an experiment involving daycare center fines. Some parents would arrive late to pick up their children, so fines were introduced. However, this made more parents late. Before the fine was introduced, parents were sorry for keeping the teachers waiting, and this made them feel compelled to arrive on time in the future. But the introduction of the fine replaced this social norm with a market norm. Parents felt they were paying to be allowed to choose whether they wanted to be late. Even after the center removed the fine, the parents didn’t return to social norms and the number of late pick-ups didn’t drop. The result showed a fact: when a special norm runs into a market norm, the social norm goes away and seldom returns. However, does this necessarily mean market norms always have a bigger effect than social norms? Ariely performed an experiment by paying people $5 (Group 1) or $0.50 (Group 2) for dragging (拖动) circles across a computer screen for five minutes. With payment, he expected them to use market norms in that situation and act accordingly. And to Group 3, he introduced the task as a social request, just asking them for help. The results showed that Group 1 dragged on average 159 circles, and Group 2 dragged about 101 circles. But the ones who were paid nothing dragged 168 circles. When people were paid, motivation (动力) and productivity rose as pay rose, but people worked even harder under social norms than for money, Why? Because people love to feel that they have helped others. Money is the most expensive way to motivate people. Social norms are not only cheaper, but often more effective as well. Money will take you only so far—social norms are the forces that can make a difference in the long run. 35．Which of the following examples fits within social norms? A．Paying a friend for his voluntary help. B．Fining a worker because of his mistakes. C．Offering a neighbor a free ride to the airport. D．Returning a product to get your money back. 36．The words “feel compelled to” in Paragraph 4 most probably mean ________. A．remain unwilling to B．think it necessary to C．be afraid to D．find it easy to 37．What can we learn about Dan Ariely’s experiment in Paragraph 5? A．Ariely expected people to help each other to complete the task. B．The result suggested who should receive the highest payment. C．People in the experiment acted according to the same norms. D．The experiment showed the effects of the two norms. 38．According to the passage, the writer probably agrees that _________. A．social norms can play a great role in society B．market norms aren’t effective as they used to be C．better performance sometimes leads to lower pay D．people should replace market norms with social norms 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$