小升初英语课程第1讲 名词（讲义）-2023-2024学年译林版（三起）英语六年级下册

小升初英语第一讲 ——名词+完形填空（1）+首字母(1) 1、 【考点解读】 名词里面常考点为：普通名词和专有名词，可数名词(复数形式的构成和数量表达)不可数名词（数量表达），名词所有格('s 的用法、of 结构)。试题较为简单，常以单选题形式出题，多与冠词结合考察。 2、 【知识讲解】 知识点1——名词的概念 表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称的词。例如：student,teacher,pen等 知识点2——名词的分类 专有名词：Beijing,Smith,the United Nations 个体名词：man, student , factory 可数名词 集合名词：class, family 普通名词： 物质名词：water, air, rice 不可数名词 抽象名词：surprise, honest, love 知识点3——名词的数 可数名词：数量可以数的名词。例如 aeroplane , apple, arm, aunt, girl, boy. 不可数名词：数量不能数的名词，数不出的名词。例如 thought, air, advice, water, bread , rice, milk, …..那么可数名词如何变为复数形式呢？我们接着看： 1)直接加 s： boy—boys ,desk—desks , pen—pens 2)以辅音字母加 y 结尾为的,去 y 加 ies：army—armies, lady—ladies 3)以 s, x, sh, ch 结尾的,发 /s/,/ ∫ /,/ t∫ / 音, “+es”：boss—bosses, box— boxes, brush—brushes, watch—watches.词尾 ch 发音为/ k/ 时加 +s：stomach — stomachs 4)以 f, fe 结尾的,去 f, fe +ves：leaf—leaves, knife—knives, thief—thieves 5)以 o 结尾的, +s：zoo—zoos , piano—pianos, photo—photos 6)以 o 结尾的, +es： hero—heroes, tomato—tomatoes 7)单复数同形：sheep—sheep, fish—fish, deer—deer, Chinese— Chinese 8)不规则变化： man—men ,woman—women, postman—postmen, foot—feet, tooth—teeth, goose—geese , child—children, mouse—mice, ox—oxen, German—Germans 9)复合名词： woman-writer—women-writers man- teacher —men-teachers 10)表示不可数名词的数量时可用量词词组,他们的复数则表达在量词上： a cup of tea –two cups of tea, a piece of paper—two pieces of paper 可数和不可数名词搭配上的异同 可数名词 不可数名词 用 how many 提问 用 how much 提问 a few/few a little/little many much a number of a great deal of some, a lot of, lots of, enough，plenty of 知识点4——集体名词 1) 当集体名词为个体成员时，谓语用复数，当集体名词为一个整体时，谓语用单数，如： The family are having lunch (家人在一起吃午餐) . His family is different from her family .(强调一个整体) 2) 和普通名词完全一样也有单数形式：family—families, class--classes 知识点5——名词的格 1) 有生命的，一般+’s：Mary’s friend, the girl’s mother,… 2) 复数以 s 结尾的，加’就行:students’ class, birds’ cage 3) 单数词以 s 结尾的，加’s：my boss’s office 4) 无生命的一般用 of，如：the gate of school 区别：a picture of Tom:一张汤姆本人的照片 a picture of Tom’s：汤姆所有照片中的一张 Mary and Lili’s desk:玛利和丽丽两人共同的一个桌子 Mary’s and Lili’s desk:玛利的桌子和丽丽的桌子 注意：表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的名词，可以在词尾加“‘s”或“‘”来表示 所有格。如：today’s newspaper, half an hour’s rest, two weeks’work , ten minutes’walk China’s population, Shanghai’s industry 5) 双重所有格 of+名词所有格/ 名词性物主代词 a friend of my father’s 我爸爸的一个朋友 a friend of mine我的一个朋友 三、【典例探究】 【例题1】： We should use____money to do the work well. A. few B. little C. much D. many 解析：本题考查可数名词和不可数名词。money是不可数名词，故排除A和C，根据题意“我们需要很多钱把这项工作做好”故选C。 【例题2】： Mr. Smith is an old friend of my______. A. father B. father’s C.fathers D.fathers’ 解析：考察名词所有格。根据题意：Smith是我爸爸的一个老朋友，故选B。 四、【课堂运用】 【基础】 【练习1】 I want to buy ________. A. two bottles of ink B. two bottle of ink C. two bottle of inks D. two bottles of inks 【练习2】 There are three ______ and seven ______ in the picture. A. cows, sheeps B. cows, sheep C. cow, sheep D. cow, sheeps 【巩固】 【练习1】 Thousands of people lost their______in the earthquake.(地震) A. life B. lifes C. live D. lives 【练习2】 There are few_____in the fridge.Let’s go to buy some carrots and tomatoes. A. meat B. fruit C. vegetables D. bread 【拔高】 【练习1】 Have you ever read ____? A. today newspaper B. newspaper today C. newspaper of today D. today’s newspaper 【练习2】 They don’t have to do _______ today. A. much homework B. many homeworks C. many homework D. much homeworks 5、 【课后巩固】 【习题1】 Miss Green is a friend of _______. A. Mary’s mother’s B. Mary’s mother C. Mary mother’s D. mother’s of Mary 【习题2】 Tom is ______. He will come to see me. A. my a friend B. a friend C. mine friend D. a friend of mine 【习题3】 ______ room is next to their parents’. A. Kate’s and Joan’s B. Kate’s and Joan C. Kate and Joan’s D. Kate and Joan 6、 【完形填空】 Nasreddin was a poor man, so he tried to grow __1__ he could in his own garden, so that he would not have to buy so many in the market. 　　One evening he heard a noise in his garden and looked out of the window. A white ox had got into the garden and __2__ his vegetables. Nasreddin at once took his stick, ran out and chased the ox, but he was too old to catch it. When he got back to his garden, he found that the ox had ruined most of his precious vegetables. 　　__3__, while he __4__ in the street near his house, he saw a cart with two white oxen which looked very much like the one that __5__ his vegetables. He was carrying his stick with him, __6__ he at once began to beat the two oxen with it. As neither of them looked more like the ox that had eaten his vegetables than the other, he beat both of them equally hard. 　　The owner of the ox and cart was drinking coffee in a __7__ coffee-house. When he saw __8__ Nasreddin was doing __9__ his animals, he ran out and shouted, “What are you doing? What have those poor animals done to you for you to beat them like that?” 　　“You keep out this!” Nasreddin shouted back, “This is a matter between me and one of these two oxen. He knows very well __10__ I am beating him!” 　　1. A. so many vegetables B. many vegetables 　　C. as many as vegetables D. as many vegetables as 　　2. A. was eating B. ate C. had eaten D. has eaten 　　3. A. Next day B. Next morning C. Last morning D. The next morning 　　4. A. walks B. waked C. was walking D. walking 　　5. A. ruined B. had eaten C. ate D. had ruin 　　6. A. so B. and C. but D. or 　　7. A. beside B. nearby C. near D. near by 　　8. A. that B. which C. why D. what 　　9. A. for B. to C. with D. on 10.A. reason B. when C. why D. because 解析：这是一个笑话，贫农Nasreddin在街上碰到两头牛，搞不清是哪一头毁坏了他家的菜园，于是用棒子将两头牛一起抽打，牛主人制止时，他却强词夺理，无理取闹。 1.D。习惯用语as many as possible 意为“尽可能多的”合乎文意，为正确选项。 2.A。过去进行时强调过去正在进行的动作，根据文意Nasreddin看到牛正在吃蔬菜，故选 was eating 。 3.D。指过去某一天的第一天或第二天早上、晚上，应用the next day/morning/evening。 故应选The next morning 。 4.C。在从句动作进行的过程中，主句动作发生了，这时从句常用进行时态，故选择was walking 。 5.B。牛吃蔬菜是贫农上街之前的事，文章本身讲的是过去的故事，指过去的过去应用过去完成时，故选had eaten。 6.A。从句子意思看，空白处前后构成因果关系，故选择so。 7.B。形容词nearby一般作定语，表示“不远的，附近的”，合乎文意，为正确选项。 8.D。这里需要一个引导词，引导saw的宾语从句，同时在句子里作do的宾语，故选 what。 9.B。do sth. to sb.结构中to后面常接动作的对象。 10.C。牛主人问及Nasreddin打牛的原因，这里需要一个引导词引导 knew的宾语从句，且在从句中作状语，根据上文可知这里应填 why。 7、 【首字母】  Why do so many people learn English? It's d______ to answer the question. Boys and girls learn English at school because it is one of their s______. Many people learn it because it is very u______ in their work. With the help of English, they can r_____ lots of books which are written in English. They can e______ watching foreign films and TV plays. Or they can communicate（交流） with foreigners freely. Keys： 1. difficult                It‘s difficult to do ...  做……是不容易的 2.  subjects               要注意用复数哦 3.  useful                  有用的  4.  read                   提示词“book”你发现了吗 5.  enjoy                  enjoy+doing 享受…… 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$