2023届高三英语一轮语法复习 第06讲 介词和介词搭配 讲义

►第06讲 介词 介词：虚词之一（虚词还包括连词，冠词，助词，叹词等），是为了介绍实词而存在的，可理解为前置词，，通常放置在名词代词等前面，用来增添附加信息（时间，地点，原因，目的，对象等），二者共同组成介宾结构，即介词短语，在句子当中可以充当主语、表语、定语、宾补、状语。 作主语：Between 10 and 11 is a good time for me. 作表语The meeting is at 2 o’clock. 作定语This is the key to the house 作宾补I found the meat is in good condition. 作状语Students have lunch at 12 o’clock./Students have lunch in the canteen. 一、方位介词 介词的种类很多。有许多表示事物存在的方向和位置的介词，我们称之为方位介词。如in（在……里），behind (在……后面)，down (向下)等等。其中有些方位介词的意义比较接近，在用法上很难区分，如on, over, above 都有“在……之上”的意思，但含义却不尽相同。我们可以用三个图示配以简短的文字叙述来说明这三个介词的不同用法。 on (强调与物体的表面相接触) over （不必与物体表面相接触，但强调与物体的位置垂直） above（不必与物体表面相接触，也不必与物体的位置垂直） 通过这种方法，我们很容易掌握这三个介词的用法。现将初中英语教材中的部分方位介词用图示的方法归纳列举如下: 介 词 图 示 意 义 例 句 1 in 在……之内 The students are reading in the classroom. 学生们在教师里读书。 2 on 在……上面 The boat is on the river. 那条船在河上。 3 over 在……（正）上方 There are several bridges over the river. 河上有好几座桥。 4 under 在……（正）下方 The boat sailed under the bridge. 船在桥下行驶。 5 obove 在……上方 The plane flew above the clouds. 飞机在云上飞行。 6 below 在……下方 The sun sinks below the horizon. 太阳沉没在地平线下。 7 By 在……旁边 Our house is by the river. 我们的房子在河边。 Beside Come and sit beside me. 过来坐在我旁边。 8 near 在……附近 I don’t need a car because I live near the city centre . 我不需要汽车，因为我住在靠近市中心 9 next to 紧挨…… My best friend sits next to me in class. 上课时我最好的朋友坐在我的旁边。 10 behind 在……后面 Olive hid behind a tree. 奥列弗藏在一棵树后面。 11 before 在……之前 He made a speech before a large audience. 他在许多观众面前发表了讲话。 12 outside 在……外面 He parked his car outside the heater. 他把汽车停在剧场外面。 13 to 到……去 We walked to the fruit shop. 我们步行到水果店。 14 from 从……来 We traveled to London from Edingburgh. 我们从爱丁堡旅行到伦敦。 15 (a)round 围绕…… All sat around the table. 所有的人围绕着桌子坐。 16 between 在……之间（指二者） The letter B is between A and C. 字母B在A和C之间。 17 among 在……之间（指三者或三者以上） The house stands among the trees. 房子在树丛中。 18 across 横过、越过…… If the road is busy, don’t walk across it. 如果道路拥挤，就不要横穿马路。 19 through 穿过…… We drove through the tunnel. 我们开车穿过了隧道。 20 onto 向上 The men lift the baskets onto the trucks. 人们把篮子运上卡车。 21 into 进入到…之内 They put the apples into the baskets. 他们把苹果放进篮子里。 22 out of 从……出来 Don’t look out of the window in class. 上课时不要朝窗外看。 23 along 沿着 Walk along this street, then turn left, you can see the post office. 沿着这条街走，然后向右拐，你就可以看到邮局。 24 up 向上 The monkeys climbed up the trees to pick the bananas. 猴子爬上树上去摘香蕉。 25 down 向下 The ball is rolling down the hill. 球正往山下滚。 二、时间介词 介词 意义 例句 1 at 表示时刻、时间的某一点 at noon, at 7 o’clock, at dawn, at daybreak, at sunrise, at Christmas 2 on on表示具体的某一天，某一天的上、下午或晚上 on October 1st, on a rainy day, on National Day 3 in 表示月、季节、年，泛指上午、下午、晚上（在一段时间内） in Ming Dynasty, in September, in the morning 4 before 表示“在……之前”； I will be back before lunch.午饭之前我赶回来。 5 after 表示“在……之后” The nights start after half past five in winter.冬天的夜晚在5点半之后开始。 6 by 表示“在……之前，截止到……” Can you repair my bike by Friday?你能在星期五之前修好我的自行车吗？ 7 until/till 表示“直到……为止”； You can stay on the bus until London.你可以不用下车，一直坐到伦敦。 8 for 表示“达……之久”，指经过多长时间，常和完成时连用； They have lived here for five years.他们已经在这里生活了5年。 9 for 表示“在……期间或某项活动中”； She learned Japanese during her stay in Shanghai.她在上海逗留期间学会了日语。 10 through 表示“一直……”，指从开始到结束。 They played cards through the night.他们打了一整夜的牌。 11 from 表示“从……起”； The meeting will be held from seven to nine.这个会议将从7点开到9点。 12 since 表示“自从……以来（表示从以前某时一直到现在仍在继续）” I have been sick since yesterday.我从昨天起就病了。 I have been studying medicine since 2021.自从2021年以来我一直在学习医学。 13 in 表示“在……后（未来时间）”； He will be back in three hours.他3小时后回来。 14 within 表示“不超过……的范围”。 You must finish the test within an hour.你必须在一小时之内完成这项测试。 3、 其他介词 介词 意义 例句 1 against 意为“反对”,指在观点或张方面与某人采取立的态度 He is against your opinion.他反对你的观点 2 for 指在观点或主张等方面与某人采取一致的态度，思是“支持，赞成”，与in favor of同义。 Are you for the plan or against it?你支持还是反对这个计划? 3 besides 表示“除了……外，还有……”，表示累加关系，指包括介词宾语在内； I like English and maths besides Chinese.除了语文，我还喜欢英语和数学。 4 except 表示“除……以外”，表示排除关系，指从整体中除去一部分； Everyone is here except Miss Ye.除了叶老师外，所有人都在这里。 5 but 表示“除……以外”，与except同义，但是比except的语气更强烈。 There is nothing in the basket but three eggs.篮子里除了3个鸡蛋外，什么也没有。 4、 介词搭配 搭配 意义 常用搭配 介词 + 名词 1 at+n. 表示状态 at peace 处于和平中 at ease 安心自在,不拘束 at drill 在操练 at random随意地,胡乱地 at work 在工作 at play 在玩耍 2 by+n. 表示方式 by hand 手工的 by mistake 错误的 by chance/accident 偶然 by design 故意地 by turns 轮流地,交替地 by surprise 突然(冷不防,出其不意地) 3 in+n. 表示方式 in shape 在外形上 in cash 用现金付的 in brief 简言之 in detail 详细地 in general 一般说来 in person 亲自 in tum 轮流，依次 in advance 事先提前 in vain 白费，徒劳 4 in+n 表示状态 in debt 负债 in order 整齐 in condition健康 in doubt 怀疑 in danger 处于危险中 in surprise惊奇地 in public 公开的 in shame 由于害羞 in comfort舒适地 5 of +n. 表示特征 of value 有价值 of importance重要 of use 有用 of help 有帮助 of interest有兴趣 of ability 有能力 6 on +n. 表示状态 on guard 值班，警戒 on show/display展览 on business 因公出差 on strike在罢工 on duty 值班 on leave/sick leave 在度假/休病假 7 out of +n 表示状态 out of sight 看不到 out of mind 发狂 out of danger脱离危险 out of trouble摆脱困难 out of office 在野，不执政 out of business 失业 out of fashion 不流行 out of order 出故障 out of debt 不欠债 out of control不受控制 out of question 毫无疑问 out of breath 气喘吁吁 out of condition 身体不佳 out of date 过时 8 under+n. 表示被动 under discussion/treatment/control/attack/consideration在讨论中/治疗中/控制中/被攻击/在考虑中 9 with+n. 表示方式 with pleasure愉快地 with delight 高兴地 with fear 吓得 with satisfaction 满意地 with difficulty困难地 with ease 轻而易举地 介词 + 形容词 + 1 adj. + about be anxious about 为……而忧虑 be certain/sure about 对……有把握 be doubtful about 对……怀疑 be enthusiastic about 对……热情的/热心的 be hopeful about 对……抱有希望 be incredulous about 对……不相信 2 adj.+ at be quick at 做……敏捷 be slow at 对……反应慢 be surprised at 对……吃惊 be bad at 不擅长 be terrified at 受到……恐吓 be shocked at ……震惊 3 adj. + from be absent from 缺席 be free from 不受……影响 be safe from 安全 be different from 与……不同 4 adj. + for be anxious for 渴望 be hungry for渴望 be eager for 渴望 be fit for 适合 be unfit for不适合 be thankful for 因……而感激 be famous for 因……而著名 be ready for为……作好准备 be responsible for 对……负责 be suitable for 适合某人 5 adj. + in be weak in不擅长…… be strict in 对……严格 be rich in 含有丰富的…… be dressed in 穿着… be successful in 在……上成功 be absorbed in 专心于 be disappointed in 对……失望 be experienced in 对……有经验 be expert in 在……方面熟练 be fortunate in 有幸 6 adj. + of be ashamed of 羞耻 be aware of 知道 be guilty of 有罪的 be proud of 骄傲 be short of 缺乏 be sick of 厌烦 be tired of 厌倦 be worthy of值得 be free of 免于 be shy of 对……感到害羞 7 adj. + to be contrary to 与……相反 be determined to 决定…… be equal to 等于 be familiar to 对……所熟悉 be favourable to 对……有利 be harmful to 对……有害 be different to 不同于 be similar to 相似,相似 be polite to 对……有礼貌 be rude to 对……无礼 be determined to 决定… be equal to 等于 be familiar to对……所熟悉 be favourable to对……有利 be harmful to对……有害 be similar to 相似，相似 be polite to对……有礼貌 be suitable to 适合于 be rude to对……无礼 be married to 与……结婚 8 adj. + with be popular with 受……欢迎 be patient with 对……有耐心 be sick with 患病 be pleased with 对……喜欢 be crowded with 充满…… be content with 对……满足 be annoyed with 对……烦恼 be familiar with 精通,熟悉 be friendly with 与……友好 be nervous with 对……紧张 be satisfied with 对……满意 9 adj. + on be dependant on 依靠 be keen on 热衷于…… be severe on对……严格/严厉 名词 + 介词 + 名词 介词 + 1 n. +by+n. side by side 肩并肩 step by step 一步一步地 one by one 一个接一个地 little by little一点一点地 day by day 一天一天地 2 n. + after +n. day after day日复一日地 year after year 复一年地 3 n.+in+n. arm in arm 手挽手地 hand in hand手牵手地 heart in ones mouth 提心吊胆 4 n.+ to +n. day to day 日常的 heart to heart互相交心地 face to face 面对面地 back to back 背靠背地 shoulder to shoulder 肩并肩地 5 in +n. +of in fear of 害怕 in charge of负责 in honor of 为纪念,为庆祝 in memory of 为纪念 in need/want/demand of需要 in place of 代替 in possession of 拥有 in search of 寻找 n case of 以防,万一 in control of 管理 in danger of处于……的危险中 in terms of就......而言 In respect of关于，涉及 in spite of尽管，虽然 in praise of表扬 from... to...构成的短语 from beginning to end 从头到尾 from head to foot从头到脚，浑身 from bad to worse 越来越糟 from morning to night 从早到晚 from time to time 不时地 from place to place 各处 from door to door挨门挨户地 from top to bottom 整个地，彻底地 from cover to cover(书)从头到尾 from hand to mouth勉强糊口 from generation to generation一代一代地 考向1 常考介词 1.（2023届广东省深圳市高三年级二调试题）As a result,they brought firework displays________a whole new level. 2.(2023届浙江省9 1高中联盟年高三5月模拟试卷) Besides, the China’s 82-member official rescue team, with large amounts of disaster relief materials and equipment ________ board, landed in Adana in southern Turkey at 4:30 am local time on Wednesday. 考向2 其它介词 1.（2023届广东省揭阳市跨市区校高三5月联考试题) Once the shape is completed, ________ spade is used to glue a wooden stick to the artwork and to separate it from the marble slab. 考向3 介词短语 1. (2023届湖北省高三年级5月份联考试题)The chimes consist ________ bells in different sizes arranged in the order of the pitch (音高), which are hung on a huge bell-cot. 2.（2023届哈尔滨师范大学附属中学高三第三次模拟考试）She has confidence ________ the international appeal of traditional Chinese culture. 3.(2023届湖北省圆创联考高三下学期五月联合测评试题)Great writers are those who not only have great thoughts but also express these thoughts in words which appeal powerfully_______our minds and emotions. 所给词的适当形式填空 1.（2022年新高考I卷) Giant pandas also serve ________ an umbrella species(物种), bringing protection to a host of plants and animals in the southwestern and northwestern parts of China. 2. (2021年新高考II卷) A company representative wrote back and told me the airline was switching over _________ plastic to paper cups on all of its 1,200 daily flights. 3. (2019年全国卷1)Modern methods ________ tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s, and are expensive to perform consistently over a large area. 课后练习 一、用单词的适当形式填空 1.The regulation also advocates proper research and application of Yunnan’s resources of ancient tea trees, raising varieties________ new tea trees of good quality, as well as the establishment of relevant industrial chains. 2. The seasonal tea is known ________ its tender leaves and fresh flavor. 3. In recent years, the 600-year-old Forbidden City has become an Internet celebrity, launching thousands of cultural and artistic products ________ stationery (文具) and furnishings to clothing and cosmetics (化妆品). 4.There is so much ________ us to do together. Long live the friendship between China and France!” he tweeted. 5.More than 10,000 participants _______ over 30 countries and regions around the world compete in the festival every year. 6. Also_________primary note is the fact that the construction of the demonstration zone mainly relies on independent research. 7.“My passion ________ Hanfu came from two of my friends who love traditional Chinese clothing, ” Liu said. 8.Since then Hackett has opened up a large number of other bungee jumping sites around the world and is perhaps the single person most responsible_______making bungee jumping a safe and popular adventure sport. 9. Backed by picturesque hills and towering ancient woods, this village is noted ________ the harmony of its architecture and its colorful fields. 10.“It can get really crowded with customers, especially on weekends, during which we need to keep the door open _______ 11 in the morning to 12 midnight, ” a shop owner said. 11. During an unannounced visit____him one day in May, Wan noticed his loneliness,which made her sad. 12. He answered, “I’d been running after my happiness ___38___ eighty years, but it was useless. 13.I discovered some of my favorite places in Paris ______ wandering. 14. Both the pancake and the roll are rich _______the selection of ingredients while the spring roll features a more crispy taste. 15. Despite reports that highlighted the negative impacts of a warming climate on the ocean, hope was_______the menu at the conference as well. 二、单项选择 1. The last line added was the Jubilee Line, which was open in 1979 the twenty-fifth anniversary of Elizabeth II being the queen. A. in sight of B. in honour of C. in place of D. in favour of 2. He is always helping people without expecting anything ________. A. in common B. in turn C. in danger D. in return 3. I have an appointment________Dr. Smith, but I need to change it. A. to B. off C. with D. from 4. Some traditional exercise like jogging, swimming and climbing may help people stay ______. A. in order B. in place C. in advance D. in shape 5. a smiling or sad face added to a post, your reader can "see" your facial expression. A. When B. With C. As D. By 6. Much to our disappointment, this clothing factory was horribly managed and ______. A. out of reach B. out of shape C. out of order D. out of practice 7. As a reward ________ his contribution ________ botany, Joseph Banks had a flower named ________ him. A. for; to; after B. for; for; to C. to; for; after D. of; to; for 8. The younger generation is turning its back on the traditional holiday routes of museums and shopping malls ______ adventurous experiences. A. in recognition of B. in defence of C. in terms of D. in favor of 9. It really annoys me that whenever I have important issues to deal with, something unexpected always keeps getting ________. A. in sight B. in the way C. around the corner D. out of place 10. They believe that there are transport developments ______ that will bring a lot of changes for the better. A. out of date B. out of order C. around the clock D. around the corner 11. I still remember ________ one occasion, we were sitting ________ the shade of a big tree playing and chatting happily. A. on; in B. at; under C. in; under D. at; in 12. The quality of the teachers will influence the students,and ________, the quality of the students will influence the teachers. A. as a result B. in vain C. in turn D. in time 13. —How about your job interview? —Oh, _______ your help, it was a great success. A. thanks to B. regardless of C. in spite of D. with reference to 14. Four Chinese models were ________ the 14 people awarded prizes on Friday at the World Supermodel Competition. A. among B. between C. along D. beside 15. Mom told him he was forbidden to watch TV for a month. _______, he stormed out of the room. A. In response B. In turn C. In return D. In advance 16. If you enjoy reading, then ____do that whenever you want. A. by all means B. by no means C. anything but D. nothing but 17. April 21 was the national memorial day ____ were killed in Yushu Earthquake on April 14 2010. A. in honor of any one who B. in celebration of  those who C. in memory of  whoever D. in charge of  no matter who 18. ________ anxiety, COVID-19 has also brought opportunities to some industries and changes to our lifestyles. A. Due to B. In spite of C. Apart from D. According to 19. That is not a match. We're playing chess just ____________. A. in use B. in comfort C. for fun D. for sale 20. —The film star appears very charming in public and talkative. —Oh, yes! _________, he is also rather kind, generous and enthusiastic to his fans. A. In addition B. As a result C. In contrast D. Not really 21. I had always impressed________the kids that if they worked hard they would succeed in life. A. with B. to C. on D. for 22. ―More than fifty students competed ________ each other in the composition competition. ―But they could only compete________three medals. A. against; with B. against; on C. with; for D. for; for 23. You can take the rest of the pie with you. ________, I wish you would, since I’m on a diet. A. On the other hand B. As a matter of fact C. As a consequence D. In addition to it 24. We were two months ________ schedule, so we had to do much extra work. A. ahead B. beside C. under D. behind 25. He looked very confident and calm during the test, but he was extremely nervous. A. in trouble B. in danger C. in reality D. in surprise 26. I don't agree with your plan. You should never put your fortune ________ luck. A. in honor of B. at the mercy of C. in charge of D. in memory of 27. Music treatment involves a specialist playing an instrument or sing ________ the patient’s mood. A. by means of B. with regard to C. in response to D. on account of 28. _________ his excellent performance in the competition, his teammates all advocated him being their captain. A. In terms of B. In view of C. In addition to D. In spite of 29 The scientist stuck ________ his invention and he succeeded in the end. A. by B. to C. for D. in 30. Floyd Landis made several lame excuses blaming medicine he had been taking for an injury, but these were all _________. A. in progress B. in vain C. in turn D. in tune 31. Your composition is superior ______ his ______ handwriting. A. to; in B. with; in C. to; with D. of; on 三、真题演练 用单词的适当形式填空 1. （2020全国卷I卷）Bamboo plants are associated ______ health, abundance and a happy home. 2.（2022 浙江卷6月）Luc Gandarias, who’s now thirteen, went blind suddenly ________ age seven. 3.(2022年全国甲卷) Now, Cao has started the second part of his dream to walk along the Belt and Road route. He flew 4, 700 kilometers ______ Xi’an to Kashgar on Sept. 20, planning to hike back to Xi’an in five months. 4. (2022年全国乙卷) May 21st this year marks the first International Tea Day, which was named officially ______ the United Nations on November 27th, 2019. 5.(2022年北京卷)Helen was walking down the street late ________ the evening, her arms filled with grocery bags. 6.（2021 浙江卷1月）The study found that between 1985 and 2017, average rural BMI increased ________ 2. 1 in women and men. 7.(2021年北京卷)While riding his bike home ____14____ a cold night，he came across a sad-looking elderly woman wandering the streets by herself． 8.(2021年全国甲卷) It was built originally to protect the city ______ the Tang dynasty and has now been completely restored (修复). 9.(2021年全国乙卷)Due to the growing popularity of environmentally-related and adventure travel, various types ________ trips are now being classified as ecotourism. 8. (2019年全国卷III) We were first greeted with the barking by a pack ______ dogs, seven to be exact. 5、 完成句子 1. 和其他学生相比，麦克更加的勤奋。 _________ ________ other students, Mike is more diligent. 2. 给我印象最深的是他歌唱得好。 _______ _________ __________ ___________that he sang well.（it做形式主语） 3. . 很显然，他是在和我们开玩笑。______________, he is playing a trick on us. 4. 幸福和成功往往属于那些善于认识到自己优势的人。 Happiness and success often belong to ______ ______ are good at recognizing their own strengths. 5. 在中国建立了更多的高速公路，使得人们从一个地方到另一个地方旅行更容易。 More freeways have been built in China,  ______ ______ ______ ______  for people to travel from one place to another. 6. 她的长相跟她能否当个好老师无关。 Her appearance _______ ________ _______ ________ ________whether she can be a good teacher. 7. 在强光下读书会对你的眼睛造成伤害。（一句多译） （1）Reading in the strong light will________  ________  ________ your eyes. （2）Reading in the strong light will ________your eyes . 8. 事实上，人们越来越重视教育了。 ________, more and more people ____________________________. 9. 第一页吸引了读者的注意力，并鼓励读者浏览论文的其余部分。 The first page attracts readers’ attention and encourages them to _______________________. 10. 如果你不注意，你会在这惹上麻烦的。 If you don’t _______ _____, you may get __________ __________ here. 2 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$