2024年中考英语专项复习-句子成分 课件

英语基本句型 和 句子成分 英语句子与汉语句子一样，都是由单词按照一定的规则所组成的。不同的词类在句中所起的作用是不同的。因此，只有搞清不同词类在句中可充当哪些成分，才能正确分析、理解句子的含义，并能准确地遣词造句，逐渐流利地说出地道的英语。 1. 简单句 The girl looks beautiful. 2. 并列句 两个或两个以上的简单句用并列连词连在一起构成的句子,叫做并列句,其基本结构是“简单句+并列连词+简单句”。并列连词有：and, but, or, so等.并列句中的各简单句意义同等重要，相互之间没有从属关系，是平行并列的关系。它们之间用连词连结。 My parents love me very much and my life is happy. 3. 复合句 Although it's raining, they are still working in the field. 主语 S (subject) 谓语 V （predicate） 宾语 O （object） 表语 P （predicative） 补语 C （complement） 定语 A （attribute） 状语 AD (adverbial) 句子包括哪些成分？ 组成句子的各个部分叫句子成分(Members of a Sentence) 。在句子中，词与词之间有一定的组合关系，按照不同的关系，可以把句子分为不同的组成成分。句子成分由词或词组充当。现代英语里一般的句子的基本成分有六种，即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。 　　1.主语：是句子要说明的人或事物，是句子的主体，一般由名词、代词、数词、不定式或动名词等充当。如： 　　The car is running fast.(名词) 　　We are students.(代词) 　　One of my classmates is from Shanghai.(数词) 　　It's bad manners to spit in public.(不定式) 　　Eating too much is bad for your health.(动名词) 　　【注意】若不定式短语作主语常用it作形式主语，而把真正的主语(不定式短语)放在句后。 2.谓语：说明主语的动作或状态，也是句子的主体部分，一般由动词充当。动词分为实义动词、连系动词、情态动词和助动词。如： 　　He works in a factory.(实义动词) 　　I felt cold.(系动词＋表语) 　　How can I get to the station？(情态动词＋实义动词) 　　Do you speak English？(助动词＋实义动词)　　 They are working in a field.(助动词＋实义动词) 　 【注意】谓语与主语在人称与数方面要相互照应。 3.宾语：是及物动词所涉及的对象，跟在vt.后面，一般由名词、代词、不定式及动名词等充当。如： 　　He is doing his homework.(名词) 　　They did nothing this morning.(代词) 　　She wants to go home.(不定式) 　　We enjoy playing football.(动名词) 4.定语：用于修饰名词或代词，一般由形容词、名词、数词、不定式等充当。如： 　　What a beautiful kite it is！(形容词) 　　She is a chemistry teacher.(名词) 　　There are two students in the classroom.(数词) 　　We have something to do tomorrow.(不定式) 　　The man in blue is my brother.(介词短语) 　　【注意】定语一般位于被修饰词之前，但若修饰不定代词或不定式等短语作定语，则放在后面。 5.状语：用于修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，一般由副词、介词短语、不定式短语或从句充当。单个副词作状语一般放在被修饰词之前，短语或从句放在句首或句末。如： 　　Thank you very much.(副词) 　　I get up at five in the morning.(介词短语) 　　He is studying hard so as to catch up with others.(不定式短语) 　　We were having breakfast when the telephone rang.(从句) 　　 6.表语：用于说明主语的身份、特征或感受，一般由名词、数词、形容词、分词等充当。常用的连系动词有：be，look，get，sound(听起来)，feel，become， smell，turn，taste(尝起来)等。如： 　　They are workers.(名词) 　　Two and three is five.(数词) 　　The story is very interesting.(形容词) 　　My job is teaching English.(动名词) 　　She is at home.(介词短语) 　　I feel terrible.(形容词) 　 The dish tastes delicious.(形容词) 7.宾语补足语：用于补充说明宾语的动作，一般位于宾语之后，宾语与宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。需接复合宾语的动词有：tell，let，help，teach， ask，see，have，order，make等。“宾补”一般由不定式短语、分词、名词、形容词等充当。如： 　　We elected him monitor.(名词) 　　I found it difficult to learn English well.(形容词) 　　The doctor told me to do more exercise.(不定式短语) 　 He is going to have his hair cut.(过去分词) 　 They saw a bird flying in the sky.(现在分词) 有哪几种基本的句型结构？ 句子的基本结构 英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。 英语五种基本句型列式如下： 一： Ｓ Ｖ （主＋谓） 二： Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ （主＋系＋表） 三： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ （主＋谓＋宾） 四： Ｓ Ｖ ｏ Ｏ （主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾） 五： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ Ｃ （主＋谓＋宾＋宾补） 1. 主+谓 S+Vi 此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。 The moon │rose. 月亮升起了。 The pen │writes smoothly 这支笔书写流利。 2. 主+谓+宾 S+Vt+O 此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。 He │enjoys │reading. 他喜欢看书。 3. 主+系+表 S+V+P 此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。系动词分两类：be, look, keep, seem等属一类，表示情况；get, grow, become, turn等属另一类，表示变化。be 本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语的作用。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。感官动词多可用作联系动词：look well/面色好,sound nice/听起来不错,feel good/感觉好，smell bad/难闻 I | am | a teacher. His face │turned │red.他的脸红了。 4.主+谓+双宾（sb. sth） S+Vt+o+O 有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，如：give给，pass递，bring带，show显示。这两个宾语通常一个指人，为间接宾语；一个指物，为直接宾语。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前。 一般的顺序为：动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语。如：Give me a cup of tea,please. 强调间接宾语顺序为：动词 + 直接宾语 +介词+ 间接宾语。如：Show this house to Mr.Smith. Ｓ│Ｖ（及物）│ｏ（多指人）│ Ｏ（多指物） He gave me some flowers. 跟双宾语：give, buy, show, tell, write, offer 5.主+谓+宾+宾补 S+Vt+O+C 此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。 Ｓ │Ｖ（及物）│ Ｏ（宾语） │ Ｃ（宾补） 名词/代词宾格 + 名词 The war made him a soldier./战争使他成为一名战士. 名词/代词宾格 + 形容词 New methods make the job easy./新方法使这项工作变得轻松. 名词/代词宾格 + 介词短语 I often find him at work./我经常发现他在工作. 名词/代词宾格 + 动词不定式 The teacher ask the students to close the windows./老师让学生们关上窗户. 名词/代词宾格 + 分词 I saw a cat running across the road./我看见一只猫跑过了马 跟复合宾语：make, ask, tell, see, hear, have ,let, help, order 试一试 1.They work hard. 主 + 谓 2.The flower is dead. 主 + 系 + 表 3.Plants need water. 主 + 谓 + 宾 4.He gives me some seeds. 主 + 谓 + 间宾 + 直宾 5.We should keep the plants in the shade. 主 + 谓 + 宾 + 宾补 6.Many animals live in trees. 主 + 谓 7. I found the book easily. 8. I found the book easy. 9. I have to do something. 10. The book is on the table. 11. I’m thinking of how I should go there. 12.He made me angry. 13. He left his book on the table. 主谓宾 主谓宾 宾补 主谓宾 主系表 主谓宾 主谓宾 宾补 主谓宾 宾补 (一) 挑出下列句中的宾语 ① My brother hasn’t done his homework. ② People all over the world speak English. ④ How many new words did you learn last class? ⑤ Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you? ⑥ The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill. (二) 挑出下列句中的表语 -- The old man was feeling very tired. -- The leaves have turned yellow. -- Soon They all became interested in the subject. (三) 挑出下列句中的定语 1. What is your given name? 2. I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor. 3. The man downstairs was trying to sleep. 4. I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe! (四) 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语 ① She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room. ② He asked her to take the boy out of school. ③ She found it difficult to do the work. ④ They call me Lily sometimes. ⑤ I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus. (五) 挑出下列句中的状语 ① There was a big smile on her face. ② Every night he heard the noise upstairs. ③ He began to learn English when he was eleven. ④ The man on the motorbike was traveling too fast. ⑤ With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off. ⑥ She loves the library because she loves books. ⑦ I am afraid that if you’ve lost it, you must pay for it. ⑧ The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine. 划分句子成分 You will tell your friend that you’ve got to school. 2. But as the moon gave far too much light, I didn’t dare open a window. 3. Another time five months ago, I happened to be upstairs at dusk when the window was open. 4. The dark, rainy evening, the wind, the thundering clouds held me entirely in their power. 1.You will tell (your) friend that you’ve got to school. 2. But [as the moon gave far too much light], I didn’t dare open a window. 3. [Another time five months ago], I happened to be Upstairs [at dusk] (when the window was open). 4. The (dark, rainy) evening, the wind, the thundering Clouds held me [entirely] in their power. 主语 谓语 间宾 定语 直接宾语 原因状语 主语 谓语 宾语 Discussion 小组合作3分钟，造5个句子,分别符合以下5种基本句型结构： 系动词：be, become, look, taste, smell, sound, seem, keep, stay 不及物动词：arrive, wait, listen, happen, work, live 及物动词： reach, visit, spend, enjoy, give, buy 跟双宾语：give, buy, show, tell, write, offer 跟复合宾语：make, ask, tell, see, hear, have ,let, help, order $$