内容正文:
新人教版(2024)七年级上册英语语法SU1语法基础
一、句子成分
句子成分主要包括主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语和同位语。
1. 主语(Subject, S):
句子的主体,全句述说的对象。
一般由名词、代词、不定式、动名词或从句担当,位于句首。
示例:The boy needs a pen.(名词作主语)
2. 谓语(Predicate, V):
说明主语的动作或状态。
由动词或系动词加表语担任,常置于主语后。
示例:She is reading.(系动词+表语)
3. 宾语(Object, O):
表示动作的对象。
一般由名词或代词担当,常置于谓语后。
示例:He likes playing football.(名词作宾语)
4. 表语(Predicative, P):
用以表述主语的特征、状态、身份等。
一般由名词或形容词担任,置于系动词或be动词之后。
示例:He is a student.(名词作表语)
5. 定语(Attribute, Att):
对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子。
示例:The black bike is mine.(形容词作定语)
6. 状语(Adverbial, Adv):
用以修饰adj./v./adv.及全句,位置灵活。
示例:He speaks English very well.(副词作状语)
7. 补语(Complement, C):
补充说明宾语或主语的情况。
由n./adj./介宾/分词/不定式等担任,常位于宾语或主语后。
示例:He made me happy.(形容词作宾补)
8. 同位语(Appositive):
对句子中的某个成分作进一步的解释、说明或者限定。
一般由名词、代词、名词性短语或从句充当。
示例:Tom, our monitor, is a handsome boy.(名词短语作同位语)
二、句子结构
根据结构划分,句子可以分为简单句、并列句和复合句。
1. 简单句(Simple Sentence):
只包含一个主谓结构的句子。
示例:She is a teacher.(主+系+表)
2. 并列句(Compound Sentence):
包含两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子,句与句之间通常用并列连词(如and, but, or)或分号来连接。
示例:I like apples, but he likes oranges.(两个简单句通过but连接)
3. 复合句(Complex Sentence):
包含一个主句和一个或几个从句的句子。从句由从属连词引导。
示例:The film had begun when we got to the cinema.(主句+时间状语从句)
3、 简单句的五种基本句型
1. S + Vi(主+不及物动词):
主语+不及物动词。
示例:We come.(come为不及物动词)
2. S + V系 + P(主+系+表):
主语+系动词+表语。
示例:She is beautiful.(is为系动词,beautiful为表语)
3. S + Vt + O(主+谓+宾):
主语+及物动词+宾语。
示例:I love you.(love为及物动词,you为宾语)
4. S + Vt + IO + DO(主+谓+间宾+直宾):
主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语。
示例:He gave me a book.(me为间接宾语,a book为直接宾语)
5. S + Vt + O + OC(主+谓+宾+宾补):
主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语。
示例:He made me happy.(me为宾语,happy为宾补)
4、 人称代词的形式
人称代词是代替名词的词,根据其在句子中的作用,可以分为不同形式。
1. 主格形式(Subjective Pronouns)
用于作为句子的主语。
2. 宾格形式(Objective Pronouns)
用于作为动词或介词的宾语。
3. 物主代词形式(Possessive Pronouns)
用于表示所有权。
五、人称代词的基本用法
1. 主格用法
在句子中作主语。
示例:I am a student.(我是一名学生。)
2. 宾格用法
在句子中作动词或介词的宾语。
示例:He likes me.(他喜欢我。)/ Give it to me.(把它给我。)
3. 物主代词用法
名词性物主代词用作主语、宾语、表语等,相当于名词。
形容词性物主代词用作定语,修饰名词。
示例:This is my book.(这是我的书。)/ The book is mine.(这本书是我的。)
六、特殊用法和注意事项
1. it的特殊用法
代替婴儿或不清楚性别的人。
代替指示代词this或that。
在句子中作形式主语或宾语,代替由不定式、动名词等表示的主语或宾语。
2. 性别不明的指代
当上文提到的人的性别不明时,一般用he/him来指代。但也可用they/them指代,这取决于语境的正式程度。
对于anybody, everybody, nobody, anyone, someone, everyone, no one等性别不明的不定代词,也可用单数he, him或复数they, them指代。
3. 并列代词的顺序
并列的单数代词作主语或宾语时,排列顺序通常为:第二人称、第三人称、第一人称(但在翻译时按汉语习惯进行)。
并列的复数代词作主语或宾语时,排列顺序为:第一人称、第二人称、第三人称。
4. 表语中的主宾格使用
在口语中,当人称代词用作表语时,用主格和宾格均可。但单独使用的人称代词通常用宾格。
语法实践
一、请标明横线部分的成分名称。
1. The cat catches the mouse.
2. She sings beautifully.
3. I love ice cream.
4. He gave me a book.
5. She is happy.
6. The red car is fast.
7. We will meet at the park tomorrow.
8. I know that he is right.
9. She likes to read, and he likes to play basketball.
10. Yesterday, my friend and I went to the beach to play volleyball.
2、 单项选择。
1. _____ am a student. _____ like reading books.
A. I; I B. Me; Me C. I; Me D. Me; I
2. She gave _____ a present for _____ birthday.
A. me; my B. I; me C. me; myself D. myself; me
3. _____ can speak French, but _____ can't speak Japanese.
A. They; we B. We; they C. Them; us D. Us; them
4. _____ is my friend, and _____ name is Lily.
A. She; her B. Her; she C. She; she D. Her; her
5. If _____ find the book, please give it to _____.
A. you; me B. your; mine C. you; I D. your; me
6. _____ like playing football, but _____ sister prefers swimming.
A. He; he B. He; his C. Him; his D. His; him
7. _____ mother is a teacher, and _____ father is a doctor.
A. My; my B. Mine; mine C. My; I D. I; my
8. _____ always help _____ with my homework.
A. They; I B. Them; me C. They; me D. Them; I
9. _____ don't know where _____ should go next.
A. We; we B. Us; us C. We; they D. Us; they
10. _____ are good friends, and we often help _____.
A. You; you B. You; yourselves C. We; you D. We; each other
3、 语法填空。
1. This is my book, but that one is _____. (you)
2. _____ like to play basketball after school. (they)
3. Can _____ speak Chinese? (he)
4. The teacher gave _____ a pen as a reward. (I)
5. _____ sister is a doctor. (he)
6. Is this pen _____? No, it's not _____. (she)
7. _____ are having lunch in the dining hall. (we)
8. Look at the boy over there. _____ is my cousin. (he)
9. _____ friend helped me with my math homework. (she)
10. The cat belongs to _____. (they)
答案解析
一
1.The cat(主语) catches the mouse.
2.She sings(谓语) beautifully.
3.I love ice cream(宾语).
4.He gave me(间接宾语) a book.
5.She is happy(表语).
6.The red(定语) car is fast.
7.We will meet at the park tomorrow(状语).
8.I know that he is right(宾语从句).
9.She likes to read, and he likes to play basketball.(并列分句)
10.Yesterday(时间状语), my friend and I(主语) went to the beach to play volleyball.(目的状语)
二
AAAAA BACAD
三
1. yours
2. They
3. he
4. me
5. His
6. hers;hers
7. We
8. He
9. Her
10. them
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