专题16 阅读理解议论文-2024年高二英语暑期尖子生专题检测必刷题（新高考）

专题16 阅读理解议论文 ———————————————————————————————————————— 高二名校阅读理解议论文专练 1.（23-24高二下·云南曲靖·阶段练习）With the holiday season coming up, there has been a lot of advertising. This really got me thinking about our society. Stores such as Walmart and Superstore immediately put their Christmas decorations up the day after Halloween! What does this say about our community? The holiday season is supposed to be about whom you spend it with, a time to remember friends and family. It is a time to be grateful for what you have and to help out those less fortunate, to admire the Christmas tree in decorations and strings of lights, to spend time with friends who have been far away. These are the memories that will stay with us. Holidays should have nothing to do with advertising and sales. However, holidays have been so commercialized since the invention of the television that people are starting to associate them with sales. There is nothing wrong with the desire to do something nice for your family and your friends, which is a reflection of the feelings for that particular person on any given day of the year. However, the media is making it seem like without an expensive gift, the holiday isn't as memorable. An expensive gift is not the only way to demonstrate affection, despite the claims of many advertisements. The media is placing a price on the holidays when really it should be about family and friends. The commercialization of the holiday season is overwhelming, to say the least. For example, Christmas used to be all about giving without any hidden motives. Now as a result of all the advertising, most people think that the joy of the holiday comes out of the gifts. The media is giving people unrealistic expectations of holidays. It tries to tell the public that without buying the most expensive gifts, most expensive Christmas trees, food or clothes your holiday season will not be memorable. They make gift buying seem like an obligation and it makes holidays become all about the presents and not family. This misrepresentation gives people the false impressions that without the presents life is meaningless. Without the true values of the holiday the true spirit and meaning will vanish. Advertising is simply just taking over our lives. So this holiday season, instead of looking forward to all the presents you receive, go celebrate the true meaning of the holidays. 1．What should people do during a holiday according to the passage? A．Go to visit a friend who lives far away. B．Do holiday shopping at Walmart and Superstore. C．Keep our friends and family company. D．Decorate the Christmas tree after Christmas shopping. 2．What does the author think about the expensive gift? A．It makes the holiday not as memorable. B．It is unnecessarily the best way to demonstrate affection. C．It delivers no meaning in people's life. D．It gives all people beautiful expectations of holidays. 3．What’s the meaning of the underlined word “obligation” in the para.3? A．Duty B．Routine C．Custom D．Guilt 4．What is the text type of this passage? A．A research paper B．A diary C．A blog post D．An advertisement 2.（23-24高二下·重庆·阶段练习）Do you have a suit or dress in the closet that you haven’t worn for years but are reluctant to get rid of? Maybe you say, “I can’t throw that away because I paid good money for it.” If you recognize this in yourself, then you are suffering from commitment to the sunk cost fallacy (谬论). It occurs when we feel that we have invested too much to quit. This psychological trap causes us to stick with a plan even if it no longer serves us and the costs clearly outweigh the benefits. Arkes and Blumer conducted a survey revealing that people are influenced by sunk cost fallacy in their decisions. Participants were asked to imagine a situation where they accidentally booked two ski tickets for the same date, spending $100 on a ski trip to Michigan and $50 on Wisconsin. They were also told the latter would be more enjoyable. It turned out that 54% chose Michigan despite the reasonable choice being Wisconsin, because they had made a greater initial investment. Sunk cost fallacy takes place when we let emotions cloud our decisions. Once we’ve invested in a choice, we feel guilt or regret if we don’t follow through, without realizing that past investments won’t be recovered. Instead, we base decisions on past costs, ignoring present and future costs and benefits. This may be due to loss aversion (厌恶), where people place more weight on losses than on gains. As a result, our decisions often aim to avoid losses instead of seeking the benefits gained if we let go of the past commitment. No one can deny the fact that we benefit a lot from perseverance. So our society loves to emphasize perseverance. Never give up! Don’t waste. But only you know the right path for you. Sometimes walking away is the hardest choice of all. You might realize a path you’re on is no longer the right one or never was. That’s a painful realization. 5．What phenomenon does the author describe at the beginning of the text? A．People benefit from sticking with a plan. B．People’s consumption view has changed. C．People refuse to give up the past commitment. D．People’s clothes are becoming more expensive. 6．Why did 54% of the participants choose the Michigan trip? A．To save more of the loss. B．To appear more reasonable. C．To make a greater investment. D．To enjoy more of themselves. 7．When does “sunk cost fallacy” occur? A．When we don’t follow through our choices. B．When we attach more importance to potential gains. C．When we feel it worthwhile to invest in past decisions. D．When we emotionally stick with investment already made. 8．What is the author’s attitude toward “perseverance”? A．Favorable. B．Objective. C．Critical. D．Unclear. 3.（23-24高二下·江苏南通·期中）One day, a snowstorm blanketed Washington, D．C．, the whole city became a white world. When I awoke, I immediately put on my warmest clothes and dashed outside. I wanted to build a snowman. Then I noticed I had audience — a couple with coffee cups in their hands. My face flushed (脸红) with shame as I tried to come up with an answer to their unspoken question: Don’t you have anything better to do? A middle-aged woman playing by herself in the snow is an undoubtedly odd sight, but maybe it shouldn’t be. Modern adults are suffering from excessive physical and emotional stress. We’ve held back our natural play instinct (本能), and that’s causing all kinds of problems — for ourselves, our children, and our planet. Playing suggests that somewhere, deep in our evolutionary history, a playful proto human came up with the concept of stone tools. Even today, the urge to play underlies most of humanity’s greatest inventions, artworks, and scientific breakthroughs. “When I interviewed Nobel Prize winners, I was struck by how most of them didn’t separate work and play. Their labs were their playgrounds,” says Stuart Brown, a play researcher. While object play occasionally results in direct applications, it has a more general benefit as well, says animal behaviorist Marc Bekoff. “Most forms of play are about preparing for the unexpected by expanding your behavioral repertoire (技能).” When animals play by themselves — such as goats jumping around and intentionally landing awkwardly — they learn two lessons: How to recover from missteps and, more generally, how to remain calm when things go sideways. When it comes to humans, as we fully transition to a knowledge-based economy, work and play are beginning to combine again. Some of today’s most successful companies were started by people running small business in their garages. Organizations like these understand the value of encouraging adults to play. In many cases, people aren’t needed for routine, boring tasks any more. “You need passionate people who can invent new things, who can think of new ways of doing things,” Brown says. The next time I’m caught playing, I know exactly what I’ll say: “I am not wasting time or acting immature. I’m playing for the benefit of all humanity. You’re welcome.” 9．Why does the author mention his own experience in the beginning? A．To present a fact. B．To describe a scene. C．To clarify a concept. D．To introduce a topic. 10．What can be inferred from the third paragraph? A．Modern adults are free to act on their instincts. B．Play is the driving power behind human progress. C．Humans make scientific breakthroughs by playing. D．Nobel Prize winners often separate work from play. 11．What qualities do companies most need in the knowledge-based economy era? A．Teamwork and honesty. B．Leadership and empathy. C．Innovation and enthusiasm. D．Patience and determination. 12．Which of the following can be the best title for the text? A．Adults should prioritize playtime B．Adults need to make time for play C．Play can expand and correct behavior D．Play is the source of human inventions 4.（23-24高二下·江苏徐州·期中）As kids, we are taught the importance of forgiving those who hurt us, as this is considered the moral action to take. We are instructed that forgiveness is a virtue and the only way for us to truly move on and heal, freed from the baggage of bearing ill will. Nonetheless, I’m not buying it. While forgiveness can certainly be a lovely gesture, it’s not always the most beneficial option for us. In fact, if someone has hurt you deeply and the relationship isn’t healthy, attempting to “fix” things might actually cause more damage than it’s worth. Most of us would probably agree that forgiving a wrongdoer means letting go of negative emotions — like anger and bitterness — towards them, as if the offense never occurred. Actually this approach is not truly beneficial. It pressures us to minimize our feelings and revise our boundaries—to say “it’s OK” when, in reality, it isn’t for us. While it’s not a good idea to focus on negative thoughts, recognizing and working through all of that pain is an important part of the healing journey. Moreover, when someone fails to make us feel understood or secure, forgiving them can actually reduce our self-worth. A 2010 research paper published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology found that folks who forgave partners that didn’t make them feel valued had less respect for themselves. Letting minor offences that happen now and again slide can be great for any relationship, but repeatedly forgiving bad behavior can encourage that person to keep hurting you. At least, that’s what 2011 research by psychology professor James McNulty argues. He found that when a partner was more likely to forgive those acts, the aggressor was more likely to keep committing them. McNulty suggests that this is because facing the consequences of their actions is what motivates people to change their ways, and being offered a clean slate can be a kind of pass to avoid making changes. So forgiving frequent and major offences, like verbal or physical abuse, can do more harm than good. From my perspective, this highlights the central conflict within the concept. Rather than viewing forgiveness as a magic medicine, we can shift our focus to acknowledging the truth and finding resolution, without feeling any necessity to forgive the person who hurt us. 13．What does the author think about the message in paragraph 1? A．Arguable. B．Undeniable. C．Convincing. D．Logical. 14．How does the author try to support his perspective? A．By making comparisons. B．By presenting statistics. C．By sharing his own experiences. D．By citing the opinions of experts. 15．What does the underlined phrase “a clean slate” in paragraph 4 probably mean? A．A repeated offence. B．A magic medicine. C．A complete forgiveness. D．A terrible consequence. 16．What might be the most suitable title for the text? A．Forgiving is always a virtue. B．Forgiving sometimes depends. C．Forgiving can change everything. D．Forgiving always seems impossible. 5.（23-24高二下·河北石家庄·期末）Have you ever conducted a job interview through video? Do you work remotely and mostly communicate with your colleagues through technologies like Microsoft Teams or Slack? Technologies are rapidly changing how, when, and where we work. But what impact do they have on our work motivation? We recently reviewed the research done to answer this question and unfortunately, the news is not so good. For the most part, technologies have worsened the satisfaction of our psychological needs when we work. They are robbing us of our feelings of control and freedom because they monitor us and tell us what and how to do our work; sometimes they also pressure us to work faster. And they are decreasing our chances to create meaningful relationships with colleagues. To fix and avoid these issues in the future, we have concluded from this review that we need to advocate for the use of psychological knowledge when designing technologies to be used in work environments. Psychologists are well equipped to advise how to design and use technologies in ways that will maintain or even improve the design of our work. Work is considered to be well-designed when it gives us some decision-making power, provides us with performance feedback, and allows us to connect with colleagues not only to increase relatedness but also to see the impact our work has on stakeholders (利益相关者). Good work design makes our work more meaningful. Why is this important? Because work motivation that stems from meaning and enjoyment will be increasingly important in the future of work. Indeed, as work environments and career tracks become more dynamic and precarious, we need workers to be more active and flexible for the changeable situation. And motivation through meaning and enjoyment makes people more active and flexible. So, when you hear your employer wants to introduce new technologies in your workplace, ask them if they have used the service of psychology experts. It will ensure your work keeps being designed in a way that will make it meaningful and enjoyable. 17．According to the recent research review, how do technologies affect our work? A．They decrease our working efficiency. B．They increase our psychological needs. C．They improve our relationships with colleagues. D．They reduce our work motivation for creativity. 18．What does the author suggest for introducing technologies in work? A．Updating technical equipment. B．Consulting psychology experts. C．Reviewing the former research. D．Improving the design of our work. 19．What is paragraph 4 mainly about? A．The process of good work design. B．The potential decision-making power. C．The characteristic of well-designed work. D．The meaning of connection with colleagues. 20．What does the underlined word “precarious” mean in paragraph 5? A．Uncertain. B．Unavoidable. C．Rewarding. D．Straightforward. 6.（23-24高二下·广东深圳·期末）No matter where I direct my gaze, the landscape is dotted with the skeletal frames of new structures taking shape. The familiar neighborhoods of my youth, once adorned with the charm of time-honored edifices, have largely vanished, replaced by the sleek silhouettes of contemporary high-rises. There is a rationale for this transformation: residents are in pursuit of the amenities that modern living promises. However, the question that lingers is, how can the younger generation grasp and uphold their cultural heritage if the tangible remnants of it are continually erased? The advocacy for the conservation of historical buildings transcends mere sentimental yearning for the past. Economic considerations also lend strong support to the cause of preservation. The restoration and safeguarding of historical districts can serve as a catalyst for economic growth, enticing tourists and small enterprises to the locality. A case in point is the historic Al Bastikiya neighborhood in Dubai, which annually attracts a multitude of visitors from across the globe. It also draws the interest of local inhabitants who are keen on exploring the history of their city. Critics often contend that preserving historical monuments is an expensive endeavor, but numerous recent initiatives have shown this belief to be unfounded. In fact, the process of refurbishing an existing structure for alternative use can be approximately £40 per square meter less costly than even the most elementary new construction, all the while retaining the architectural elegance of the original structure. Moreover, despite the common assertion that older buildings are less energy efficient and thus have a larger environmental footprint, architects and environmental specialists assert that the most eco-friendly building is the one that already exists. New construction typically has a more detrimental environmental impact, as it necessitates the procurement and transportation of brand-new materials over potentially lengthy distances, rather than utilizing recycled materials that are readily available on site. In essence, we recycle many other items in our daily lives, and the same principle should be applied to buildings. The act of preserving historical structures presents a multitude of opportunities; in stark contrast, demolition is an irreversible act. Once these architectural gems are lost, they are gone forever, severing an integral thread in our cultural tapestry that can never be regenerated. The decision to preserve or demolish is thus not merely one of aesthetics or economy, but also one of heritage and legacy. 21．What drives people to replace old buildings with new ones? A．Their dislike of old buildings. B．Their pride in cultural identity. C．Their concern about young generations. D．Their desire for modern comforts. 22．What does the example of Al Bastikiya show? A．Historic renovation costs much money. B．Local governments support small businesses. C．Historic preservation brings economic benefits. D．International tourism promises economic recovery. 23．What can be inferred about renovating old buildings from paragraph 3? A．It uses green materials. B．It damages architectural beauty. C．It reduces environmental impact. D．It worries environmental experts. 24．What is the author’s attitude towards historic preservation? A．Positive. B．Doubtful. C．Disapproving. D．Objective. 7.（23-24高二下·广东梅州·期末）I once held the conviction that the essence of the human spirit could only be captured through the medium of language. Literary creations, teeming with unique narratives, sculpted our perceptions of reality. It was language that framed the inquiries we pursued and the solutions to those inquiries. To me, words were paramount. That conviction underwent a transformation. During a routine mathematics lesson, my instructor posed a straightforward query: What is 0.99 rounded to the nearest integer? A simple task. When rounded, 0.99 equates to 1. Yet, I pondered the fact that, although 0.99 is a mere 0.01 shy of 1, that slight distinction remains. Doesn't such a minor difference imply a fundamental divergence? My educator addressed my query by introducing an alternative formulation: 1 is equivalent to 0.9, which can also be depicted as 1 equals 0.999999..., an infinite sequence without cessation. There was an enigmatic yet captivating quality to this mathematical statement. The left side was constant and absolute: it encompassed a finite number. On the right was the embodiment of perpetuity, a numeral in an unending cycle. Yet, these two contrasting entities were linked by an equals sign. While contemplating in repose, I mused on the equation's reflection of our existence. The left side of the equation symbolizes the immutable and lucid aspects of life. The definite, whole numbers representing the day of your birth and the day of your demise. However, there exists an interval between birth and death. The right side signifies a realm brimming with boundless potential and infinite prospects stretching into the unforeseen future. Thus, life embodies objectivity coupled with creativity. It is unyielding yet boundless. Life is akin to an equation with two facets that achieve equilibrium. Nevertheless, we seem perpetually unable to articulate it perfectly. Perhaps numbers are just as capable of conveying concepts as words. For now, let us embrace this notion: 1 equals 0.99999... and lead a life in accordance with it. 25．What does the author emphasize about words in paragraph 1? A．Their wide variety. B．Their literary origins. C．Their distinct sounds. D．Their expressive power. 26．What made the author find the equation fascinating? A．The repetition of a number. B．The way two different numbers are equal. C．The question the teacher raised. D．The difference between the two numbers. 27．Which of the following can replace the underlined word "mused" in paragraph 6? A．Measured. B．Composed. C．Mirrored. D．Influenced. 28．What is a suitable title for the text? A．The Perfect Equation B．Numbers Build Equations C．An Attractive Question D．Words Outperform Numbers 8.（23-24高二下·安徽马鞍山·期末）With the development of new media, the promotion of Mandarin (普通话) and the wave of globalization, the range of application for dialects (方言) has become smaller. Dialects, to some extent, are a culmination (积淀) of local culture. If they are not protected and healthily passed down, this “crisis” might lead to their disappearance. However, since the concept of “language resource” was introduced, the status of dialects has been given renewed importance. Dialects are a living form of intangible cultural heritage (非物质文化遗产) . As the saying goes, “It’s better to sell ancestral (祖先的) land than to abandon ancestral language.” For the recording and preservation of dialects, creating a language environment in which they can enjoy a period of growth and success is vitally important. Folk songs, local operas, dialect courses, community involvement, technological methods, and literary and artistic works can all play significant roles in the protection and inheritance (传承) of dialects. Cao Xueqin was a native of Nanjing, and the Jia family in Dream of the Red Chamber is a distinguished family from Jinling (ancient Nanjing). According to statistics, there are over 1,000 instances of Nanjing dialect in the masterpiece. Shen Congwen’s Border Town vividly portrays a “world of Western Hunan”. The locals refer to copper coins as “tongzi”, the addition of “zi” suggesting it’s just a small object. This reflects the Western Hunan people’s indifference to material wealth. In Lao She’s Rickshaw Boy, the “er” sound is everwhere, full of Beijing flavor. In fact, the literary forms of Chinese dialect have been around since ancient times and are vivid with various flavors. Never forget your dialect and never forget the accent of your hometown. 29．What has happened to dialects since the introduction of the concept of language resource? A．They have been applied less. B．They have gained new recognition. C．They have completely disappeared. D．They have promoted the spread of Mandarin. 30．What does the saying underlined in paragraph 2 imply? A．Ancestral language should be preserved. B．Ancestral land should be developed. C．Ancestral language is a fixed form. D．Ancestral land is more meaningful. 31．Why does the writer refer to the dialects in the novel Dream of the Red Chamber? A．To illustrate the complicated relationship. B．To demonstrate their extensive usage. C．To convey the distinctive Beijing culture. D．To describe the personalities of the characters. 32．In which column of a magazine can you find the text probably? A．Entertainment. B．Culture. C．Health. D．Economy. 9.（23-24高二下·福建厦门·期中）In the days before the internet, critical thinking was the most important skill that informed citizens could have. But in the digital age, according to Anastasia Kozyreva, a German psychologist, an even more important skill is “critical ignoring.” With such an overabundance of information, we need to first decide what’s worth our attention and time, and what’s not. The first strategy is self-nudging. This involves avoiding low-quality information so that we have more quality time for ourselves. It also involves the removal of distracting things from the environment around you. Of course, we need to stay informed of world events, so we can’t just ignore the internet altogether. When you do go into social media, Kozyreva recommends setting time limits, which prevents you from losing track of time as you click on one attractive link after another. The next strategy is lateral (横向的) reading. Its purpose is to improve judgments about the reliability of information, and to protect you from false and misleading information. The strategy involves opening a new web page to find out more about the source of the information. Likewise, it’s also good to check the source of the information in an internet post. Headlines are often cheating. They’re designed to attract attention, not provide information. The main idea of the article may be completely contrary to the implication in the headline. A sensational claim may provide a link with a headline that seems to support it, but a careful reading of the original source shows it doesn’t. We live in a digital age in which we’re overwhelmed with information, much of it of poor quality. Train our critical ignoring skills and we can get the benefits of the internet while we avoid falling victim to those who try to control our attention. 33．Which of the following saying can best describe “critical ignoring”? A．Rob Peter to pay Paul. B．Make something out of nothing. C．Birds of a feather flock together. D．Separate the sheep from the goats. 34．What does the author suggest for applying self-nudging strategy? A．Improving study equipment. B．Managing our own time well. C．Avoiding access to social media. D．Staying informed of what happened. 35．How can we ensure the reliability of information in an article? A．By focusing solely on headlines. B．By randomly browsing through posts. C．By seeking out primary information. D．By consulting authorities for advice. 36．What is the purpose of writing the text? A．To clarify a concept. B．To illustrate a phenomenon. C．To examine a viewpoint. D．To make a proposal. 10.（23-24高二下·福建福州·期中）For more than 60 years bringing the cost of food down had been one of the greatest challenge of the 21 century. That cost, however, is not in immediate cash, for most food is now far cheaper in relative terms than in 1960. The cost is in the unintended damage of the very methods of food production that have made the food cheaper: in the pollution of water, the weakness of soil, the destruction of wildlife, the harm to animal welfare and the threat to human health caused by modern industrial agriculture. First mechanisation, then mass use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides, and now genetic engineering — modern industrial farming has seemed unstoppable, as the yields of produce have soared. But it comes with extensive loss of wildlife and habitat, soil degradation and fertilizer run-off. Put it together and it’s like a battleground, but consumers rarely make the connection at the dinner table. The problems are called “externalities” by economists because they’re not part of the main transaction, like growing and selling wheat. These costs aren’t directly paid by the producers or consumers. But the costs to society can amount to shocking sums. According to a research by Professor Jules Pretty at the University of Essex, repairing the damage caused by intensive farming in one particular year costs £2, 343m in the UK alone, almost as much as the total UK and EU spend on British farming in that year. Can the true cost of food be brought down? In some countries, moving away from industrial agriculture to address hunger is difficult. However, in developed countries, it’s more possible. Governments should support sustainable farming that benefits the environment, economy, health, and animal welfare. Instead of immediately switching to organic farming, Professor Pretty suggests adopting a “Greener Food Standard” which would push the market towards more sustainable environmental practices than the current norm, while not requiring the full commitment to organic production. This standard would guide farmers on better practices in farming, promoting a shift towards a more sustainable agricultural system for both producers and consumers. 37．What is the cost associated with food production? A．Immediate cash loss. B．Increased agriculture yields. C．Promotion of organic farming. D．Impairment to human welfare. 38．Why consumers cannot connect food at table with the external costs? A．The costs are included in the price. B．The costs lie in food growing and selling. C．The costs aren’t directly visible to people. D．People aren’t affected by modern farming. 39．What may cut the cost of food based on the text? A．Giving up clean-up efforts. B．Overlooking global hunger. C．Making flexible farming policies. D．Adopting full organic approaches. 40．What’s the author’s attitude towards modern industrial agriculture? A．Critical. B．Supportive. C．Unconcerned. D．Mindless. 11.（23-24高二下·湖北武汉·期中）It is a truth universally acknowledged that statues of public figures are hated by everyone, except perhaps their creators and, hopefully, their subjects, if they’re still alive to see them. Jane Austen — the author of Pride and Prejudice — will of course not be around when, or if, the statue in memory of her 250th birthday is built at Winchester Cathedral next year, but according to Jane Austen Society vice president Elizabeth Proudman, the author would not have approved of the proposal anyway. “She is known to have been a modest woman who avoided publicity.” Similar views were aired at a public meeting last week, in which local residents raised concerns that an Austen statue would lead to the “Disneyfication” of the sacred Cathedral. It is no disrespect to the statue’s creator — Martin Jennings to say that it’s difficult to imagine crowds of parents being woken up on the first day of the summer holidays by their screaming six-year-olds begging to be driven down the Cathedral to catch a glimpse of Austen in the bronze. Winchester’s is not the first wrangling over a celebrity sculpture in recent years: when the sculpture of Mary Wollstonecraft, the greatest feminist thinker of the 18th century, was on show, it was laughed at as a tiny misshapen woman. The bust (半身像) of footballing Cristiano Ronaldo was revealed at Madeira airport in 2017, which some commentators observed looked more like the former F1 star David Coulthard. To his credit, the bust’s creator, Emanuel Santos, defended himself admirably, saying “Even Jesus did not please everyone.” When Auguste Rodin’s ogreish (妖魔似的) Monument to Balzac went on display in Paris in 1898, it caused such dislike that it was rejected by the very group that had approved it in the first place. Yet by 1969 Kenneth Clark had declared it “the greatest piece of sculpture of the 19th century”. And you can still see it standing in the most visible place in the Musée Rodin’s gardens today. Perhaps there’s a lesson in that for all the maligned (诽谤) sculptors around the world: just wait 70 odd years and things will blow over. Perhaps by the year 2095, Austen, Wollstonecraft and Ronaldo will be standing toe to toe, bringing glory to some greatly-admired galleries. Or, as someone wisely remarks, “time will explain.” 41．Why did the local people worry about building the statue in the Cathedral? A．Because no one likes statues of public figures. B．Because it may show disrespect for the creator. C．Because Jane Austen didn’t want to be exposed publicly. D．Because it may turn the Cathedral into kids’ pleasure ground. 42．What does the underlined word “wrangling” in paragraph 3 mean? A．Arguing. B．Avoiding. C．Justifying. D．Interrupting. 43．How does the third paragraph mainly develop? A．By listing statistics. B．By offering examples. C．By giving a definition. D．By quoting someone’s words. 44．What is the author’s opinion about the statues of public figures? A．They are unworthy to be built. B．They will possibly be popular in the future. C．They will cause people’s hate to the subjects. D．They are bound to bring honor to noted galleries. 12.（23-24高二下·河南开封·期中）There is a myth (神话) in today’s society that human beings are weak and that the only way to be happy and successful in life is to protect oneself by avoiding difficulties. Not only is the myth false, but the actions we take believing them to be “protective” also usually limit happiness and even hamper (阻碍) personal and professional growth. Rather than fear and try to avoid all difficulties, perhaps we should accept the unavoidability of difficulties in life and prepare for, if not welcome, them. As a muscle grows stronger with stress, so can people, teams, organizations, even communities. Sports psychologists Fletcher and Sarkar have studied Olympic gold medal winners. They conclude, “Indeed, most of the participants argued that if they had not experienced certain types of stressors at specific times... they would not have won their gold medals.” Psychologists Richard Tedeschi and Lawrence Calhoun even created the term “posttraumatic growth”. They describe it as the experience of positive change that occurs as a result of highly challenging life crises (危机). It is shown in a variety of ways, including an increased appreciation for life in general, more meaningful interpersonal relationships, an increased sense of personal strength, and a richer spiritual life. The remarkable success stories that arise after moments of great challenge and failure are countless. Abraham Lincoln faced long-term depression, political failure, and the loss of a son but arose from failure and tragedy to become the greatest of American presidents. Thomas Edison failed thousands of times trying to create the world’s first practical light bulb. Harland Sanders developed Kentucky Fried Chicken in his 60s while recovering from a failed career as a lawyer. An English philosopher once wrote the result of sheltering people from their mistakes is to fill the world with fools. Let us not make that mistake. Rather, let us understand that growth arises from challenge and even failure. The myth of overprotection keeps us all from realizing our full potential. 45．The author thinks that . A．human beings are weak B．challenges are unavoidable in life C．we should court disasters D．it is wise to avoid all difficulties 46．Which of the fowllowing can be referred to as “posttraumatic growth”? A．The growth after surviving a big challenge. B．The satisfation after watching a nice movie. C．The pain during the struggle for survival D．The unhappiness for the loss of beloved ones. 47．What is the author’s attitude to sheltering oneself from failures? A．Unclear. B．Favorable. C．Doubtful. D．Disapproving. 48．How is the text mainly developed? A．By analyzing data. B．By conducting surveys. C．By listing examples. D．By making comparisons. 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！6 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 专题16 阅读理解议论文 ———————————————————————————————————————— 高二名校阅读理解议论文专练 1.（23-24高二下·云南曲靖·阶段练习）With the holiday season coming up, there has been a lot of advertising. This really got me thinking about our society. Stores such as Walmart and Superstore immediately put their Christmas decorations up the day after Halloween! What does this say about our community? The holiday season is supposed to be about whom you spend it with, a time to remember friends and family. It is a time to be grateful for what you have and to help out those less fortunate, to admire the Christmas tree in decorations and strings of lights, to spend time with friends who have been far away. These are the memories that will stay with us. Holidays should have nothing to do with advertising and sales. However, holidays have been so commercialized since the invention of the television that people are starting to associate them with sales. There is nothing wrong with the desire to do something nice for your family and your friends, which is a reflection of the feelings for that particular person on any given day of the year. However, the media is making it seem like without an expensive gift, the holiday isn't as memorable. An expensive gift is not the only way to demonstrate affection, despite the claims of many advertisements. The media is placing a price on the holidays when really it should be about family and friends. The commercialization of the holiday season is overwhelming, to say the least. For example, Christmas used to be all about giving without any hidden motives. Now as a result of all the advertising, most people think that the joy of the holiday comes out of the gifts. The media is giving people unrealistic expectations of holidays. It tries to tell the public that without buying the most expensive gifts, most expensive Christmas trees, food or clothes your holiday season will not be memorable. They make gift buying seem like an obligation and it makes holidays become all about the presents and not family. This misrepresentation gives people the false impressions that without the presents life is meaningless. Without the true values of the holiday the true spirit and meaning will vanish. Advertising is simply just taking over our lives. So this holiday season, instead of looking forward to all the presents you receive, go celebrate the true meaning of the holidays. 1．What should people do during a holiday according to the passage? A．Go to visit a friend who lives far away. B．Do holiday shopping at Walmart and Superstore. C．Keep our friends and family company. D．Decorate the Christmas tree after Christmas shopping. 2．What does the author think about the expensive gift? A．It makes the holiday not as memorable. B．It is unnecessarily the best way to demonstrate affection. C．It delivers no meaning in people's life. D．It gives all people beautiful expectations of holidays. 3．What’s the meaning of the underlined word “obligation” in the para.3? A．Duty B．Routine C．Custom D．Guilt 4．What is the text type of this passage? A．A research paper B．A diary C．A blog post D．An advertisement 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．A 4．C 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了节日商业化的影响，呼吁回归节日的本质——与家人朋友共度时光，而非专注于广告和销售。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段的“The holiday season is supposed to be about whom you spend it with, a time to remember friends and family. It is a time to be grateful for what you have and to help out those less fortunate, to admire the Christmas tree in decorations and strings of lights, to spend time with friends who have been far away. These are the memories that will stay with us. (假期应该是关于你和谁一起度过的，一个纪念朋友和家人的时刻。这是一个感激你所拥有的，帮助那些不幸的人，欣赏装饰和灯串的圣诞树，与远方的朋友共度时光的时刻。这些记忆将永远伴随着我们)”可知，本段强调了与亲朋好友共度时光的重要性，所以人们在假期应该陪伴我们的朋友和家人。故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段的“An expensive gift is not the only way to demonstrate affection, despite the claims of many advertisements. The media is placing a price on the holidays when really it should be about family and friends. The commercialization of the holiday season is overwhelming, to say the least. (尽管许多广告声称，昂贵的礼物并不是表达爱意的唯一方式。媒体正在为假期定价，而假期实际上应该是关于家人和朋友的。至少可以说，假日季节的商业化势不可挡)”以及“This misrepresentation gives people the false impressions that without the presents life is meaningless.(这种失实陈述给人一种错误的印象，即没有礼物，生活就没有意义)”可知，作者认为假日季节的商业化势不可挡，媒体给人一种错误的印象，即没有礼物，生活就没有意义。由此可推知，作者觉得昂贵的礼物并非表达感情的必要或最佳方式。故选B。 3．词句猜测题。根据第三段的“The media is giving people  unrealistic expectations of holidays. It tries to tell the public that without buying the most expensive gifts, most expensive Christmas trees, food or clothes your holiday season will not be memorable.(媒体给人们带来了对假期不切实际的期望。它试图告诉公众，如果不购买最昂贵的礼物、最昂贵的圣诞树、食物或衣服，你的节日将不会令人难忘)”以及划线单词所在的后半句“it makes holidays become all about the presents and not family. (它使节日变成了所有的礼物，而不是家庭)”可知，媒体让人们购买昂贵的礼物，让人们认为有了昂贵的礼物才会让人有一个难忘的假日，所以媒体让购买礼物看起来像是一种责任或不得不做的事情，从而影响了节日的本质。所以划线单词的意思为“义务”。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据第一段的“With the holiday season coming up, there has been a lot of advertising. This really got me thinking about our society. Stores such as Walmart and Superstore immediately put their Christmas decorations up the day after Halloween! What does this say about our community?(随着假期的临近，有很多广告。这真的让我开始思考我们的社会。沃尔玛和超市等商店在万圣节后的第二天立即挂上了圣诞装饰品！这说明了我们的社区如何？)”以及全文可知，文章以作者的思考和观点为主线，讨论了节日商业化的影响，呼吁回归节日与家人团聚的本质，不符合研究论文、日记或广告的格式与内容特点，更符合个人在博客上发表观点的形式。故选C。 2.（23-24高二下·重庆·阶段练习）Do you have a suit or dress in the closet that you haven’t worn for years but are reluctant to get rid of? Maybe you say, “I can’t throw that away because I paid good money for it.” If you recognize this in yourself, then you are suffering from commitment to the sunk cost fallacy (谬论). It occurs when we feel that we have invested too much to quit. This psychological trap causes us to stick with a plan even if it no longer serves us and the costs clearly outweigh the benefits. Arkes and Blumer conducted a survey revealing that people are influenced by sunk cost fallacy in their decisions. Participants were asked to imagine a situation where they accidentally booked two ski tickets for the same date, spending $100 on a ski trip to Michigan and $50 on Wisconsin. They were also told the latter would be more enjoyable. It turned out that 54% chose Michigan despite the reasonable choice being Wisconsin, because they had made a greater initial investment. Sunk cost fallacy takes place when we let emotions cloud our decisions. Once we’ve invested in a choice, we feel guilt or regret if we don’t follow through, without realizing that past investments won’t be recovered. Instead, we base decisions on past costs, ignoring present and future costs and benefits. This may be due to loss aversion (厌恶), where people place more weight on losses than on gains. As a result, our decisions often aim to avoid losses instead of seeking the benefits gained if we let go of the past commitment. No one can deny the fact that we benefit a lot from perseverance. So our society loves to emphasize perseverance. Never give up! Don’t waste. But only you know the right path for you. Sometimes walking away is the hardest choice of all. You might realize a path you’re on is no longer the right one or never was. That’s a painful realization. 5．What phenomenon does the author describe at the beginning of the text? A．People benefit from sticking with a plan. B．People’s consumption view has changed. C．People refuse to give up the past commitment. D．People’s clothes are becoming more expensive. 6．Why did 54% of the participants choose the Michigan trip? A．To save more of the loss. B．To appear more reasonable. C．To make a greater investment. D．To enjoy more of themselves. 7．When does “sunk cost fallacy” occur? A．When we don’t follow through our choices. B．When we attach more importance to potential gains. C．When we feel it worthwhile to invest in past decisions. D．When we emotionally stick with investment already made. 8．What is the author’s attitude toward “perseverance”? A．Favorable. B．Objective. C．Critical. D．Unclear. 【答案】5．C 6．A 7．D 8．B 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章讨论了“沉没成本谬误”这种心理陷阱，认为应该客观地看待“毅力”和“放弃”。 5．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Do you have a suit or dress in the closet that you haven’t worn for years but are reluctant to get rid of? Maybe you say, ‘I can’t throw that away because I paid good money for it.’ If you recognize this in yourself, then you are suffering from commitment to the sunk cost fallacy (谬论). It occurs when we feel that we have invested too much to quit.(你衣柜里是否有一套多年没穿过却又舍不得扔掉的西装或裙子？也许你会说，‘我不能把它扔掉，因为我花了很多钱买的。’如果你在自己身上认识到这一点，那么你就陷入了沉没成本谬误。当我们觉得自己投入太多而无法放弃时，就会出现这种情况。)”可知，作者在文章开头描述了人们不愿意放弃自己已经投入太多的事情。故选C项。 6．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Participants were asked to imagine a situation where they accidentally booked two ski tickets for the same date, spending $100 on a ski trip to Michigan and $50 on Wisconsin. They were also told the latter would be more enjoyable. It turned out that 54% chose Michigan despite the reasonable choice being Wisconsin, because they had made a greater initial investment. (参与者被要求想象一种情况，他们不小心预订了两张同一天的滑雪票，花了100美元去密歇根滑雪，花了50美元去威斯康辛滑雪。他们还被告知后者会更令人愉快。结果显示，尽管合理的选择是威斯康辛，但仍有54%的人选择了密歇根州，因为他们的初始投资更大。)”可知，54%的参与者选择了密歇根之旅是为了避免更多的损失。故选A项。 7．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Sunk cost fallacy takes place when we let emotions cloud our decisions. Once we’ve invested in a choice, we feel guilt or regret if we don’t follow through, without realizing that past investments won’t be recovered. Instead, we base decisions on past costs, ignoring present and future costs and benefits.(当我们让情绪影响我们的决定时，沉没成本谬误就会发生。一旦我们投资了一个选择，如果我们没有坚持到底，我们就会感到内疚或后悔，而没有意识到过去的投资将无法收回。相反，我们的决策基于过去的成本，忽略了现在和未来的成本和收益。)”可知，当我们在情绪化地坚持已经做出的投资成本，“沉没成本谬误”就会发生。故选D项。 8．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“No one can deny the fact that we benefit a lot from perseverance. So our society loves to emphasize perseverance. Never give up! Don’t waste. But only you know the right path for you. Sometimes walking away is the hardest choice of all. You might realize a path you’re on is no longer the right one or never was. That’s a painful realization. (没有人能否认我们从毅力中获益良多。所以我们的社会喜欢强调毅力。永不放弃！不要浪费。但只有你自己知道哪条路适合你。有时候，离开是最艰难的选择。你可能会意识到你所走的道路不再是正确的，或者从来就不是。这是一个痛苦的认识。)”可知，作者认为应该客观地看待“毅力”。故选B项。 3.（23-24高二下·江苏南通·期中）One day, a snowstorm blanketed Washington, D．C．, the whole city became a white world. When I awoke, I immediately put on my warmest clothes and dashed outside. I wanted to build a snowman. Then I noticed I had audience — a couple with coffee cups in their hands. My face flushed (脸红) with shame as I tried to come up with an answer to their unspoken question: Don’t you have anything better to do? A middle-aged woman playing by herself in the snow is an undoubtedly odd sight, but maybe it shouldn’t be. Modern adults are suffering from excessive physical and emotional stress. We’ve held back our natural play instinct (本能), and that’s causing all kinds of problems — for ourselves, our children, and our planet. Playing suggests that somewhere, deep in our evolutionary history, a playful proto human came up with the concept of stone tools. Even today, the urge to play underlies most of humanity’s greatest inventions, artworks, and scientific breakthroughs. “When I interviewed Nobel Prize winners, I was struck by how most of them didn’t separate work and play. Their labs were their playgrounds,” says Stuart Brown, a play researcher. While object play occasionally results in direct applications, it has a more general benefit as well, says animal behaviorist Marc Bekoff. “Most forms of play are about preparing for the unexpected by expanding your behavioral repertoire (技能).” When animals play by themselves — such as goats jumping around and intentionally landing awkwardly — they learn two lessons: How to recover from missteps and, more generally, how to remain calm when things go sideways. When it comes to humans, as we fully transition to a knowledge-based economy, work and play are beginning to combine again. Some of today’s most successful companies were started by people running small business in their garages. Organizations like these understand the value of encouraging adults to play. In many cases, people aren’t needed for routine, boring tasks any more. “You need passionate people who can invent new things, who can think of new ways of doing things,” Brown says. The next time I’m caught playing, I know exactly what I’ll say: “I am not wasting time or acting immature. I’m playing for the benefit of all humanity. You’re welcome.” 9．Why does the author mention his own experience in the beginning? A．To present a fact. B．To describe a scene. C．To clarify a concept. D．To introduce a topic. 10．What can be inferred from the third paragraph? A．Modern adults are free to act on their instincts. B．Play is the driving power behind human progress. C．Humans make scientific breakthroughs by playing. D．Nobel Prize winners often separate work from play. 11．What qualities do companies most need in the knowledge-based economy era? A．Teamwork and honesty. B．Leadership and empathy. C．Innovation and enthusiasm. D．Patience and determination. 12．Which of the following can be the best title for the text? A．Adults should prioritize playtime B．Adults need to make time for play C．Play can expand and correct behavior D．Play is the source of human inventions 【答案】9．D 10．B 11．C 12．B 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。作者通过自己亲身经历引出主题，主要讲述了成年人需要更多的玩耍时间，因为玩耍可以帮助我们减轻压力，提高创新能力，对人类的进步有着重要的推动作用。 9．推理判断题。根据第一段中“When I awoke, I immediately put on my warmest clothes and dashed outside. I wanted to build a snowman. Then I noticed I had audience — a couple with coffee cups in their hands. My face flushed (脸红) with shame as I tried to come up with an answer to their unspoken question: Don’t you have anything better to do?(当我醒来时，我立即穿上最暖和的衣服，冲到外面。我想堆雪人。然后我注意到我有听众——一对手里拿着咖啡杯的夫妇。我的脸羞得通红，因为我试图想出一个答案来回答他们不言而喻的问题:你没有更好的事情要做吗?)”以及第二段中“A middle-aged woman playing by herself in the snow is an undoubtedly odd sight, but maybe it shouldn’t be. Modern adults are suffering from excessive physical and emotional stress. We’ve held back our natural play instinct (本能), and that’s causing all kinds of problems—for ourselves, our children, and our planet.( 一个中年妇女独自在雪地里玩耍无疑是一个奇怪的景象，但也许这不应该。现代成年人正遭受着过度的身体和情感压力。我们抑制了我们天生的游戏本能，这给我们自己、我们的孩子和我们的星球带来了各种各样的问题。) ”可知，作者个人的经历是为了引出文章的主题，即成年人也需要玩耍。故选D项。 10．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Playing suggests that somewhere, deep in our evolutionary history, a playful proto human came up with the concept of stone tools. Even today, the urge to play underlies most of humanity’s greatest inventions, artworks, and scientific breakthroughs. ( 玩耍表明，在我们进化史的深处，一个顽皮的原人类提出了石器的概念。即使在今天，人类大多数最伟大的发明、艺术品和科学突破都是基于对游戏的渴望。)可知，玩耍是推动人类进步的驱动力。故选B项。 11．细节理解题。根据第五段中“When it comes to humans, as we fully transition to a knowledge-based economy, work and play are beginning to combine again.(就人类而言，随着我们全面过渡到以知识为基础的经济，工作和娱乐开始再次结合起来。)”以及“Organizations like these understand the value of encouraging adults to play. In many cases, people aren’t needed for routine, boring tasks any more. “You need passionate people who can invent new things, who can think of new ways of doing things,” Brown says.(像这样的组织明白鼓励成年人玩游戏的价值。在许多情况下，人们不再需要做常规的、无聊的任务。‘你需要有激情的人，他们能够发明新事物，能够想出新的做事方式，’布朗说。) ”可知，在知识经济时代，企业需要热情和创新。故选C项。 12．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其根据第二段“A middle-aged woman playing by herself in the snow is an undoubtedly odd sight, but maybe it shouldn’t be. Modern adults are suffering from excessive physical and emotional stress. We’ve held back our natural play instinct (本能), and that’s causing all kinds of problems — for ourselves, our children, and our planet.(一个中年妇女独自在雪地里玩耍无疑是一种奇怪的景象，但也许不应该这样。现代成年人承受着过度的身体和精神压力。我们抑制了玩耍的本能，这给我们自己、我们的孩子和我们的星球带来了各种各样的问题。)”以及最后一段“The next time I’m caught playing, I know exactly what I’ll say: “I am not wasting time or acting immature. I’m playing for the benefit of all humanity. You’re welcome.”(下次我被抓到玩耍时，我很清楚我会说什么：‘我不是在浪费时间，也不是在表现得不成熟。我玩耍是为了全人类的利益。不客气。’) ”可知，作者通过自己亲身经历引出主题，主要讲述了成年人需要更多的玩耍时间，因为玩耍可以帮助我们减轻压力，提高创新能力，对人类的进步有着重要的推动作用。B项“Adults need to make time for play(成年人需要腾出时间来玩耍)”能够概括文章主旨，适合作为最佳标题。故选B项。 4.（23-24高二下·江苏徐州·期中）As kids, we are taught the importance of forgiving those who hurt us, as this is considered the moral action to take. We are instructed that forgiveness is a virtue and the only way for us to truly move on and heal, freed from the baggage of bearing ill will. Nonetheless, I’m not buying it. While forgiveness can certainly be a lovely gesture, it’s not always the most beneficial option for us. In fact, if someone has hurt you deeply and the relationship isn’t healthy, attempting to “fix” things might actually cause more damage than it’s worth. Most of us would probably agree that forgiving a wrongdoer means letting go of negative emotions — like anger and bitterness — towards them, as if the offense never occurred. Actually this approach is not truly beneficial. It pressures us to minimize our feelings and revise our boundaries—to say “it’s OK” when, in reality, it isn’t for us. While it’s not a good idea to focus on negative thoughts, recognizing and working through all of that pain is an important part of the healing journey. Moreover, when someone fails to make us feel understood or secure, forgiving them can actually reduce our self-worth. A 2010 research paper published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology found that folks who forgave partners that didn’t make them feel valued had less respect for themselves. Letting minor offences that happen now and again slide can be great for any relationship, but repeatedly forgiving bad behavior can encourage that person to keep hurting you. At least, that’s what 2011 research by psychology professor James McNulty argues. He found that when a partner was more likely to forgive those acts, the aggressor was more likely to keep committing them. McNulty suggests that this is because facing the consequences of their actions is what motivates people to change their ways, and being offered a clean slate can be a kind of pass to avoid making changes. So forgiving frequent and major offences, like verbal or physical abuse, can do more harm than good. From my perspective, this highlights the central conflict within the concept. Rather than viewing forgiveness as a magic medicine, we can shift our focus to acknowledging the truth and finding resolution, without feeling any necessity to forgive the person who hurt us. 13．What does the author think about the message in paragraph 1? A．Arguable. B．Undeniable. C．Convincing. D．Logical. 14．How does the author try to support his perspective? A．By making comparisons. B．By presenting statistics. C．By sharing his own experiences. D．By citing the opinions of experts. 15．What does the underlined phrase “a clean slate” in paragraph 4 probably mean? A．A repeated offence. B．A magic medicine. C．A complete forgiveness. D．A terrible consequence. 16．What might be the most suitable title for the text? A．Forgiving is always a virtue. B．Forgiving sometimes depends. C．Forgiving can change everything. D．Forgiving always seems impossible. 【答案】13．A 14．D 15．C 16．B 【导语】这是一篇议论文。作者认为原谅并不总是最有益的选择，因为它可能会导致更多的伤害，主张原谅取决于具体情况。 13．推理判断题。根据第一段的“As kids, we are taught the importance of forgiving those who hurt us, as this is considered the moral action to take. We are instructed that forgiveness is a virtue and the only way for us to truly move on and heal, freed from the baggage of bearing ill will. Nonetheless, I’m not buying it. While forgiveness can certainly be a lovely gesture, it’s not always the most beneficial option for us. In fact, if someone has hurt you deeply and the relationship isn’t healthy, attempting to “fix” things might actually cause more damage than it’s worth.(作为孩子，我们被教导原谅那些伤害我们的人的重要性，因为这被认为是道德行为。我们被教导说，宽恕是一种美德，是我们真正前进和治愈的唯一途径，使我们从承载恶意的包袱中解脱出来。尽管如此，我并不买账。虽然宽恕当然是一个可爱的姿态，但它并不总是对我们最有益的选择。事实上，如果有人深深伤害了你，你们的关系并不健康，试图“修复”事情可能会造成比它更大的伤害)”可知，作者质疑传统观念中“原谅总是美德”的说法，认为原谅并不总是最有利的选择。故选A。 14．推理判断题。根据第三段的“A 2010 research paper published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology found that folks who forgave partners that didn’t make them feel valued had less respect for themselves. Letting minor offences that happen now and again slide can be great for any relationship, but repeatedly forgiving bad behavior can encourage that person to keep hurting you.(2010年发表在《人格与社会心理学杂志》上的一篇研究论文发现，那些原谅了没有让他们感到有价值的伴侣的人，对自己的尊重程度更低。让偶尔发生的小过错消失对任何关系都有好处，但反复原谅不好的行为会鼓励那个人继续伤害你)”和第四段的“At least, that’s what 2011 research by psychology professor James McNulty argues. He found that when a partner was more likely to forgive those acts, the aggressor was more likely to keep committing them. McNulty suggests that this is because facing the consequences of their actions is what motivates people to change their ways, and being offered a clean slate can be a kind of pass to avoid making changes. So forgiving frequent and major offences, like verbal or physical abuse, can do more harm than good.(至少，心理学教授詹姆斯·麦克纳尔蒂在2011年的研究中是这么认为的。他发现，当伴侣更有可能原谅这些行为时，攻击者更有可能继续犯下这些行为。麦克纳尔蒂认为，这是因为面对自己行为的后果会促使人们改变自己的方式，而让他们重新开始可能是一种避免做出改变的通行证。因此，原谅经常发生的重大过错，比如语言或身体虐待，弊大于利)”可知，作者引用了2010年《人格与社会心理学杂志》上的研究，以及心理学教授James McNulty在2011年的研究，来支持其观点，这些研究证明了频繁原谅可能导致自尊心下降和伤害行为的持续。故选D。 15．词句猜测题。根据第四段的“At least, that’s what 2011 research by psychology professor James McNulty argues. He found that when a partner was more likely to forgive those acts, the aggressor was more likely to keep committing them. McNulty suggests that this is because facing the consequences of their actions is what motivates people to change their ways, and being offered a clean slate can be a kind of pass to avoid making changes. So forgiving frequent and major offences, like verbal or physical abuse, can do more harm than good.(至少，心理学教授詹姆斯·麦克纳尔蒂在2011年的研究中是这么认为的。他发现，当伴侣更有可能原谅这些行为时，攻击者更有可能继续犯下这些行为。麦克纳尔蒂认为，这是因为面对自己行为的后果会促使人们改变自己的方式，而给他们……可能会让他们避免做出改变。因此，原谅经常发生的重大过错，比如语言或身体虐待，弊大于利) ”可知，有的人之所以会再次伤害他人，是因为他们得到了受害者的“完全的原谅”，而不承担先前行为的任何后果，因此这一短语指的是“完全的原谅”。故选C。 16．主旨大意题。通读全文，根据第一段的“As kids, we are taught the importance of forgiving those who hurt us, as this is considered the moral action to take. We are instructed that forgiveness is a virtue and the only way for us to truly move on and heal, freed from the baggage of bearing ill will. Nonetheless, I’m not buying it. While forgiveness can certainly be a lovely gesture, it’s not always the most beneficial option for us. In fact, if someone has hurt you deeply and the relationship isn’t healthy, attempting to “fix” things might actually cause more damage than it’s worth.(作为孩子，我们被教导原谅那些伤害我们的人的重要性，因为这被认为是道德行为。我们被教导说，宽恕是一种美德，是我们真正前进和治愈的唯一途径，使我们从承载恶意的包袱中解脱出来。尽管如此，我并不买账。虽然宽恕当然是一个可爱的姿态，但它并不总是对我们最有益的选择。事实上，如果有人深深伤害了你，你们的关系并不健康，试图“修复”事情可能会造成比它更大的伤害)”和最后一段的“From my perspective, this highlights the central conflict within the concept. Rather than viewing forgiveness as a magic medicine, we can shift our focus to acknowledging the truth and finding resolution, without feeling any necessity to forgive the person who hurt us.(从我的角度来看，这突出了概念中的核心冲突。与其将宽恕视为一剂灵丹妙药，不如将注意力转移到承认真相和寻找解决办法上，而不必去原谅伤害我们的人)”可知，作者质疑传统观念中“原谅总是美德”的说法，认为原谅并不总是最有利的选择，而是取决于具体情况，因此最合适的标题是“原谅有时取决于情况”。故选B。 5.（23-24高二下·河北石家庄·期末）Have you ever conducted a job interview through video? Do you work remotely and mostly communicate with your colleagues through technologies like Microsoft Teams or Slack? Technologies are rapidly changing how, when, and where we work. But what impact do they have on our work motivation? We recently reviewed the research done to answer this question and unfortunately, the news is not so good. For the most part, technologies have worsened the satisfaction of our psychological needs when we work. They are robbing us of our feelings of control and freedom because they monitor us and tell us what and how to do our work; sometimes they also pressure us to work faster. And they are decreasing our chances to create meaningful relationships with colleagues. To fix and avoid these issues in the future, we have concluded from this review that we need to advocate for the use of psychological knowledge when designing technologies to be used in work environments. Psychologists are well equipped to advise how to design and use technologies in ways that will maintain or even improve the design of our work. Work is considered to be well-designed when it gives us some decision-making power, provides us with performance feedback, and allows us to connect with colleagues not only to increase relatedness but also to see the impact our work has on stakeholders (利益相关者). Good work design makes our work more meaningful. Why is this important? Because work motivation that stems from meaning and enjoyment will be increasingly important in the future of work. Indeed, as work environments and career tracks become more dynamic and precarious, we need workers to be more active and flexible for the changeable situation. And motivation through meaning and enjoyment makes people more active and flexible. So, when you hear your employer wants to introduce new technologies in your workplace, ask them if they have used the service of psychology experts. It will ensure your work keeps being designed in a way that will make it meaningful and enjoyable. 17．According to the recent research review, how do technologies affect our work? A．They decrease our working efficiency. B．They increase our psychological needs. C．They improve our relationships with colleagues. D．They reduce our work motivation for creativity. 18．What does the author suggest for introducing technologies in work? A．Updating technical equipment. B．Consulting psychology experts. C．Reviewing the former research. D．Improving the design of our work. 19．What is paragraph 4 mainly about? A．The process of good work design. B．The potential decision-making power. C．The characteristic of well-designed work. D．The meaning of connection with colleagues. 20．What does the underlined word “precarious” mean in paragraph 5? A．Uncertain. B．Unavoidable. C．Rewarding. D．Straightforward. 【答案】17．D 18．B 19．C 20．A 【导语】本文是一篇议论文，主要讨论了技术对我们工作动机的影响。 17． 细节理解题。根据第二段“For the most part, technologies have worsened the satisfaction of our psychological needs when we work. They are robbing us of our feelings of control and freedom because they monitor us and tell us what and how to do our work; sometimes they also pressure us to work faster. And they are decreasing our chances to create meaningful relationships with colleagues. (在大多数情况下，技术恶化了我们工作时心理需求的满足。他们剥夺了我们的控制感和自由感，因为他们监视我们并告诉我们做什么以及如何做我们的工作；有时他们也会迫使我们更快地工作。它们正在减少我们与同事建立有意义的关系的机会。)” 可知，技术降低了我们创造性的工作动机。故选D项。 18． 细节理解题。根据第三段“To fix and avoid these issues in the future, we have concluded from this review that we need to advocate for the use of psychological knowledge when designing technologies to be used in work environments. Psychologists are well equipped to advise how to design and use technologies in ways that will maintain or even improve the design of our work. (为了在未来解决和避免这些问题，我们从这篇综述中得出结论，在设计用于工作环境的技术时，我们需要倡导使用心理学知识。心理学家有能力就如何设计和使用技术提出建议，以保持甚至改进我们的工作设计。)”可知，对于在工作中引入技术，作者的建议是要咨询心理学专家。故选B项。 19．主旨大意题。由文章第四段“Work is considered to be well-designed when it gives us some decision-making power, provides us with performance feedback, and allows us to connect with colleagues not only to increase relatedness but also to see the impact our work has on stakeholders(利益相关者). Good work design makes our work more meaningful.(当工作赋予我们一些决策权，为我们提供绩效反馈，并允许我们与同事联系，不仅可以增加相关性，还可以看到我们的工作对利益相关者的影响时，就被认为是精心设计的。好的工作设计使我们的工作更有意义。)”可知，本段主要讲精心设计工作的特点。故选C项。 20．词句猜测题。根据第五段“Indeed, as work environments and career tracks become more dynamic and precarious, we need workers to be more active and flexible for the changeable situation. (事实上，随着工作环境和职业轨道变得更加动态和precarious，我们需要员工更加积极和灵活地应对多变的情况。)”中的“need workers to be more active and flexible for the changeable situation”可推断，此处表达工作环境和职业轨迹变得更加容易变化、不确定，precarious意为“不确定”与uncertain“多变的，不确定的”的意思一致。故选A项。 6.（23-24高二下·广东深圳·期末）No matter where I direct my gaze, the landscape is dotted with the skeletal frames of new structures taking shape. The familiar neighborhoods of my youth, once adorned with the charm of time-honored edifices, have largely vanished, replaced by the sleek silhouettes of contemporary high-rises. There is a rationale for this transformation: residents are in pursuit of the amenities that modern living promises. However, the question that lingers is, how can the younger generation grasp and uphold their cultural heritage if the tangible remnants of it are continually erased? The advocacy for the conservation of historical buildings transcends mere sentimental yearning for the past. Economic considerations also lend strong support to the cause of preservation. The restoration and safeguarding of historical districts can serve as a catalyst for economic growth, enticing tourists and small enterprises to the locality. A case in point is the historic Al Bastikiya neighborhood in Dubai, which annually attracts a multitude of visitors from across the globe. It also draws the interest of local inhabitants who are keen on exploring the history of their city. Critics often contend that preserving historical monuments is an expensive endeavor, but numerous recent initiatives have shown this belief to be unfounded. In fact, the process of refurbishing an existing structure for alternative use can be approximately £40 per square meter less costly than even the most elementary new construction, all the while retaining the architectural elegance of the original structure. Moreover, despite the common assertion that older buildings are less energy efficient and thus have a larger environmental footprint, architects and environmental specialists assert that the most eco-friendly building is the one that already exists. New construction typically has a more detrimental environmental impact, as it necessitates the procurement and transportation of brand-new materials over potentially lengthy distances, rather than utilizing recycled materials that are readily available on site. In essence, we recycle many other items in our daily lives, and the same principle should be applied to buildings. The act of preserving historical structures presents a multitude of opportunities; in stark contrast, demolition is an irreversible act. Once these architectural gems are lost, they are gone forever, severing an integral thread in our cultural tapestry that can never be regenerated. The decision to preserve or demolish is thus not merely one of aesthetics or economy, but also one of heritage and legacy. 21．What drives people to replace old buildings with new ones? A．Their dislike of old buildings. B．Their pride in cultural identity. C．Their concern about young generations. D．Their desire for modern comforts. 22．What does the example of Al Bastikiya show? A．Historic renovation costs much money. B．Local governments support small businesses. C．Historic preservation brings economic benefits. D．International tourism promises economic recovery. 23．What can be inferred about renovating old buildings from paragraph 3? A．It uses green materials. B．It damages architectural beauty. C．It reduces environmental impact. D．It worries environmental experts. 24．What is the author’s attitude towards historic preservation? A．Positive. B．Doubtful. C．Disapproving. D．Objective. 【答案】21．D 22．C 23．C 24．A 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章通过对比现代建筑和历史建筑，强调了保护历史建筑的经济和文化价值。 21．细节理解题。根据第一段“There is a rationale for this transformation: residents are in pursuit of the amenities that modern living promises. (这种转变有一个基本原理：居民们追求现代生活所承诺的便利设施。)”可知人们渴望现代生活的便利，这是他们替换旧建筑的原因。故选D。 22．推理判断题。根据第三段“The restoration and safeguarding of historical districts can serve as a catalyst for economic growth, enticing tourists and small enterprises to the locality. A case in point is the historic Al Bastikiya neighborhood in Dubai, which annually attracts a multitude of visitors from across the globe. It also draws the interest of local inhabitants who are keen on exploring the history of their city. (历史街区的修复和保护可以作为经济增长的催化剂，吸引游客和小企业到当地。迪拜历史悠久的Al Bastikiya社区就是一个很好的例子，每年都会吸引来自世界各地的众多游客。它也吸引了当地居民的兴趣，他们热衷于探索他们城市的历史。)”可知用Al Bastikiya的例子说明保护历史区域可以促进经济增长，带来经济效益。故选C。 23．推理判断题。根据第四段“Moreover, despite the common assertion that older buildings are less energy efficient and thus have a larger environmental footprint, architects and environmental specialists assert that the most eco-friendly building is the one that already exists. New construction typically has a more detrimental environmental impact, as it necessitates the procurement and transportation of brand-new materials over potentially lengthy distances, rather than utilizing recycled materials that are readily available on site. (此外，尽管人们普遍认为，老建筑的能源效率较低，因此有更大的环境足迹，但建筑师和环境专家断言，最环保的建筑是已经存在的建筑。新建筑通常对环境的影响更大，因为它需要采购和运输全新的材料，可能需要很长的距离，而不是使用现场现成的回收材料。)”可知翻新旧建筑可以减少对环境的影响。故选C。 24．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其最后一段“In essence, we recycle many other items in our daily lives, and the same principle should be applied to buildings. The act of preserving historical structures presents a multitude of opportunities; in stark contrast, demolition is an irreversible act. Once these architectural gems are lost, they are gone forever, severing an integral thread in our cultural tapestry that can never be regenerated. The decision to preserve or demolish is thus not merely one of aesthetics or economy, but also one of heritage and legacy. (从本质上讲，我们在日常生活中回收了许多其他物品，同样的原则也应该适用于建筑。保护历史建筑的行为提供了大量的机会；此形成鲜明对比的是，拆迁是一种不可逆转的行为。一旦这些建筑瑰宝消失，它们就永远消失了，切断了我们文化织锦中不可分割的一条线，永远无法再生。因此，保留或拆除的决定不仅是美学或经济的问题，也是遗产和遗留的问题。)”可知整篇文章都在强调保护历史建筑的重要性和好处，作者对历史保护持积极态度。故选A。 7.（23-24高二下·广东梅州·期末）I once held the conviction that the essence of the human spirit could only be captured through the medium of language. Literary creations, teeming with unique narratives, sculpted our perceptions of reality. It was language that framed the inquiries we pursued and the solutions to those inquiries. To me, words were paramount. That conviction underwent a transformation. During a routine mathematics lesson, my instructor posed a straightforward query: What is 0.99 rounded to the nearest integer? A simple task. When rounded, 0.99 equates to 1. Yet, I pondered the fact that, although 0.99 is a mere 0.01 shy of 1, that slight distinction remains. Doesn't such a minor difference imply a fundamental divergence? My educator addressed my query by introducing an alternative formulation: 1 is equivalent to 0.9, which can also be depicted as 1 equals 0.999999..., an infinite sequence without cessation. There was an enigmatic yet captivating quality to this mathematical statement. The left side was constant and absolute: it encompassed a finite number. On the right was the embodiment of perpetuity, a numeral in an unending cycle. Yet, these two contrasting entities were linked by an equals sign. While contemplating in repose, I mused on the equation's reflection of our existence. The left side of the equation symbolizes the immutable and lucid aspects of life. The definite, whole numbers representing the day of your birth and the day of your demise. However, there exists an interval between birth and death. The right side signifies a realm brimming with boundless potential and infinite prospects stretching into the unforeseen future. Thus, life embodies objectivity coupled with creativity. It is unyielding yet boundless. Life is akin to an equation with two facets that achieve equilibrium. Nevertheless, we seem perpetually unable to articulate it perfectly. Perhaps numbers are just as capable of conveying concepts as words. For now, let us embrace this notion: 1 equals 0.99999... and lead a life in accordance with it. 25．What does the author emphasize about words in paragraph 1? A．Their wide variety. B．Their literary origins. C．Their distinct sounds. D．Their expressive power. 26．What made the author find the equation fascinating? A．The repetition of a number. B．The way two different numbers are equal. C．The question the teacher raised. D．The difference between the two numbers. 27．Which of the following can replace the underlined word "mused" in paragraph 6? A．Measured. B．Composed. C．Mirrored. D．Influenced. 28．What is a suitable title for the text? A．The Perfect Equation B．Numbers Build Equations C．An Attractive Question D．Words Outperform Numbers 【答案】25．D 26．B 27．C 28．A 【导语】本文是一篇议论文，作者通过数学等式1=0.99999...来阐述人生的哲理，认为人生既有确定性又有无限的可能性，就像这个等式一样，看似矛盾的两边却能达到平衡。 25．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“I once held the conviction that the essence of the human spirit could only be captured through the medium of language. Literary creations, teeming with unique narratives, sculpted our perceptions of reality. It was language that framed the inquiries we pursued and the solutions to those inquiries. To me, words were paramount.(我曾经坚信，人类精神的本质只能通过语言的媒介来捕捉。文学作品充满了独特的叙述，塑造了我们对现实的认知。正是语言构成了我们追求的探究和对这些探究的解答。对我来说，文字是最重要的。)”可知，作者强调文字的表现力。故选D项。 26．细节理解题。根据文章第五段“There was an enigmatic yet captivating quality to this mathematical statement. The left side was constant and absolute: it encompassed a finite number. On the right was the embodiment of perpetuity, a numeral in an unending cycle. Yet, these two contrasting entities were linked by an equals sign.(这个数学陈述有一种神秘而迷人的品质。左边是恒定和绝对的：它包含了一个有限的数字。右边是永恒的化身，一个无休止循环的数字。然而，这两个对立的实体却被一个等号连接起来。)”可知，作者觉得这个等式迷人的地方在于两个不同的数字竟然相等。故选B项。 27．词义猜测题。根据文章第六段“While contemplating in repose, I mused on the equation's reflection of our existence. The left side of the equation symbolizes the immutable and lucid aspects of life. The definite, whole numbers representing the day of your birth and the day of your demise. However, there exists an interval between birth and death. The right side signifies a realm brimming with boundless potential and infinite prospects stretching into the unforeseen future.(在沉思中，我思考着这个等式对我们存在的反映。等式的左边象征着生活中不变和清晰的方面。明确的整数代表你出生的那一天和你去世的那一天。然而，在生与死之间存在一个间隔。右边代表着一个充满无限潜力和无限前景的领域，延伸到未知的未来。)”可知，作者认为这个等式反映了我们的存在，所以“mused”在这里的意思是“反映”，与“mirrored”意思相近。故选C项。 28．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“I once held the conviction that the essence of the human spirit could only be captured through the medium of language. Literary creations, teeming with unique narratives, sculpted our perceptions of reality. It was language that framed the inquiries we pursued and the solutions to those inquiries. To me, words were paramount.(我曾经坚信，人类精神的本质只能通过语言的媒介来捕捉。文学作品充满了独特的叙述，塑造了我们对现实的认知。正是语言构成了我们追求的探究和对这些探究的解答。对我来说，文字是最重要的。)”以及最后一段“Thus, life embodies objectivity coupled with creativity. It is unyielding yet boundless. Life is akin to an equation with two facets that achieve equilibrium. Nevertheless, we seem perpetually unable to articulate it perfectly. Perhaps numbers are just as capable of conveying concepts as words. For now, let us embrace this notion: 1 equals 0.99999... and lead a life in accordance with it. (因此，生活体现了客观性与创造性的结合。它既坚定又无限。生活就像一个等式，有两个方面达到了平衡。然而，我们似乎永远无法完美地表达它。也许数字和词语一样能够传达概念。现在，让我们接受这个观念：1等于0.99999...，并按照它来生活。)”可知，作者通过数学等式1=0.99999...来阐述人生的哲理，认为人生既有确定性又有无限的可能性，就像这个等式一样，看似矛盾的两边却能达到平衡，A项“The Perfect Equation(完美的等式)”表达的含义适合用做本文标题。故选A项。 8.（23-24高二下·安徽马鞍山·期末）With the development of new media, the promotion of Mandarin (普通话) and the wave of globalization, the range of application for dialects (方言) has become smaller. Dialects, to some extent, are a culmination (积淀) of local culture. If they are not protected and healthily passed down, this “crisis” might lead to their disappearance. However, since the concept of “language resource” was introduced, the status of dialects has been given renewed importance. Dialects are a living form of intangible cultural heritage (非物质文化遗产) . As the saying goes, “It’s better to sell ancestral (祖先的) land than to abandon ancestral language.” For the recording and preservation of dialects, creating a language environment in which they can enjoy a period of growth and success is vitally important. Folk songs, local operas, dialect courses, community involvement, technological methods, and literary and artistic works can all play significant roles in the protection and inheritance (传承) of dialects. Cao Xueqin was a native of Nanjing, and the Jia family in Dream of the Red Chamber is a distinguished family from Jinling (ancient Nanjing). According to statistics, there are over 1,000 instances of Nanjing dialect in the masterpiece. Shen Congwen’s Border Town vividly portrays a “world of Western Hunan”. The locals refer to copper coins as “tongzi”, the addition of “zi” suggesting it’s just a small object. This reflects the Western Hunan people’s indifference to material wealth. In Lao She’s Rickshaw Boy, the “er” sound is everwhere, full of Beijing flavor. In fact, the literary forms of Chinese dialect have been around since ancient times and are vivid with various flavors. Never forget your dialect and never forget the accent of your hometown. 29．What has happened to dialects since the introduction of the concept of language resource? A．They have been applied less. B．They have gained new recognition. C．They have completely disappeared. D．They have promoted the spread of Mandarin. 30．What does the saying underlined in paragraph 2 imply? A．Ancestral language should be preserved. B．Ancestral land should be developed. C．Ancestral language is a fixed form. D．Ancestral land is more meaningful. 31．Why does the writer refer to the dialects in the novel Dream of the Red Chamber? A．To illustrate the complicated relationship. B．To demonstrate their extensive usage. C．To convey the distinctive Beijing culture. D．To describe the personalities of the characters. 32．In which column of a magazine can you find the text probably? A．Entertainment. B．Culture. C．Health. D．Economy. 【答案】29．B 30．A 31．B 32．B 【导语】本文是一篇议论文，主要讲述了方言的重要性，以及如何保护和传承方言。 29．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“However, since the concept of “language resource” was introduced, the status of dialects has been given renewed importance.”（然而，自从“语言资源”的概念被引入以来，方言的地位得到了重新的重视。）可推知，自从引入语言资源的概念以来，方言得到了新的认可。故选B。 30．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“It’s better to sell ancestral land than to abandon ancestral language.”（宁可卖祖先的土地，也不要放弃祖先的语言。）可推知，这句话暗示的是祖先的语言应该被保留。故选A。 31．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Cao Xueqin was a native of Nanjing, and the Jia family in Dream of the Red Chamber is a distinguished family from Jinling (ancient Nanjing). According to statistics, there are over 1,000 instances of Nanjing dialect in the masterpiece.”（曹雪芹是南京人，红楼梦中的贾家是金陵（古南京）的显赫家族。据统计，这部杰作中有超过1000处的南京方言。）可推知，作者引用《红楼梦》中的方言是为了展示其广泛的使用。故选B。 32．推理判断题。根据全文内容以及最后一段“In fact, the literary forms of Chinese dialect have been around since ancient times and are vivid with various flavors. Never forget your dialect and never forget the accent of your hometown.”（事实上，中国方言的文学形式自古就有，而且生动多样。不要忘记你的方言，不要忘记你家乡的口音。）可知，本文主要讨论了方言的重要性，以及如何保护和传承方言，这些内容更符合文化栏目。故选B。 9.（23-24高二下·福建厦门·期中）In the days before the internet, critical thinking was the most important skill that informed citizens could have. But in the digital age, according to Anastasia Kozyreva, a German psychologist, an even more important skill is “critical ignoring.” With such an overabundance of information, we need to first decide what’s worth our attention and time, and what’s not. The first strategy is self-nudging. This involves avoiding low-quality information so that we have more quality time for ourselves. It also involves the removal of distracting things from the environment around you. Of course, we need to stay informed of world events, so we can’t just ignore the internet altogether. When you do go into social media, Kozyreva recommends setting time limits, which prevents you from losing track of time as you click on one attractive link after another. The next strategy is lateral (横向的) reading. Its purpose is to improve judgments about the reliability of information, and to protect you from false and misleading information. The strategy involves opening a new web page to find out more about the source of the information. Likewise, it’s also good to check the source of the information in an internet post. Headlines are often cheating. They’re designed to attract attention, not provide information. The main idea of the article may be completely contrary to the implication in the headline. A sensational claim may provide a link with a headline that seems to support it, but a careful reading of the original source shows it doesn’t. We live in a digital age in which we’re overwhelmed with information, much of it of poor quality. Train our critical ignoring skills and we can get the benefits of the internet while we avoid falling victim to those who try to control our attention. 33．Which of the following saying can best describe “critical ignoring”? A．Rob Peter to pay Paul. B．Make something out of nothing. C．Birds of a feather flock together. D．Separate the sheep from the goats. 34．What does the author suggest for applying self-nudging strategy? A．Improving study equipment. B．Managing our own time well. C．Avoiding access to social media. D．Staying informed of what happened. 35．How can we ensure the reliability of information in an article? A．By focusing solely on headlines. B．By randomly browsing through posts. C．By seeking out primary information. D．By consulting authorities for advice. 36．What is the purpose of writing the text? A．To clarify a concept. B．To illustrate a phenomenon. C．To examine a viewpoint. D．To make a proposal. 【答案】33．D 34．B 35．C 36．D 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章围绕“批判性忽视”展开论述，列举了实现它的两个策略及其重要性。 33．推理判断题。根据第一段“With such an overabundance of information, we need to first decide what’s worth our attention and time, and what’s not.(面对如此丰富的信息，我们首先需要决定哪些值得我们花时间和精力，哪些不值得)”可知，“critical ignoring”指的是在大量的信息中我们要能分辨出有价值的信息和无用的信息。“Rob Peter to pay Paul”表示“拆东墙补西墙”，Make something out of nothing表示“无中生有”，Birds of a feather flock together表示“物以类聚，人以群分”，Separate the sheep from the goats表示“分辨好坏”，D项强调分辨能力，符合“critical ignoring”的描述。故选D项。 34．细节理解题。根据第二段“This involves avoiding low-quality information so that we have more quality time for ourselves.(这包括避免低质量的信息，这样我们就有更多属于自己的高质量时间)”及最后一句“When you do go into social media, Kozyreva recommends setting time limits, which prevents you from losing track of time as you click on one attractive link after another.(当你进入社交媒体时，Kozyreva建议设置时间限制，这样可以防止你在点击一个又一个吸引人的链接时忘记时间)”可知，作者认为在使用该策略时，要有良好的时间管理观念，避免浪费时间在无用的信息上，以便节约更多时间在高质量的信息处理上。故选B项。 35．细节理解题。根据第三段前三句“The next strategy is lateral reading. Its purpose is to improve judgments about the reliability of information, and to protect you from false and misleading information. The strategy involves opening a new web page to find out more about the source of the information.(下一个策略是横向阅读。其目的是提高对信息可靠性的判断，并保护您免受虚假和误导性信息的影响。该策略包括打开一个新的网页，以找到更多关于信息来源的信息)”及最后一句“A sensational claim may provide a link with a headline that seems to support it, but a careful reading of the original source shows it doesn’t.(一个耸人听闻的说法可能会提供一个似乎支持它的标题链接，但仔细阅读原始来源就会发现事实并非如此)”可知，横向阅读包括找到更多信息来源的消息，而阅读这些原始文本可以提供可靠的信息。故选C项。 36．推理判断题。根据第一段“But in the digital age, according to Anastasia Kozyreva, a German psychologist, an even more important skill is “critical ignoring.”(但德国心理学家Anastasia Kozyreva表示，在数字时代，一项更重要的技能是“批判性忽视”)”；第二段第一句“The first strategy is self-nudging.(第一种策略是自我推动)”；第三段第一句“The next strategy is lateral reading.(下一个策略是横向阅读)”及第四段最后一句“Train our critical ignoring skills and we can get the benefits of the internet while we avoid falling victim to those who try to control our attention.(训练我们的批判性忽视技能，我们可以从互联网中获益，同时避免成为那些试图控制我们注意力的人的受害者)”可知，作者提出一个建议——批判性忽视，并列举了实现它的两个策略及其重要性。故选D项。 10.（23-24高二下·福建福州·期中）For more than 60 years bringing the cost of food down had been one of the greatest challenge of the 21 century. That cost, however, is not in immediate cash, for most food is now far cheaper in relative terms than in 1960. The cost is in the unintended damage of the very methods of food production that have made the food cheaper: in the pollution of water, the weakness of soil, the destruction of wildlife, the harm to animal welfare and the threat to human health caused by modern industrial agriculture. First mechanisation, then mass use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides, and now genetic engineering — modern industrial farming has seemed unstoppable, as the yields of produce have soared. But it comes with extensive loss of wildlife and habitat, soil degradation and fertilizer run-off. Put it together and it’s like a battleground, but consumers rarely make the connection at the dinner table. The problems are called “externalities” by economists because they’re not part of the main transaction, like growing and selling wheat. These costs aren’t directly paid by the producers or consumers. But the costs to society can amount to shocking sums. According to a research by Professor Jules Pretty at the University of Essex, repairing the damage caused by intensive farming in one particular year costs £2, 343m in the UK alone, almost as much as the total UK and EU spend on British farming in that year. Can the true cost of food be brought down? In some countries, moving away from industrial agriculture to address hunger is difficult. However, in developed countries, it’s more possible. Governments should support sustainable farming that benefits the environment, economy, health, and animal welfare. Instead of immediately switching to organic farming, Professor Pretty suggests adopting a “Greener Food Standard” which would push the market towards more sustainable environmental practices than the current norm, while not requiring the full commitment to organic production. This standard would guide farmers on better practices in farming, promoting a shift towards a more sustainable agricultural system for both producers and consumers. 37．What is the cost associated with food production? A．Immediate cash loss. B．Increased agriculture yields. C．Promotion of organic farming. D．Impairment to human welfare. 38．Why consumers cannot connect food at table with the external costs? A．The costs are included in the price. B．The costs lie in food growing and selling. C．The costs aren’t directly visible to people. D．People aren’t affected by modern farming. 39．What may cut the cost of food based on the text? A．Giving up clean-up efforts. B．Overlooking global hunger. C．Making flexible farming policies. D．Adopting full organic approaches. 40．What’s the author’s attitude towards modern industrial agriculture? A．Critical. B．Supportive. C．Unconcerned. D．Mindless. 【答案】37．D 38．C 39．C 40．A 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了现代工业农业对环境的负面影响以及可持续农业的重要性。 37．细节理解题。根据第二段中“The cost is in the unintended damage of the very methods of food production that have made the food cheaper: in the pollution of water, the weakness of soil, the destruction of wildlife, the harm to animal welfare and the threat to human health caused by modern industrial agriculture.(代价是使食物更便宜的食品生产方法所造成的意想不到的损害：水的污染、土壤的脆弱、野生动物的破坏、对动物福利的伤害以及现代工业化农业对人类健康的威胁)”可知，食品生产相关的代价是造成水的污染、土壤的脆弱、野生动物的破坏、对动物福利的伤害以及现代工业化农业对人类健康的威胁， 总之，损害了人类的福利。故选D项。 38．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Put it together and it’s like a battleground, but consumers rarely make the connection at the dinner table. The problems are called “externalities” by economists because they’re not part of the main transaction, like growing and selling wheat. These costs aren’t directly paid by the producers or consumers.(把它们放在一起，就像一个战场，但消费者很少在餐桌上建立联系。这些问题被经济学家称为“外部性”，因为它们不属于主要交易的一部分，比如种植和销售小麦。这些成本不是由生产者或消费者直接支付的)”可知，消费者不能将餐桌上的食物与外部成本联系起来是因为这些成本不是由生产者或消费者直接支付的，人们无法直接看到这些成本。故选C项。 39．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Can the true cost of food be brought down?(食品的真实价格能降下来吗?)”和“However, in developed countries, it’s more possible. Governments should support sustainable farming that benefits the environment, economy, health, and animal welfare. Instead of immediately switching to organic farming, Professor Pretty suggests adopting a “Greener Food Standard” which would push the market towards more sustainable environmental practices than the current norm, while not requiring the full commitment to organic production. This standard would guide farmers on better practices in farming, promoting a shift towards a more sustainable agricultural system for both producers and consumers.(然而，在发达国家，这种可能性更大。政府应该支持有利于环境、经济、健康和动物福利的可持续农业。Pretty教授建议采用“绿色食品标准”，而不是立即转向有机农业，这将推动市场走向比目前规范更可持续的环境实践，同时不要求完全致力于有机生产。这一标准将指导农民采取更好的农业实践，促进生产者和消费者向更可持续的农业体系转变)”可知，作者认为在发达国家，可以通过支持有利于环境、经济、健康和动物福利的可持续农业，采用“绿色食品标准”来代替完全致力于有机生产等方式来促进促进生产者和消费者向更可持续的农业体系转变。由些推知，制定灵活的农业政策可能真正降低食物的成本。故选C项。 40．推理判断题。根据第二段中“The cost is in the unintended damage of the very methods of food production that have made the food cheaper: in the pollution of water, the weakness of soil, the destruction of wildlife, the harm to animal welfare and the threat to human health caused by modern industrial agriculture.(代价是使食物更便宜的食品生产方法所造成的意想不到的损害：水的污染、土壤的脆弱、野生动物的破坏、对动物福利的伤害以及现代工业化农业对人类健康的威胁)”和第三段中“First mechanisation, then mass use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides, and now genetic engineering — modern industrial farming has seemed unstoppable, as the yields of produce have soared. But it comes with extensive loss of wildlife and habitat, soil degradation and fertilizer run-off.(首先是机械化，然后是化肥和杀虫剂的大规模使用，现在是基因工程——随着农产品产量的飙升，现代工业化农业似乎势不可挡。但随之而来的是野生动物和栖息地的大量丧失、土壤退化和肥料流失)”可知，作者认为现代工业化农业带来意想不到的损害，给人类的福祉造成危害。由此推知，作者对现代工业化农业持批判态度。故选A项。 11.（23-24高二下·湖北武汉·期中）It is a truth universally acknowledged that statues of public figures are hated by everyone, except perhaps their creators and, hopefully, their subjects, if they’re still alive to see them. Jane Austen — the author of Pride and Prejudice — will of course not be around when, or if, the statue in memory of her 250th birthday is built at Winchester Cathedral next year, but according to Jane Austen Society vice president Elizabeth Proudman, the author would not have approved of the proposal anyway. “She is known to have been a modest woman who avoided publicity.” Similar views were aired at a public meeting last week, in which local residents raised concerns that an Austen statue would lead to the “Disneyfication” of the sacred Cathedral. It is no disrespect to the statue’s creator — Martin Jennings to say that it’s difficult to imagine crowds of parents being woken up on the first day of the summer holidays by their screaming six-year-olds begging to be driven down the Cathedral to catch a glimpse of Austen in the bronze. Winchester’s is not the first wrangling over a celebrity sculpture in recent years: when the sculpture of Mary Wollstonecraft, the greatest feminist thinker of the 18th century, was on show, it was laughed at as a tiny misshapen woman. The bust (半身像) of footballing Cristiano Ronaldo was revealed at Madeira airport in 2017, which some commentators observed looked more like the former F1 star David Coulthard. To his credit, the bust’s creator, Emanuel Santos, defended himself admirably, saying “Even Jesus did not please everyone.” When Auguste Rodin’s ogreish (妖魔似的) Monument to Balzac went on display in Paris in 1898, it caused such dislike that it was rejected by the very group that had approved it in the first place. Yet by 1969 Kenneth Clark had declared it “the greatest piece of sculpture of the 19th century”. And you can still see it standing in the most visible place in the Musée Rodin’s gardens today. Perhaps there’s a lesson in that for all the maligned (诽谤) sculptors around the world: just wait 70 odd years and things will blow over. Perhaps by the year 2095, Austen, Wollstonecraft and Ronaldo will be standing toe to toe, bringing glory to some greatly-admired galleries. Or, as someone wisely remarks, “time will explain.” 41．Why did the local people worry about building the statue in the Cathedral? A．Because no one likes statues of public figures. B．Because it may show disrespect for the creator. C．Because Jane Austen didn’t want to be exposed publicly. D．Because it may turn the Cathedral into kids’ pleasure ground. 42．What does the underlined word “wrangling” in paragraph 3 mean? A．Arguing. B．Avoiding. C．Justifying. D．Interrupting. 43．How does the third paragraph mainly develop? A．By listing statistics. B．By offering examples. C．By giving a definition. D．By quoting someone’s words. 44．What is the author’s opinion about the statues of public figures? A．They are unworthy to be built. B．They will possibly be popular in the future. C．They will cause people’s hate to the subjects. D．They are bound to bring honor to noted galleries. 【答案】41．D 42．A 43．B 44．B 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要围绕“公众人物雕像”这一话题展开，通过引用不同人物的观点和例子，来讨论公众对这类雕像的不同看法和反应。 41．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Similar views were aired at a public meeting last week, in which local residents raised concerns that an Austen statue would lead to the “Disneyfication” of the sacred Cathedral. It is no disrespect to the statue’s creator — Martin Jennings to say that it’s difficult to imagine crowds of parents being woken up on the first day of the summer holidays by their screaming six-year-olds begging to be driven down the Cathedral to catch a glimpse of Austen in the bronze.(在上周的一次公众会议上，当地居民也表达了类似的观点，他们担心奥斯汀的雕像会导致神圣的大教堂被“迪士尼化”。这并不是对雕像的创造者马丁·詹宁斯的不尊重，他说，很难想象在暑假的第一天，成群的父母被他们6岁的孩子尖叫着请求开车到大教堂去看一眼青铜雕像上的奥斯汀。)”可知， 当地居民担心雕像会吸引大量儿童和家庭，使大教堂变得更像是一个旅游景点，而不太像是一个神圣的空间。因此，人们的担忧是雕像可能会把大教堂变成孩子们的游乐场。故选D。 42．词义猜测题。根据划线单词下文“when the sculpture of Mary Wollstonecraft, the greatest feminist thinker of the 18th century, was on show, it was laughed at as a tiny misshapen woman.(当18世纪最伟大的女权主义思想家Mary Wollstonecraft的雕塑展出时，它被嘲笑为一个畸形的小女人。)”可推测，温彻斯特的雕塑“产生争议”。选项A“Arguing (争论)”；选项B“Avoiding (避免)”；选项C“Justifying (证明)”；选项D“Interrupting (打断)”。故选A。 43．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Winchester’s is not the first wrangling over a celebrity sculpture in recent years: when the sculpture of Mary Wollstonecraft, the greatest feminist thinker of the 18th century, was on show, it was laughed at as a tiny misshapen woman. The bust (半身像) of footballing Cristiano Ronaldo was revealed at Madeira airport in 2017, which some commentators observed looked more like the former F1 star David Coulthard. To his credit, the bust’s creator, Emanuel Santos, defended himself admirably, saying “Even Jesus did not please everyone.”(温彻斯特的雕塑并不是近年来第一次围绕名人雕塑发生争执：当18世纪最伟大的女权主义思想家Mary Wollstonecraft的雕塑展出时，它被嘲笑为一个畸形的小女人。2017年，足球明星Cristiano Ronaldo的半身像在马德拉机场被曝光，一些评论员认为这尊半身像更像前F1明星David Coulthard。值得赞扬的是，半身像的创造者Emanuel Santos令人钦佩地为自己辩护说：“即使是耶稣也没有取悦所有人。”)”可知，第三段主要描述了关于在大教堂中建造简·奥斯汀雕像的激烈讨论。它提供了几个具体的例子来说明这种讨论时有发生。因此，第三段的主要内容是通过提供例子来发展的。故选B。 44．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“When Auguste Rodin’s ogreish (妖魔似的) Monument to Balzac went on display in Paris in 1898, it caused such dislike that it was rejected by the very group that had approved it in the first place. Yet by 1969 Kenneth Clark had declared it “the greatest piece of sculpture of the 19th century”. (1898年，当Auguste Rodin的妖魔似的巴尔扎克纪念碑在巴黎展出时，它引起了如此的厌恶，以至于最初批准它的团体也拒绝了它。然而，到1969年， Kenneth Clark宣称它是“19世纪最伟大的雕塑作品”。)”以及“Perhaps by the year 2095, Austen, Wollstonecraft and Ronaldo will be standing toe to toe, bringing glory to some greatly-admired galleries. Or, as someone wisely remarks, “time will explain.”(也许到2095年，奥斯汀、沃斯通克拉夫特和罗纳尔多将会站在一起，为一些备受推崇的画廊带来荣耀。或者，正如有人明智地说，“时间会解释的。”)”可知，作者认为这些雕像以后可能会受欢迎。故选B。 12.（23-24高二下·河南开封·期中）There is a myth (神话) in today’s society that human beings are weak and that the only way to be happy and successful in life is to protect oneself by avoiding difficulties. Not only is the myth false, but the actions we take believing them to be “protective” also usually limit happiness and even hamper (阻碍) personal and professional growth. Rather than fear and try to avoid all difficulties, perhaps we should accept the unavoidability of difficulties in life and prepare for, if not welcome, them. As a muscle grows stronger with stress, so can people, teams, organizations, even communities. Sports psychologists Fletcher and Sarkar have studied Olympic gold medal winners. They conclude, “Indeed, most of the participants argued that if they had not experienced certain types of stressors at specific times... they would not have won their gold medals.” Psychologists Richard Tedeschi and Lawrence Calhoun even created the term “posttraumatic growth”. They describe it as the experience of positive change that occurs as a result of highly challenging life crises (危机). It is shown in a variety of ways, including an increased appreciation for life in general, more meaningful interpersonal relationships, an increased sense of personal strength, and a richer spiritual life. The remarkable success stories that arise after moments of great challenge and failure are countless. Abraham Lincoln faced long-term depression, political failure, and the loss of a son but arose from failure and tragedy to become the greatest of American presidents. Thomas Edison failed thousands of times trying to create the world’s first practical light bulb. Harland Sanders developed Kentucky Fried Chicken in his 60s while recovering from a failed career as a lawyer. An English philosopher once wrote the result of sheltering people from their mistakes is to fill the world with fools. Let us not make that mistake. Rather, let us understand that growth arises from challenge and even failure. The myth of overprotection keeps us all from realizing our full potential. 45．The author thinks that . A．human beings are weak B．challenges are unavoidable in life C．we should court disasters D．it is wise to avoid all difficulties 46．Which of the fowllowing can be referred to as “posttraumatic growth”? A．The growth after surviving a big challenge. B．The satisfation after watching a nice movie. C．The pain during the struggle for survival D．The unhappiness for the loss of beloved ones. 47．What is the author’s attitude to sheltering oneself from failures? A．Unclear. B．Favorable. C．Doubtful. D．Disapproving. 48．How is the text mainly developed? A．By analyzing data. B．By conducting surveys. C．By listing examples. D．By making comparisons. 【答案】45．B 46．A 47．D 48．C 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。成长源于挑战甚至失败。错误地认为自己很脆弱、需要过度保护会使我们无法充分发挥自己的潜力。 45．细节理解题。根据第一段“Rather than fear and try to avoid all difficulties, perhaps we should accept the unavoidability of difficulties in life and prepare for, if not welcome, them.(与其害怕和逃避所有的困难，也许我们应该接受生活中困难的不可避免性，并为它们做好准备，如果不是欢迎它们的话)”可知，作者认为生活中遇到挑战是不可避免的。故选B。 46．推理判断题。根据第三段“They describe it as the experience of positive change that occurs as a result of highly challenging life crises (危机).(他们将其描述为经历极具挑战性的生活危机后产生的积极变化)”可推断，克服巨大挑战后的成长属于“posttraumatic growth”。故选A。 47．推理判断题。根据最后一段“The myth of overprotection keeps us all from realizing our full potential.(过度保护的神话让我们无法充分发挥自己的潜力)”可知，作者对这种过度自我保护的行为是持否定态度的。故选D。 48．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Abraham Lincoln faced long-term depression, political failure, and the loss of a son but arose from failure and tragedy to become the greatest of American presidents. Thomas Edison failed thousands of times trying to create the world’s first practical light bulb. Harland Sanders developed Kentucky Fried Chicken in his 60s while recovering from a failed career as a lawyer.(亚伯拉罕·林肯面临着长期的经济萧条、政治失败和丧子之痛，但他从失败和悲剧中崛起，成为美国最伟大的总统。为了制造世界上第一个实用的灯泡，托马斯·爱迪生失败了数千次。哈兰德·桑德斯在60多岁时创立了肯德基，当时他正从失败的律师生涯中恢复过来)”可知，作者主要是用例证法来说明自己的观点的。故选C。 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！6 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$