专题15 阅读理解说明文-2024年高二英语暑期尖子生专题检测必刷题（新高考）

专题15 阅读理解说明文 ———————————————————————————————————————— 高二名校阅读理解说明文专练 1.（23-24高二下·湖南张家界·期末）In recent years, the term “awesome” has become overused and common in popular culture—frequently as an adjective to describe a really enjoyable experience. As a result, its meaning and scope have been downsized. Awe can mean many things, but we know it when we truly feel it. It is a sense of being in the presence of something so vast that it goes beyond our understanding of the world. Being in the middle of a forest of ancient giant redwoods, appreciating the images of deep space transmitted from the telescope, and enjoying a passionate live performance by your favorite musician/band are all experiences that can cause the emotion of awe. Like contentment, love, and joy, awe is essential to our mental well-being. It has the potential to activate the calming effects of the parasympathetic (副交感神经的) division of the autonomic nervous system and stimulate the release of oxytocin, the chemical that promotes trust and bonding. Consequently, intentionally cultivating awe-inspiring experiences is a way for people to better deal with stress. Moreover, the psychological benefits of awe extend specifically to the quality of our internal self-talk. Many of us have a critical inner voice consistently telling us that we’re not good enough, often in a variety of ways—not smart enough, not pretty enough, not successful enough, etc. New research suggests that awe seems to quiet such cynical self-talk and help right-size the individual self and its concerns, and increase ethical decision-making. While awe is usually associated with dramatic, life-changing events, the truth is that we can find it in everyday life. The emotion of awe can come from any experience that transforms our understanding or challenges us to reconsider previously held ideas. As a result, awe can be activated by moments as diverse as seeing the Grand Canyon for the first time or witnessing an unexpected act of kindness. 1．Why is a live performance mentioned? A．To show the benefits awe brings. B．To help explain the definition of awe. C．To stress the importance of enjoying oneself. D．To compare it with other types of entertainment. 2．How does the experience of awe work on mental health? A．It enhances feelings of doubt. B．It decreases decision-making abilities. C．It strengthens the parasympathetic nervous system. D．It plays an active part in properly handling stress. 3．What does the underlined word “cynical” in paragraph 4 mean? A．Significant. B．Complex. C．Negative. D．Straightforward. 4．What can be concluded from the last paragraph? A．Awe is difficult to understand. B．Awe may change our thinking mode. C．Awe can be experienced in daily life. D．Awe is helpful in addressing dramatic events. 2.（23-24高二下·湖南长沙·期末）It’s known that reading is good for a child’s vocabulary and literacy skills, teaching them math or science concepts and helping them learn history. Apart from those, reading has another benefit. Have you read a story and felt tears well up because of a character’s suffering? If so, that is because you have empathy (共鸣) for the character- and empathy can be learned through various fiction. “It’s a magic eye that sees into other people’s hearts,” explains author Cressida Cowell. Research shows that human brains react differently to stories and facts. “Many more areas of your brain light up when you’re enjoying a story,” explains Miranda McKearney from Empathy Lab, an organization that builds empathy through reading. “Your brain thinks you are in the story... This means you experience the characters’ thoughts as if they are real.” Empathy helps you to read people’s emotions and work out the best way to respond. This skill, called emotional intelligence, can make it easier to communicate and connect with people. Research has shown that building empathy can lead to greater kindness and tolerance. One study found that children who read the Harry Potter novels- which tell stories about humans fighting against the evil-were less likely to behave unfairly towards powerless groups including refugees (难民). This theory has been put into practice by St. Michael’s Primary School. After reading The Boy at the Back of the Class- a story about a boy who is a refugee escaping from the war- students in that school were inspired to do a 10-mile walk for the non-profit organization Refugee Action. Their empathy also spurred them to raise £1,000 for people who were forced to leave their homes because of war. Reading encourages children to empathise with others, which could potentially lead to several beneficial learning outcomes, new research suggests. For society to develop, creative, communicative and empathetic individuals really matter. 5．Why do readers cry about a character’s experience? A．They have magic eyes． B．They want to show empathy． C．They understand his feelings． D．They have the same experience． 6．What does the author show by referring to the Harry Potter novels? A．The process of building empathy． B．The benefits of developing empathy． C．The results of the school’s experiment． D．The definition of emotional intelligence． 7．What does the underlined word “spurred” mean in paragraph 4? A．Reminded． B．Permitted． C．Persuaded． D．Encouraged． 8．What might the author advise children to do? A．Read more fiction． B．Learn the theory of empathy． C．Participate in Refugee Action． D．Put themselves into others’ shoes． 3.（23-24高二上·江苏盐城·期末）Is boredom a thing of the past, like black-and-white television? And, if so, is that a good thing? Julie Robinson, a former teacher who now represents the Independent Association of Prep Schools, thinks that boredom is regarded as an enemy of today’s children, and they are losing the ability to become thoughtful and reflective (沉思的). “We should not fear boredom.” said Julie Robinson. “Boredom is valuable to children. Quiet, reflective time is just as important as purposeful activity,” she added. Her opinion is that constant (连续不断的) activity for a child, often the result of the dreams of parents, will lead to concerned and worrying adult. The traditional ideas that children should be constantly active could prevent the development of their imagination. So anything that improves a greater thoughtfulness is to be warmly welcomed. Parents now feel a sense of failure when they hear their children complain about being bored. They seek an electronic devices (设备) to play games at once. And we didn’t feel bored during long car journeys anymore by the impatient “Are we there yet?” because all kinds of electronic devices have been taken along to avoid even a minute of boredom. So what chance do children have to allow their thoughts to wander? But it’s not just children who need lessons in reflection. Adults need that, too. On my train journey to work this morning, I couldn’t see a single person who wasn’t using an electronic device. No one was simply looking out of the window at the beautiful views of the county side. Not time for quiet thinking, even in the quiet library. There were emails to send, texts to read, and games to play. The wider world, seemingly, didn’t exist. The mobile phone has changed many things about our lives, and has developed an inability — among adults as well as children — to live in the present. What Julie Robinson regards is a cross-generational phenomenon: the fear of “inactivity”. And she is right. 9．Julie Robinson thinks boredom is useful because it makes children_________. A．find effective solutions to social problems B．improve the ability to learn knowledge C．have time to think and have their imagination developed D．communicate more with their parents and friends 10．Which of the following is seen as “inactivity” according to the last paragraph? A．Sending emails on a train. B．Playing games with friends. C．Planning constant activity for children. D．Looking out of the window at the beautiful views. 11．The author mentioned the train journey to show that_________. A．the trip on a quiet train was very boring B．the view of the countryside was beautiful C．people had too much work to do D．electronic devices influence people’s life greatly 12．Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage? A．Both adults and children like to stay alone and recall their past days. B．People fail to leave their children enough time to think and imagine. C．Electronic devices are always good for both children and adults. D．Parents should tell their children how to use a mobile phone. 4.（22-23高二下·江苏南京·期末）Everything about nuclear energy seems terrifically big: the cost, construction and the fears of something going badly wrong. The future, however, may well be much smaller. Dozens of companies are working on a new generation of reactors (反应堆) that, they promise, can deliver nuclear power at lower cost and reduced risk. These small-scale plants will on average generate between 50MW (megawatt, a unit of power) and 300MW of power compared with the 1,000MW-plus from a traditional reactor. They will draw on modular (模块化的) manufacturing techniques that will reduce construction risk, which has troubled larger-scale projects for long. Supporters believe these advanced modular reactors (AMRs) — most of which will not be commercial until the 2030s — are critical if atomic power is to compete against the rapidly falling costs of solar and wind. “The physics hasn’t changed. It’s about much cleverer design that offers much-needed flexibility in terms of operation,” said Tim Stone, long-term industry adviser and chairman of Nuclear Risk Insurers, which insures nuclear sites in the UK. Since the Fukushima disaster in Japan in 2011, safety fears have threatened nuclear power. But the biggest obstacle today is economic. In western Europe, just three plants are under construction: in the UK at Hinkley Point C in Somerest; at Flamanville in France; and at Olkiluoto in Finland. All involve the European Pressurized Reactor technology of EDF that will be used at Hinkley Point. All are running years late and over budget. In the US, the first two nuclear projects under way for the past 30 years are also blowing through cost estimates. The UK, which opened the world’s first commercial nuclear reactor in 1956, is one of the few western nations committed to renewing its ageing facilities to ensure energy security and meet tough carbon reduction targets. It is seen as a proving ground, by many in the industry, of nuclear power’s ability to restore confidence. However, the country’s agreement with EDF to build two units at Hinkley Point — which together will generate 3.2GW (gigawatt, a unit of power) of electricity — has come under severe criticism over its cost. The government is looking at different funding models but said it still sees unclear power as vital to the country’s future energy mix. Small reactor, it believes, have the potential to generate much-needed power from the 2030s. 13．What can be learned from the passage about the advanced modular reactors (AMRs)? A．They don’t work on the same principles as traditional reactors. B．They haven’t been widely used for business purposes. C．They are at a critical stage of being manufactured. D．They operate more flexibly than wind generators. 14．In paragraph 2, the writer mentions the plants in different countries in order to______. A．show that the advanced technology of EDF is mature. B．argue against the popular use of nuclear power. C．prove that their construction costs more than available. D．suggest a possible solution to budget problems. 15．What can be inferred from the passage? A．The UK government is reducing its funding for ageing nuclear facilities. B．Some people have lost their confidence in the use of nuclear power. C．People are more supportive of solar and wind energy than nuclear energy. D．The UK is decreasing the impact of nuclear power on its economy. 16．Which of the following might be the best title of the passage? A．Large-scale nuclear plants will be a big hit. B．Traditional reactors boom with new mini ones. C．The government should reflect on nuclear safety. D．Nuclear power looks to shrink its way to success. 5.（23-24高二下·山东济南·期末）Most people think that weeds are something to be pulled up and thrown away. Now, purslane (马齿苋) may be the key to creating drought resistant crops in a world that is getting warmer. Scientists at Yale University found that purslane can create a new form of photosynthesis (光合作用) that allows this weed to endure drought conditions. “This is a very rare ‘super plant’ — one that could be potentially useful in crop engineering.” said Edwards, a professor of ecology and evolutionary biology. Purslane actually enhances its photosynthesis efficiency to match the high levels found in plants like corn, which enables it to maintain productivity under high temperatures. On the other hand, this plant employs a special way of photosynthesis. It stores carbon dioxide at night and uses it during the day, which makes it remarkably resistant to heat. The uniqueness of purslane lies in these two characteristics. Yale team conducted an analysis of the genes in the leaves of the plant and found that they are totally integrated and operate in the same cells. Understanding how this works could allow scientists to engineer main crops like corn to resist long-lasting droughts. Growing across the US, purslane has small round leaves, and red, yellow, or pink flowers. You can plant it in your garden just about anywhere. With its sour-salty taste, it is a healthy food rich in vitamins, minerals, and Omega-3s. You can enjoy it raw in salads or cooked as a dish. “In terms of engineering the plant into a crop like corn, there is still a lot of work to do before that could become a reality,” Edwards said in the news release. Finding and growing new food crops that can survive the effects of climate change is a win-win for a planet that is getting hotter and drier. Who knew this common weed could be the key? 17．What makes purslane a “super plant” according to Paragraph 2? A．Its unique taste and color. B．Its ability to grow anywhere. C．Its high capacity in storing water. D．Its uncommon way of photosynthesis. 18．What is the advantage of purslane’s storing carbon dioxide at night? A．Increasing its productivity. B．Helping it to resist drought. C．Allowing it to grow faster. D．Reducing its need for sunlight. 19．What can we learn about purslane as food? A．It is rich in nutrition. B．It is not widely accepted. C．It is not suitable in salads. D．It is mainly cooked as a dish. 20．What is the main purpose of the text? A．To promote the planting of purslane. B．To warn readers of the danger of the weed. C．To describe different types of photosynthesis. D．To show purslane’s potential in crop engineering. 6.（23-24高二下·重庆渝中·期末）Some songs might speak to your soul even if you don't know the words. The almost magical way that music reflects and influences our emotions led American poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow to declare it the “universal language of mankind”. But how universal is it really? A team of more than a dozen researchers and countless undergraduates set out to collect and interpret descriptions and recordings of musical performances around the world. Their first finding: Music is indeed universal. Or at least statistical modeling strongly suggests that more than 99% of societies have music. Then, they analyzed the song descriptions for sixty very different societies and looked at different qualities related to song performance. As they classified the songs, they found that three dimensions (方面) accounted for more than a quarter of the variability between songs. The first was how formal or informal a song was. Songs high in formality had large audiences and lots of instruments, often involved ceremonial events, and frequently had adult-only audiences. Informal events had smaller audiences, including children, or no audience at all. The second was how arousing a song was to its listeners. Lively events involving lots of dancing were high on this dimension, while a low value reflected a calmer event, like someone singing to themselves or a baby. The last was how religious song was. Songs used in ceremonies were high in religiosity, while those without a spiritual context scored low. The researchers applied their findings to four widespread categories of music: lullabies (摇篮), dance songs, love songs and healing songs, and found clear trend. Most dance was highly arousing and formal, but low in religiosity. Lullabies were mostly low in formality and low in arousal. And healing songs scored high in all dimensions while love songs were low in all dimensions. Even more interesting, the distribution of these behaviors was similar in all societies studied. Scholars say that their database could fuel future research into even more inspiring questions about music universals. And their method might be used to pick out patterns in other hard-to-analyze fields, like storytelling or visual art. 21．How was the research conducted? A．By making comparison and contrast. B．By finding similarities. C．By collecting and analyzing data. D．By illustrating examples. 22．Which kind of music may involve the most audiences and instruments? A．Lullabies. B．Dance songs. C．Love songs. D．Healing songs. 23．How is the future of their research findings according to the scholars? A．Promising. B．Unpredictable. C．Impractical. D．Limited. 24．What can be concluded from the passage? A．Songs can speak to your soul only if you know their words. B．Differences in formality lead to the variability between songs. C．Music is classified by the number of audience and instruments. D．Research on the universals of music can help explore other fields. 7.（23-24高二下·重庆·期末）Restless in their seat, glancing around and never looking you in the eye. We think we know when someone is lying, but do we really? A study showed that people’s ability to tell if someone is lying is little better than 50%. Interestingly, another research suggests that we are actually quite good at unconsciously (无意识地) spotting liars, but our conscious thoughts overrule this. Scientist R. Edward points out that training in recognising liars doesn’t always help, saying “quick, inadequate training sessions lead people to over-analyse and to do worse than if they go with their gut reactions (本能)”. One reason for this may be “truth bias”. Experts have suggested that we are usually biased to believe that people are telling us the truth. Another reason that might make us bad at identifying liars is that there are many myths around body language and lying. Many of us believe that liars are unlikely to look us in the eye or will be uneasy in their seat. However, this isn’t necessarily the case. It may be that not looking away, or sitting more still than usual, are actually the giveaways that someone is lying. To see how someone’s behaviour really changes as they lie, many experts recommend observing people talking about things known to be true. This allows us to establish a baseline of their normal behaviours while speaking. Any differences to this baseline behaviour could show that someone is lying. This is why it’s much harder to lie to people who know us well. As liars may be working hard to conceal their behaviours, some psychologists have suggested increasing the effort needed for this by asking them to tell their story again backwards. When facing this increased cognitive (认知的) load, any behavioural tell-tale signs are magnified (放大). It can be hard to spot liars. We are likely to trust people, and behaviours can be hidden, but if we know someone well, and if someone is working too hard to stick to their story, it’s possible to see through people who are not telling the truth. 25．What can be known according to the researches in paragraph 2? A．Most people are able to distinguish a liar. B．Getting trained is quite useful for telling a liar. C．Spotting liars is like making a guess. D．Making conscious thoughts helps spot a liar. 26．Which is NOT recommended by the experts to spot a liar? A．Increasing the person’s cognitive pressure. B．Observing the person talking about things known real. C．Getting to know the person better. D．Asking the person to retell his story from beginning to end. 27．What is the possible meaning of the underlined word “conceal”? A．Disguise. B．Seek. C．Spot. D．Display. 28．What is the best title of the text? A．How we can spot a liar. B．What a liar’s tricks are. C．Why it’s hard to spot a liar. D．Who are good at lying. 8.（23-24高二下·浙江宁波·期末）Some girls tend to feel frustrated if they have a pear-shaped body, with hips that are wider than the bust (胸部) and shoulders. While pear-shaped people’s waists are typically smaller, they may have more fat on their hips and legs. As a result, many pear-shaped girls try to hide their hips and legs under large dresses and pants. However, a recent study suggested that pear-shaped people are the ones who won the genetic lottery! A study published in September by the US National Library of Medicine found that the waist-to-hip ratio(WHR) shows the strongest and most consistent association with mortality. Traditionally, the body mass index (BMI) has been considered the best indicator of health. However, this study challenges this belief. It surveyed nearly 40,000 people and found that, regardless of BMI, WHR is positively correlated with all-cause mortality(all of the deaths that occur in a population no matter the cause). The larger the WHR, the higher the all-cause mortality rate will be. Instead of focusing on how much fat a person has, scientists involved in this study suggest people should focus more on how fat is distributed in a person’s body. WHR, as its name suggests, compares your waist measurement to your hip measurement. A larger waistline means more central fat, which could indicate more visceral fat (内脏脂肪), also known as toxic fat. Harvard Medical School states that more visceral fat increases the risk of illnesses including diabetes, heart diseases and asthma. That’s why people with a pear-shaped body tend to be healthier than others. According to the World Health Organization(WHO), a healthy WHR is less than 0.85 for women and less than 0.9 for men. It is impossible to specifically target waist fat when people try to lose weight. But losing overall fat will make the waist smaller. Researchers from Johns Hopkins University suggested we eat less carbohydrates and more food higher in fiber and protein. Moreover, doing strength training helps build more muscle, which makes you burn more calories even when you’re resting. 29．Why do pear-shaped girls prefer baggy trousers? A．To show off their long legs. B．To hide their broad shoulders. C．To showcase their slim waists. D．To cover their wide hips and thick legs. 30．What does the recent study find that goes against the conventional belief? A．Pear-shaped people are much healthier. B．WHR consistently correlates with death rate. C．Pear-shaped people are lucky to win lotteries. D．A smaller BMI indicates healthier physical condition. 31．What does the author primarily intend to do in Paragraph 4? A．To announce the standard WHR set by World Health Organization. B．To explain why pear-shaped body are likely to be healthier than others. C．To introduce what WHR refers to and how to measure our waistlines. D．To reveal the huge risks of various illnesses visceral fat can bring about. 32．What’s the text mainly about? A．A practical tip for losing waist fat. B．A healthy WHR recommended by WHO. C．A surprise bonus won by pear-shaped bodies. D．A typical bodyshape bringing good to health. 9.（23-24高二下·河北张家口·期末）Stereotype (成见) threat is a psychological phenomenon where individuals feel anxious about confirming negative stereotypes about their group, which can affect their performance. For example, a woman might feel nervous when taking a math test because of stereotypes about women in math courses or worry that receiving a poor grade will cause others to think that women don’t have high levels of math ability. This worry can be stressful and distracting, leading to lower performance on tasks like tests. In a study by Steven Spencer, female students scored lower on a math test when told that men and women had scored differently but performed as well as males when told there was no gender bias. Stereotypet hreat is situation-specific, occurring only in settings where a negative stereotype about one’s group is relevant. For example, a woman might feel this threat in a math or computer science class but not in a humanities course. A famous study by Claude Steele and Joshua Aronson demonstrated the impact of stereotype threat. They asked some participants to indicate their race before a vocabulary test, causing black students to underperform compared to both white students and black students not asked about their race. However, when the racial question was removed, the performance gap disappeared. Psychological interventions, such as self-affirmation (自我肯定), can make stereotype threat less harmful. Self-affirmation involves reminding oneself of personal values and achievements unrelated to the threatened field. Studies have shown that self-affirmation exercises can reduce achievement gap s between racial and gender groups. However, the topic of stereotype threat is not without criticism. Social psychologist Michael Inzlicht points out that researchers have not always been able to replicate (复制) the results of classic research studies on stereotype threat. Psychologists are still conducting more research to determine exactly how stereotype threat affects us. 33．Why is an example cited in paragraph 1? A．To illustrate a specific situation. B．To explain the topic of discussion. C．To prove the truth of a point of view. D．To show the existence of gender differences. 34．Which word can best replace the underlined word “bias” in paragraph 2? A．Issue. B．Identity. C．Role. D．Gap. 35．What is effective in reducing the effect of stereotype threat? A．Putting the strengths of a group to the best use. B．Thinking about one’s achievements in other fields. C．Dismissing achievement gap s between racial and gender groups. D．Recognizing the harm stereotype threat does to one’s academic performance. 36．What is Michael Inzlicht’s attitude toward the research findings of stereotype threat? A．Approving. B．Objective. C．Doubtful. D．Unconcerned. 10.（23-24高二下·河北邢台·期末）In a new study, researchers have discovered bottled water sold in stores can contain 10 to 100 times more bits of plastic than previously estimated—nanoplastics (纳米塑料) so tiny that they cannot be seen under a microscope. At one-thousandth the average width of a human hair, nanoplastics are so small that they can migrate through the tissues of the digestive tract or lungs into the bloodstream, distributing potentially noxious synthetic (人造的) chemicals throughout the body and into cells. One liter of water contains an average of 240,000 plastic particles from seven types of plastics, of which 90% are identified as nanoplastics and the rest are microplastics, according to the new study. According to Sherri Mason, a researcher, the new finding strengthens long-held expert advice to drink tap water from glass or stainless steel containers to reduce exposure. That advice extends to other foods and drinks packaged in plastic. Nanoplastics are the most worrying type of plastic pollution for human health. “The chemicals can be carried to your liver, kidney, and brain and even make their way across the placental boundary and end up in an unborn child,” said Mason. “Based on other studies, we expected most of the microplastics in bottled water would come from leakage of the plastic bottle itself, which is typically made of PET(聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯) plastic,”said Qian, a doctoral student at Columbia University. Studies have found that particles of this plastic can be broken off by repeatedly opening and closing the cap of the bottle, crushing the bottle or subjecting it to heat, such as in a car. “We can avoid consuming foods and beverages (饮料) in plastic containers. We can wear clothing made from natural fabric s and buy consumer products made from natural materials,”said Jane Houlihan, an expert in environmental health.“We can estimate the plastic in our daily lives and find alternatives whenever possible.” Several studies have also reported lower microplastic levels in tap water. 37．What does the underlined word “noxious” in paragraph 2 mean? A．Identical. B．Harmful. C．Primitive. D．Dynamic. 38．How do microplastics mainly enter bottled water according to the text? A．By being present in the air. B．By contaminating the water source. C．By breaking off from the plastic bottle. D．By being added during the producing process. 39．What does Jane Houlihan suggest doing to reduce plastic consumption in daily life? A．Increasing the use of water containers. B．Purchasing products made from synthetic materials. C．Choosing natural fabrics and materials whenever possible. D．Avoiding products packaged in glass or stainless steel containers. 40．Which can be the best title for the text? A．How to Reduce Plastic Use in Daily Life B．New Study on Bottled Water Pollution C．The Benefits of Drinking Tap Water D．The Health Risks of Nanoplastics 11.（23-24高二下·四川眉山·期末）Despite lacking a central brain, jellyfish (水母) learned to spot and avoid obstacles in a new study, which is the first evidence that these animals can do something called associative learning. “Maybe learning doesn’t need a very complicated nervous system,” says Jan Bielecki from Kiel University in Germany. Maybe any creature with even a simple nervous system can learn. Caribbean box jellyfish include four rhopalia (感觉棍) hanging off a jellyfish’s body. Each rhopalium has six “eyes” and has about 1,000 neurons (神经元) to process what those eyes see. To hunt food, these jellyfish must move between trees’ roots. They judge a root’s distance based on how dark it looks compared to the water. In clear waters, nearby roots have high contrast. Only distant roots fade into the background. But in dark waters, even nearby roots can blend into their surroundings and have low contrast. So the researchers wondered if Caribbean box jellyfish could learn that low-contrast objects — which might at first seem distant — were actually close by. To find it out, the team put 12 jellyfish into a round water tank surrounded by low-contrast gray and white stripes (条). Such stripes might appear to a jellyfish like distant roots in the clear water. Initially, the animals seemed to see the gray stripes as distant root and swam into the tank wall. But those collisions seemed to lead the jellyfish to reconsider the stripes. Soon, the creatures knew how to avoid them. Next the researchers cut rhopalia off jellyfish and placed them in front of a screen that showed low-contrast, light gray bars. Meanwhile, the rhopalia were given a weak electrical pulse. This copied the nerve (神经) signal rhopalia would get if a jellyfish bumped into something. At first, the rhopalia ignored low-contrast bars. But receiving “bump” signals when they saw those bars made them start paying attention. Their nerves started sending out the types of signals they emit when a jellyfish moves away from something. This suggests the rhopalia alone can learn that seemingly distant, low-contrast objects are in fact close enough to avoid. That, in turn, hints that these nerve centers are behind Caribbean box jellyfish learning. 41．What is the focus of the research? A．The method of how jellyfish learn. B．The theory of associative learning. C．The composition of a nervous system. D．The special living habit of jellyfish. 42．How do jellyfish judge a root's distance? A．By judging its size. B．By looking at its contrast. C．By comparing its features. D．By analyzing its surroundings. 43．How did the researchers conduct their research? A．They coloured something to attract jellyfish. B．They exposed jellyfish to natural surroundings. C．They adjusted the distance between objects. D．They created jellyfish’s similar living conditions. 44．What can rhopalia be described as for jellyfish? A．A driving force. B．A learning center. C．A special inspiration. D．A source of knowledge. 12.（23-24高二下·云南曲靖·期末）If a pancake could dream, it might long for legs so it could jump off your breakfast plate in pursuit of a better, unchewed life. But legs aren’t necessary for something as flat as a pancake to jump around. A group of scientists have designed a pancake-shaped robot that can jump several times per second and higher than seven times its body height. The new robot named Hop, which swiftly jumps without feet, is an important contribution to the soft robotics. Many ground robots move by rolling or walking. But it’s more efficient for robots to jump over obstacles than to go around them. Although jumping can offer some robots a competitive edge, engineering that ability has been a challenge for robotics researchers. Some soft robots that store energy can perform a single impressive jump very infrequently. Some lightweight soft robots that don’t store energy can jump frequently but can’t jump high or far enough to successfully cross an obstacle. For inspiration, the researchers looked to gall midge larvae (瘿蚊幼虫) that miraculously throw themselves across distances 30 times as long as their loglike bodies. A gall midge larva bends its body and squeezes the liquid in its body to one end, making it rigid. The accumulation of liquid builds up pressure, and releasing the pressure sends it soaring. The robot’s body doesn’t resemble that of a gall midge larva, but it jumps like one. Its body is made of two small plastic bags printed with electrodes (电极); the front bag is filled with liquid and the back one is filled with the same volume of air. The robot uses electricity to drive the flow of liquid, which causes the body to bend and generate force with the ground, resulting in a jump. And the air bag imitates the function of an animal’s tail, helping the robot maintain a stable position. While the robot is currently restricted to Earth, it might be right at home exploring another planet. If this is true, the researchers’ robot might jump over dust y rocks and large holes on the moon or Mars, going where no pancake has gone before. 45．What does the author want to show by mentioning a pancake? A．A pancake’s dream to have legs is unrealistic. B．A robot is capable of serving a good pancake. C．A pancake-shaped robot can jump without legs. D．Research on pancakes advances our understanding of robots. 46．What difficultly do robotics researchers have in developing Hop according to Paragraph 2? A．Hop’s avoiding an obstacle. B．Hop’s moving around by rolling. C．Hop’s performing one remarkable jump. D．Hop’s jumping high and far continuously. 47．What inspiration do the researchers draw from gall midge larvae? A．They are shaped like logs. B．They have tails to change positions. C．They bend their bodies and increase force. D．They are filled with liquid and have rigid bodies. 48．What is the author’s attitude to the future of the new robot? A．Intolerant. B．Positive. C．Doubtful. D．Unclear. 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！6 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 专题15 阅读理解说明文 ———————————————————————————————————————— 高二名校阅读理解说明文专练 1.（23-24高二下·湖南张家界·期末）In recent years, the term “awesome” has become overused and common in popular culture—frequently as an adjective to describe a really enjoyable experience. As a result, its meaning and scope have been downsized. Awe can mean many things, but we know it when we truly feel it. It is a sense of being in the presence of something so vast that it goes beyond our understanding of the world. Being in the middle of a forest of ancient giant redwoods, appreciating the images of deep space transmitted from the telescope, and enjoying a passionate live performance by your favorite musician/band are all experiences that can cause the emotion of awe. Like contentment, love, and joy, awe is essential to our mental well-being. It has the potential to activate the calming effects of the parasympathetic (副交感神经的) division of the autonomic nervous system and stimulate the release of oxytocin, the chemical that promotes trust and bonding. Consequently, intentionally cultivating awe-inspiring experiences is a way for people to better deal with stress. Moreover, the psychological benefits of awe extend specifically to the quality of our internal self-talk. Many of us have a critical inner voice consistently telling us that we’re not good enough, often in a variety of ways—not smart enough, not pretty enough, not successful enough, etc. New research suggests that awe seems to quiet such cynical self-talk and help right-size the individual self and its concerns, and increase ethical decision-making. While awe is usually associated with dramatic, life-changing events, the truth is that we can find it in everyday life. The emotion of awe can come from any experience that transforms our understanding or challenges us to reconsider previously held ideas. As a result, awe can be activated by moments as diverse as seeing the Grand Canyon for the first time or witnessing an unexpected act of kindness. 1．Why is a live performance mentioned? A．To show the benefits awe brings. B．To help explain the definition of awe. C．To stress the importance of enjoying oneself. D．To compare it with other types of entertainment. 2．How does the experience of awe work on mental health? A．It enhances feelings of doubt. B．It decreases decision-making abilities. C．It strengthens the parasympathetic nervous system. D．It plays an active part in properly handling stress. 3．What does the underlined word “cynical” in paragraph 4 mean? A．Significant. B．Complex. C．Negative. D．Straightforward. 4．What can be concluded from the last paragraph? A．Awe is difficult to understand. B．Awe may change our thinking mode. C．Awe can be experienced in daily life. D．Awe is helpful in addressing dramatic events. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．C 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要解释了什么是“敬畏”以及其带来的影响。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段“Awe can mean many things, but we know it when we truly feel it. It is a sense of being in the presence of something so vast that it goes beyond our understanding of the world. Being in the middle of a forest of ancient giant redwoods, appreciating the images of deep space transmitted from the telescope, and enjoying a passionate live performance by your favorite musician/band are all experiences that can cause the emotion of awe.(敬畏意味着很多东西，但当我们真正感受到它时，我们就会知道它。它是一种存在感，它是如此巨大，超出了我们对世界的理解。置身于古老的巨型红杉森林之中，欣赏望远镜传送的深空图像，欣赏你最喜欢的音乐家/乐队的激情现场表演，这些都是能让人产生敬畏之情的经历)”可知，提到现场演出是为了帮助解释敬畏的定义。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“Consequently, intentionally cultivating awe-inspiring experiences is a way for people to better deal with stress.(因此，有意识地培养令人敬畏的经历是人们更好地应对压力的一种方式)”可知，敬畏的体验在正确处理压力方面起着积极作用，从而影响心理健康。故选D。 3．词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“Many of us have a critical inner voice consistently telling us that we’re not good enough, often in a variety of ways—not smart enough, not pretty enough, not successful enough, etc.(我们中的许多人内心都有一个批评的声音不断地告诉我们，我们不够好，经常以各种方式——不够聪明，不够漂亮，不够成功，等等)”以及“New research suggests that awe seems to quiet such”可知，上文提到了各种对自我的消极评价，而新的研究表明，敬畏似乎可以平息这种消极的自言自语。故划线词意思是“消极的”。故选C。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“While awe is usually associated with dramatic, life-changing events, the truth is that we can find it in everyday life. The emotion of awe can come from any experience that transforms our understanding or challenges us to reconsider previously held ideas. As a result, awe can be activated by moments as diverse as seeing the Grand Canyon for the first time or witnessing an unexpected act of kindness.(虽然敬畏通常与戏剧性的、改变生活的事件联系在一起，但事实是，我们可以在日常生活中找到它。敬畏的情绪可以来自任何改变我们的理解或挑战我们重新考虑以前持有的想法的经历。因此，敬畏可以被各种各样的时刻激发，比如第一次看到大峡谷，或者目睹意想不到的善举)”可知，敬畏可以在日常生活中体验到。故选C。 2.（23-24高二下·湖南长沙·期末）It’s known that reading is good for a child’s vocabulary and literacy skills, teaching them math or science concepts and helping them learn history. Apart from those, reading has another benefit. Have you read a story and felt tears well up because of a character’s suffering? If so, that is because you have empathy (共鸣) for the character- and empathy can be learned through various fiction. “It’s a magic eye that sees into other people’s hearts,” explains author Cressida Cowell. Research shows that human brains react differently to stories and facts. “Many more areas of your brain light up when you’re enjoying a story,” explains Miranda McKearney from Empathy Lab, an organization that builds empathy through reading. “Your brain thinks you are in the story... This means you experience the characters’ thoughts as if they are real.” Empathy helps you to read people’s emotions and work out the best way to respond. This skill, called emotional intelligence, can make it easier to communicate and connect with people. Research has shown that building empathy can lead to greater kindness and tolerance. One study found that children who read the Harry Potter novels- which tell stories about humans fighting against the evil-were less likely to behave unfairly towards powerless groups including refugees (难民). This theory has been put into practice by St. Michael’s Primary School. After reading The Boy at the Back of the Class- a story about a boy who is a refugee escaping from the war- students in that school were inspired to do a 10-mile walk for the non-profit organization Refugee Action. Their empathy also spurred them to raise £1,000 for people who were forced to leave their homes because of war. Reading encourages children to empathise with others, which could potentially lead to several beneficial learning outcomes, new research suggests. For society to develop, creative, communicative and empathetic individuals really matter. 5．Why do readers cry about a character’s experience? A．They have magic eyes． B．They want to show empathy． C．They understand his feelings． D．They have the same experience． 6．What does the author show by referring to the Harry Potter novels? A．The process of building empathy． B．The benefits of developing empathy． C．The results of the school’s experiment． D．The definition of emotional intelligence． 7．What does the underlined word “spurred” mean in paragraph 4? A．Reminded． B．Permitted． C．Persuaded． D．Encouraged． 8．What might the author advise children to do? A．Read more fiction． B．Learn the theory of empathy． C．Participate in Refugee Action． D．Put themselves into others’ shoes． 【答案】5．C 6．B 7．D 8．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了研究表明阅读可以帮助孩子培养同理心，这对于儿童发展有很多好处。 5．细节理解题。根据第一段“Have you read a story and felt tears well up because of a character’s suffering? If so, that is because you have empathy (共鸣) for the character- and empathy can be learned through various fiction.(你是否读过一个故事，因为一个人物的痛苦而热泪盈眶?如果是这样，那是因为你对角色有同理心——同理心可以通过各种小说来学习)”可知，读者因为角色的经历而流泪是因为他们对角色有同理心，能理解角色的感受，故选C项。 6．推理判断题。根据第三段“Empathy helps you to read people’s emotions and work out the best way to respond. This skill, called emotional intelligence, can make it easier to communicate and connect with people. Research has shown that building empathy can lead to greater kindness and tolerance. One study found that children who read the Harry Potter novels- which tell stories about humans fighting against the evil-were less likely to behave unfairly towards powerless groups including refugees (难民).(同理心可以帮助你读懂别人的情绪，并找出最好的回应方式。这种技能被称为情商，可以使你更容易与人沟通和联系。研究表明，建立同理心可以带来更大的善良和宽容。一项研究发现，读过《哈利波特》小说的孩子不太可能对包括难民在内的弱势群体做出不公平的行为。《哈利波特》讲述了人类与邪恶作斗争的故事)”可知，作者提到《哈利波特》小说是以阅读过它的孩子们的实例来佐证这些好处，故选B项。 7．词义猜测题。根据画线词上文“After reading The Boy at the Back of the Class- a story about a boy who is a refugee escaping from the war- students in that school were inspired to do a 10-mile walk for the non-profit organization Refugee Action.(在读完《教室后面的男孩》——一个关于逃离战争的男孩的故事后，学校的学生受到启发，为非营利组织“难民行动”进行了10英里的步行活动)”可知，此处讲述阅读《坐在教室最后一排的男孩》对激励学生们起到的积极效果，再结合下文“to raise £1,000 for people who were forced to leave their homes because of war”可推知，学生们筹集善款也是因为被这本书激励了，spurred意思应该与上文的“inspired”呼应，是“激励”的意思，故选D项。 8．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Reading encourages children to empathise with others, which could potentially lead to several beneficial learning outcomes, new research suggests. For society to develop, creative, communicative and empathetic individuals really matter.(新的研究表明，阅读可以鼓励孩子们同情他人，这可能会带来一些有益的学习成果。对于社会的发展来说，有创造力、善于沟通和善解人意的个人真的很重要)”可知，阅读有益于孩子们培养同理心，促进他们个人的发展，从而促进社会的发展。由此可推知，作者会建议孩子们通过阅读来培养同理心，故选A项。 3.（23-24高二上·江苏盐城·期末）Is boredom a thing of the past, like black-and-white television? And, if so, is that a good thing? Julie Robinson, a former teacher who now represents the Independent Association of Prep Schools, thinks that boredom is regarded as an enemy of today’s children, and they are losing the ability to become thoughtful and reflective (沉思的). “We should not fear boredom.” said Julie Robinson. “Boredom is valuable to children. Quiet, reflective time is just as important as purposeful activity,” she added. Her opinion is that constant (连续不断的) activity for a child, often the result of the dreams of parents, will lead to concerned and worrying adult. The traditional ideas that children should be constantly active could prevent the development of their imagination. So anything that improves a greater thoughtfulness is to be warmly welcomed. Parents now feel a sense of failure when they hear their children complain about being bored. They seek an electronic devices (设备) to play games at once. And we didn’t feel bored during long car journeys anymore by the impatient “Are we there yet?” because all kinds of electronic devices have been taken along to avoid even a minute of boredom. So what chance do children have to allow their thoughts to wander? But it’s not just children who need lessons in reflection. Adults need that, too. On my train journey to work this morning, I couldn’t see a single person who wasn’t using an electronic device. No one was simply looking out of the window at the beautiful views of the county side. Not time for quiet thinking, even in the quiet library. There were emails to send, texts to read, and games to play. The wider world, seemingly, didn’t exist. The mobile phone has changed many things about our lives, and has developed an inability — among adults as well as children — to live in the present. What Julie Robinson regards is a cross-generational phenomenon: the fear of “inactivity”. And she is right. 9．Julie Robinson thinks boredom is useful because it makes children_________. A．find effective solutions to social problems B．improve the ability to learn knowledge C．have time to think and have their imagination developed D．communicate more with their parents and friends 10．Which of the following is seen as “inactivity” according to the last paragraph? A．Sending emails on a train. B．Playing games with friends. C．Planning constant activity for children. D．Looking out of the window at the beautiful views. 11．The author mentioned the train journey to show that_________. A．the trip on a quiet train was very boring B．the view of the countryside was beautiful C．people had too much work to do D．electronic devices influence people’s life greatly 12．Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage? A．Both adults and children like to stay alone and recall their past days. B．People fail to leave their children enough time to think and imagine. C．Electronic devices are always good for both children and adults. D．Parents should tell their children how to use a mobile phone. 【答案】9．C 10．D 11．D 12．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了现在人们都使用手机等电子产品来避免无聊，而作者认为无聊的存在是有其意义的——可以让孩子们在无聊中对一些问题进行思考。 9．细节理解题。根据第二段中Julie Robinson说的话“Boredom is valuable to children. Quiet, reflective time is just as important as purposeful activity,(无聊对孩子来说是有价值的。安静、沉思的时间和有目的的活动一样重要)”和第三段中“The traditional ideas that children should be constantly active could prevent the development of their imagination. So anything that improves a greater thoughtfulness is to be warmly welcomed.(传统观念认为孩子应该不断活跃，这会阻碍他们想象力的发展。因此，任何能够提高更深思熟虑的事情都会受到热烈欢迎。)”可知，Julie Robinson认为无聊是有用的，因为它能让孩子们有时间思考，且发展他们的想象力。故选C。 10．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“On my train journey to work this morning, I couldn’t see a single person who wasn’t using an electronic device. No one was simply looking out of the window at the beautiful views of the county side. Not time for quiet thinking, even in the quiet library. There were emails to send, texts to read, and games to play. The wider world, seemingly, didn’t exist. The mobile phone has changed many things about our lives, and has developed an inability — among adults as well as children — to live in the present. What Julie Robinson regards is a cross-generational phenomenon (现象): the fear of “inactivity”. (今天早上在去上班的火车上，我看不到一个人不使用电子设备。没有人只是简单地向窗外看县城的美景。没有时间安静的思考，即使在安静的图书馆。有邮件要发，有短信要读，有游戏要玩。更广阔的世界，似乎并不存在。手机已经改变了我们生活中的许多事情，并且已经使成年人和儿童都无法生活在当下。朱莉·罗宾逊认为这是一个跨代现象：对“不活跃”的恐惧。)”可知，“不活跃”现象指的是人们安静的这种状态，即上文提到的无聊现象，如今人们害怕无聊，所以会经常看手机，或者不间断的做一些打发无聊的事情。由此可推知，D项“望着窗外美丽的景色”被认为是一种“不活跃”现象。故选D。 11．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“On my train journey to work this morning, I couldn’t see a single person who wasn’t using an electronic device. No one was simply looking out of the window at the beautiful views of the county side. Not time for quiet thinking, even in the quiet library. There were emails to send, texts to read, and games to play. The wider world, seemingly, didn’t exist. The mobile phone has changed many things about our lives, and has developed an inability—among adults as well as children—to live in the present.(今天早上在去上班的火车上，我看不到一个人不使用电子设备。没有人只是简单地向窗外看县城的美景。没有时间安静的思考，即使在安静的图书馆。有邮件要发，有短信要读，有游戏要玩。更广阔的世界，似乎并不存在。手机已经改变了我们生活中的许多事情，并且已经使成年人和儿童都无法生活在当下。)”可推知，作者提到了火车旅行，是为了表明电子设备对人们的生活影响很大。故选D。 12．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Boredom is valuable to children. Quiet, reflective time is just as important as purposeful activity,(无聊对孩子来说是有价值的。安静、沉思的时间和有目的的活动一样重要)”和第四段中“Parents now feel a sense of failure when they hear their children complain about being bored. They seek an electronic devices (设备) to play games at once. And we didn’t feel bored during long car journeys anymore by the impatient “Are we there yet?” because all kinds of electronic devices have been taken along to avoid even a minute of boredom. (现在，当父母听到孩子抱怨无聊时，他们会感到一种失败感。他们寻找一种可以立即玩游戏的电子设备。在长途汽车旅行中，我们再也不会因为不耐烦地问“我们到了吗？”而感到无聊，因为各种各样的电子设备已经随身携带，以避免哪怕是一分钟的无聊。)”可知，人们没有给他们的孩子足够的时间去思考和想象。故选B。 4.（22-23高二下·江苏南京·期末）Everything about nuclear energy seems terrifically big: the cost, construction and the fears of something going badly wrong. The future, however, may well be much smaller. Dozens of companies are working on a new generation of reactors (反应堆) that, they promise, can deliver nuclear power at lower cost and reduced risk. These small-scale plants will on average generate between 50MW (megawatt, a unit of power) and 300MW of power compared with the 1,000MW-plus from a traditional reactor. They will draw on modular (模块化的) manufacturing techniques that will reduce construction risk, which has troubled larger-scale projects for long. Supporters believe these advanced modular reactors (AMRs) — most of which will not be commercial until the 2030s — are critical if atomic power is to compete against the rapidly falling costs of solar and wind. “The physics hasn’t changed. It’s about much cleverer design that offers much-needed flexibility in terms of operation,” said Tim Stone, long-term industry adviser and chairman of Nuclear Risk Insurers, which insures nuclear sites in the UK. Since the Fukushima disaster in Japan in 2011, safety fears have threatened nuclear power. But the biggest obstacle today is economic. In western Europe, just three plants are under construction: in the UK at Hinkley Point C in Somerest; at Flamanville in France; and at Olkiluoto in Finland. All involve the European Pressurized Reactor technology of EDF that will be used at Hinkley Point. All are running years late and over budget. In the US, the first two nuclear projects under way for the past 30 years are also blowing through cost estimates. The UK, which opened the world’s first commercial nuclear reactor in 1956, is one of the few western nations committed to renewing its ageing facilities to ensure energy security and meet tough carbon reduction targets. It is seen as a proving ground, by many in the industry, of nuclear power’s ability to restore confidence. However, the country’s agreement with EDF to build two units at Hinkley Point — which together will generate 3.2GW (gigawatt, a unit of power) of electricity — has come under severe criticism over its cost. The government is looking at different funding models but said it still sees unclear power as vital to the country’s future energy mix. Small reactor, it believes, have the potential to generate much-needed power from the 2030s. 13．What can be learned from the passage about the advanced modular reactors (AMRs)? A．They don’t work on the same principles as traditional reactors. B．They haven’t been widely used for business purposes. C．They are at a critical stage of being manufactured. D．They operate more flexibly than wind generators. 14．In paragraph 2, the writer mentions the plants in different countries in order to______. A．show that the advanced technology of EDF is mature. B．argue against the popular use of nuclear power. C．prove that their construction costs more than available. D．suggest a possible solution to budget problems. 15．What can be inferred from the passage? A．The UK government is reducing its funding for ageing nuclear facilities. B．Some people have lost their confidence in the use of nuclear power. C．People are more supportive of solar and wind energy than nuclear energy. D．The UK is decreasing the impact of nuclear power on its economy. 16．Which of the following might be the best title of the passage? A．Large-scale nuclear plants will be a big hit. B．Traditional reactors boom with new mini ones. C．The government should reflect on nuclear safety. D．Nuclear power looks to shrink its way to success. 【答案】13．B 14．C 15．B 16．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要讲述了核能的新发展，数十家公司正在开发新一代反应堆，他们承诺，这种反应堆可以以更低的成本和更低的风险提供核能。核能在成功的道路上似乎距离又缩小了。 13．推理判断题。结合第一段最后一句中“Supporters believe these advanced modular reactors (AMRs) -- most of which will not be commercial until the 2030s ”（支持者认为，这些先进模块化反应堆（AMR）——其中大多数要到 2030 年代才会投入商业化）可知，到目前为止，大部分的 AMRs 还没有投入使用。故选B。 14．推理判断题。根据第二段最后一句“All involve the European Pressurized reactor technology of EDF that will be used at Hinkley Point. All are running years late and over budget. In the US, the first two nuclear projects under way for the past 30 years are also blowing through cost estimates .”（所有这些都涉及到 法国电力公司（EDF）将在 Hinkley Point 使用的欧洲加压反应堆技术，所有这些都比预算晚了好几年，而且超出了预算。在美国，过去 30 年正在进行的前两个核项目也超出了成本估算。）由此可知，文章中提到的西欧和美国的核电站，用来证明建设核电站的成本超出了可用的预算。故选C。 15．推理判断题。根据第三段第二句“ It is seen as a proving ground, by many in the industry, of nuclear power’s ability to restore confidence.”（许多业内人士视为，这是核能恢复信心能力的试验场。）由此判断出，有些人已经对使用核能失去了信心。故选B。 16．主旨大意题。结合第一段前三句“Everything about nuclear energy seems terrifically big: the cost, construction and decommissioning -- and the fears of something going badly wrong. The future, however, may well be much smaller. Dozens of companies are working on a new generation of reactors that, they promise, can deliver nuclear power at lower cost and reduced risk.”（关于核能的一切看起来都非常巨大：成本、建设和退役——以及对出现严重问题的担忧。然而，未来可能会小得多。几十家公司正在研发新一代的反应堆，他们承诺，这种反应堆能够以更低的成本和风险提供核能。）以及后文的内容，可知本文主要讨论了当前核能开发存在耗资巨大且存在核泄漏风险，因此人们正对这种技术失去信心，但是由于新的核能发电方式 AMRs 的出现，可能会扭转这种情况。所以可知，本文的标题应为“核能的成功之路似乎在缩小”。故选D。 5.（23-24高二下·山东济南·期末）Most people think that weeds are something to be pulled up and thrown away. Now, purslane (马齿苋) may be the key to creating drought resistant crops in a world that is getting warmer. Scientists at Yale University found that purslane can create a new form of photosynthesis (光合作用) that allows this weed to endure drought conditions. “This is a very rare ‘super plant’ — one that could be potentially useful in crop engineering.” said Edwards, a professor of ecology and evolutionary biology. Purslane actually enhances its photosynthesis efficiency to match the high levels found in plants like corn, which enables it to maintain productivity under high temperatures. On the other hand, this plant employs a special way of photosynthesis. It stores carbon dioxide at night and uses it during the day, which makes it remarkably resistant to heat. The uniqueness of purslane lies in these two characteristics. Yale team conducted an analysis of the genes in the leaves of the plant and found that they are totally integrated and operate in the same cells. Understanding how this works could allow scientists to engineer main crops like corn to resist long-lasting droughts. Growing across the US, purslane has small round leaves, and red, yellow, or pink flowers. You can plant it in your garden just about anywhere. With its sour-salty taste, it is a healthy food rich in vitamins, minerals, and Omega-3s. You can enjoy it raw in salads or cooked as a dish. “In terms of engineering the plant into a crop like corn, there is still a lot of work to do before that could become a reality,” Edwards said in the news release. Finding and growing new food crops that can survive the effects of climate change is a win-win for a planet that is getting hotter and drier. Who knew this common weed could be the key? 17．What makes purslane a “super plant” according to Paragraph 2? A．Its unique taste and color. B．Its ability to grow anywhere. C．Its high capacity in storing water. D．Its uncommon way of photosynthesis. 18．What is the advantage of purslane’s storing carbon dioxide at night? A．Increasing its productivity. B．Helping it to resist drought. C．Allowing it to grow faster. D．Reducing its need for sunlight. 19．What can we learn about purslane as food? A．It is rich in nutrition. B．It is not widely accepted. C．It is not suitable in salads. D．It is mainly cooked as a dish. 20．What is the main purpose of the text? A．To promote the planting of purslane. B．To warn readers of the danger of the weed. C．To describe different types of photosynthesis. D．To show purslane’s potential in crop engineering. 【答案】17．D 18．B 19．A 20．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了马齿苋这种看似普通的野草，在应对全球变暖、干旱等环境问题中的潜在价值，包括其独特的光合作用方式、耐旱特性以及作为健康食品的营养价值。 17．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Scientists at Yale University found that purslane can create a new form of photosynthesis (光合作用) that allows this weed to endure drought conditions. “This is a very rare ‘super plant’ — one that could be potentially useful in crop engineering.” said Edwards, a professor of ecology and evolutionary biology.(耶鲁大学的科学家发现马齿苋可以创造一种新的光合作用形式，使这种杂草能够忍受干旱条件。“这是一种非常罕见的‘超级植物’——一种在作物工程中可能有用的植物。”生态学和进化生物学教授爱德华兹说)”可知，耶鲁大学的科学家发现马齿苋能够进行一种新的光合作用方式，使得这种野草能够在干旱条件下生存。这种独特的光合作用方式使得马齿苋成为一种“超级植物”，具有潜在的作物工程应用价值。故选D。 18．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Yale team conducted an analysis of the genes in the leaves of the plant and found that they are totally integrated and operate in the same cells. Understanding how this works could allow scientists to engineer main crops like corn to resist long-lasting droughts. (耶鲁大学的研究小组对植物叶片中的基因进行了分析，发现它们是完全整合的，并在同一个细胞中运作。了解这一原理可以让科学家改造玉米等主要作物来抵御长期干旱)”可知，马齿苋能够在夜间储存二氧化碳，并在白天使用这些储存的二氧化碳进行光合作用的能力使得马齿苋能够比其他植物更能抵抗干旱。故选B。 19．细节理解题。根据文章第四段“Growing across the US, purslane has small round leaves, and red, yellow, or pink flowers. You can plant it in your garden just about anywhere. With its sour-salty taste, it is a healthy food rich in vitamins, minerals, and Omega-3s. You can enjoy it raw in salads or cooked as a dish.(马齿苋生长在美国各地，长着小而圆的叶子，开着红色、黄色或粉红色的花。你可以把它种在花园里的任何地方。它的酸味咸味，是一种富含维生素、矿物质和Omega-3s的健康食品。你可以把它放在沙拉里生吃，也可以做菜吃)”可知，马齿苋是一种健康食品，富含维生素、矿物质和Omega-3s。这说明马齿苋在营养方面非常丰富。故选A。 20．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段““In terms of engineering the plant into a crop like corn, there is still a lot of work to do before that could become a reality,” Edwards said in the news release.(“就把这种植物改造成玉米这样的作物而言，在它成为现实之前，还有很多工作要做，”Edwards在新闻发布会上说)”以及全文内容可知，文章主要介绍了马齿苋这种植物具有一种独特的光合作用方式，使得它在干旱条件下能够生存，并且这种能力在作物工程中具有潜在的应用价值。因此，文章的主要目的是展示马齿苋在作物工程中的潜力。故选D。 6.（23-24高二下·重庆渝中·期末）Some songs might speak to your soul even if you don't know the words. The almost magical way that music reflects and influences our emotions led American poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow to declare it the “universal language of mankind”. But how universal is it really? A team of more than a dozen researchers and countless undergraduates set out to collect and interpret descriptions and recordings of musical performances around the world. Their first finding: Music is indeed universal. Or at least statistical modeling strongly suggests that more than 99% of societies have music. Then, they analyzed the song descriptions for sixty very different societies and looked at different qualities related to song performance. As they classified the songs, they found that three dimensions (方面) accounted for more than a quarter of the variability between songs. The first was how formal or informal a song was. Songs high in formality had large audiences and lots of instruments, often involved ceremonial events, and frequently had adult-only audiences. Informal events had smaller audiences, including children, or no audience at all. The second was how arousing a song was to its listeners. Lively events involving lots of dancing were high on this dimension, while a low value reflected a calmer event, like someone singing to themselves or a baby. The last was how religious song was. Songs used in ceremonies were high in religiosity, while those without a spiritual context scored low. The researchers applied their findings to four widespread categories of music: lullabies (摇篮), dance songs, love songs and healing songs, and found clear trend. Most dance was highly arousing and formal, but low in religiosity. Lullabies were mostly low in formality and low in arousal. And healing songs scored high in all dimensions while love songs were low in all dimensions. Even more interesting, the distribution of these behaviors was similar in all societies studied. Scholars say that their database could fuel future research into even more inspiring questions about music universals. And their method might be used to pick out patterns in other hard-to-analyze fields, like storytelling or visual art. 21．How was the research conducted? A．By making comparison and contrast. B．By finding similarities. C．By collecting and analyzing data. D．By illustrating examples. 22．Which kind of music may involve the most audiences and instruments? A．Lullabies. B．Dance songs. C．Love songs. D．Healing songs. 23．How is the future of their research findings according to the scholars? A．Promising. B．Unpredictable. C．Impractical. D．Limited. 24．What can be concluded from the passage? A．Songs can speak to your soul only if you know their words. B．Differences in formality lead to the variability between songs. C．Music is classified by the number of audience and instruments. D．Research on the universals of music can help explore other fields. 【答案】21．C 22．B 23．A 24．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了研究人员对音乐普遍性进项了分析和研究。音乐普遍性具有启发性，也有助于探索其他领域。 21．推理判断题。根据第二段“A team of more than a dozen researchers and countless undergraduates set out to collect and interpret descriptions and recordings of musical performances around the world.(一个由十几名研究人员和无数本科生组成的团队开始收集和解读世界各地音乐表演的描述和录音)”以及第三段“As they classified the songs, they found that three dimensions (方面) accounted for more than a quarter of the variability between songs.(当他们对歌曲进行分类时，他们发现三个维度占歌曲之间可变性的四分之一以上)”可推知，研究是通过收集和分析数据进行的。故选C。 22．推理判断题。根据第三段“Songs high in formality had large audiences and lots of instruments, often involved ceremonial events, and frequently had adult-only audiences.(高度正式的歌曲有大量的观众和大量的乐器，通常涉及仪式活动，而且通常只有成人观众)”以及第四段“Most dance was highly arousing and formal, but low in religiosity. (大多数舞蹈都很有煽动性，很正式，但宗教信仰很低)”可推知，舞曲可能涉及最多的观众和乐器。故选B。 23．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Scholars say that their database could fuel future research into even more inspiring questions about music universals. And their method might be used to pick out patterns in other hard-to-analyze fields, like storytelling or visual art.(学者们表示，他们的数据库可以推动未来对音乐普遍性更具启发性的问题的研究。他们的方法可能被用来挑选其他难以分析的领域的模式，比如讲故事或视觉艺术)”可推知，学者们认为，他们的研究结果是很有前景的。故选A。 24．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Scholars say that their database could fuel future research into even more inspiring questions about music universals. And their method might be used to pick out patterns in other hard-to-analyze fields, like storytelling or visual art.(学者们表示，他们的数据库可以推动未来对音乐普遍性更具启发性的问题的研究。他们的方法可能被用来挑选其他难以分析的领域的模式，比如讲故事或视觉艺术)”可推知，对音乐普遍性的研究有助于探索其他领域。故选D。 7.（23-24高二下·重庆·期末）Restless in their seat, glancing around and never looking you in the eye. We think we know when someone is lying, but do we really? A study showed that people’s ability to tell if someone is lying is little better than 50%. Interestingly, another research suggests that we are actually quite good at unconsciously (无意识地) spotting liars, but our conscious thoughts overrule this. Scientist R. Edward points out that training in recognising liars doesn’t always help, saying “quick, inadequate training sessions lead people to over-analyse and to do worse than if they go with their gut reactions (本能)”. One reason for this may be “truth bias”. Experts have suggested that we are usually biased to believe that people are telling us the truth. Another reason that might make us bad at identifying liars is that there are many myths around body language and lying. Many of us believe that liars are unlikely to look us in the eye or will be uneasy in their seat. However, this isn’t necessarily the case. It may be that not looking away, or sitting more still than usual, are actually the giveaways that someone is lying. To see how someone’s behaviour really changes as they lie, many experts recommend observing people talking about things known to be true. This allows us to establish a baseline of their normal behaviours while speaking. Any differences to this baseline behaviour could show that someone is lying. This is why it’s much harder to lie to people who know us well. As liars may be working hard to conceal their behaviours, some psychologists have suggested increasing the effort needed for this by asking them to tell their story again backwards. When facing this increased cognitive (认知的) load, any behavioural tell-tale signs are magnified (放大). It can be hard to spot liars. We are likely to trust people, and behaviours can be hidden, but if we know someone well, and if someone is working too hard to stick to their story, it’s possible to see through people who are not telling the truth. 25．What can be known according to the researches in paragraph 2? A．Most people are able to distinguish a liar. B．Getting trained is quite useful for telling a liar. C．Spotting liars is like making a guess. D．Making conscious thoughts helps spot a liar. 26．Which is NOT recommended by the experts to spot a liar? A．Increasing the person’s cognitive pressure. B．Observing the person talking about things known real. C．Getting to know the person better. D．Asking the person to retell his story from beginning to end. 27．What is the possible meaning of the underlined word “conceal”? A．Disguise. B．Seek. C．Spot. D．Display. 28．What is the best title of the text? A．How we can spot a liar. B．What a liar’s tricks are. C．Why it’s hard to spot a liar. D．Who are good at lying. 【答案】25．C 26．D 27．A 28．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要分析人们不能有效识别撒谎的原因以及就此给出一些建议。 25．推理判断题。由文章第二段“A study showed that people’s ability to tell if someone is lying is little better than 50%. Interestingly, another research suggests that we are actually quite good at unconsciously (无意识地) spotting liars, but our conscious thoughts overrule this. (一项研究表明，人们判断某人是否在撒谎的能力略高于50%。有趣的是，另一项研究表明，我们实际上非常善于无意识地发现骗子，但我们的有意识思维推翻了这一点。)”可知，这里研究主要讲我们识别谎言的正确率并不高，发现骗子就像在猜测一样，只有一半成功率。故选C项。 26．细节理解题。由文章倒数第二段“As liars may be working hard to conceal their behaviours, some psychologists have suggested increasing the effort needed for this by asking them to tell their story again backwards. (由于骗子可能会努力 自己的行为，一些心理学家建议，通过要求他们再次倒过来讲述自己的故事来增加这方面的努力。)”可知，专家建议他们再次倒过来讲述自己的故事而不是D项Asking the person to retell his story from beginning to end.(要求对方从头到尾复述他的故事。)，所以D项与原文不符合。故选D项。 27．词句猜测题。由文章倒数第二段“As liars may be working hard to conceal their behaviours, some psychologists have suggested increasing the effort needed for this by asking them to tell their story again backwards. (由于骗子可能会努力 自己的行为，一些心理学家建议，通过要求他们再次倒过来讲述自己的故事来增加这方面的努力。)”可猜测，骗子应该是努力“隐藏或者伪装”自己的行为。所以猜测conceal 表“隐藏或伪装”的意思，与A项意思相近。故选A项。 28．主旨大意题。结合全文，特别是文章第三段“One reason for this may be ‘truth bias’. Experts have suggested that we are usually biased to believe that people are telling us the truth. Another reason that might make us bad at identifying liars is that there are many myths around body language and lying.(其中一个原因可能是‘真相偏见’。专家表示，我们通常有偏见地认为人们在告诉我们真相。另一个可能让我们不善于识别骗子的原因是，关于肢体语言和撒谎有很多神话。)”可知，文章主要分析人们不能有效识别撒谎的原因以及就此给出一些建议。所以C项Why it’s hard to spot a liar.(为什么很难发现骗子。)符合语境。故选C项。 8.（23-24高二下·浙江宁波·期末）Some girls tend to feel frustrated if they have a pear-shaped body, with hips that are wider than the bust (胸部) and shoulders. While pear-shaped people’s waists are typically smaller, they may have more fat on their hips and legs. As a result, many pear-shaped girls try to hide their hips and legs under large dresses and pants. However, a recent study suggested that pear-shaped people are the ones who won the genetic lottery! A study published in September by the US National Library of Medicine found that the waist-to-hip ratio(WHR) shows the strongest and most consistent association with mortality. Traditionally, the body mass index (BMI) has been considered the best indicator of health. However, this study challenges this belief. It surveyed nearly 40,000 people and found that, regardless of BMI, WHR is positively correlated with all-cause mortality(all of the deaths that occur in a population no matter the cause). The larger the WHR, the higher the all-cause mortality rate will be. Instead of focusing on how much fat a person has, scientists involved in this study suggest people should focus more on how fat is distributed in a person’s body. WHR, as its name suggests, compares your waist measurement to your hip measurement. A larger waistline means more central fat, which could indicate more visceral fat (内脏脂肪), also known as toxic fat. Harvard Medical School states that more visceral fat increases the risk of illnesses including diabetes, heart diseases and asthma. That’s why people with a pear-shaped body tend to be healthier than others. According to the World Health Organization(WHO), a healthy WHR is less than 0.85 for women and less than 0.9 for men. It is impossible to specifically target waist fat when people try to lose weight. But losing overall fat will make the waist smaller. Researchers from Johns Hopkins University suggested we eat less carbohydrates and more food higher in fiber and protein. Moreover, doing strength training helps build more muscle, which makes you burn more calories even when you’re resting. 29．Why do pear-shaped girls prefer baggy trousers? A．To show off their long legs. B．To hide their broad shoulders. C．To showcase their slim waists. D．To cover their wide hips and thick legs. 30．What does the recent study find that goes against the conventional belief? A．Pear-shaped people are much healthier. B．WHR consistently correlates with death rate. C．Pear-shaped people are lucky to win lotteries. D．A smaller BMI indicates healthier physical condition. 31．What does the author primarily intend to do in Paragraph 4? A．To announce the standard WHR set by World Health Organization. B．To explain why pear-shaped body are likely to be healthier than others. C．To introduce what WHR refers to and how to measure our waistlines. D．To reveal the huge risks of various illnesses visceral fat can bring about. 32．What’s the text mainly about? A．A practical tip for losing waist fat. B．A healthy WHR recommended by WHO. C．A surprise bonus won by pear-shaped bodies. D．A typical bodyshape bringing good to health. 【答案】29．D 30．B 31．B 32．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了研究发现，梨形身材的人往往比其他人更健康，对此进行了解释说明。 29．细节理解题。根据第一段“As a result, many pear-shaped girls try to hide their hips and legs under large dresses and pants.(因此，许多梨形身材的女孩试图把臀部和腿藏在大裙子和裤子下面)”可知，梨形身材的女孩更喜欢宽松的裤子是为了遮住他们宽大的臀部和粗腿。故选D。 30．细节理解题。根据第三段“A study published in September by the US National Library of Medicine found that the waist-to-hip ratio(WHR) shows the strongest and most consistent association with mortality. Traditionally, the body mass index (BMI) has been considered the best indicator of health. However, this study challenges this belief. (美国国家医学图书馆9月份发表的一项研究发现，腰臀比（WHR）与死亡率的关系最密切、最一致。传统上，身体质量指数（BMI）被认为是健康的最佳指标。然而，这项研究挑战了这种观点)”可知，最近的研究发现WHR始终与死亡率相关与传统观念相反。故选B。 31．推理判断题。根据第四段“WHR, as its name suggests, compares your waist measurement to your hip measurement. A larger waistline means more central fat, which could indicate more visceral fat (内脏脂肪), also known as toxic fat. Harvard Medical School states that more visceral fat increases the risk of illnesses including diabetes, heart diseases and asthma. That’s why people with a pear-shaped body tend to be healthier than others. According to the World Health Organization(WHO), a healthy WHR is less than 0.85 for women and less than 0.9 for men.(WHR，顾名思义，比较你的腰围和臀围。腰围越大，意味着更多的中心脂肪，这可能意味着更多的内脏脂肪，也被称为有毒脂肪。哈佛医学院指出，内脏脂肪过多会增加患糖尿病、心脏病和哮喘等疾病的风险。这就是为什么梨形身材的人往往比其他人更健康。根据世界卫生组织的数据，女性健康的腰宽比小于0.85，男性健康的腰宽比小于0.9)”可知，作者在第4段解释为什么梨形身材的人可能比其他人更健康。故选B。 32．主旨大意题。根据第二段“However, a recent study suggested that pear-shaped people are the ones who won the genetic lottery!(然而，最近的一项研究表明，梨形的人是那些赢得了基因彩票的人！)”结合文章主要说明了研究发现，梨形身材的人往往比其他人更健康，对此进行了解释说明。可知，这篇文章主要讲了梨形身材赢得意外奖金。故选C。 9.（23-24高二下·河北张家口·期末）Stereotype (成见) threat is a psychological phenomenon where individuals feel anxious about confirming negative stereotypes about their group, which can affect their performance. For example, a woman might feel nervous when taking a math test because of stereotypes about women in math courses or worry that receiving a poor grade will cause others to think that women don’t have high levels of math ability. This worry can be stressful and distracting, leading to lower performance on tasks like tests. In a study by Steven Spencer, female students scored lower on a math test when told that men and women had scored differently but performed as well as males when told there was no gender bias. Stereotypet hreat is situation-specific, occurring only in settings where a negative stereotype about one’s group is relevant. For example, a woman might feel this threat in a math or computer science class but not in a humanities course. A famous study by Claude Steele and Joshua Aronson demonstrated the impact of stereotype threat. They asked some participants to indicate their race before a vocabulary test, causing black students to underperform compared to both white students and black students not asked about their race. However, when the racial question was removed, the performance gap disappeared. Psychological interventions, such as self-affirmation (自我肯定), can make stereotype threat less harmful. Self-affirmation involves reminding oneself of personal values and achievements unrelated to the threatened field. Studies have shown that self-affirmation exercises can reduce achievement gap s between racial and gender groups. However, the topic of stereotype threat is not without criticism. Social psychologist Michael Inzlicht points out that researchers have not always been able to replicate (复制) the results of classic research studies on stereotype threat. Psychologists are still conducting more research to determine exactly how stereotype threat affects us. 33．Why is an example cited in paragraph 1? A．To illustrate a specific situation. B．To explain the topic of discussion. C．To prove the truth of a point of view. D．To show the existence of gender differences. 34．Which word can best replace the underlined word “bias” in paragraph 2? A．Issue. B．Identity. C．Role. D．Gap. 35．What is effective in reducing the effect of stereotype threat? A．Putting the strengths of a group to the best use. B．Thinking about one’s achievements in other fields. C．Dismissing achievement gap s between racial and gender groups. D．Recognizing the harm stereotype threat does to one’s academic performance. 36．What is Michael Inzlicht’s attitude toward the research findings of stereotype threat? A．Approving. B．Objective. C．Doubtful. D．Unconcerned. 【答案】33．A 34．D 35．B 36．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是刻板印象威胁的定义、表现、情境特异性、心理干预措施以及当前研究的现状和挑战。 33．推理判断题。根据第一段“Stereotype (成见) threat is a psychological phenomenon where individuals feel anxious about confirming negative stereotypes about their group, which can affect their performance. For example, a woman might feel nervous when taking a math test because of stereotypes about women in math courses or worry that receiving a poor grade will cause others to think that women don’t have high levels of math ability.(刻板印象威胁是一种心理现象，个体对确认对其群体的负面刻板印象感到焦虑，这会影响他们的表现。例如，女性在参加数学考试时可能会因为对数学课程中女性的刻板印象而感到紧张，或者担心自己的成绩不好会让别人认为女性的数学能力不高。)”可知，在第一段中引用了一个例子是为了说明具体情况。故选A。 34．词句猜测题。根据第二段“female students scored lower on a math test when told that men and women had scored differently(在一项数学测试中，当被告知男性和女性的分数不同时，女学生的分数更低)”和“but performed as well as males when told there was no gender(但当被告知没有性别bias时，它们的表现和男性一样好)”可知，划线词所在句子表示“在Steven Spencer的一项研究中，当被告知男女分数不同时，女学生在数学测试中的得分较低，但在被告知没有性别偏见时，女学生的表现与男学生一样好”可知，划线词bias的意思是“偏差，偏见”，和gap意思相近。故选D。 35．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Psychological interventions, such as self-affirmation (自我肯定), can make stereotype threat less harmful. Self-affirmation involves reminding oneself of personal values and achievements unrelated to the threatened field.(心理干预，如自我肯定，可以降低刻板印象威胁的危害。自我肯定包括提醒自己与威胁领域无关的个人价值观和成就。)”可知，想想自己在其他领域的成就能有效地减少刻板印象威胁的影响。故选B。 36．推理判断题。根据最后一段“However, the topic of stereotype threat is not without criticism. Social psychologist Michael Inzlicht points out that researchers have not always been able to replicate (复制) the results of classic research studies on stereotype threat.(然而，刻板印象威胁的话题并非没有批评。社会心理学家Michael Inzlicht指出，研究人员并不总是能够复制关于刻板印象威胁的经典研究结果。)”可知，Michael Inzlicht对刻板印象威胁的研究结果的态度是怀疑的，故选C。 10.（23-24高二下·河北邢台·期末）In a new study, researchers have discovered bottled water sold in stores can contain 10 to 100 times more bits of plastic than previously estimated—nanoplastics (纳米塑料) so tiny that they cannot be seen under a microscope. At one-thousandth the average width of a human hair, nanoplastics are so small that they can migrate through the tissues of the digestive tract or lungs into the bloodstream, distributing potentially noxious synthetic (人造的) chemicals throughout the body and into cells. One liter of water contains an average of 240,000 plastic particles from seven types of plastics, of which 90% are identified as nanoplastics and the rest are microplastics, according to the new study. According to Sherri Mason, a researcher, the new finding strengthens long-held expert advice to drink tap water from glass or stainless steel containers to reduce exposure. That advice extends to other foods and drinks packaged in plastic. Nanoplastics are the most worrying type of plastic pollution for human health. “The chemicals can be carried to your liver, kidney, and brain and even make their way across the placental boundary and end up in an unborn child,” said Mason. “Based on other studies, we expected most of the microplastics in bottled water would come from leakage of the plastic bottle itself, which is typically made of PET(聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯) plastic,”said Qian, a doctoral student at Columbia University. Studies have found that particles of this plastic can be broken off by repeatedly opening and closing the cap of the bottle, crushing the bottle or subjecting it to heat, such as in a car. “We can avoid consuming foods and beverages (饮料) in plastic containers. We can wear clothing made from natural fabric s and buy consumer products made from natural materials,”said Jane Houlihan, an expert in environmental health.“We can estimate the plastic in our daily lives and find alternatives whenever possible.” Several studies have also reported lower microplastic levels in tap water. 37．What does the underlined word “noxious” in paragraph 2 mean? A．Identical. B．Harmful. C．Primitive. D．Dynamic. 38．How do microplastics mainly enter bottled water according to the text? A．By being present in the air. B．By contaminating the water source. C．By breaking off from the plastic bottle. D．By being added during the producing process. 39．What does Jane Houlihan suggest doing to reduce plastic consumption in daily life? A．Increasing the use of water containers. B．Purchasing products made from synthetic materials. C．Choosing natural fabrics and materials whenever possible. D．Avoiding products packaged in glass or stainless steel containers. 40．Which can be the best title for the text? A．How to Reduce Plastic Use in Daily Life B．New Study on Bottled Water Pollution C．The Benefits of Drinking Tap Water D．The Health Risks of Nanoplastics 【答案】37．B 38．C 39．C 40．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项新的研究：瓶装水中含有大量纳米塑料，这些塑料对人体有潜在的危害。 37．词义猜测题。根据第二段中“At one-thousandth the average width of a human hair, nanoplastics are so small that they can migrate through the tissues of the digestive tract or lungs into the bloodstream(纳米塑料只有人类头发平均宽度的千分之一，它们非常小，可以通过消化道或肺部的组织进入血液)”以及后文的“…synthetic (人造的) chemicals throughout the body and into cells.(……合成化学物质遍布全身并进入细胞。) ”可知，纳米塑料能够迁移并通过消化道或肺部的组织进入血液，将可能有害的合成化学物质分布到全身和细胞中。因此，“noxious”在这里指的是“有害的”。B选项“Harmful.(有害的)”与划线词为同义词。故选B。 38．细节理解题。根据第五段中“Based on other studies, we expected most of the microplastics in bottled water would come from leakage of the plastic bottle itself, which is typically made of PET(聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯) plastic,(根据其他研究，我们预计瓶装水中的大部分微塑料将来自塑料瓶本身的泄漏，塑料瓶通常由PET塑料制成，)”以及后文中“Studies have found that particles of this plastic can be broken off by repeatedly opening and closing the cap of the bottle, crushing the bottle or subjecting it to heat, such as in a car.(研究发现，这种塑料颗粒可以通过反复打开和关闭瓶盖、压碎瓶子或加热来破碎。)”可知，这表明瓶装水中的微塑料主要来自塑料瓶本身的泄漏。进一步解释中提到，这种塑料（PET塑料）的颗粒会因反复开关瓶盖、挤压瓶子或将其置于高温环境（如车内）而脱落。因此，微塑料主要通过从塑料瓶中脱落的方式进入瓶装水。故选C。 39．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“We can avoid consuming foods and beverages (饮料) in plastic containers. We can wear clothing made from natural fabric s and buy consumer products made from natural materials(我们可以避免食用塑料容器中的食物和饮料。我们可以穿由天然面料制成的衣服，购买由天然材料制成的消费品)”可知，Jane Houlihan 建议在日常生活中减少塑料消耗的方法是“尽可能选择天然面料和材料制成的产品”即尽可能选择天然的织物和材料。故选C。 40．主旨大意题。通读全文，文章主要围绕一项关于瓶装水中纳米塑料污染的新研究进行描述，并探讨了其对人类健康的潜在风险。因此，B选项“New Study on Bottled Water Pollution(瓶装水污染新研究)”最能概括文章的主旨。故选B。 11.（23-24高二下·四川眉山·期末）Despite lacking a central brain, jellyfish (水母) learned to spot and avoid obstacles in a new study, which is the first evidence that these animals can do something called associative learning. “Maybe learning doesn’t need a very complicated nervous system,” says Jan Bielecki from Kiel University in Germany. Maybe any creature with even a simple nervous system can learn. Caribbean box jellyfish include four rhopalia (感觉棍) hanging off a jellyfish’s body. Each rhopalium has six “eyes” and has about 1,000 neurons (神经元) to process what those eyes see. To hunt food, these jellyfish must move between trees’ roots. They judge a root’s distance based on how dark it looks compared to the water. In clear waters, nearby roots have high contrast. Only distant roots fade into the background. But in dark waters, even nearby roots can blend into their surroundings and have low contrast. So the researchers wondered if Caribbean box jellyfish could learn that low-contrast objects — which might at first seem distant — were actually close by. To find it out, the team put 12 jellyfish into a round water tank surrounded by low-contrast gray and white stripes (条). Such stripes might appear to a jellyfish like distant roots in the clear water. Initially, the animals seemed to see the gray stripes as distant root and swam into the tank wall. But those collisions seemed to lead the jellyfish to reconsider the stripes. Soon, the creatures knew how to avoid them. Next the researchers cut rhopalia off jellyfish and placed them in front of a screen that showed low-contrast, light gray bars. Meanwhile, the rhopalia were given a weak electrical pulse. This copied the nerve (神经) signal rhopalia would get if a jellyfish bumped into something. At first, the rhopalia ignored low-contrast bars. But receiving “bump” signals when they saw those bars made them start paying attention. Their nerves started sending out the types of signals they emit when a jellyfish moves away from something. This suggests the rhopalia alone can learn that seemingly distant, low-contrast objects are in fact close enough to avoid. That, in turn, hints that these nerve centers are behind Caribbean box jellyfish learning. 41．What is the focus of the research? A．The method of how jellyfish learn. B．The theory of associative learning. C．The composition of a nervous system. D．The special living habit of jellyfish. 42．How do jellyfish judge a root's distance? A．By judging its size. B．By looking at its contrast. C．By comparing its features. D．By analyzing its surroundings. 43．How did the researchers conduct their research? A．They coloured something to attract jellyfish. B．They exposed jellyfish to natural surroundings. C．They adjusted the distance between objects. D．They created jellyfish’s similar living conditions. 44．What can rhopalia be described as for jellyfish? A．A driving force. B．A learning center. C．A special inspiration. D．A source of knowledge. 【答案】41．A 42．B 43．D 44．B 【导语】本文属于说明文。文章介绍了关于水母学习能力的研究，探讨了即使没有中央大脑，水母也能通过其感觉器官rhopalia学会识别和避开障碍物，这一发现提供了关联学习在简单神经系统中也可能存在的证据。 41．推理判断题。由文章第一段中“Despite lacking a central brain, jellyfish (水母) learned to spot and avoid obstacles in a new study, which is the first evidence that these animals can do something called associative learning.  (尽管没有中央大脑，水母在一项新的研究中学会了发现和避开障碍物，这是第一个证明这些动物可以做一些叫做联想学习的事情的证据。)”可知，研究的重点是水母学习的方法。故选A。 42．细节理解题。由文章第二段中“To hunt food, these jellyfish must move between trees’ roots.  They judge a root’s distance based on how dark it looks compared to the water.  (为了觅食，这些水母必须在树根之间移动。他们根据树根相对于水的暗度来判断树根的距离。)”可知，水母根据树根相对于水的暗度判断根的距离。故选B。 43．推理判断题。由文章第三段“To find it out, the team put 12 jellyfish into a round water tank surrounded by low-contrast gray and white stripes (条). Such stripes might appear to a jellyfish like distant roots in the clear water. Initially, the animals seemed to see the gray stripes as distant root and swam into the tank wall. But those collisions seemed to lead the jellyfish to reconsider the stripes. Soon, the creatures knew how to avoid them. (为了找到答案，研究小组将12只水母放入一个圆形水箱中，水箱周围是低对比度的灰色和白色条纹(条)。这种条纹对水母来说可能就像清澈水中遥远的根。起初，这些动物似乎把灰色条纹视为遥远的根，并游进了水箱壁。但这些碰撞似乎让水母重新考虑了这些t条纹。很快，这些生物知道如何避开它们。)”可知，研究人员创造了类似水母的生活条件进行研究的。故选D。 44．推理判断题。由文章倒数第二段“Next the researchers cut rhopalia off jellyfish and placed them in front of a screen that showed low-contrast, light gray bars. Meanwhile, the rhopalia were given a weak electrical pulse. This copied the nerve (神经) signal rhopalia would get if a jellyfish bumped into something. At first, the rhopalia ignored low-contrast bars. But receiving “bump” signals when they saw those bars made them start paying attention. Their nerves started sending out the types of signals they emit when a jellyfish moves away from something. (接下来，研究人员从水母身上切下rhopalia，并将它们放在屏幕前，屏幕上显示低对比度的浅灰色条形图。与此同时，rhopalia被给予微弱的电脉冲。这复制了水母撞到什么东西时rhopalia会得到的神经信号。起初，rhopalia忽略了低对比度条。但当他们看到这些条形物时，接收到“碰撞”信号会让它们开始注意。它们的神经开始发出水母离开某物时发出的各种信号。)”可知，对于水母来说，rhopalia是一个学习中心。故选B。 12.（23-24高二下·云南曲靖·期末）If a pancake could dream, it might long for legs so it could jump off your breakfast plate in pursuit of a better, unchewed life. But legs aren’t necessary for something as flat as a pancake to jump around. A group of scientists have designed a pancake-shaped robot that can jump several times per second and higher than seven times its body height. The new robot named Hop, which swiftly jumps without feet, is an important contribution to the soft robotics. Many ground robots move by rolling or walking. But it’s more efficient for robots to jump over obstacles than to go around them. Although jumping can offer some robots a competitive edge, engineering that ability has been a challenge for robotics researchers. Some soft robots that store energy can perform a single impressive jump very infrequently. Some lightweight soft robots that don’t store energy can jump frequently but can’t jump high or far enough to successfully cross an obstacle. For inspiration, the researchers looked to gall midge larvae (瘿蚊幼虫) that miraculously throw themselves across distances 30 times as long as their loglike bodies. A gall midge larva bends its body and squeezes the liquid in its body to one end, making it rigid. The accumulation of liquid builds up pressure, and releasing the pressure sends it soaring. The robot’s body doesn’t resemble that of a gall midge larva, but it jumps like one. Its body is made of two small plastic bags printed with electrodes (电极); the front bag is filled with liquid and the back one is filled with the same volume of air. The robot uses electricity to drive the flow of liquid, which causes the body to bend and generate force with the ground, resulting in a jump. And the air bag imitates the function of an animal’s tail, helping the robot maintain a stable position. While the robot is currently restricted to Earth, it might be right at home exploring another planet. If this is true, the researchers’ robot might jump over dust y rocks and large holes on the moon or Mars, going where no pancake has gone before. 45．What does the author want to show by mentioning a pancake? A．A pancake’s dream to have legs is unrealistic. B．A robot is capable of serving a good pancake. C．A pancake-shaped robot can jump without legs. D．Research on pancakes advances our understanding of robots. 46．What difficultly do robotics researchers have in developing Hop according to Paragraph 2? A．Hop’s avoiding an obstacle. B．Hop’s moving around by rolling. C．Hop’s performing one remarkable jump. D．Hop’s jumping high and far continuously. 47．What inspiration do the researchers draw from gall midge larvae? A．They are shaped like logs. B．They have tails to change positions. C．They bend their bodies and increase force. D．They are filled with liquid and have rigid bodies. 48．What is the author’s attitude to the future of the new robot? A．Intolerant. B．Positive. C．Doubtful. D．Unclear. 【答案】45．C 46．D 47．C 48．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了扁平无腿机器人的原理、优点及前景。 45．推理判断题。根据第一段“But legs aren’t necessary for something as flat as a pancake to jump around. A group of scientists have designed a pancake-shaped robot that can jump several times per second and higher than seven times its body height. The new robot named Hop, which swiftly jumps without feet, is an important contribution to the soft robotics. (但是，像煎饼一样扁平的东西不需要腿来跳来跳去。一组科学家设计了一种煎饼形状的机器人，它每秒可以跳几次，比身体高度的七倍还高。这款名为Hop的新型机器人，无需双脚即可快速跳跃，是对软机器人技术的重要贡献)”可知，作者提到煎饼的目的是引出可以跳跃的煎饼形状的机器人。故选C。 46．细节理解题。根据第二段“Some soft robots that store energy can perform a single impressive jump very infrequently. Some lightweight soft robots that don’t store energy can jump frequently but can’t jump high or far enough to successfully cross an obstacle.(一些储存能量的软机器人很少能完成一次令人印象深刻的跳跃。一些不储存能量的轻型软体机器人可以频繁跳跃，但跳得不够高或远，无法成功越过障碍物)”可知，研究者研发Hop的难点在于如何使机器人能持续跳跃且跳得又高又远。故选D。 47．细节理解题。根据第三段“A gall midge larva bends its body and squeezes the liquid in its body to one end, making it rigid. The accumulation of liquid builds up pressure, and releasing the pressure sends it soaring.(瘿蚊幼虫弯曲身体，将体内的液体挤压到一端，使其变得坚硬。液体的积聚会积聚压力，释放压力会使其升高)”可知，瘿蚊幼虫通过弯曲身体，挤压液体，积聚压力然后释放来跳跃。故选C。 48．推理判断题。根据最后一段“While the robot is currently restricted to Earth, it might be right at home exploring another planet. If this is true, the researchers’ robot might jump over dust y rocks and large holes on the moon or Mars, going where no pancake has gone before.(虽然机器人目前仅限于地球，但它可能就在家里探索另一个星球。如果这是真的，研究人员的机器人可能会跳过月球或火星上尘土飞扬的岩石和大洞，前往以前没有煎饼的地方)”可推知，作者认为新型机器人可能帮助前往更多地方，对其未来持有积极的态度。故选B。 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！6 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$