选择性必修第一册Unit 5 Working the Land (人与社会：农业耕作)-【同步拓展阅读】2024-2025学年高二英语单元阅读提升（人教版2019）

选择性必修第一册Unit 5 Working the Land（人教版2019） 人与社会：农业耕作 单元引言解读 My lifelong pursuit is to keep all the people away from hunger. —Yuan Longping 释义：Yuan Longping's biggest wish for rice research is to stop people starving around the world. 启示：本单元引言“我毕生的梦想是让所有人远离饥饿”出自我国著名农业科学家袁隆平。引言不仅与单元主题相呼应，还反映了粮食生产与世界人民的饥饿问题密切相关。 名言名句积累 人与社会：农业耕作 1．Food is as fundamental to man as the people are to the state. —Chen Shou 国以民为本，民以食为天。 ——陈寿 2．Food brings people together on many different levels. It's nourishment of the soul and body; it's truly love. —Giada De Laurentiis 食物在许多不同的层面上把人们聚集在一起，它是心灵和身体的养料，是真正的爱。 ——吉娅达·德·劳伦蒂斯 3．The more you eat, the less flavor; the less you eat, the more flavor. 多吃少滋味，少吃多滋味。 4．People can't live without agriculture as they can't live without water. 人们离不开农业，就像离不开水。 5．We all know without food equals no lives.Therefore, agriculture is greatly helpful for the lives. 我们都知道没有食物就没有生命。因此，农业对生活有很大的帮助。 6．Not only is food production important but taking care of the environment is also important. 不仅粮食生产重要，环保也很重要。 7.However，what concerned him most was that farmers often had poor harvests and sometimes even had a serious shortage of food to eat. 然而，他最担忧的是农民们的收成不好，有时甚至口粮严重短缺。 8.Today, it is estimated that about 60 percent of domestic rice consumption in China is comprised of crops generated from Yuan's hybrid strains，and his strains have allowed China's farmers to produce around 200 million tons of rice per year. 据估算，现在中国国内消费的稻米有大约60%来自袁隆平的杂交水稻品种形成的作物，这些品种(形成的作物)让中国农民每年能够生产出大约两亿吨稻米。 时文拓展阅读 Two Win World Food Prize for Securing Agricultural Seeds About 20 years ago, Cary Fowler and Geoffrey Hawtin wanted to prevent hunger and protect the world's food supply. The two men imagined a so-called "doomsday vault" for plant seeds. (A vault is a secure storage structure.) Fowler and Hawtin's goal was to keep a supply of seeds safe if existing seed banks were threatened by war, climate change, or other crises. They decided to build their storage building into the side of a mountain north of the Arctic Circle. "To a lot of people today, it sounds like a perfectly reasonable thing to do," Fowler said from Saudi Arabia in an interview with the Associated Press. Seeds, he added, are a valuable natural resource that needs protection. But Fowler said: "Fifteen years ago, shipping a lot of seeds to the closest place to the North Pole that you can fly into (and) putting them inside a mountain..." did not sound reasonable. In his words, it was "...the craziest idea anybody ever had." The World Food Prize Their idea became the Svalbard Global Seed Vault on the Norwegian island of Svalbard. The vault opened in 2008 and now holds 1.25 million seed samples from nearly every country in the world. The structure was built into the side of a mountain. It protects the seeds of over 6,000 kinds of agriculturally important plants. The Crop Trust website says: "Its purpose is to backup genebank collections to secure the foundation of our future food supply." Last week, Fowler and Hawtin were named the 2024 World Food Prize winners for their work. Fowler is now the U.S. special diplomat for global food security. Hawtin is an agricultural scientist from Britain. They were named the winners of the yearly prize at the U.S. Department of State in Washington. Secretary of State Antony Blinken praised the men at the announcement for their "critical role in preserving crop diversity." Fear of climate change For many years, countries have created seed banks to store seeds for future use. But Fowler said he was concerned that climate change would cause disorder in agriculture. This would make the seed supply even more important. Hawtin is an executive board member at the Global Crop Diversity Trust, an international nonprofit group. He said there were a lot of threats to crops in the past, such as insects, disease, land degradation, and political unrest. He said that climate change has made these problems worse. So, he and Fowler saw a need for additional secure seed storage. Hawtin explained that climate change is changing pests and diseases. He added, "Climate change is putting a whole lot of extra problems on what has always been significant ones." Fowler and Hawtin said they hope winning the World Food Prize will help them raise more money for seed banks around the world. Operating them is not too costly. However, the financial support needs to continue forever. "This is really a chance to get that message out and say, look, this relatively small amount of money is our insurance policy -- our insurance policy that we're going to be able to feed the world in 50 years," Hawtin said. Norman Borlaug established the World Food Prize. He received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1970 for his part in what is called the "Green Revolution." That was a big effort to make crops more productive so the world's growing population would not go hungry. This fall, Fowler and Hawtin will accept the prize in Des Moines, Iowa, the city where the food prize foundation is based. They will also split the $500,000 award. This year's prize will be presented at the yearly Norman E. Borlaug International Dialogue. The conference will be held in Des Moines from October 29 to the 31. 【译文欣赏】 两人因保护农业种子而获得世界粮食奖 大约20年前，Cary Fowler和Geoffrey Hawtin希望防止饥饿，保护世界粮食供应。这两个人想象了一个所谓的植物种子“末日金库”。（保险库是一种安全的存储结构。） Fowler和Hawtin的目标是在现有种子库受到战争、气候变化或其他危机威胁的情况下，保证种子供应的安全。他们决定把储藏室建在北极圈以北的一座山上。 福勒在沙特阿拉伯接受美联社采访时说：“对今天的很多人来说，这听起来是一件非常合理的事情。”。他补充说，种子是一种需要保护的宝贵自然资源。 但福勒说：“十五年前，把很多种子运到离北极最近的地方，你可以飞进去（并）把它们放在山上……”听起来并不合理。用他的话说，这是“……有史以来最疯狂的想法。” 世界粮食奖 他们的想法变成了挪威斯瓦尔巴岛上的斯瓦尔巴全球种子库。该种子库于2008年开放，目前拥有来自世界上几乎每个国家的125万个种子样本。这座建筑建在山腰上。它保护着6000多种农业重要植物的种子。作物信托基金会网站上说：“其目的是备份基因库藏品，以确保我们未来粮食供应的基础。” 上周，Fowler和Hawtin因他们的工作被评为2024年世界粮食奖获得者。Fowler现在是美国全球粮食安全特别外交官。霍廷是一位来自英国的农业科学家。 他们被华盛顿美国国务院授予年度奖项。国务卿安东尼·布林肯在公告中赞扬了这些人“在保护作物多样性方面发挥的关键作用” 对气候变化的恐惧 多年来，各国建立了种子库来储存种子以备将来使用。但福勒表示，他担心气候变化会导致农业混乱。这将使种子供应变得更加重要。 Hawtin是国际非营利组织全球作物多样性信托基金会的执行委员会成员。他说，过去农作物面临着许多威胁，如昆虫、疾病、土地退化和政治动荡。他说，气候变化使这些问题更加严重。因此，他和Fowler认为需要额外的安全种子储存。 Hawtin解释说，气候变化正在改变病虫害。他补充道：“气候变化给那些一直很重要的问题带来了很多额外的问题。” Fowler和Hawtin表示，他们希望获得世界粮食奖将有助于他们为世界各地的种子库筹集更多资金。操作它们的成本不太高。然而，财政支持需要永远持续下去。 Hawtin说：“这真的是一个机会，可以传达这一信息，说，看，这笔相对较少的钱是我们的保险单——我们的保险政策，我们将能够在50年内养活世界。”。 诺曼·博洛格设立了世界粮食奖。1970年，他因参与所谓的“绿色革命”而获得诺贝尔和平奖。这是一项使作物更具生产力的巨大努力，这样世界上不断增长的人口就不会挨饿。 今年秋天，Fowler和Hawtin将在食品奖基金会所在的爱荷华州得梅因市接受该奖项。他们还将平分50万美元的奖金。今年的奖项将在一年一度的诺曼·E·博洛格国际对话上颁发。会议将于10月29日至31日在得梅因举行。 【词汇积累】 ( 6 )原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 doomsday –n. the end of the world or judgement day 最后的审判日；世界末日 sample –n. a small amount of something taken for scientific study 样本 critical –adj. very important关键的 diversity –n. having many different kinds of things多样性 degradation –n. the condition of breaking down and decreasing in quality退化 significant –adj. notable or worth discussing值得注意的或值得讨论的 insurance policy –n. a contract with an insurance company that promises to pay the holder or people named by the holder a certain amount if there is a loss of the covered property by the contract保险单 【知识拓展】 世界粮食奖，国际上在农业领域方面的最高荣誉，是由诺贝尔和平奖获得者美国人诺曼·博洛格博士1986年设立，每年由总部在美国艾奥瓦州得梅因市的世界粮食奖基金会颁发一次，目的是奖励那些"为人类提供营养丰富、数量充足的粮食作出突出贡献的个人"，得奖者可获得250,000美元。 中国科学家何康、袁隆平、崔振岭先后获此殊荣。 【词汇延伸】 food supply食品供应食物供应食品供给菜篮子 storage structure存储结构储存结构数据存储结构 climate change气候变化 Arctic Circle北极圈 Saudi Arabia沙特阿拉伯 Associated Press美联社联合通讯社 综合实战演练 （一） （2024·全国·高考真题）We all know fresh is best when it comes to food. However, most produce at the store went through weeks of travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table. While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more. BMF is an indoor garden system. It can be set up for a family. Additionally, it could serve a larger audience such as a hospital, restaurant or school. The innovative design requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly supply of fresh greens. Specifically, it’s a farm that relies on new technology. By connecting through the Cloud, BMF is remotely monitored. Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is automated, it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil, the system provides just the right amount to each plant. After harvest, users simply replace the plants with a new pre-seeded pod (容器) to get the next growth cycle started. Moreover, having a system in the same building where it’s eaten means zero emissions (排放) from transporting plants from soil to salad. In addition, there’s no need for pesticides and other chemicals that pollute traditional farms and the surrounding environment. BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee. 1．What can be learned about BMF from paragraph 1? A．It guarantees the variety of food. B．It requires day-to-day care. C．It cuts the farm-to-table distance. D．It relies on farmer’s markets. 2．What information does the convenient app offer? A．Real-time weather changes. B．Current condition of the plants. C．Chemical pollutants in the soil. D．Availability of pre-seeded pods. 3．What can be concluded about BMF employees? A．They have a great passion for sports. B．They are devoted to community service. C．They are fond of sharing daily experiences. D．They have a strong environmental awareness. 4．What does the text mainly talk about? A．BMF’s major strengths. B．BMF’s general management. C．BMF’s global influence. D．BMF’s technical standards. ( 命题要点简析 阅读理解首先要做到的就是掌握所读材料的主旨和大意，它是全文的概括和总结。能否抓住这个中心，取决于读者的总结能力。主旨大意题通常涉及概括文章或者段落大意，揭示主题，选择标题等形式。主要考查考生能否分辨主题和细节，是否具备提纲挈领的能力，即是否能在理解全文的基础上运用概括、归纳、推理等逻辑方法对文章进行高度的概括和总结。主旨大意题包括文章主旨题、段落大意题和标题归纳题。 每篇文章都有一个主旨大意。主旨大意题对考生的归纳、概括能力有一定的要求。文章主旨大意一般有四种呈现形式：文首、文中、文尾、不明确给出 ( 需要总结 ) 。做这种题要通读文章，重点把握首末段、首末句；作者反复强调的观点或文章中多次出现的词句通常是主旨；注意文中 therefore, thus, but, however, in short, to sum up 等表达转折或总结的词语。 题型特征总览 主旨大意题考查考生对文章内容的深层次理解 ,  它要求考生在充分理解全文的前提下 ,   对整篇文章的主旨大意有一个较为清晰的印象 ,  既考查细节理解能力 ,   又考查深层次的推理、概括能力 ,   难度较大 。 命题方式 把握主旨大意题常见的命题方式 : 1. What would be the best title for the text? /What is the topic of the text? 2. The main idea/The general idea/The main theme of this passage is __________.   3. The last paragraph ends the passage with an emphasis on __________.   4. What is mainly discussed in the text? 5. What’s the main point the writer is trying to make in the last paragraph? 6. Which of the following statements is best supported by the text? 7. The passage mainly focuses on __________.   ) ( （二）解答技巧 题型 特点 解题技巧 主题类 ( 内容 ) 考查文章或段落的主旨大意 找主题句四窍门 : (1) 段落中出现表示转折的词语 ( 如 however, but,  in fact,  actually 等 ) 时 ,  该句很可能是主题句。 (2) 首段出现疑问句时 ,  对该问题的回答很可能就是文章主旨。 (3) 作者有意识地重复的观点 ,  通常是主旨 ;  反复出现的词语 ,  一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。 (4) 表示总结或结论的句子常包含 therefore, thus, in short,  conclude, conclusion 等词。 标题类 要求考生选出文章的最佳标题 文章标题三特点 : (1) 形式一般为单词、短语或句子 ,  短语居多 ; (2) 短小精悍 ,  精确性强 ; (3) 涵盖性强 ,  能覆盖全文大意。 ) ( Moreover, having a system in the same building where it’s eaten means zero emissions from transporting plants from soil to salad. having a system in the same building 为动名词短语作主语，where it’s eaten 引导定语从句，修饰先行词 building，means 为句子谓语。 翻译 ：此外，在同一楼内的这一系统（从种植到食用）意味着蔬菜从土壤到沙拉过程中的零排放。 ) ( _________  adj. 附加的；额外的；外加的 → _________  adv. 此外；另外 _________ v. 创新，革新 → _________   adj. 革新的，创新的 rely  v. 依赖，依靠；信任，信赖 → reliable  adj. 可信赖的，可靠的，真实可信的 specific  adj. _________ → _________  adv. 特别地，专门地；具体来说，确切地说 grow  v. 生长；成长；逐渐变得；增长；种植 → _________  n. 发育，生长；增长，发展 emit  v. 发出，射出，散发 → _________  n. 排放物，散发物；（光、热、气等的）发出，射出 add  v. 增加 → _________  n. 增加，添加；添加物；加，加法 tradition  n. 传统，风俗 → _________ adj. 传统的 surround  v. 包围，环绕，围绕 → _________   adj. 周围的，附近的 _________   adj. 可持续的 → sustainability  n. _________ recycle  v. （使）再循环，回收利用；再次应用 → recycling  n. _________ reduce  v. 减少，缩小，减少（程度、重要性等） → _________   n. 减少，缩小，降低 _________  n. 强烈情感，激情；酷爱 → _________  adj. 具有强烈信念的；热爱的，酷爱的 employ  v. 雇用，聘请；运用，使用 → _________  n. 受雇者，雇工，雇员 ) 全文翻译 我们都知道食物新鲜是最好的。然而，商店里的大多数产品在到达餐桌之前都要经过数周的旅行和数百英里的运输。尽管农民市场是减少这种旅行的可靠选择，但巴比伦微型农场（BMF）进一步缩短了这个距离。 BMF是一种室内花园系统。它可以为家庭设置。此外，它还可以为更大的受众服务，如医院、餐馆或学校。这种创新的设计几乎不需要什么努力就能实现可靠的每周新鲜绿叶蔬菜供应。 具体来说，它是一个依赖新技术的农场。通过云连接，BMF可以远程监控。 此外，还有一个方便的应用程序，提供实时生长数据。由于系统是自动化的，它显著减少了种植植物所需的水量。系统不是灌溉整排土壤，而是为每株植物提供恰到好处的水量。收获后，用户只需用新的预播种容器替换植物，就可以开始下一个生长周期。 此外，在食用植物的同一建筑内拥有系统意味着从土壤到沙拉的运输过程中零排放。 此外，也不需要使用农药和其他污染传统农场及其周围环境的化学物质。 BMF的员工在日常生活中实践可持续性。大约一半的人步行或骑自行车上班。在办公室内，他们通过限制垃圾桶数量和避免使用一次性塑料来鼓励回收和减少废物。"我们热衷于减少我们环境中的废物、碳和化学物质，"一位BMF员工说。 （二） （2024·全国·校联考一模）Every year, as the surface water temperature off the United States mid-Atlantic coast rises steadily from late spring through the summer, a pocket of uncharacteristically cool and crisp water gets trapped at the bottom of the ocean. Packed with nutrients this thick band of cold water, known as the mid-Atlantic cold pool, is a vital home for shellfish species. Extending at its seasonal peak from Nantucket, Massachusetts, to Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, the cold poll creates a diverse ecosystem ranging from algae(海藻)to fish — and some of the most valuable shellfish fisheries in the United States. Now, however, two pressures have scientists worrying about whether the cold pool will last. The first is no surprise: climate change. Over the past five decades, climates change has destabilized the cold pool, causing it to warm and shrink. Compared with 1968, the cold pool is now 13℃ warmer and has lost more than one-third of its area. The second concern is 1ess certain. In 2023, the US federal government approved plans to install(安装)98 wind turbines(涡轮机)off the New Jersey coast, covering an area of more than 300 square kilometers. Yet putting so many turbines to the seafloor could have unexpected consequences for the cold pool. That’s why Travis Miles, a researcher at New Jersey’s Rutgers University, and his colleagues are investigating. So far, Miles and his colleagues can’t definitively say what will happen to the cold pool, saying more research is needed to assess how climate change and offshore wind, together, could affect the cold pool. However, their initial analyses suggest the cold pool should be fine — at least in normal conditions. New Jersey’s offshore wind plans are strongly opposed mainly by fossil fuel-industry funded efforts. Miles worries that an overabundance of caution or fear of potential impacts, including on the cold pool, might slow down the development of renewable energy. “...it’s quite clear that climate change is far more damaging than installing wind farms,” he says. “I don’t think any scientist would argue with that.” 5．What do we know about the mid-Atlantic cold pool? A．It forms in early spring. B．It’s a band of cold near-bottom water. C．It serves as a habitat of most sea species. D．It extends from Nantucket to New Jersey. 6．What does the underlined word “shrink” in paragraph 2 mean? A．Break down. B．Get polluted. C．Dry up. D．Become smaller. 7．Miles’ attitude toward installing wind farms can be described as ______. A．supportive B．dismissive C．overcautious D．skeptical 8．What is the best title for the text? A．The Cold Pool Plays a Role on species B．Opinions Divide on Offshore Wind Farms C．Scientists Eye Potential Risks to the Cold Pool D．Renewable Energy Helps to Race Against Climate Change （三） （2023·广东广州·广州市协和中学校考一模）What might be the global impact of extreme losses of the Amazon rainforest — the world’s largest rainforest? A new study has found that rapid deforestation of the Amazon rainforest could influence the temperature and rainfall over as far away as the Tibetan plateau and Antarctica. Saini Yang at Beijing Normal University in China and her colleagues analysed global climatological data from 1979 to 2019 to identify correlations in temperature and rainfall between the Amazon rainforest and other areas. Such links are called “teleconnections(遥相关)”. They focused on the Amazon rainforest in particular because of its significance as a major carbon sink and as a climatic “tipping point(临界点)” that could see forests turn to tropical grasslands beyond a certain limit of warming and human-driven deforestation. The researchers found that since 1979, warm temperatures in the Amazon was associated with warm temperatures over the Tibetan plateau and the West Antarctic ice sheet; more rainfall in the Amazon was relevant to less rainfall in those regions. By analysing changing temperatures in the regions between the Amazon and those distant areas, they were also able to trace the path through which energy or materials such as black carbon released in forest fire might propagate through the atmosphere. Their analysis showed the route remained consistent under different future warming circumstances. The collapse of the West Antarctic ice sheet is a known tipping point. Melting snow on the Tibetan plateau is not, but the region is warming more rapidly than much of the rest of the globe, and changes to snow and ice there could have consequences for ecosystems and the billions of people that rely on its snowmelt for water. “If the Amazon does have an influence on these regions, it could mean there is a higher risk the Amazon tipping point might set others off”, says Jothan at the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research in Germany. “It adds an additional potential domino that can fall.” 9．How did the study identify teleconnections? A．By recording temperature and rainfall. B．By finding the similarities between regions. C．By examining previous data on global climate. D．By analysing climatological data of the Amazon. 10．The underlined word “propagate” in paragraph 5 probably means “________”. A．spread B．absorb C．launch D．switch 11．What Jothan suggests about the Amazon? A．It is now at a higher risk of disappearing. B．It indeed has an effect on the two regions. C．Deforestation is caused by human activities. D．The tipping point might cause a chain reaction. 12．Which can be the best title of the passage? A．Changes within the Amazon. B．The Amazon at a tipping point. C．The Tibetan plateau and Antarctica. D．Global impacts of the Amazon deforestation. （四） （23-24高二上·浙江·单元测试）“Eat local.” It's one way to reduce human effect on the planet. Eating local means to try to buy and consume foods that are grown in places close to home. However, most of the food sold at supermarkets is not locally grown or produced. Trucks and planes deliver these foods from hundreds or thousands of miles away. During the transportation, greenhouse (温室) gases are produced, causing global warming. So the shorter the distance your foods must travel, the less harm is done to the environment. But how do you get local food if you live in a large city, hundreds of miles away from farms? Environmental health scientist Dickson Despommier and his students came up with the idea of a “vertical (垂直的)farm”. A vertical farm is a glass-walled structure that could be built as tall as a skyscraper (摩天大楼). Since the garden is built upwards, rather than outwards, it requires much less space than an ordinary farm. The world is quickly running out of room for ordinary farming. Vertical farms could be a key to this situation. Despommier imagines a 30-storey building with a greenhouse on every floor. The walls of the building would be clear to allow crops to get as much sunlight as possible. Depending on a city's water resources, Despommier thinks hydroponic (水培的) farming is another method for the vertical farm which needs no soil to grow plants. Despommier says the hydroponic greenhouses would use a system that would use a city's waste water and fill it with nutrition to make the crops grow. If this method works, it would provide food to a city and save millions of tons of water. The idea of a vertical farm has attracted the attention of government officials around the world. Scott Stringer, a government official from New York City, thinks the city is suitable for the vertical farming. “Obviously we don't have much land left for us,” Stringer said. “But the sky is the limit in Manhattan.” Despommier admits that there is still a lot of work to do to make vertical farms a reality. “But I think vertical farming is an idea that can work in a big way,” he says. 13．Why are people advised to eat local? A．Because it means convenience to people. B．Because it can help people save a lot of money. C．Because local food has more nutrition. D．Because it is environmentally friendly. 14．Which is one of the vertical farm's benefits when compared with ordinary farming? A．It produces healthier food. B．It does less harm to the cities. C．It needs more space of the city. D．It requires less transport costs. 15．By saying “the sky is the limit in Manhattan”, Stringer means ________. A．people can make full use of vertical space of Manhattan B．there is a limit for using empty land in Manhattan C．the height of buildings in Manhattan is limited D．Manhattan can spread as far as possible 16．What can we learn about the vertical farming in the passage? A．No soil is needed to grow plants on a vertical farm. B．It has solved the problem of the food shortage in a big way. C．The walls of the building would be clear to let people see the plants clearly. D．Crops are mainly grown in the rainwater on a vertical farm. （五） （24-25高二上·全国·课后作业）In a street largely unchanged since it was built in the 1800s, Hobart's Battery Point is probably the last place you would expect to find a farm. In one corner of Peter Handy's backyard is a controlled environment unit that houses the vertical farm (垂直农场), the first of its kind in the southern hemisphere (半球). Mr. Handy is changing the definition of what it means to be a farmer. “I know it's really funny, because when people say to me, ‘Where's your farm?’, I'll say, ‘It's in Battery Point.’ and they're like, ‘No, there's no farm in Battery Point.’,” he said. “People think the Martians (火星人) have landed because we've got this massive pink light that comes out of it from the bottom, but other than that, they have no idea.” Not just a backyard project, Mr. Handy is running a business. “It's here because I need to be as close as possible to my customers, the chefs and restaurants of Hobart,” he said. “I aim to use the fewest food miles and make this a super-efficient business.” Using LED lights and hydroponic nutrients, the farm grows leafy greens, root vegetables and flowering plants. “I don't have to worry about floods, winds, wild animals, electric fences, turning the soil over,” Mr. Handy said. Using 95 percent less water than traditional farming, the farm ticks all the boxes environmentally. “I mean, this is definitely not the answer to food sustainability (可持续性) in the world. But it's definitely part of it.” Science writer Julian Cribb believes a world food crisis is coming, due to a combination of loss of water, loss of topsoil, climate change and overuse of chemicals. “We're going to need to change the way we produce food and change the human diet at the same time,” he said, “and new urban farming methods would make most of the world's great cities feed themselves.” Mr. Cribb said Australia was still quite a way off from adopting urban farming. But he believes that it poses a rather unique opportunity for Australian farmers to sell their professional knowledge to cities, teaching people to grow food in urban environments. 17．What might people think of Mr. Handy's farm? A．Scary. B．Impressive. C．Disappointing. D．Confusing. 18．What does Mr. Handy say about his farm? A．It is not affected by weather. B．It mainly produces flowers. C．It serves customers from near and far. D．It is the solution to food shortages. 19．What's the purpose of Mr. Cribb's words in Paragraph 5? A．To praise his contribution to science. B．To explain how urban farming works. C．To stress the necessity of urban farming. D．To present the seriousness of the food crisis. 20．What's the passage mainly about? A．Cities are struggling to get food. B．Technology is changing people's life. C．Peter Handy is a successful businessman. D．Food production is being moved into cities. （六） （23-24高二上·全国·单元测试）Vegan Agriculture Vegan farming (全素农业) has become more and more popular. It is one of the most environmentally-friendly forms of agriculture. Vegan farming is a good way to grow plants such as vegetables without using animal-derived materials such as their waste. 21 Such an approach to farming also helps preserve the environment and regain soil richness and improve its biodiversity. 22 Organic farming uses natural products to grow plants — that can include even animal waste as fertilizers. On the other hand, vegan agriculture rejects animal-derived products and usually sticks with plant-based organic compounds, which means that, in general, vegan agriculture has stricter rules than organic farming. Additionally, vegan farming usually chooses more natural ways to protect the plants, like breaking cycles of plants’ diseases with mixed cropping (混作), using mechanical barriers (机械屏障) such as nets, or even attracting opposing organisms to fight the harmful ones. 23 However, they might be less effective against certain plant diseases or pests. One of the reasons to develop vegan agriculture is that the vegan way of farming replaces synthetic (合成的) pesticides and uses organic pesticides or other non-chemical methods to protect the crops. By contrast, in conventional agriculture, synthetic pesticides are on a very high level. 24 In the future, it is of great significance not to rely on animals’ waste to feed plants. Doing so is not only beneficial to vegans. 25 Even if today’s methods of vegan agriculture might not be perfect, scientists worldwide, together with vegan farmers, are working towards developing plant-based solutions as alternatives to animal-derived fertilizers. A．Accordingly, the amount of them in food products is much higher. B．Also, vegan farmers are far from applying synthetic fertilizers. C．It is apparent that vegan agriculture is not the same as organic farming. D．In today’s world, the vegan diet and lifestyle are increasingly popular. E．But it’s also good for the whole world, including other animals and plants. F．These ways affect the environment less than the ways of traditional farming. G．The rise of veganism creates new demand for more vegan-friendly agriculture. （七） 完形填空 （23-24高二上·全国·课后作业）Farms are the biggest users of freshwater resources. The Food and Agriculture Organisation says agriculture uses seventy percent of all surface water supplies. That is the world 26 . Without the right measures, agriculture can be a major cause of water pollution. But solutions do not have to 27 much. There are simple methods for farms of any size to reduce or 28 pollution of water supplies. We are going to talk about a few of them. The first 29 fertilisers and poisons. One way such chemicals can enter the environment is when they are not stored correctly. Stored chemicals can slowly 30 the soil and get into groundwater. To help avoid such problems, chemicals should be kept in structures with a floor made of cement (水泥). Farm animals can also pollute water supplies. Animals like cattle, pigs, sheep and goats are often left to 31 on grass in open fields by streams or rivers. Large animals loosen dirt and rocks as they walk along waterways to drink. Animal 32 also enters water supplies. Experts say it is important to keep large farm animals away from water supplies with the use of a fence or 33 . Instead of leading animals to water, bring the water to them. Farmers can send water through pipes to watering areas for their animals with pumps 34 by electricity or fuel. Human-powered treadle pumps are another solution. Trees, bushes and smaller plants can act as 35 barriers along streams and rivers. Bushes provide excellent ground cover 36 grown near waterways. Animals 37 bushes with sharp thorns (尖刺). Tree roots provide natural support for soil. Trees planted near waterways help stop soil loss from heavy rains. They 38 help keep the sun from drying out soil. They hold soil in place during rains and 39 the water flow. These methods will not solve all water quality problems, 40 they are good first steps. 26．A．level B．storage C．average D．problem 27．A．reduce B．take C．matter D．cost 28．A．consider B．create C．prevent D．rescue 29．A．deals with B．takes over C．pays for D．adapts to 30．A．go up B．stretch in C．make for D．leak into 31．A．feed B．go C．endanger D．keep 32．A．fat B．waste C．food D．medicine 33．A．anything B．nothing C．something D．everything 34．A．attracted B．used C．made D．powered 35．A．well-equipped B．responsible C．strong D．natural 36．A．when B．unless C．in case D．until 37．A．choose B．protect C．enjoy D．avoid 38．A．easily B．hardly C．also D．either 39．A．destroy B．ease C．speed up D．stop 40．A．though B．but C．so D．therefore （八） 语法填空 （23-24高二上·全国·课后作业）语法填空 China’s achievements in lifting people out of poverty can be told through statistics. But the measure of the 41 (accomplish) can be understood more deeply through images of 42 people’s lives have changed. That’s 43 idea behind the new picture book 100 Photographers Focus on Poverty Alleviation, which 44 (launch) on Tuesday at the opening ceremony for an exhibition in Beijing. The exhibition shows 306 works, each 45 (provide) a piece of the overall picture of China’s achievement in lifting people out of poverty. Liu Zhengrong, Party secretary of the All­China Journalists Association, 46 (offer) congratulations for the publication of the book, saying he approves of the book as a unique gift 47 China’s poverty alleviation cause. Li Ge, president of the China Photographers Association, said, “the photographers and other 48 (circle) of society will continue to pay attention to poverty alleviation, and make more quality works. We need 49 (tell) a good story of China, show China’s insights, spread China’s value and stress the advantages of China’s system.” Plans call for the exhibition to tour 50 (national) soon, and an online exhibition can also be viewed on the website of China Daily. （九） 书面表达 51．（23-24高二上·全国·单元测试）阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。 In Orchestra class, we had on Fridays something called Chair Challenge. You could challenge the next higher-up chair. The teacher selected a passage from the music and the person you were challenging would play it first — then you would play it. The teacher would determine which of you won. If you won, you switched (交换) places with the loser and moved up one chair. And at the end of December, whoever was first-chair violin, first-chair viola and first-chair cello (大提琴) would play the three separate solos (独奏) in the big New Year Concert. Hearing this I was determined to be the one who played the cello solo in the New Year Concert. I was second-chair, third-cello. In order for me to become first-chair, first-cello I would need to do five Chair Challenges — and win all five! And I only had six weeks to do it. The school allowed us to take instruments home on weekends. I decided to take my cello home and practice hard. So every single Friday and then again on Monday, for six weeks I carried this big cello case onto and off the bus before and after school. Then I went home and practiced. I practiced any music we were playing in class. And I sounded terrible. But I kept at it. And then a funny thing happened around the second week. I wasn’t sounding that terrible anymore. And I realized I was getting better. The first Chair Challenge the following Friday was a nervous affair. My hands were shaking badly. But when I finished the teacher smiled and said, “Challenge successful — switch chairs.” I felt excited. I didn’t dare tell anyone about my goal. I knew they’d tell me it was impossible. The girl who was first-chair, firs-cello, Patricia, had been playing for years! Surely, to unseat Patricia would be very difficult. But I kept practicing and winning my challenges, week after week — until it was the last Friday of December. I was now second-chair, first-cello. The teacher asked if there were any Chair Challenges. Patricia turned to me and laughed. “Well ...?” she said.注意： 1. 续写词数应为150左右； 2. 请按如下格式在相应位置作答。 “Challenge!” I called out. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ The class cheered and clapped. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 思维素养提升 Task 1写作项目——Write an argumentative essay on farming 本单元的写作项目为写一篇关于农业的辩论性文章，属于正反观点式议论文。正反观点式议论文是对某个议论对象提出见解或主张并说明理由，使读者信服的文章。作者通过摆事实、讲道理、辨是非来确定其观点的正误，支持或否定某种主张，从而达到让读者信服或接受其观点或看法的目的。首段：点明自己的观点；中段：多角度论证自己的观点；尾段：重申自己的观点和立场。请选择一篇你感兴趣的阅读语篇，尝试用思维导图绘制出文章脉络吧！ Task 2 （23-24高二上·山东菏泽·阶段练习）假定你是李华，在英语课上你们班同学就“转基因作物的利与弊”进行了讨论，请你根据讨论结果写一篇英语短文向校英文报投稿。 利 弊 你的观点 1. 产量高，缓解粮食短缺问题； 2. 农药使用少，生产成本低， 价格便宜。 1. 可能对人体有害； 2. 可能对环境造成威胁，破坏生态平衡，影响作物的多样性。 ? 注意：1. 词数 80 左右； 2. 可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。 参考词汇：转基因作物 genetically modified crops ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ $$选择性必修第一册Unit 5 Working the Land（人教版2019） 人与社会：农业耕作 单元引言解读 My lifelong pursuit is to keep all the people away from hunger. —Yuan Longping 释义：Yuan Longping's biggest wish for rice research is to stop people starving around the world. 启示：本单元引言“我毕生的梦想是让所有人远离饥饿”出自我国著名农业科学家袁隆平。引言不仅与单元主题相呼应，还反映了粮食生产与世界人民的饥饿问题密切相关。 名言名句积累 人与社会：农业耕作 1．Food is as fundamental to man as the people are to the state. —Chen Shou 国以民为本，民以食为天。 ——陈寿 2．Food brings people together on many different levels. It's nourishment of the soul and body; it's truly love. —Giada De Laurentiis 食物在许多不同的层面上把人们聚集在一起，它是心灵和身体的养料，是真正的爱。 ——吉娅达·德·劳伦蒂斯 3．The more you eat, the less flavor; the less you eat, the more flavor. 多吃少滋味，少吃多滋味。 4．People can't live without agriculture as they can't live without water. 人们离不开农业，就像离不开水。 5．We all know without food equals no lives.Therefore, agriculture is greatly helpful for the lives. 我们都知道没有食物就没有生命。因此，农业对生活有很大的帮助。 6．Not only is food production important but taking care of the environment is also important. 不仅粮食生产重要，环保也很重要。 7.However，what concerned him most was that farmers often had poor harvests and sometimes even had a serious shortage of food to eat. 然而，他最担忧的是农民们的收成不好，有时甚至口粮严重短缺。 8.Today, it is estimated that about 60 percent of domestic rice consumption in China is comprised of crops generated from Yuan's hybrid strains，and his strains have allowed China's farmers to produce around 200 million tons of rice per year. 据估算，现在中国国内消费的稻米有大约60%来自袁隆平的杂交水稻品种形成的作物，这些品种(形成的作物)让中国农民每年能够生产出大约两亿吨稻米。 时文拓展阅读 Two Win World Food Prize for Securing Agricultural Seeds About 20 years ago, Cary Fowler and Geoffrey Hawtin wanted to prevent hunger and protect the world's food supply. The two men imagined a so-called "doomsday vault" for plant seeds. (A vault is a secure storage structure.) Fowler and Hawtin's goal was to keep a supply of seeds safe if existing seed banks were threatened by war, climate change, or other crises. They decided to build their storage building into the side of a mountain north of the Arctic Circle. "To a lot of people today, it sounds like a perfectly reasonable thing to do," Fowler said from Saudi Arabia in an interview with the Associated Press. Seeds, he added, are a valuable natural resource that needs protection. But Fowler said: "Fifteen years ago, shipping a lot of seeds to the closest place to the North Pole that you can fly into (and) putting them inside a mountain..." did not sound reasonable. In his words, it was "...the craziest idea anybody ever had." The World Food Prize Their idea became the Svalbard Global Seed Vault on the Norwegian island of Svalbard. The vault opened in 2008 and now holds 1.25 million seed samples from nearly every country in the world. The structure was built into the side of a mountain. It protects the seeds of over 6,000 kinds of agriculturally important plants. The Crop Trust website says: "Its purpose is to backup genebank collections to secure the foundation of our future food supply." Last week, Fowler and Hawtin were named the 2024 World Food Prize winners for their work. Fowler is now the U.S. special diplomat for global food security. Hawtin is an agricultural scientist from Britain. They were named the winners of the yearly prize at the U.S. Department of State in Washington. Secretary of State Antony Blinken praised the men at the announcement for their "critical role in preserving crop diversity." Fear of climate change For many years, countries have created seed banks to store seeds for future use. But Fowler said he was concerned that climate change would cause disorder in agriculture. This would make the seed supply even more important. Hawtin is an executive board member at the Global Crop Diversity Trust, an international nonprofit group. He said there were a lot of threats to crops in the past, such as insects, disease, land degradation, and political unrest. He said that climate change has made these problems worse. So, he and Fowler saw a need for additional secure seed storage. Hawtin explained that climate change is changing pests and diseases. He added, "Climate change is putting a whole lot of extra problems on what has always been significant ones." Fowler and Hawtin said they hope winning the World Food Prize will help them raise more money for seed banks around the world. Operating them is not too costly. However, the financial support needs to continue forever. "This is really a chance to get that message out and say, look, this relatively small amount of money is our insurance policy -- our insurance policy that we're going to be able to feed the world in 50 years," Hawtin said. Norman Borlaug established the World Food Prize. He received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1970 for his part in what is called the "Green Revolution." That was a big effort to make crops more productive so the world's growing population would not go hungry. This fall, Fowler and Hawtin will accept the prize in Des Moines, Iowa, the city where the food prize foundation is based. They will also split the $500,000 award. This year's prize will be presented at the yearly Norman E. Borlaug International Dialogue. The conference will be held in Des Moines from October 29 to the 31. 【译文欣赏】 两人因保护农业种子而获得世界粮食奖 大约20年前，Cary Fowler和Geoffrey Hawtin希望防止饥饿，保护世界粮食供应。这两个人想象了一个所谓的植物种子“末日金库”。（保险库是一种安全的存储结构。） Fowler和Hawtin的目标是在现有种子库受到战争、气候变化或其他危机威胁的情况下，保证种子供应的安全。他们决定把储藏室建在北极圈以北的一座山上。 福勒在沙特阿拉伯接受美联社采访时说：“对今天的很多人来说，这听起来是一件非常合理的事情。”。他补充说，种子是一种需要保护的宝贵自然资源。 但福勒说：“十五年前，把很多种子运到离北极最近的地方，你可以飞进去（并）把它们放在山上……”听起来并不合理。用他的话说，这是“……有史以来最疯狂的想法。” 世界粮食奖 他们的想法变成了挪威斯瓦尔巴岛上的斯瓦尔巴全球种子库。该种子库于2008年开放，目前拥有来自世界上几乎每个国家的125万个种子样本。这座建筑建在山腰上。它保护着6000多种农业重要植物的种子。作物信托基金会网站上说：“其目的是备份基因库藏品，以确保我们未来粮食供应的基础。” 上周，Fowler和Hawtin因他们的工作被评为2024年世界粮食奖获得者。Fowler现在是美国全球粮食安全特别外交官。霍廷是一位来自英国的农业科学家。 他们被华盛顿美国国务院授予年度奖项。国务卿安东尼·布林肯在公告中赞扬了这些人“在保护作物多样性方面发挥的关键作用” 对气候变化的恐惧 多年来，各国建立了种子库来储存种子以备将来使用。但福勒表示，他担心气候变化会导致农业混乱。这将使种子供应变得更加重要。 Hawtin是国际非营利组织全球作物多样性信托基金会的执行委员会成员。他说，过去农作物面临着许多威胁，如昆虫、疾病、土地退化和政治动荡。他说，气候变化使这些问题更加严重。因此，他和Fowler认为需要额外的安全种子储存。 Hawtin解释说，气候变化正在改变病虫害。他补充道：“气候变化给那些一直很重要的问题带来了很多额外的问题。” Fowler和Hawtin表示，他们希望获得世界粮食奖将有助于他们为世界各地的种子库筹集更多资金。操作它们的成本不太高。然而，财政支持需要永远持续下去。 Hawtin说：“这真的是一个机会，可以传达这一信息，说，看，这笔相对较少的钱是我们的保险单——我们的保险政策，我们将能够在50年内养活世界。”。 诺曼·博洛格设立了世界粮食奖。1970年，他因参与所谓的“绿色革命”而获得诺贝尔和平奖。这是一项使作物更具生产力的巨大努力，这样世界上不断增长的人口就不会挨饿。 今年秋天，Fowler和Hawtin将在食品奖基金会所在的爱荷华州得梅因市接受该奖项。他们还将平分50万美元的奖金。今年的奖项将在一年一度的诺曼·E·博洛格国际对话上颁发。会议将于10月29日至31日在得梅因举行。 【词汇积累】 ( 6 )原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 doomsday –n. the end of the world or judgement day 最后的审判日；世界末日 sample –n. a small amount of something taken for scientific study 样本 critical –adj. very important关键的 diversity –n. having many different kinds of things多样性 degradation –n. the condition of breaking down and decreasing in quality退化 significant –adj. notable or worth discussing值得注意的或值得讨论的 insurance policy –n. a contract with an insurance company that promises to pay the holder or people named by the holder a certain amount if there is a loss of the covered property by the contract保险单 【知识拓展】 世界粮食奖，国际上在农业领域方面的最高荣誉，是由诺贝尔和平奖获得者美国人诺曼·博洛格博士1986年设立，每年由总部在美国艾奥瓦州得梅因市的世界粮食奖基金会颁发一次，目的是奖励那些"为人类提供营养丰富、数量充足的粮食作出突出贡献的个人"，得奖者可获得250,000美元。 中国科学家何康、袁隆平、崔振岭先后获此殊荣。 【词汇延伸】 food supply食品供应食物供应食品供给菜篮子 storage structure存储结构储存结构数据存储结构 climate change气候变化 Arctic Circle北极圈 Saudi Arabia沙特阿拉伯 Associated Press美联社联合通讯社 综合实战演练 （一） （2024·全国·高考真题）We all know fresh is best when it comes to food. However, most produce at the store went through weeks of travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table. While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more. BMF is an indoor garden system. It can be set up for a family. Additionally, it could serve a larger audience such as a hospital, restaurant or school. The innovative design requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly supply of fresh greens. Specifically, it’s a farm that relies on new technology. By connecting through the Cloud, BMF is remotely monitored. Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is automated, it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil, the system provides just the right amount to each plant. After harvest, users simply replace the plants with a new pre-seeded pod (容器) to get the next growth cycle started. Moreover, having a system in the same building where it’s eaten means zero emissions (排放) from transporting plants from soil to salad. In addition, there’s no need for pesticides and other chemicals that pollute traditional farms and the surrounding environment. BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee. 1．What can be learned about BMF from paragraph 1? A．It guarantees the variety of food. B．It requires day-to-day care. C．It cuts the farm-to-table distance. D．It relies on farmer’s markets. 2．What information does the convenient app offer? A．Real-time weather changes. B．Current condition of the plants. C．Chemical pollutants in the soil. D．Availability of pre-seeded pods. 3．What can be concluded about BMF employees? A．They have a great passion for sports. B．They are devoted to community service. C．They are fond of sharing daily experiences. D．They have a strong environmental awareness. 4．What does the text mainly talk about? A．BMF’s major strengths. B．BMF’s general management. C．BMF’s global influence. D．BMF’s technical standards. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．D 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了巴比伦微农场（BMF）的一些主要优势，包括减少食物运输距离、通过云技术远程监控、自动化系统节约水资源、减少化学污染、以及员工的环保生活方式等。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more. (虽然农贸市场是减少旅程的可靠选择，但巴比伦微型农场（BMF）甚至缩短了旅程)”可知，巴比伦微型农场（BMF）进一步缩短了从农场到餐桌的距离。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. (此外，还有一个便捷的应用程序，可以实时提供增长数据)”可知，这个便捷的应用程序提供了植物生长的实时数据。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee. (BMF员工在日常生活中追求可持续发展。大约一半的人步行或骑自行车上班。在办公室里，他们通过限制垃圾桶和避免一次性塑料来鼓励回收和减少浪费。BMF的一名员工表示：“我们热衷于减少环境中的废物、碳和化学品。”)”可知，BMF员工具有强烈的环保意识。故选D。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more. (虽然农贸市场是减少旅程的可靠选择，但巴比伦微型农场（BMF）甚至缩短了旅程)”、第三段“By connecting through the Cloud, BMF is remotely monitored. Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is automated, it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil, the system provides just the right amount to each plant. (通过云连接，对BMF进行远程监控。此外，还有一个方便的应用程序可以实时提供不断增长的数据。由于该系统是自动化的，因此大大减少了种植植物所需的水量。该系统不是给一排排土壤浇水，而是为每株植物提供合适的水量)”以及最后一段“BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee. (BMF员工在日常生活中追求可持续发展。大约一半的人步行或骑自行车上班。在办公室里，他们通过限制垃圾桶和避免一次性塑料来鼓励回收和减少浪费。BMF的一名员工表示：“我们热衷于减少环境中的废物、碳和化学品。”)”可知，文章主要介绍了巴比伦微农场（BMF）的一些主要优势，包括减少食物运输距离、通过云技术远程监控、自动化系统节约水资源、减少化学污染、以及员工的环保生活方式等。故选A。 ( 命题要点简析 阅读理解首先要做到的就是掌握所读材料的主旨和大意，它是全文的概括和总结。能否抓住这个中心，取决于读者的总结能力。主旨大意题通常涉及概括文章或者段落大意，揭示主题，选择标题等形式。主要考查考生能否分辨主题和细节，是否具备提纲挈领的能力，即是否能在理解全文的基础上运用概括、归纳、推理等逻辑方法对文章进行高度的概括和总结。主旨大意题包括文章主旨题、段落大意题和标题归纳题。 每篇文章都有一个主旨大意。主旨大意题对考生的归纳、概括能力有一定的要求。文章主旨大意一般有四种呈现形式：文首、文中、文尾、不明确给出 ( 需要总结 ) 。做这种题要通读文章，重点把握首末段、首末句；作者反复强调的观点或文章中多次出现的词句通常是主旨；注意文中 therefore, thus, but, however, in short, to sum up 等表达转折或总结的词语。 题型特征总览 主旨大意题考查考生对文章内容的深层次理解 ,  它要求考生在充分理解全文的前提下 ,   对整篇文章的主旨大意有一个较为清晰的印象 ,  既考查细节理解能力 ,   又考查深层次的推理、概括能力 ,   难度较大。 （一）命题方式 把握主旨大意题常见的命题方式 : 1. What would be the best title for the text? /What is the topic of the text? 2. The main idea/The general idea/The main theme of this passage is __________.   3. The last paragraph ends the passage with an emphasis on __________.   4. What is mainly discussed in the text? 5. What’s the main point the writer is trying to make in the last paragraph? 6. Which of the following statements is best supported by the text? 7. The passage mainly focuses on __________.   ) ( （二）解答技巧 题型 特点 解题技巧 主题类 ( 内容 ) 考查文章或段落的主旨大意 找主题句四窍门 : (1) 段落中出现表示转折的词语 ( 如 however, but,  in fact,  actually 等 ) 时 ,  该句很可能是主题句。 (2) 首段出现疑问句时 ,  对该问题的回答很可能就是文章主旨。 (3) 作者有意识地重复的观点 ,  通常是主旨 ;  反复出现的词语 ,  一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。 (4) 表示总结或结论的句子常包含 therefore, thus, in short,  conclude, conclusion 等词。 标题类 要求考生选出文章的最佳标题 文章标题三特点 : (1) 形式一般为单词、短语或句子 ,  短语居多 ; (2) 短小精悍 ,  精确性强 ; (3) 涵盖性强 ,  能覆盖全文大意。 ) ( Moreover, having a system in the same building where it’s eaten means zero emissions from transporting plants from soil to salad. having a system in the same building 为动名词短语作主语，where it’s eaten 引导定语从句，修饰先行词 building，means 为句子谓语。 翻译 ：此外，在同一楼内的这一系统（从种植到食用）意味着蔬菜从土壤到沙拉过程中的零排放。 ) ( additional  adj. 附加的；额外的；外加的 → additionally  adv. 此外；另外 innovate  v. 创新，革新 → innovative  adj. 革新的，创新的 rely  v. 依赖，依靠；信任，信赖 → reliable  adj. 可信赖的，可靠的，真实可信的 specific  adj. 特定的，特有的；具体的，明确的 → specifically  adv. 特别地，专门地；具体来说，确切地说 grow  v. 生长；成长；逐渐变得；增长；种植 → growth  n. 发育，生长；增长，发展 emit  v. 发出，射出，散发 → emission  n. 排放物，散发物；（光、热、气等的）发出，射出 add  v. 增加 → addition  n. 增加，添加；添加物；加，加法 tradition  n. 传统，风俗 → traditional  adj. 传统的 surround  v. 包围，环绕，围绕 → surrounding  adj. 周围的，附近的 sustainable  adj. 可持续的 → sustainability  n. 可持续性 recycle  v. （使）再循环，回收利用；再次应用 → recycling  n. 回收利用 reduce  v. 减少，缩小，减少（程度、重要性等） → reduction  n. 减少，缩小，降低 passion  n. 强烈情感，激情；酷爱 → passionate  adj. 具有强烈信念的；热爱的，酷爱的 employ  v. 雇用，聘请；运用，使用 → employee  n. 受雇者，雇工，雇员 ) 全文翻译 我们都知道食物新鲜是最好的。然而，商店里的大多数产品在到达餐桌之前都要经过数周的旅行和数百英里的运输。尽管农民市场是减少这种旅行的可靠选择，但巴比伦微型农场（BMF）进一步缩短了这个距离。 BMF是一种室内花园系统。它可以为家庭设置。此外，它还可以为更大的受众服务，如医院、餐馆或学校。这种创新的设计几乎不需要什么努力就能实现可靠的每周新鲜绿叶蔬菜供应。 具体来说，它是一个依赖新技术的农场。通过云连接，BMF可以远程监控。 此外，还有一个方便的应用程序，提供实时生长数据。由于系统是自动化的，它显著减少了种植植物所需的水量。系统不是灌溉整排土壤，而是为每株植物提供恰到好处的水量。收获后，用户只需用新的预播种容器替换植物，就可以开始下一个生长周期。 此外，在食用植物的同一建筑内拥有系统意味着从土壤到沙拉的运输过程中零排放。 此外，也不需要使用农药和其他污染传统农场及其周围环境的化学物质。 BMF的员工在日常生活中实践可持续性。大约一半的人步行或骑自行车上班。在办公室内，他们通过限制垃圾桶数量和避免使用一次性塑料来鼓励回收和减少废物。"我们热衷于减少我们环境中的废物、碳和化学物质，"一位BMF员工说。 （二） （2024·全国·校联考一模）Every year, as the surface water temperature off the United States mid-Atlantic coast rises steadily from late spring through the summer, a pocket of uncharacteristically cool and crisp water gets trapped at the bottom of the ocean. Packed with nutrients this thick band of cold water, known as the mid-Atlantic cold pool, is a vital home for shellfish species. Extending at its seasonal peak from Nantucket, Massachusetts, to Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, the cold poll creates a diverse ecosystem ranging from algae(海藻)to fish — and some of the most valuable shellfish fisheries in the United States. Now, however, two pressures have scientists worrying about whether the cold pool will last. The first is no surprise: climate change. Over the past five decades, climates change has destabilized the cold pool, causing it to warm and shrink. Compared with 1968, the cold pool is now 13℃ warmer and has lost more than one-third of its area. The second concern is 1ess certain. In 2023, the US federal government approved plans to install(安装)98 wind turbines(涡轮机)off the New Jersey coast, covering an area of more than 300 square kilometers. Yet putting so many turbines to the seafloor could have unexpected consequences for the cold pool. That’s why Travis Miles, a researcher at New Jersey’s Rutgers University, and his colleagues are investigating. So far, Miles and his colleagues can’t definitively say what will happen to the cold pool, saying more research is needed to assess how climate change and offshore wind, together, could affect the cold pool. However, their initial analyses suggest the cold pool should be fine — at least in normal conditions. New Jersey’s offshore wind plans are strongly opposed mainly by fossil fuel-industry funded efforts. Miles worries that an overabundance of caution or fear of potential impacts, including on the cold pool, might slow down the development of renewable energy. “...it’s quite clear that climate change is far more damaging than installing wind farms,” he says. “I don’t think any scientist would argue with that.” 5．What do we know about the mid-Atlantic cold pool? A．It forms in early spring. B．It’s a band of cold near-bottom water. C．It serves as a habitat of most sea species. D．It extends from Nantucket to New Jersey. 6．What does the underlined word “shrink” in paragraph 2 mean? A．Break down. B．Get polluted. C．Dry up. D．Become smaller. 7．Miles’ attitude toward installing wind farms can be described as ______. A．supportive B．dismissive C．overcautious D．skeptical 8．What is the best title for the text? A．The Cold Pool Plays a Role on species B．Opinions Divide on Offshore Wind Farms C．Scientists Eye Potential Risks to the Cold Pool D．Renewable Energy Helps to Race Against Climate Change 【答案】5．B 6．D 7．A 8．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述科学家们关心可能对冷池造成影响的两个因素。 5．细节理解题。由文章第一段“Every year, as the surface water temperature off the United States mid-Atlantic coast rises steadily from late spring through the summer, a pocket of uncharacteristically cool and crisp water gets trapped at the bottom of the ocean. Packed with nutrients this thick band of cold water, known as the mid-Atlantic cold pool, is a vital home for shellfish species.(每年，随着美国大西洋中部海岸的地表水温度从春末到夏季稳步上升，一团异常凉爽、清脆的水被困在海底。这条被称为大西洋中部冷池的厚冷水带富含营养，是贝类物种的重要家园。)”可知， 大西洋中部冷池指的是是一条接近海底的冷水带。故选B项。 6．词句猜测题。由文章第二段“Over the past five decades, climates change has destabilized the cold pool, causing it to warm and shrink. Compared with 1968, the cold pool is now 13℃ warmer and has lost more than one-third of its area.(在过去的五十年里，气候变化破坏了冷池的稳定，导致其变暖和 。与1968年相比，现在冷池温度上升了13摄氏度，面积减少了三分之一以上。)”可知，冷池的面积减少了三分之一以上，所以这里shrink应表示“缩小”的意思。故选D项。 7．推理判断题。由文章第四段“Miles worries that an overabundance of caution or fear of potential impacts, including on the cold pool, might slow down the development of renewable energy.(Miles担心，过于谨慎或担心潜在影响，包括对冷池的影响，可能会减缓可再生能源的发展。)”和“it’s quite clear that climate change is far more damaging than installing wind farms(很明显，气候变化的破坏性远大于安装风电场)”可知，Miles是赞成安装风电场的。故选A项。 8．主旨大意题。由文章第二段“Now, however, two pressures have scientists worrying about whether the cold pool will last. The first is no surprise: climate change. Over the past five decades, climates change has destabilized the cold pool, causing it to warm and shrink. Compared with 1968, the cold pool is now 13℃ warmer and has lost more than one-third of its area.(然而，现在，两种压力让科学家们担心冷池是否会持续下去。第一点并不奇怪：气候变化。在过去的五十年里，气候变化破坏了冷池的稳定，导致其变暖和萎缩。与1968年相比，现在冷池温度上升了13摄氏度，面积减少了三分之一以上。)”以及下文可知，文章主要讲述科学家们关心可能对冷池造成影响的两个因素。所以C项Scientists Eye Potential Risks to the Cold Pool(科学家关注冷池的潜在风险)符合语境。故选C项。 （三） （2023·广东广州·广州市协和中学校考一模）What might be the global impact of extreme losses of the Amazon rainforest — the world’s largest rainforest? A new study has found that rapid deforestation of the Amazon rainforest could influence the temperature and rainfall over as far away as the Tibetan plateau and Antarctica. Saini Yang at Beijing Normal University in China and her colleagues analysed global climatological data from 1979 to 2019 to identify correlations in temperature and rainfall between the Amazon rainforest and other areas. Such links are called “teleconnections(遥相关)”. They focused on the Amazon rainforest in particular because of its significance as a major carbon sink and as a climatic “tipping point(临界点)” that could see forests turn to tropical grasslands beyond a certain limit of warming and human-driven deforestation. The researchers found that since 1979, warm temperatures in the Amazon was associated with warm temperatures over the Tibetan plateau and the West Antarctic ice sheet; more rainfall in the Amazon was relevant to less rainfall in those regions. By analysing changing temperatures in the regions between the Amazon and those distant areas, they were also able to trace the path through which energy or materials such as black carbon released in forest fire might propagate through the atmosphere. Their analysis showed the route remained consistent under different future warming circumstances. The collapse of the West Antarctic ice sheet is a known tipping point. Melting snow on the Tibetan plateau is not, but the region is warming more rapidly than much of the rest of the globe, and changes to snow and ice there could have consequences for ecosystems and the billions of people that rely on its snowmelt for water. “If the Amazon does have an influence on these regions, it could mean there is a higher risk the Amazon tipping point might set others off”, says Jothan at the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research in Germany. “It adds an additional potential domino that can fall.” 9．How did the study identify teleconnections? A．By recording temperature and rainfall. B．By finding the similarities between regions. C．By examining previous data on global climate. D．By analysing climatological data of the Amazon. 10．The underlined word “propagate” in paragraph 5 probably means “________”. A．spread B．absorb C．launch D．switch 11．What Jothan suggests about the Amazon? A．It is now at a higher risk of disappearing. B．It indeed has an effect on the two regions. C．Deforestation is caused by human activities. D．The tipping point might cause a chain reaction. 12．Which can be the best title of the passage? A．Changes within the Amazon. B．The Amazon at a tipping point. C．The Tibetan plateau and Antarctica. D．Global impacts of the Amazon deforestation. 【答案】9．C 10．A 11．D 12．D 【导语】本文是说明文。文章讲述了一项新的研究发现，亚马逊雨林的快速砍伐可能会影响远至青藏高原和南极洲的温度和降雨。 9．推理判断题。根据第二段“Saini Yang at Beijing Normal University in China and her colleagues analysed global climatological data from 1979 to 2019 to identify correlations in temperature and rainfall between the Amazon rainforest and other areas. Such links are called ‘teleconnections(遥相关)’.（中国北京师范大学的Saini Yang和她的同事分析了1979年至2019年的全球气候数据，以确定亚马逊雨林与其他地区之间的温度和降雨量之间的相关性。这种连接被称为‘远距连接’）”可知，该研究是通过检查先前的全球气候数据来确定远程联系的，故选C。 10．词义猜测题。根据第五段“By analysing changing temperatures in the regions between the Amazon and those distant areas, they were also able to trace the path through which energy or materials such as black carbon released in forest fire might propagate through the atmosphere. Their analysis showed the route remained consistent under different future warming circumstances.（通过分析亚马逊地区和那些遥远地区之间的温度变化，他们还能够追踪森林火灾释放的能量或物质(如黑碳)在大气中propagate 的途径。他们的分析表明，在未来不同的变暖环境下，这条路线保持一致。）”可知，森林火灾会释放能量或物质，在大气中传播。划线词是spread“扩散”的意思，故选A。 11．细节理解题。根据最后一段“‘If the Amazon does have an influence on these regions, it could mean there is a higher risk the Amazon tipping point might set others off’, says Jothan at the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research in Germany. ‘It adds an additional potential domino that can fall.’（德国波茨坦气候影响研究所的约翰说:“如果亚马逊确实对这些地区有影响，这可能意味着亚马逊临界点引发其他地区爆发的风险更高。这又增加了一块可能倒下的多米诺骨牌。”）”可知，约翰认为亚马逊的临界点可能会引起连锁反应，故选D。 12．主旨大意题。根据第一段“What might be the global impact of extreme losses of the Amazon rainforest — the world’s largest rainforest?  A new study has found that rapid deforestation of the Amazon rainforest could influence the temperature and rainfall over as far away as the Tibetan plateau and Antarctica.（世界上最大的热带雨林——亚马逊雨林的极端损失可能会对全球产生什么影响?一项新的研究发现，亚马逊雨林的快速砍伐可能会影响远至青藏高原和南极洲的温度和降雨。）”以及下文的分析解释可知，本文主要讲述了亚马逊森林砍伐对全球的影响。D选项符合最佳标题，故选D。 （四） （23-24高二上·浙江·单元测试）“Eat local.” It's one way to reduce human effect on the planet. Eating local means to try to buy and consume foods that are grown in places close to home. However, most of the food sold at supermarkets is not locally grown or produced. Trucks and planes deliver these foods from hundreds or thousands of miles away. During the transportation, greenhouse (温室) gases are produced, causing global warming. So the shorter the distance your foods must travel, the less harm is done to the environment. But how do you get local food if you live in a large city, hundreds of miles away from farms? Environmental health scientist Dickson Despommier and his students came up with the idea of a “vertical (垂直的)farm”. A vertical farm is a glass-walled structure that could be built as tall as a skyscraper (摩天大楼). Since the garden is built upwards, rather than outwards, it requires much less space than an ordinary farm. The world is quickly running out of room for ordinary farming. Vertical farms could be a key to this situation. Despommier imagines a 30-storey building with a greenhouse on every floor. The walls of the building would be clear to allow crops to get as much sunlight as possible. Depending on a city's water resources, Despommier thinks hydroponic (水培的) farming is another method for the vertical farm which needs no soil to grow plants. Despommier says the hydroponic greenhouses would use a system that would use a city's waste water and fill it with nutrition to make the crops grow. If this method works, it would provide food to a city and save millions of tons of water. The idea of a vertical farm has attracted the attention of government officials around the world. Scott Stringer, a government official from New York City, thinks the city is suitable for the vertical farming. “Obviously we don't have much land left for us,” Stringer said. “But the sky is the limit in Manhattan.” Despommier admits that there is still a lot of work to do to make vertical farms a reality. “But I think vertical farming is an idea that can work in a big way,” he says. 13．Why are people advised to eat local? A．Because it means convenience to people. B．Because it can help people save a lot of money. C．Because local food has more nutrition. D．Because it is environmentally friendly. 14．Which is one of the vertical farm's benefits when compared with ordinary farming? A．It produces healthier food. B．It does less harm to the cities. C．It needs more space of the city. D．It requires less transport costs. 15．By saying “the sky is the limit in Manhattan”, Stringer means ________. A．people can make full use of vertical space of Manhattan B．there is a limit for using empty land in Manhattan C．the height of buildings in Manhattan is limited D．Manhattan can spread as far as possible 16．What can we learn about the vertical farming in the passage? A．No soil is needed to grow plants on a vertical farm. B．It has solved the problem of the food shortage in a big way. C．The walls of the building would be clear to let people see the plants clearly. D．Crops are mainly grown in the rainwater on a vertical farm. 【答案】13．D 14．B 15．A 16．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。这篇文章介绍了人们吃当地的食物，因为对环境有好处。 13．细节理解题。根据第一段“So the shorter the distance your foods must travel, the less the harm is done to the environment.(所以食物运输的距离越短，对环境造成的危害就越小)”可知人们被建议吃当地食物的原因是因为对环境有好处，故选D。 14．细节理解题。根据第一段“However, most of the food sold at supermarkets is not locally grown or produced. Trucks and planes deliver these foods from hundreds or thousands of miles away. During the transportation, greenhouse (温室) gases are produced, causing global warming. So the shorter the distance your foods must travel, the less harm is done to the environment.(然而，超市里出售的大多数食物都不是当地种植或生产的。卡车和飞机从数百或数千英里外运送这些食物。在运输过程中，会产生温室气体，导致全球变暖。所以食物运输的距离越短，对环境的危害就越小)”以及第二段“But how do you get local food if you live in a large city, hundreds of miles away from farms? Environmental health scientist Dickson Despommier and his students came up with the idea of a “vertical(垂直的)farm”(但如果你住在远离农场数百英里的大城市，你怎么吃到当地的食物呢？环境健康科学家迪克森·德斯波米尔和他的学生提出了“垂直农场”的想法)”可知，与普通农业相比，垂直农场的好处之一是对城市的危害较小。故选B。 15．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Despommier admits that there is still a lot of work to do to make vertical farms a reality. “But I think vertical farming is an idea that can work in a big way,” he says.( Despommier承认，要使垂直农场成为现实，还有很多工作要做。他说：“但我认为垂直农业是一个可以大行其道的想法。”)”可知Stringer的意思是人们应该充分利用曼哈顿的垂直空间，故选A。 16．细节理解题。根据第五段“Depending on a city’s water resources, Despommier thinks hydroponic (水培的) farming is another method for the vertical farm which needs no soil to grow plants.( Despommier认为，根据城市的水资源，水培农业是垂直农场的另一种方法，不需要土壤来种植植物)”可知有些农田不需要土壤来生长植物，故选A。 （五） （24-25高二上·全国·课后作业）In a street largely unchanged since it was built in the 1800s, Hobart's Battery Point is probably the last place you would expect to find a farm. In one corner of Peter Handy's backyard is a controlled environment unit that houses the vertical farm (垂直农场), the first of its kind in the southern hemisphere (半球). Mr. Handy is changing the definition of what it means to be a farmer. “I know it's really funny, because when people say to me, ‘Where's your farm?’, I'll say, ‘It's in Battery Point.’ and they're like, ‘No, there's no farm in Battery Point.’,” he said. “People think the Martians (火星人) have landed because we've got this massive pink light that comes out of it from the bottom, but other than that, they have no idea.” Not just a backyard project, Mr. Handy is running a business. “It's here because I need to be as close as possible to my customers, the chefs and restaurants of Hobart,” he said. “I aim to use the fewest food miles and make this a super-efficient business.” Using LED lights and hydroponic nutrients, the farm grows leafy greens, root vegetables and flowering plants. “I don't have to worry about floods, winds, wild animals, electric fences, turning the soil over,” Mr. Handy said. Using 95 percent less water than traditional farming, the farm ticks all the boxes environmentally. “I mean, this is definitely not the answer to food sustainability (可持续性) in the world. But it's definitely part of it.” Science writer Julian Cribb believes a world food crisis is coming, due to a combination of loss of water, loss of topsoil, climate change and overuse of chemicals. “We're going to need to change the way we produce food and change the human diet at the same time,” he said, “and new urban farming methods would make most of the world's great cities feed themselves.” Mr. Cribb said Australia was still quite a way off from adopting urban farming. But he believes that it poses a rather unique opportunity for Australian farmers to sell their professional knowledge to cities, teaching people to grow food in urban environments. 17．What might people think of Mr. Handy's farm? A．Scary. B．Impressive. C．Disappointing. D．Confusing. 18．What does Mr. Handy say about his farm? A．It is not affected by weather. B．It mainly produces flowers. C．It serves customers from near and far. D．It is the solution to food shortages. 19．What's the purpose of Mr. Cribb's words in Paragraph 5? A．To praise his contribution to science. B．To explain how urban farming works. C．To stress the necessity of urban farming. D．To present the seriousness of the food crisis. 20．What's the passage mainly about? A．Cities are struggling to get food. B．Technology is changing people's life. C．Peter Handy is a successful businessman. D．Food production is being moved into cities. 【答案】17．D 18．A 19．C 20．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了Peter Handy位于霍巴特的创新垂直农场，这是南半球第一个这样的农场。尽管Handy所在的地区自19世纪以来就没有改变过，但他正在重新定义农业，经营一项优先考虑与顾客(如当地厨师和餐馆)接近的业务，并旨在最大限度地减少食物里程。他的农场采用LED灯和水培方法，比传统农业节水95%，避免了许多环境挑战。 17．推理判断题。根据第二段中““I know it's really funny, because when people say to me, ‘Where's your farm?’, I'll say, ‘It's in Battery Point.’ and they're like, ‘No, there's no farm in Battery Point.’,” he said. “People think the Martians(火星人) have landed because we've got this massive pink light that comes out of it from the bottom, but other than that, they have no idea.””（“我知道这真的很有趣，因为当人们对我说，‘你的农场在哪里？’，我会说，‘在Battery Point。’他们说，‘不，Battery Point没有农场。’”他说。“人们认为火星人已经着陆了，因为我们从底部看到了巨大的粉红色光，但除此之外，他们不知道。”）可知，人们认为Battery Point没有农场；垂直农场发出的巨大的粉红色光线让人们误认为是火星人着陆了。故可推知，人们对Handy先生的农场感到困惑。故选D。 18．推理判断题。根据第四段的第二句““I don't have to worry about floods, winds, wild animals, electric fences, turning the soil over,” Mr. Handy said.”（“我不用担心洪水、大风、野兽、电栅栏，也不用担心翻土，” Handy说。）可推知，Handy先生的农场不会受到天气的影响。故选A。 19．推理判断题。根据第五段中““We're going to need to change the way we produce food and change the human diet at the same time,” he said, “and new urban farming methods would make most of the world's great cities feed themselves.””（“我们需要改变生产食物的方式，同时改变人类的饮食习惯，”他说，“新的城市农业方法将使世界上大多数大城市能够自给自足。”）可知，Cribb 认为，一场世界粮食危机即将到来。我们将需要改变我们生产食物的方式，同时改变人类的饮食,而新的城市农业方法会使世界上大多数大城市都能自给自足。由此可推知，Cribb的话的目的是强调发展城市农业的必要性。故选C。 20．主旨大意题。文章第一段提到农场建在了城市的街道；第二、三、四段具体介绍了该农场;第五段讲了在城市建农场的必要性；最后一段提到澳大利亚采用城市农场的方法还需要相当长的时间，但它为农民提供了一个机会，可以向城市出售他们的专业知识，教人们在城市环境中种植粮食。由以上信息可推知，本文主要讲了农业种植向城市发展。D项“粮食生产正在向城市转移”能够概括文章内容。故选D。 （六） （23-24高二上·全国·单元测试）Vegan Agriculture Vegan farming (全素农业) has become more and more popular. It is one of the most environmentally-friendly forms of agriculture. Vegan farming is a good way to grow plants such as vegetables without using animal-derived materials such as their waste. 21 Such an approach to farming also helps preserve the environment and regain soil richness and improve its biodiversity. 22 Organic farming uses natural products to grow plants — that can include even animal waste as fertilizers. On the other hand, vegan agriculture rejects animal-derived products and usually sticks with plant-based organic compounds, which means that, in general, vegan agriculture has stricter rules than organic farming. Additionally, vegan farming usually chooses more natural ways to protect the plants, like breaking cycles of plants’ diseases with mixed cropping (混作), using mechanical barriers (机械屏障) such as nets, or even attracting opposing organisms to fight the harmful ones. 23 However, they might be less effective against certain plant diseases or pests. One of the reasons to develop vegan agriculture is that the vegan way of farming replaces synthetic (合成的) pesticides and uses organic pesticides or other non-chemical methods to protect the crops. By contrast, in conventional agriculture, synthetic pesticides are on a very high level. 24 In the future, it is of great significance not to rely on animals’ waste to feed plants. Doing so is not only beneficial to vegans. 25 Even if today’s methods of vegan agriculture might not be perfect, scientists worldwide, together with vegan farmers, are working towards developing plant-based solutions as alternatives to animal-derived fertilizers. A．Accordingly, the amount of them in food products is much higher. B．Also, vegan farmers are far from applying synthetic fertilizers. C．It is apparent that vegan agriculture is not the same as organic farming. D．In today’s world, the vegan diet and lifestyle are increasingly popular. E．But it’s also good for the whole world, including other animals and plants. F．These ways affect the environment less than the ways of traditional farming. G．The rise of veganism creates new demand for more vegan-friendly agriculture. 【答案】21．B 22．C 23．F 24．A 25．E 【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章介绍了全素农业的优势。 21．由设空处前一句“Vegan farming is a good way to grow plants such as vegetables without using animal-derived materials such as their waste.(全素农业是种植蔬菜等植物的一种方法。)”和后一句“Such an approach to farming also helps preserve the environment and regain soil richness and improve its biodiversity.(这种耕作方式不仅有助于保护环境、恢复土壤肥力，还有助于增加生物多样性。)”可知，设空处仍在说全素农业的好处。B项“全素种植者也绝不会使用合成肥料”符合题意。故选B。 22．本段最后一句“On the other hand, vegan agriculture rejects animal-derived products and usually sticks with plant-based organic compounds, which means that, in general, vegan agriculture has stricter rules than organic farming.(另一方面，纯素农业拒绝动物来源的产品，通常坚持使用植物性有机化合物，这意味着，总的来说，纯素农业比有机农业有更严格的规定。)”可知，本段在说全素农业与有机农业是不一样的。结合选项，C项“很明显，全素农业和有机农业是不一样的”符合题意。故选C。 23．前文“Additionally, vegan farming usually chooses more natural ways to protect the plants, like breaking cycles of plants’ diseases with mixed cropping (混作), using mechanical barriers (机械屏障) such as nets, or even attracting opposing organisms to fight the harmful ones.(此外，纯素农业通常选择更自然的方式来保护植物，比如通过混合种植打破植物疾病的循环，使用网状等机械屏障，甚至吸引对立的生物来对抗有害的生物)”介绍全素农业通常选择更自然的方式来保护植物。后文“However, they might be less effective against certain plant diseases or pests.(然而，它们对某些植物疾病或害虫可能不太有效)”出现转折，介绍这种方法的弊端，故推知空处应是这种方法的优势，F项“这些方式对环境的影响比传统农业方式要小”符合语境。故选F。 24．前文“By contrast, in conventional agriculture, synthetic pesticides are on a very high level.(相比之下，在传统农业中，合成农药的用量非常高)”提到传统农业中合成农药的用量非常高，A项“因此，它们在食品中的含量要高得多”与前一句构成顺承关系，A项中“them”指代上文“synthetic pesticides”。故选A。 25．前文“Doing so is not only beneficial to vegans.(这样做不仅对纯素食者有益)”介绍好处，结合选项，E项“但对整个世界也有好处，包括其他动物和植物”介绍对于动物和植物也是有益的。且“not only...but also”前后呼应。故选E。 （七） 完形填空 （23-24高二上·全国·课后作业）Farms are the biggest users of freshwater resources. The Food and Agriculture Organisation says agriculture uses seventy percent of all surface water supplies. That is the world 26 . Without the right measures, agriculture can be a major cause of water pollution. But solutions do not have to 27 much. There are simple methods for farms of any size to reduce or 28 pollution of water supplies. We are going to talk about a few of them. The first 29 fertilisers and poisons. One way such chemicals can enter the environment is when they are not stored correctly. Stored chemicals can slowly 30 the soil and get into groundwater. To help avoid such problems, chemicals should be kept in structures with a floor made of cement (水泥). Farm animals can also pollute water supplies. Animals like cattle, pigs, sheep and goats are often left to 31 on grass in open fields by streams or rivers. Large animals loosen dirt and rocks as they walk along waterways to drink. Animal 32 also enters water supplies. Experts say it is important to keep large farm animals away from water supplies with the use of a fence or 33 . Instead of leading animals to water, bring the water to them. Farmers can send water through pipes to watering areas for their animals with pumps 34 by electricity or fuel. Human-powered treadle pumps are another solution. Trees, bushes and smaller plants can act as 35 barriers along streams and rivers. Bushes provide excellent ground cover 36 grown near waterways. Animals 37 bushes with sharp thorns (尖刺). Tree roots provide natural support for soil. Trees planted near waterways help stop soil loss from heavy rains. They 38 help keep the sun from drying out soil. They hold soil in place during rains and 39 the water flow. These methods will not solve all water quality problems, 40 they are good first steps. 26．A．level B．storage C．average D．problem 27．A．reduce B．take C．matter D．cost 28．A．consider B．create C．prevent D．rescue 29．A．deals with B．takes over C．pays for D．adapts to 30．A．go up B．stretch in C．make for D．leak into 31．A．feed B．go C．endanger D．keep 32．A．fat B．waste C．food D．medicine 33．A．anything B．nothing C．something D．everything 34．A．attracted B．used C．made D．powered 35．A．well-equipped B．responsible C．strong D．natural 36．A．when B．unless C．in case D．until 37．A．choose B．protect C．enjoy D．avoid 38．A．easily B．hardly C．also D．either 39．A．destroy B．ease C．speed up D．stop 40．A．though B．but C．so D．therefore 【答案】 26．C 27．D 28．C 29．A 30．D 31．A 32．B 33．C 34．D 35．D 36．A 37．D 38．C 39．B 40．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讨论了农场对淡水资源的消耗和污染问题，并提出了一些简单的减少或防止供水污染的方法。 26．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这是世界平均值。A. level水平；B. storage存储；C. average平均值；D. problem问题。根据上文“The Food and Agriculture Organisation says agriculture uses seventy percent of all surface water supplies.”可知，联合国粮农组织表示，农业使用了所有地表水供应的70%，由此可推知，70%这个数字应该是世界平均值。故选C。 27．考查动词词义辨析。句意：但解决方案并不需要花费太多。A. reduce减少；B. take拿；C. matter重要；D. cost花费。根据下文“There are simple methods for farms of any size to reduce or ___3___ pollution of water supplies.”可知，农场可以使用一些简单的方法减少供水污染，因此解决方案并不需要花费太多。故选D。 28．考查动词词义辨析。句意：对于任何规模的农场，都有一些简单的方法来减少或防止供水污染。A. consider考虑；B. create创造；C. prevent防止；D. rescue救援。根据上文“to reduce or”可推知，空处应该和reduce表达相近的意思，此处指减少或防止供水污染。故选C。 29．考查动词短语辨析。句意：第一步处理化肥和毒药。A. deals with处理；B. takes over接管；C. pays for支付；D. adapts to适应。根据上文“There are simple methods for farms of any size to reduce or ___3___ pollution of water supplies.”可知，这是在介绍减少水污染的方法，因此是处理化肥和毒药。故选A。 30．考查动词短语辨析。句意：储存的化学物质会慢慢渗入土壤并进入地下水。A. go up上升；B. stretch in延伸；C. make for前往；D. leak into渗入。根据上文“One way such chemicals can enter the environment is when they are not stored correctly.”可推知，储存不正确的情况下，化学物质会慢慢渗入土壤并进入地下水。故选D。 31．考查动词词义辨析。句意：像牛、猪、绵羊和山羊这样的动物经常被留在溪边或河边的草地上进食。A. feed进食；B. go去；C. endanger使遭危险，危害；D. keep保持。根据下文“on grass in open fields by streams or rivers”可推知，这样的动物会被留在溪边或河边的草地上进食，短语feed on“以……为食”。故选A。 32．考查名词词义辨析。句意：动物粪便也会进入供水系统。A. fat脂肪；B. waste粪便；C. food食物；D. medicine药物。根据上文“Large animals loosen dirt and rocks as they walk along waterways to drink.”可知，这些动物沿着水道行走喝水，因此它们沿途排泄的粪便会进入供水系统。故选B。 33．考查不定代词词义辨析。句意：专家表示，重要的是要用栅栏之类的东西让大型农场动物远离水源。A. anything任何事物；B. nothing没有什么，没有一件东西；C. something某物；D. everything所有事物。根据上文“a fence or”可推知，此处用固定短语or something表示“诸如此类的事物”，建议用栅栏之类的东西让动物远离水源。故选C。 34．考查动词词义辨析。句意：农民可以通过管道将水送到灌溉区，用电力或燃料驱动的水泵为他们的动物供水。A. attracted吸引；B. used使用；C. made制造；D. powered驱动。根据下文“by electricity or fuel”可推知，此处指水泵由电力或燃料驱动，和下文Human-powered treadle pumps“人力踩踏水泵”相呼应。故选D。 35．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：树木、灌木和较小的植物可以作为溪流和河流的天然屏障。A. well-equipped装备精良的；B. responsible负责的；C. strong强壮的；D. natural天然的。根据上文“Trees, bushes and smaller plants”可推知，树木、灌木和较小的植物本身生长在农场环境中，是作为溪流和河流的天然屏障。故选D。 36．考查连词（短语）词义辨析。句意：当灌木生长在水道附近时，可以提供很好的地面覆盖物。A. when当……时；B. unless除非；C. in case万一；D. until直到。根据上文“Bushes provide excellent ground cover”和下文“grown near waterways”可推知，此处指当灌木生长在水道附近时，它们可以提供很好的地面覆盖物。故选A。 37．考查动词词义辨析。句意：动物避开长有尖刺的灌木丛。A. choose选择；B. protect保护；C. enjoy享受；D. avoid避免。根据下文“bushes with sharp thorns (尖刺)”可知，灌木丛有尖刺，因此动物会避开它们。故选D。 38．考查副词词义辨析。句意：它们也有助于防止太阳晒干土壤。A. easily容易地；B. hardly几乎不；C. also也；D. either也（用于否定句）。根据上文“Trees planted near waterways help stop soil loss from heavy rains.”可知，此处是进一步介绍树根对土壤的保护作用，指也有助于防止太阳晒干土壤，且句子是肯定句，应用also。故选C。 39．考查动词（短语）词义辨析。句意：它们能在下雨时固定土壤，并减缓水流。A. destroy破坏；B. ease缓和，减轻；C. speed up加速；D. stop制止。根据上文“Tree roots provide natural support for soil.”可知，本段介绍树根对土壤的保护作用，结合空后“the water flow”可知，树根可以减缓水流的流动。故选B。 40．考查连词和副词词义辨析。句意：这些方法不能解决所有的水质问题，但它们是良好的第一步。A. though尽管；B. but但是；C. so所以；D. therefore因此。根据上文“These methods will not solve all water quality problems”和下文“they are good first steps”可知，前后是转折的关系，指这些方法不能解决所有的水质问题，但是良好的第一步。故选B。 （八） 语法填空 （23-24高二上·全国·课后作业）语法填空 China’s achievements in lifting people out of poverty can be told through statistics. But the measure of the 41 (accomplish) can be understood more deeply through images of 42 people’s lives have changed. That’s 43 idea behind the new picture book 100 Photographers Focus on Poverty Alleviation, which 44 (launch) on Tuesday at the opening ceremony for an exhibition in Beijing. The exhibition shows 306 works, each 45 (provide) a piece of the overall picture of China’s achievement in lifting people out of poverty. Liu Zhengrong, Party secretary of the All­China Journalists Association, 46 (offer) congratulations for the publication of the book, saying he approves of the book as a unique gift 47 China’s poverty alleviation cause. Li Ge, president of the China Photographers Association, said, “the photographers and other 48 (circle) of society will continue to pay attention to poverty alleviation, and make more quality works. We need 49 (tell) a good story of China, show China’s insights, spread China’s value and stress the advantages of China’s system.” Plans call for the exhibition to tour 50 (national) soon, and an online exhibition can also be viewed on the website of China Daily. 【答案】 41．accomplishment 42．how 43．the 44．was launched 45．providing 46．offered 47．for/to 48．circles 49．to tell 50．nationally 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了《百名摄影师聚焦脱贫攻坚》这本书及相关的展览。 41．考查名词。句意：但是，通过人们生活如何改变的图像，可以更深刻地理解成就的衡量标准。the measure of the (accomplish)名词所有格结构，空处需填名词accomplishment。故填accomplishment。 42．考查宾语从句。句意同上。介词of后接一个宾语从句，从句中主语是people’s lives，have changed是不及物动词作谓语，故空格需填连接副词how作方式状语。故填how。 43．考查冠词。句意：这就是新图画书《百名摄影师聚焦脱贫攻坚》背后的想法，这本书于周二在北京一个展览的开幕式上发布。由于名词idea受介词短语behind the new picture book修饰限制，故空格需填定冠词the表特指。故填the。 44．考查动词时态语态。句意同上。陈述过去发生的事情，使用一般过去时，定语从句主语which，指代先行词the new picture book，和从句谓语动词launch为被动关系，需用被动语态，主语为单数，be动词用was。故填was launched。 45．考查非谓语动词。句意：这次展览展出了306件作品，每一件作品都展示了中国在帮助人们摆脱贫困方面取得的成就。此处为独立主格结构作状语，逻辑主语each和provide为逻辑主谓关系，需用现在分词形式。故填providing。 46．考查动词时态。句意：中华全国新闻工作者协会党委书记刘正荣对该书的出版表示祝贺，并表示他认为这本书是中国扶贫事业的一份独特礼物。陈述过去发生的事情，谓语动词offer使用一般过去时。故填offered。 47．考查介词。句意同上。作伴随状语，宾语从句主语是he，谓语是approves of，宾语是the book，说明空格需填表示目的的介词for/to构成短语作状语。故填for/to。 48．考查名词。句意：中国摄影家协会主席李舸表示：“摄影家和社会其他各界将继续关注扶贫，并制作更多优质作品。other修饰可数名词复数形式。故填circles。 49．考查非谓语动词。句意：我们要讲好中国故事，展示中国见解，传播中国价值，强调中国制度优势。need to do sth.为固定搭配，意为“需要做某事”，tell用不定式形式。故填to tell。 50．考查副词。句意：该展览计划很快在全国巡回展出，网上展览也可以在《中国日报》的网站上看到。副词nationally作状语，修饰动词tour。故填nationally。 （九） 书面表达 51．（23-24高二上·全国·单元测试）阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。 In Orchestra class, we had on Fridays something called Chair Challenge. You could challenge the next higher-up chair. The teacher selected a passage from the music and the person you were challenging would play it first — then you would play it. The teacher would determine which of you won. If you won, you switched (交换) places with the loser and moved up one chair. And at the end of December, whoever was first-chair violin, first-chair viola and first-chair cello (大提琴) would play the three separate solos (独奏) in the big New Year Concert. Hearing this I was determined to be the one who played the cello solo in the New Year Concert. I was second-chair, third-cello. In order for me to become first-chair, first-cello I would need to do five Chair Challenges — and win all five! And I only had six weeks to do it. The school allowed us to take instruments home on weekends. I decided to take my cello home and practice hard. So every single Friday and then again on Monday, for six weeks I carried this big cello case onto and off the bus before and after school. Then I went home and practiced. I practiced any music we were playing in class. And I sounded terrible. But I kept at it. And then a funny thing happened around the second week. I wasn’t sounding that terrible anymore. And I realized I was getting better. The first Chair Challenge the following Friday was a nervous affair. My hands were shaking badly. But when I finished the teacher smiled and said, “Challenge successful — switch chairs.” I felt excited. I didn’t dare tell anyone about my goal. I knew they’d tell me it was impossible. The girl who was first-chair, firs-cello, Patricia, had been playing for years! Surely, to unseat Patricia would be very difficult. But I kept practicing and winning my challenges, week after week — until it was the last Friday of December. I was now second-chair, first-cello. The teacher asked if there were any Chair Challenges. Patricia turned to me and laughed. “Well ...?” she said.注意： 1. 续写词数应为150左右； 2. 请按如下格式在相应位置作答。 “Challenge!” I called out. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ The class cheered and clapped. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】 “Challenge!” I called out. Everyone laughed and cheered. The teacher pulled out two pieces of music. Patricia went first, being the challenged, and she played the passage beautifully. Only one little mistake. Then it was my turn. I was unfamiliar with this piece, but I’d been practicing, and my sight-reading had improved so much that I was confident I could do well. I took a deep breath and began. I played that passage so smoothly that it was like I’d been playing it all my life. The class cheered and clapped. I was surprised. No one had ever clapped after a Chair Challenge. Even Patricia was clapping! The teacher had a smile as he nodded. “Challenge successful, switch. And, congratulations, First-Chair, First-Cello.” It turned out that the piece he had given us to play was the actual cello solo for the New Year Concert. I learned, from my personal experiences, that you can achieve what you set out to complete. 【导语】本文以人物为线索展开，讲述了作者为了实现新年音乐会独奏的梦想，坚持不懈地努力练习，期望在六周内成功挑战五次成为大提琴首席的故事。 【详解】1.段落续写： ①由第一段首句内容““挑战！”我喊道。”可知，第一段可描写Patricia演奏之后，作者开始演奏，并演奏得很好。 ②由第二段首句内容“全班同学欢呼鼓掌。”可知，第二段可描写作者成为大提琴首席，以及作者的感悟 2.续写线索：老师选择乐曲——Patricia演奏——作者演奏——大家鼓掌——作者成为大提琴首席——作者的感悟 3.词汇激活 行为类 ①提高：improve/enhance ②深呼吸：take a deep breath/breathe deeply ③鼓掌：clap/applaud 情绪类 ①笑：laugh/burst into laughter ②惊讶的：surprised/astonished 【点睛】【高分句型1】The teacher had a smile as he nodded. (运用了as引导时间状语从句) 【高分句型2】It turned out that the piece he had given us to play was the actual cello solo for the New Year Concert.(运用了it作形式主语，that引导从句作真正的主语，省略that引导的定语从句) 52． 思维素养提升 Task 1写作项目——Write an argumentative essay on farming 本单元的写作项目为写一篇关于农业的辩论性文章，属于正反观点式议论文。正反观点式议论文是对某个议论对象提出见解或主张并说明理由，使读者信服的文章。作者通过摆事实、讲道理、辨是非来确定其观点的正误，支持或否定某种主张，从而达到让读者信服或接受其观点或看法的目的。首段：点明自己的观点；中段：多角度论证自己的观点；尾段：重申自己的观点和立场。请选择一篇你感兴趣的阅读语篇，尝试用思维导图绘制出文章脉络吧！ Task 2 （23-24高二上·山东菏泽·阶段练习）假定你是李华，在英语课上你们班同学就“转基因作物的利与弊”进行了讨论，请你根据讨论结果写一篇英语短文向校英文报投稿。 利 弊 你的观点 1. 产量高，缓解粮食短缺问题； 2. 农药使用少，生产成本低， 价格便宜。 1. 可能对人体有害； 2. 可能对环境造成威胁，破坏生态平衡，影响作物的多样性。 ? 注意：1. 词数 80 左右； 2. 可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。 参考词汇：转基因作物 genetically modified crops ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】范文 These days more and more genetically modified crops have entered the market, which are favored by many consumers. On the one hand, genetically modified crops have many advantages compared with conventional crops. For one thing, they can increase production, which can help tackle the crisis of global food shortages. And for another, the combined effect of fewer pesticides and lower production cost results in lower food prices overall. On the other hand, their disadvantages are also obvious. They may cause damage to people and the environment, affecting crop variety and destroying the balance of nature. As for me, I believe genetically modified crops could benefit human beings, if we do our best to avoid their harmful effects. 【导语】本篇书面表达属于议论文。要求考生根据班级同学就“转基因作物的利与弊”进行的讨论结果写一篇英语短文，向校英文报投稿。 【详解】1.词汇积累 帮助：help→assist 导致：result in→lead to 明显的：obvious→apparent 影响：affect→influence 2.句式拓展 简单句变复合句 原句：They may cause damage to people and the environment, affecting crop variety and destroying the balance of nature. 拓展句：They may cause damage to people and the environment, which affects crop variety and destroys the balance of nature. 【点睛】【高分句型1】These days more and more genetically modified crops have entered the market, which are favored by many consumers.（运用了which引导的非限制性定语从句） 【高分句型2】As for me, I believe genetically modified crops could benefit human beings, if we do our best to avoid their harmful effects.（运用了省略that的宾语从句和if引导的条件状语从句） $$