Unit4 Section2 Using language(Word教参)-【精讲精练】2024-2025学年高中英语选择性必修第四册（外研版2019）

Section Ⅱ　Using language 定语从句是由关系代词that，which，who，whom，whose，as和关系副词when，where，why等引导的从句。定语从句可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。 一、关系代词引导的定语从句 1．关系代词的基本用法 关系代词 先行词 在从句中所作的成分 who 人 主语、宾语 whom 人 宾语 which 物 主语、宾语 that 人或物 主语、宾语、表语 whose 人或物 定语 as 人或物 主语、宾语、表语 ◆The contest which/that is scheduled to be held in our school hall on January 18th will focus on the traditional Chinese culture. 定于1月18日在我们学校礼堂举行的比赛将聚焦中国传统文化。 ◆He is the writer that/whom/who you are looking forward to visiting. 他就是你一直渴望拜访的那个作家。 ◆They live in a house whose windows face north. 他们住在一所窗户朝北的房子里。 whom，which，that在从句中作宾语时可省略，但介词提前时不能省略，也不能用that。 2．that和which的用法区别 宜用that 的情况 先行词是all，few，little，much，something，anything，nothing等或被不定代词修饰时 先行词被the only，the very，the same，all等限定词修饰时 先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或被序数词/形容词最高级修饰时 先行词既有人又有物时 宜用which 的情况 引导非限制性定语从句时 关系代词指物，且其前有介词时 ◆Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about? 你知道他们正在谈论的事和人吗？ ◆This is the house in which Lu Xun once lived. 这是鲁迅曾住过的房子。 ◆Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself? 你有什么要为自己说的吗？ ◆China Daily attracts a worldwide readership, which shows that more and more people all over the world want to learn about China. 《今日中国》吸引了全球的读者群，这说明世界上越来越多的人想要了解中国。 3．as和which的用法区别 as as引导非限制性定语从句，可放在主句前、中、后，as意为“正如……、正像……”。从句的谓语动词多为see，know，expect，say，mention，report等 which which引导非限制性定语从句修饰前面整个句子时，只能置于主句之后，意为“这一点、这件事”，which引导的从句与主句之间常含有并列或因果关系 ◆As we had expected, he opposed the plan. 正如我们预料的那样，他反对这个计划。 ◆I failed again in the match, which was a great pity. 我在比赛中又失败了，这真是太遗憾了。 as用在限制性定语从句中时，常用于以下句式：“such＋名词＋as(像……一样的、像……之类的)”“the same＋名词＋as(和……同样的)”。 ◆Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in China. 像在我们车间使用的机器是中国制造的。 ◆I want the same phone as my friend bought yesterday. 我想要一个跟我朋友昨天买的一样的手机。 [即时演练1]——用适当的关系词填空 (1)The GPNP is intended to provide stronger protection for all the species that live within the Giant Panda Range and significantly improve the health of the ecosystem in the area. (2)On the 1，100­kilometer journey, the man Cao Shengkang, who lost his eyesight at the age of eight in a car accident, crossed 40 cities and counties in three provinces. (3)May 21st this year marks the first International Tea Day, which was named officially by the United Nations on November 27th, 2019. (4)We had a woman patient who/that was recovering from a knee replacement operation. (5)Dr.Rowan, whose secretary resigned two weeks ago, has had to do all his own typing. (6)The main street is lined with small stands and shops which/that sell almost anything you can imagine. (7)I refuse to accept the blame for something that was someone else's fault. (8)Such people as were recommended by him were reliable. 二、关系副词引导的定语从句 关系副词 先行词 在从句中所作的成分 when 时间名词 时间状语 where 地点名词或抽象名词(situation，point，activity，case，stage等) 地点状语 why reason 原因状语 ◆Students should involve themselves in community activities where they can gain experience for growth. 学生们应该参与社团活动，在这些活动中他们可以获得成长的经验。 ◆Do you know the reason why he didn't attend the meeting yesterday? 你知道他昨天没参加会议的原因吗？ ◆The days are gone when physical strength was all you needed to make a living. 完全靠体力谋生的时代已经一去不复返了。 reason作先行词时，若关系词在从句中作主语或宾语，定语从句要用that或which引导。 ◆The boss didn't want to hear any reason that/which you might give. 老板不想听你可能给出的任何理由。 [即时演练2]——用适当的关系词填空 (1) That movie led him into the second half of his career where his comedic presence alone could make a movie a financial success. (2)The reason why he lives far away from his parents hasn't been known to us. (3)The film brought the time back to me when I was taken good care of in the countryside by my grandparents. (4)I have reached a point in my life where I am supposed to make decisions of my own. 三、“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句 1．“介词＋关系代词”引导定语从句时，介词的宾语只能用which或whom，且不能省略。 ◆The colorless gas without which we cannot live is called oxygen. 这种无色的气体叫氧气，离开了它我们就不能生存。 2．“名词/不定代词/数词/形容词比较级或最高级＋of＋which/whom”引导的定语从句，表示部分与整体的关系。 ◆The committee consists of 20 members, five of whom are women. 这个委员会有20 名成员，其中有5名是女性。 “名词＋of＋which/whom”引导定语从句时，可换成whose引导定语从句。 ◆I'd like a room of which the window looks out over the sea. ＝I'd like a room whose window looks out over the sea. 我想要一个窗户朝向大海的房间。 [即时演练3]——用适当的关系词填空 (1)This special building is a place in which theatre is made and where children, artists, writers and anyone else have the opportunity to do creative things. (2)He paid the boy ten dollars to wash the windows, most of which hadn't been cleaned for at least a year. (3)I made friends with Susan and Alice in that school, both of whom were interested in astronomy. (4)In the dark street, there wasn't a single person to whom she could turn for help. (5)I'm very grateful to Mr Zhang, without whose encouragement I couldn't have been admitted to a key university. [核心词汇] 1．make ends meet　使收支仅能相抵 [经典例句] You will have to pay bills and handle budgets to make ends meet. 你将不得不支付账单和处理预算，使收支平衡。 bring...to an end＝put an end to...使……结束；终止 at the end (of...)在(……的)尽头 in the end最后，终于 come to an end结束 by the end of到……结束时 on end不停地，连续地；竖着 [练通]——补全句子 (1)Many of their families were struggling to make ends meet　(收支相抵). (2) It was your efforts and determination that put an end to　(结束) the natural disaster. (3)—Jim, can you work this Sunday? —Why me? I've been working for two weeks on end　(连续). (4)　By the end of last month　(到上个月月底), I had learned all the songs and the pains paid off in the end　(最终). 2．go into debt(＝get/run into debt)　陷入债务之中，负债 [经典例句] Avoid luxuries so that you don't go into debt. 避免购买奢侈品，这样你就不会负债。 get out of debt摆脱债务(表示动作) in debt欠债(表示状态) out of debt不欠债(表示状态) pay off one's debts还清某人的债务 [练通]——补全句子 (1) Starting your own business could be a way to achieving financial independence.On the other hand, it could just put you in debt　(负债). (2) What made Tom happy was that after all these years he at last paid off all his debts　(还清了所有的债务). (3)Most college freshmen who went into debt　(负债)because of using loans lacked financial knowledge and self­protection awareness. Ⅰ.用适当的关系词填空 1．The downturn hit the real estate(房地产)firm where she had worked for ten years as an office manager. 2．It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives (视角) from which to study how people manage their lives. 3．These are the reasons why more and more people have turned to online learning these days. 4．I was in the middle of the Amazon with my wife, who was there as a medical researcher. 5．In ancient China lived an artist whose paintings were almost lifelike. 6．They were well trained by their masters who/that had great experience with caring for these animals. 7．It's helpful to put ourselves in a situation where we can see ourselves more clearly. 8．The students who are talented in computers are responsible for designing and making the video. 9．We will never forget the year when the 29th Olympic Games was held in Beijing. 10．　As is known to all, Professor Li is extremely popular among students. Ⅱ.语法与写作 1．他们用孩子们能听懂的简单的英语交谈。 They talked in such simple English as children could understand　. 2．你还记得你加入我们俱乐部的那一天吗？ Do you remember the day when/on which you joined our club　？ 3．足球是一项有趣的运动，在世界各地都很受欢迎。 Football， which is an interesting sport　， is very popular all over the world. 4．他用英语给我们讲了一个故事，我不能完全理解它的意思。 He told us a story in English，　whose meaning/ the meaning of which I couldn't understand completely. 5．很多年轻人都到偏远地区去追逐自己的梦想，他们中的大多数都受过良好的教育。 Many young people，　most of whom were well­educated　， headed for remote regions to chase their dreams. Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1．If a person is heavily in debt，he is unable to earn his living，let alone gain independence. 2．It was your efforts and determination that put an end to the natural disaster. 3．I have never performed such a task as you've asked me to do. 4．The reason why he was happy was that he had been praised by the teacher. 5．Mr.Smith owned this oil painting until the early 1990s, when he gave it to his grandson. 6．Nowadays, it is common to see people staring at their mobile phones instead of reading a real book, about which many experts are worried. 7．She showed the visitors around the museum, whose construction had taken more than three years. 8．But what if we're actually getting closer to a world where AI is capable of thinking and feeling? 9．Kim Cobb, a professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, is one of a small but growing minority of academics who/that are cutting back on their air travel because of climate change. 10．Please tell me anything that you know about the author of the book. Ⅱ.语法与写作 1．这是已经用过的对抗污染的最好办法。 　This is the best way that has been used against pollution. 2．汤姆进步很大，这使他的父母很高兴。 Tom had made great progress，　which made his parents very happy　. 3．我们班有40名学生，他们中的大多数喜欢英语。 There are 40 students in our class，　most of whom like English　. 4．长城是中国人为之骄傲的最伟大的建筑之一。 The Great Wall is one of the greatest buildings that Chinese people are proud of　. 5．你也可以和你信任的人分享你不开心的事情，听听他们的建议。 You can also share your unhappy things with somebody whom/who you trust and listen to their suggestions. Ⅲ.用语篇练语法 This weekend, I plan to show my penfriend around my town.At the beginning of the tour, we will start with the most important place in my town，1.　which is the Plaza Leon.The Plaza Leon，2.　which is more than 100 years old，is a gathering place for young people 3.　who/that have a passion for outdoor activities, and for parents and children at the weekend 4.　when they have more free time.Four streets lead to the Plaza Leon 5.　which/that has white sidewalks and a tree line.Hernandes Street is named after a famous writer born in the city, and all of the food stores, fish markets and vegetable stands are there.Fernando Street, 6.　where all of the government offices are located, was named after an educator.Via del Mar Street 7.　whose roads are made of stones is the only street 8.　that still has its old surface (表面).Finally，we will come to Horatio Street, 9.　where there are two universities.One of them is the most famous university in my country.That's the reason 10.　why it is my favorite street of all. Ⅰ.阅读理解 A Maijlis Jonsson is a 73­year­old living in the centre of Sweden's capital Stockholm.She leads an active life with her friends, travelling around the city and meeting in coffee shops.However, one issue causes her stress. Sweden has been steadily moving towards a completely cashless society for a number of years.Cash is now used in less than one in five of all cash transactions (交易) in stores—half the number five years ago.The law says shops can refuse to accept cash.Life can be hard for those unwilling or unable to adapt to the changes.Not everyone hates cash.Maijlis Jonsson is one such person.She must go to a bank in order to pay her friend back for a train ticket bought digitally.“I just don't know how to do it.” Niklas Arvidsson, Sweden's leading expert on the payment system, acknowledges that some people are in danger of being left behind, like the elderly.“We've also got a problem with smaller businesses in rural areas where perhaps the telecommunication systems are not working，” he says. Is Sweden benefiting from all this? According to Arvidsson, it is.“Electronic transactions are quicker and cost less in general and make the payment system more efficient.” He also points out that “it is a little bit more difficult in general for the people to get away with not paying taxes or making small thefts without cash”． Of course, with an increase in digital transactions, the question of data security comes into play.As we do free fall through an increasingly virtual world—and payments over the cloud instead of payments with paper—who has access to our information? It is a global problem with no easy solution. But Arvidsson remains largely positive about cashless transactions.“It feels like a virtual infrastructure is being built...if a highway or a railroad has the capacity to bring people in business closer and increase output, the same thing will happen with technology.I really do believe that once the technology genie is out of the bottle, how do you put it back？” [语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。文章通过73岁的老人Maijlis Jonsson的亲身经历和专家Niklas Arvidsson的解释阐明了电子支付的优缺点。 1．What upsets Maijlis Jonsson? A．She has to pay without cash. B．She owes her friend some money. C．She has to draw money from the bank. D．She knows little about the mobile phone. 解析　细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的“Cash is now used in less than one in five of all cash transactions (交易) in stores”“The law says shops can refuse to accept cash.Life can be hard for those unwilling or unable to adapt to the changes.Not everyone hates cash.Maijlis Jonsson is one such person.”和“I just don't know how to do it.”可知，她不会使用非现金支付方式，但现在处处都不用现金，她对不得不用非现金支付方式感到烦恼。故选A。 答案　A 2．What's mentioned by Arvidsson as an advantage of digital transactions? A．They help reduce some illegal acts. B．They make paying taxes convenient. C．They improve telecommunication systems. D．They save the cost of printing paper money. 解析　细节理解题。根据文章第四段中的“it is a little bit more difficult in general for the people to get away with not paying taxes or making small thefts without cash”可知，电子支付让逃避纳税、小额偷窃等一些违法行为变得困难。故选A。 答案　A 3．According to the text, what problem will digital transactions bring about? A．They will charge extra fees. B．They will stimulate overspending. C．They will pose a threat to data security. D．They will destroy the computer system. 解析　细节理解题。根据文章第五段中的“with an increase in digital transactions, the question of date security comes into play”可知，随着电子交易的发展，数据安全问题开始出现，所以电子交易会对数据安全构成威胁。故选C。 答案　C 4．How does Arvidsson show the importance of technology? A．By using study results. B．By providing examples. C．By making an analogy(类比). D．By quoting a famous saying. 解析　推理判断题。文章最后一段中，Arvidsson将科技与修路进行类比，以此来说明科技的重要性。故选C。 答案　C B When my friend suggested going to the thrift shop, instantly I thought “I hope no one I know sees me”．It was the same when my cousin commented on my new furniture and Japanese fine­bone­china bowls and asked where I got them.They were from the local thrift shop but instead I said “from the antique shop”． Many people in my Greek­Cypriot community would despise me if I said I shopped at the thrift shop.They may pity me, or consider me poor, a failure.Immigrants sacrificed their families and homes for a better life.Buying a house and having enough money to live comfortably, to educate your children and see them also live comfortably, are a big part of the immigrant dream.But has this dream made us materialistic at the cost of our own planet? Our love for purchasing the latest trendy clothes or furniture, then donating them when we are tired of them has become normal.I was once like this.But after watching the documentary The True Cost I learned donated clothes that don't get sold are sent to developing nations, many of them ending up in landfills (垃圾填埋地).In addition, your new dress requires electricity and materials to make.But if you buy a second­hand dress, that's one less dress in a landfill and one less new dress to be made. A friend introduced me to the thrift shop only a few years ago.My first item was a dress she gifted me.It was lovely and I loved it.Nobody could tell it was second­hand.This opened me up to purchasing more second­hand high quality branded clothes.Once I dropped in on a friend and was impressed by how she decorated her apartment.“It's all second­hand，” she said.I couldn't believe it.The truth is a lot of things sold at the thrift shop are in new or almost new condition.That's when I made the decision to only buy second­hand things. Selling second­hand things isn't anything new but what the planet needs is more buyers.There is so much excess production in the world.So stop feeling ashamed, and let's get shopping. [语篇解读]　本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。作者通过讲述自己的经历来说明新产品会浪费资源，而旧货店的商品质量很好而且有助于节约资源、保护环境，并希望说服更多的人去旧货店购物。 5．What does the underlined word “despise” mean in paragraph 2? A．Think highly of. B．Look down upon. C．Get away from. D．Keep up with. 解析　词义猜测题。根据第二段第二句“They may pity me, or consider me poor, a failure.”可知，此处是指如果“我”说“我”在旧货商店买东西，很多人会瞧不起“我”。所以despise意为“瞧不起”。故选B。 答案　B 6．Which following statement is TRUE about people in Greek­Cypriot community? A．They want to pursue a high standard of material life. B．They all prefer wearing the latest fancy clothing. C．They think highly of children's education. D．They get along well with their neighbors. 解析　推理判断题。根据第二段倒数第二句“Buying a house and having enough money to live comfortably, to educate your children and see them also live comfortably, are a big part of the immigrant dream.”可知，塞浦路斯希腊族社区的人们想追求高标准的物质生活。故选A。 答案　A 7．What changed the author's mind to go to the thrift shop? A．The great variety of the goods in the thrift shop. B．The low cost of the goods in the thrift shop. C．The persuasion of the author's friends. D．The wasted resources of new products and good quality of the thrift shop. 解析　细节理解题。根据第三段中的“But after watching the documentary The True Cost I learned donated clothes that don't get sold are sent to developing nations, many of them ending up in landfills (垃圾填埋地).”和第四段最后两句可知，新产品浪费资源，旧货店商品质量好，改变了作者对去旧货店的想法。故选D。 答案　D 8．What's the author's main purpose in writing the text? A．To introduce a new trend of buying at the thrift shop. B．To persuade more people to buy at the thrift shop. C．To encourage more people to pursue the latest fashion. D．To raise people's awareness of reasonable shopping. 解析　写作意图题。根据最后一段内容可知，作者写这篇文章的主要目的是说服更多的人去旧货店购物。故选B。 答案　B Ⅱ.七选五 How to Start a Business The unemployment rate is so high in the present society that many young people are thinking about starting their own business.However, setting up on your own will by no means be easy. 1 Make a business plan. If you decide to start a business, the first thing you must do is draw up a realistic business plan—this is a working document that describes the business, its objectives, its financial forecasts and so on. 2 3 Once you have a detailed business plan and enough evidence to make people believe that your idea is rational, it is time to go and see the bank manager.It is important to shop around to find which bank offers the best deal and who you feel most comfortable with.Make sure what you're getting is right for you and your business. Develop a survival strategy. 4 One of the biggest obstacles to people starting a business can be understanding all the legislation.That can be about tax, employment, trade, health and safety or the environment.It can be confusing if you have never run your own business. Get yourself noticed. In order to make your business a success, you must ensure that consumers know it exists. 5 For example, if you are running a local plumbing company, then delivering leaflets in your area would be the best option. A．Get access to finance. B．Be sure to attract much attention. C．The tips below may help you start a business. D．So it is really important to make a business plan. E．Make sure you are running your business correctly by the law. F．Choosing how to advertise depends on the type of the business. G．A bank would not consider lending money unless you show a detailed business plan. [语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要给自主创业的人们提出了一些建议。 1．解析　根据本文标题及下文的几个小标题并结合空前内容可知，本文讲的是创业的建议。分析选项可知C项(下面的这些建议也许能帮助你创业。)总括文章第一段的内容并引起下文中的建议，起承上启下的作用。故选C。 答案　C 2．解析　根据小标题“做一份企划书。”及本段内容可知本段讲的是创业的第一个建议：做企划书。G项(如果你不拿出一份详细的企划书，银行是不会考虑贷款给你的。)介绍了企划书的重要性，与本段内容一致，说明了必须做企划书的原因，且G项中的“a detailed business plan”是对本段小标题中的“a business plan”和本段中的“a realistic business plan”的复现。下一段第一句中的“Once you have a detailed business plan”也给出了提示。故选G。 答案　G 3．解析　根据本段中的“go and see the bank manager”“shop around to find which bank offers the best deal”和“Make sure what you're getting is right for you and your business.”可知本段讲的是“找银行贷款”，结合选项可知A项(获得资金。)符合本段主旨，能概括本段内容。故选A。 答案　A 4．解析　根据本段内容可知本段提的建议是要熟悉相关法律。结合下文“can be understanding all the legislation”及选项可知E项(要确保你是依法正确经营你的公司的。)符合文意。故选E。 答案　E 5．解析　根据本段小标题“Get yourself noticed.”及本段内容可知，本段提的建议是要把自己的公司宣传出去，让消费者知道你的企业的存在。空后举了一个具体事例来说明如何把自己的公司宣传出去，F项(选择如何打广告取决于企业的类型。)与空后内容衔接紧密，且F项中的“how to advertise”与本段小标题“Get yourself noticed.”对应，故选F。 答案　F Ⅲ.语法填空 A new phenomenon is taking hold worldwide—“shrinkflation”．This is when companies reduce the size of their products or range of services while 1. (maintain) prices.It is in reaction to the rising prices of raw materials needed in the process of 2. (produce).Another way companies choose is 3. (place) smaller items in larger boxes，making shoppers think they're getting more for their money. In fact，4. (consumer) become more sensitive to price than quantity or quality.Most shoppers will make a regular purchase，even if it has shrunk (减少) as long as 5. price has not risen. So far，the chocolate maker Cadbury 6. (choose) to shrink the size of one of its products by 10%.A company spokesperson said：“We expect to absorb costs in this difficult environment so we have had to make a decision to 7. (slight) reduce the weight of chocolate bars for the first time since 2012，so that we can keep them surviving in the fierce 8. (compete)”．The service industry is also trying to keep from raising prices.The hotel chains Hilton have made it a rule 9. guests must now request daily housekeeping services.Many other free services we have taken for granted are also 10. the decrease. [语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了近些年较常见的“缩水式通货膨胀”这一经济现象，这是很多生产商和制造商在面临成本上升时利用的“减量不加价”的隐性加价手段，希望消费者继续购买他们的产品。 1．解析　句意：这是指公司在保持价格的同时，减少其产品大小或服务范围。设空处作时间状语，应用动词的非谓语形式，maintain 的逻辑主语是companies，二者之间是逻辑上的主谓关系，故此处应填现在分词。 答案　maintaining 2．解析　句意：这是为了应对生产过程中所需原材料的价格上涨。in the process of...为固定搭配，意为“在……的过程中”，of 为介词，后面接名词。production 意为“生产”时为不可数名词，故填 production。 答案　production 3．解析　句意：公司选择的另一种方式是把较小的物品放在较大的盒子里，让购物者认为他们用所花的钱得到了更多的东西。本句话为“主系表”结构，设空处对主语进行解释说明，应用动词不定式作表语。故填 to place。 答案　to place 4．解析　句意：事实上，相较于数量或质量，消费者对价格更敏感。设空处作主语，表示“消费者”，根据 become 可知，主语应为复数形式。故填 consumers。 答案　consumers 5．解析　句意：只要价格没有上涨，即使产品的量已经变少了，大多数购物者还是会定期购买。设空处特指前文提到的购物者会定期购买的东西的价格，故用定冠词 the。 答案　the 6．解析　句意：到目前为止，巧克力制造商吉百利已经决定将其中一款产品的尺寸缩小 10%。设空处为句子的谓语动词，根据时间状语 So far 可知，此处应用现在完成时。主语 the chocolate maker 为单数，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。故填 has chosen。 答案　has chosen 7．解析　句意：一位公司发言人表示：“我们希望在这种困难的环境下承担得住成本，因此我们不得不作出决定，自2012年以来首次略微减轻巧克力棒的重量，以便让它们在激烈的竞争中挺下来。”设空处修饰动词 reduce，应用副词。故填 slightly。 答案　slightly 8．解析　句意见上一题解析。设空处前有定冠词和形容词修饰，且在句中作介词后的宾语，应用名词，此处表示“竞争”，competition 意为“竞争”时为不可数名词，故填competition。 答案　competition 9．解析　句意：希尔顿连锁酒店规定，客人现在必须要求提供日常客房服务。本句中，it为形式宾语，而真正的宾语为设空处引导的从句；宾语从句意思完整，不缺成分，所以用that引式导该从句。 答案　that 10．解析　句意：我们认为应该免费的许多其他服务也在减少。 on the decrease 为固定搭配，意为“在减少”。故填 on。 答案　on 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$