Unit3 Section2 Using language(Word教参)-【精讲精练】2024-2025学年高中英语选择性必修第四册（外研版2019）

Section Ⅱ　Using language 状语从句在句中作状语，修饰主句中的动词、形容词或副词等。状语从句放在主句之前时，常用逗号与主句隔开；放在主句之后时，一般不用逗号。状语从句按其意义和作用一般分为时间状语从句、条件状语从句、让步状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、方式状语从句和比较状语从句。 一、时间状语从句 1．when，while和as引导时间状语从句 (1)while意为“当……的时候，与……同时”，表示持续性的动作或状态，从句的谓语动词用延续性动词，强调主句表示的动作或状态和从句表示的动作或状态同时发生或存在。 ◆They arrived while we were having dinner. 他们到时我们正在吃晚饭。 ◆While I was playing the piano, my sister was doing her homework. 我弹钢琴的时候姐姐在做作业。 (2)when可以表示某个具体的时间，从句的谓语动词用短暂性动词；也可以表示一段时间，从句的谓语动词用延续性动词。when引导的从句表示的动作或状态可与主句表示的动作或状态同时发生，也可以先于主句表示的动作或状态发生。 ◆Shaking hands is the most popular way to greet each other when people meet. 握手是人们见面时最常用的打招呼方式。 (3)as意为“随着……；一边……一边……”。从句表示的动作或状态与主句表示的动作或状态同时发生或交替进行。 ◆He told us his adventures in the Arctic as we went along. 我们一边走着，他一边给我们讲他在北极的冒险经历。 ◆As the average age of the population increases, there are more and more old people to care for. 随着人口平均年龄的增长，越来越多的老年人需要照顾。 2．表示“一……就……”的连词引导时间状语从句 (1)as soon as，immediately，directly，instantly，the moment等连词用于句中描述当前的动作或状态。 ◆Directly I received his letter I went to see him. 我一收到他的信就去看望他了。 ◆The moment the sun rises, all the stars in the sky disappear. 太阳一升起来，天空中所有的星星都消失了。 (2)在“hardly...when...” “no sooner...than...”结构中，主句用过去完成时，than或when所在的从句用一般过去时。 ◆No sooner had she gone to sleep than the telephone rang. 她刚要去睡觉，电话就响了。 ◆The old man had hardly stepped down from the bus when it started. 老人一下公共汽车，汽车就启动了。 3．till和until引导时间状语从句 连词 用法 谓语动词 意义 till/until 主句和从句都用肯定形式 主句的谓语动词为延续性动词 直到……为止 主句用否定形式，从句用肯定形式 主句的谓语动词一般为非延续性动词 直到……才 ◆She didn't start the lesson till/until the pupils settled down. 等学生们安静下来后，她才开始上课。 (1)till不可以置于句首，而 until 可以置于句首。 (2)如果将“not until”放在句首，那么主句要部分倒装。 ◆Not until he told me about it again did I have any idea of it. 直到他再次告诉我，我才对这件事有所了解。 4．表示时间的名词词组引导时间状语从句 常见的表示时间的名词词组有every time，each time，next time，the first time，by the time，the minute，the instant，the year，the day等。 ◆I remember the first time I saw a humpback whale. 我还记得第一次看到座头鲸的情景。 5．before和since引导时间状语从句 (1)before意为“在……之前；还未……就……；还没有来得及……就……”。它引导的从句中谓语动词所表示的动作通常晚于主句中谓语动词所表示的动作。常用句式： ①“It will be＋一段时间＋before”意为“还要……时间才……”； ②“It was＋一段时间＋before”意为“过了……时间才……”； ③“It won't be long before...”意为“用不了多久就……”； ④“It wasn't long before...”意为“没过多久就……”。 ◆It won't be long before we meet again. 不久之后我们就会再见面。 ◆It wasn't long before he left the country. 没过多久他就离开了这个国家。 ◆If you miss this chance, it may be years before you get another one. 如果你错过了这次机会，你可能还需要很多年才能再获得一次这样的机会。 (2) since意为“自从……以来”，引导时间状语从句时，从句的谓语动词一般是非延续性动词，主句的谓语动词是延续性动词主句时态常为一般现在时或现在完成时，从句时态为过去时。常用句式： “It is/has been＋一段时间＋since...”意为“自……以来已经有……(时间)了”。 ◆It is/has been five days since he came here. 他来这儿已经五天了。 [即时演练1]——用适当的连词填空 (1)　When I first dated Steve, I learned he had a dog, Molly, and a cat, Flora. (2) I used to keep hens when I was younger and had to prepare their breakfast each morning before I went to school. (3)It was not widely accepted as a travel concept till/until the late 1980s. (4)　Since I was a kid, I've considered different jobs I would like to do. 二、条件状语从句 条件状语从句可以由if，unless，as/so long as，on condition that，only if，in case等引导。 ◆You'll actually show up if you know someone is waiting for you at the gym. 如果你知道有人在健身房等你，你就不会缺席。 (1)unless在意义上相当于“if...not”。因此，在某些场合，unless引导的肯定条件状语从句可以与if引导的否定条件状语从句互换。 ◆Unless you change your mind, I won't help you. ＝If you don't change your mind, I won't help you. 如果你不改变主意，我就不会帮助你。 (2)only if意为“只有”，引导的条件状语从句要用陈述语气；if only意为“但愿……，要是……就好了”，引导的条件状语从句要用虚拟语气。 ◆Only if you have persistence can you achieve success. 只有坚持不懈，你才能取得成功。 ◆I was caught in the rain and got wet all over.If only I had taken an umbrella! 我被雨淋了，全身都湿透了。我要是带一把雨伞就好了！ [即时演练2]——用适当的连词填空 (1)So, don't stop speaking when you make a mistake unless it's a truly serious one. (2) Only if you don't care about your appearance can you put your heart into your study. (3) You can go swimming on condition that you don't go too far from the river bank. 三、让步状语从句 让步状语从句表示让步关系。引导让步状语从句的连词通常可分为四类： (1)基本连词：though，although，even though/if等； (2)“特殊疑问词＋ever”类：whatever，whichever，whoever，wherever，whenever，however等； (3)“no matter＋特殊疑问词”类：no matter what/which/who/where/when/how等； (4)其他：while，as，whether...or等。 ◆While money is indeed wonderful and necessary, rereading an author's work is the highest currency a reader can pay them. 尽管金钱确实是美好且必要的，但是重读作家的作品是读者能给予他们的最高的回报。 ◆All people, whether they are old or young, rich or poor, have been trying their best to help those in need since the disaster. 所有人，无论衰老还是年轻，富裕还是贫穷，都一直在尽他们所能帮助灾后需要帮助的人们。 (1)though引导的从句可以用倒装语序，也可以不倒装；although引导的从句不倒装；as引导的从句必须用倒装语序：“表语/状语/动词原形＋as/though＋主语＋其他”，若表语是可数名词单数，前置时要省略冠词。 ◆Much as/though I had travelled, I have never seen anyone who's as capable as John. 虽然我旅行过很多次，但我从来没有见过像约翰这样能干的人。 (2)although，though不可以与but连用，但可以和still，yet等连用。 ◆Although everyone played well, we still lost the game. 尽管每个人都打得不错，我们还是输了这场比赛。 (3)“特殊疑问词＋ever”引导让步状语从句时，可与“no matter＋特殊疑问词”互换；引导名词性从句时，不可与“no matter＋特殊疑问词”互换。 ◆It is generally considered unwise to give a child whatever he or she wants. 总的来说，孩子想要什么就给什么是不明智的。 [即时演练3]——一句多译 (1)不论任务多么艰巨，我们都会尽力按时完成的。 ①　However difficult the task may be　， we will try our best to complete it on time. ②　No matter how difficult the task may be　， we will try our best to complete it on time. (2)尽管她尽力了，但她仍然无法避免作业中的错误。 ①　Although/Though she tries hard　， she can hardly avoid making mistakes in her homework. ②　Hard as/though she tries　， she can hardly avoid making mistakes in her homework. 四、地点状语从句 地点状语从句表示主句中某一动作或状态发生的地点或进行的方向，这类从句通常由where，wherever等连词引导，从句可以放在主句前，也可以放在主句后。where意为“在……地方”；wherever意为“在任何……地方”。 ◆Put it wherever we can see it. 把它放在任何我们能看得到的地方。 ◆Staff in care homes have reported a reduction in the use of medicine where hens are in use. 养老院工作人员报告说，在养母鸡的地方，药物使用量有所减少。 [即时演练4]——单句语法填空 (1)This kind of medicine should not be placed where it is accessible to children. (2)This movie star is so famous that there are crowds of people waiting to see her wherever she goes. 五、原因状语从句 1．because引导的原因状语从句一般置于主句后，because引导的从句位于句首时要用逗号将从句和主句分开；位于句末时，可以不用逗号。because表示直接原因，语气最强，常用于回答以why开头的问句。 ◆Feeling fearful is healthy because it helps you slow down and evaluate risks properly. 感到恐惧是正常的，因为它可以帮助你放慢速度，并正确地评估风险。 2．since/now that引导原因状语从句一般置于主句之前，表示已知的、显然的理由(常意为“既然”)，较为正式，语气比because弱。 ◆Since/Now that you are unable to answer, perhaps we should ask someone else. 既然你回答不了，也许我们应该问问其他人。 3．as引导原因状语从句时，表示附带说明双方已知的原因，语气比because，since弱，较口语化，但位置较为灵活。 ◆As he didn't know much English, he looked up the word in the dictionary. 由于他对英语知之甚少，所以他在字典中查找这个单词。 4．in that，seeing that，considering that，when也可引导原因状语从句。 ◆Seeing that it's raining, we'd better stay indoors. 既然正在下雨，我们最好待在室内。 并列连词for也可以表示原因，但它引导的分句不表示直接原因，只是对前面的情况作出补充说明，for前多加逗号。 ◆She remained silent, for her heart was heavy. 由于心情沉重，她一直沉默不语。 [即时演练5]——用适当的连词填空/完成句子 (1)Many students say they will talk to their friends or classmates because they're of the same age and can understand each other. (2)既然你已经着手这项工作了，那就应该尽力完成它。 　Now that/Since you have set out to do the work　，you should try your best to finish it. (3)考虑到你是一位有经验的运动员，我们决定将给你这个机会。 　Considering that you are an experienced player， we decide to give you this chance. 六、目的状语从句 引导目的状语从句的连词有so that，in order that，in case，for fear (that)等，并且目的状语从句的谓语常含有may，might，can，could，should，will，would等情态动词。 ◆With their ability to see ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast­moving trains would be able to react in time. 由于它们有预见前方的能力，它们可以发出任何问题的信号，以便快速行驶的列车能够及时做出反应。 [即时演练6]——完成句子 (1)为了能快点儿康复，她按时吃药。 She took medicine on time in order that/so that she might get well soon　. (2)去旅行时，我带了四本书，以防自己感到无聊，但是我一页也没有读！ I took four books with me when I went travelling in case I got bored　， but I never read a page! 七、结果状语从句 结果状语从句补充说明主句中的谓语动词所表示的动作发生的结果，通常位于主句之后。常由so that，so...that，such...that引导。“so...that”和“such...that”表示“如此……以至于……”。其中such修饰名词；so修饰形容词或副词。 (1)so that引导结果状语从句，so that前有时会用逗号与主句隔开。 ◆I'll give you a key so that you can let yourself in. 我把钥匙给你，你可以自己开门进去。 (2)so...that引导结果状语从句，可构成以下结构：so＋形容词/副词＋that; so＋形容词＋a/an＋可数名词单数＋that; so＋many/much/little/few＋名词＋that。 ◆I was so tired that I fell asleep during marching. 我太累了以至于在行进中睡着了。 (3)such...that引导结果状语从句，可构成以下结构： such＋a/an＋形容词＋可数名词单数＋that; such＋形容词＋可数名词复数＋that; such＋形容词＋不可数名词＋that。 ◆It is such nice weather that I would like to go to the beach. 天气如此好，我想去海滩。 ◆The Internet is such an important part of our life that it has even influenced our language. 因特网是我们生活中如此重要的一部分，以至于它甚至已经影响了我们的语言。 在so ...that, such ...that引导的结果状语从句中，为了强调形容词和副词，当so或such置于句首时，主句要用倒装语序。 [即时演练7]——完成句子/句型转换 (1)我们早上到得很早，所以赶上了第一班火车。 We arrived early in the morning，　so that we caught the first train　. (2)他们是非常好的老师，我们都非常尊敬他们。 They are such good teachers that we all respect them greatly. (3)He is so clever a boy that it seems nothing can defeat him. →He is such a clever boy that it seems nothing can defeat him. 八、方式状语从句 1．as引导方式状语从句时，意为“如同，按照……的方式”，从句常位于主句之后。 ◆When in Rome, do as the Romans do. 入乡随俗。 2．as if，as though两者的意义和用法相同，都表示“仿佛，好像”，引导的方式状语从句多用虚拟语气，表示与现在情况相反的假设用一般过去时，表示与过去情况相反的假设用过去完成时；有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。 ◆They completely ignore these facts as if/as though they never existed. 他们完全忽略了这些事实，就仿佛它们从未存在过似的。(与现在事实相反) ◆The injured man acted as if nothing had happened to him. 这个受伤的男人行动起来好像他身上什么都没发生过似的。(与过去事实相反) ◆It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon. 看来天气很快就会好起来。(实现的可能性较大) [即时演练8]——单句语法填空 (1)I have the same 24 hours in a day as you do, but I have made specific choices that allow me to make the most of the every day, and still feel happy and relaxed. (2)He talked about America as if he had been　(be) there before. (3) If you live each day as if it was/were　(be) your last, someday you'll most certainly be right. 九、比较状语从句 比较状语从句常由as...as...，not so/as...as，than等引导。 ◆He works as hard as his brother (does). 他在工作上和他的哥哥一样努力。 ◆The work is not so difficult as you imagine. 这个工作不像你想象的那么困难。 ◆I can walk faster than you can run. 我可以走得比你跑得还要快。 比较状语从句的谓语动词如果与主句的谓语动词一致，且为行为动词时，常用do/does/did代替，以免重复。 ◆We have produced more coal this year than we did last year. 我们今年生产的煤要比去年生产的多。 [即时演练9]——用适当的连词填空/完成句子 (1)When the house was built, it was much smaller than it is today. (2)我从未见过像今年二月一样下那么多雨。 I have never seen so much rain as it fell this February. (3)这一行业不再像以往那样繁荣了。 This industry is no longer as prosperous as it used to be. 十、状语从句的省略 在表示时间、地点、条件、让步、方式等状语从句中，如果从句的主语和主句的主语一致，或从句的主语是it且从句中谓语含有be动词时，可以省略从句中的主语和be动词，构成“连词＋现在分词/过去分词/不定式/介词短语/名词/形容词/副词”结构。 ◆While (I was) walking on the street, I saw a double­decker. 在街上走的时候，我看到了一辆双层公共汽车。 ◆John won't come to your party unless (he is) invited. 如果没有受到邀请，约翰是不会参加你的聚会的。 ◆You can communicate with your teacher when (it is) necessary. 必要时你可以与你的老师交流一下。 [即时演练10]——单句语法填空 (1)While passing　(pass) by the supermarket, I met my old friend. (2)　If possible, please look up the word in the dictionary. (3)Though not known　(know) to use tools in the wild, the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept　(kept) in the cage. [核心词汇] ●promote　v．增进，促进；提升，晋升；宣传，推广，推销(商品等) [经典例句] After six attempts, over a period of twelve years, Chinese monk Jianzhen arrived in Japan, where he promoted exchange and understanding between China and Japan. 经过十二年的努力，六次尝试后，中国鉴真和尚来到日本，促进了中日之间的交流和了解。 (1)promote sb(from sth) to sth 把某人(从某职位)提升到某职位 (2)promotion n．提升，晋升；晋级；促进 [练通]——单句语法填空 (1)Cao and Wu also collected garbage along the road to promote (promote) environmental protection. (2) While waiting for the opportunity to get promoted　(promote), Jim did his best to perform his duty every day. (3)If Tom is hoping to gain promotion (promote)he will have to pull his socks up. [写美]——应用文佳句 (4)在这两周里，我们一起学习、生活，这给了我们增进友谊的机会。 During these two weeks, we have studied and lived together，　which gives us the opportunity to promote our friendship　. [重点句型] ●“the＋序数词＋(n.＋)to do sth”意为“第几个做某事的人/物” [经典例句] Gan Ying, a military envoy, explored the Persian Gulf and became the first Chinese to get information on Europe. 军事特使甘英考察了波斯湾，成为第一个获得欧洲信息的中国人。 句中“the first...to do...”意为“第一个做……的”，此处动词不定式作定语。 (1)序数词、形容词最高级以及the only，the last，the right等或由这类词修饰的名词后常用不定式作后置定语。 (2)抽象名词ability，chance，opportunity，ambition，offer，anxiety，answer，reply，attempt，belief等后常用不定式作定语。 [练通]——单句语法填空 (1)John was the first person to think　(think) of making popcorn to help Bernard earn some extra money.He was convinced that he had the ability to help　(help) Bernard out of the difficulty. (2)That is the only way we can imagine to reduce　(reduce) the overuse of water in students' bathrooms. [写美]——应用文佳句 (3) 你总是第一个主动提出帮忙，对此我非常感激。 You'd always be the first to offer to help　， for which I was quite grateful. Ⅰ.用适当的连词填空 1．Feeling fearful is healthy because it helps you slow down and evaluate risks properly. 2．I also water the flowers in the yard and tidy up my own bedroom whenever necessary. 3．He told me a helicopter was on its way, but it would be 30 minutes before it arrived. 4．　Although/Though/While he could give her sympathy, any practical help was almost beyond him. 5．Don't stop speaking when you make a mistake unless it's a truly serious one. 6．　If a customer is rude or difficult, just think “Maybe she's had a row with her husband”． 7．After the war, a new building was put up where there had once been a playground. 8．We had such terrible weather that we couldn't finish the work on time. 9．Today I saw the ancient Roman City of Pompeii as it was 2，000 years ago. 10．Child as/though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do. Ⅱ.语法与写作 1．只要你养成每天学习英语的习惯，你迟早会学好英语。 　As long as you form the habit of learning English every day　， you will conquer English sooner or later. 2．无论他来不来，我们都将准时开会。 We'll start our meeting on time whether he comes or not　. 3．这些问题如此难，以至于我们没人会回答。 These were such difficult questions that none of us could answer them. 4．尽管她尽力了，但她仍然无法避免在作业中犯错误。 　Although she tries hard/Try hard as she does/Hard as she tries　， she can hardly avoid making mistakes in her homework. 5．那个男孩环顾四周，好像在寻找什么东西似的。 The boy looked around as if he was in search of something　. Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1．(2024·天津期末)The engineer is thought to be capable and modest, so his promotion　(promote) to manager is a popular decision. 2．China was the first country to drink　(drink) green tea more than 4，000 years ago and it still enjoys popularity today. 3．Despite this, some people became so absorbed in the activity that they completely forgot to look at the clock. 4．You should always strive to achieve more, however well you have done before. 5．When you read the book, you'd better make a mark where you have any questions. 6．Young as/though the girl is，she is good at communicating with such a person. 7．　If you are concerned about environmental pollution, you'd better use the public transport rather than drive a car. 8．How did you feel when you saw the terrible accident happening in front of you? 9．Some people think the festival is the happiest time of a year, even better than the Spring Festival, because food gives people a sense of safety and hope. 10．When the servants brought the steak, he took out a fork and began to eat as people did in Italy. Ⅱ.语法与写作 1．无论他们走到哪里，都受到当地人民的热烈欢迎。 　Wherever they went　， they were warmly welcomed by the local people. 2．他每一次来，都会给我带来好消息。 　Every time he came　， he would bring me good news. 3．如果你继续练习的话，你将会提高你的英语口语水平。 You will improve your oral English if you keep on practicing　. 4．既然我们都是地球的一部分，我们每个人都应该尽力去保护它。 　Now that/Since we are all part of the globe， everyone should try his best to protect it. 5．就是因为他上课迟到了老师才批评他。 It was because he was late for class that he was scolded by the teacher. Ⅲ.用语篇练语法 My mother was cooking in the kitchen 1.　while/when I was doing my school assignments.No sooner had I finished my homework 2.　than the doorbell rang.However，my sister pushed the door open 3.　before I could open it.I was surprised the moment I saw her 4.　because her clothes and face were terribly dirty.5.　Since/As I didn't know what had happened to her，I stood there and waited for my sister's story.6.　After my sister got changed，she told me that she fell into a ditch 7.　when she walked on a path on her way to my uncle's home in the countryside.She couldn't get out of the ditch.8.　Although/Though/While she cried for help loudly，no one could hear her.She tried to climb out of it, but 9.　however hard she tried，she failed to escape from it.10.　As time went by，she got worried. After several vain attempts she had to stand where she was and waited 11.　until a boy student passed by and gave her a hand.The boy reached her a long rope and told her to climb with the rope.She did 12.　as the boy told, and she came out at last. Ⅰ.阅读理解 A The 33­year­old Australian, Bradley, is actually an international student completing his PhD at Griffith University.He came to Beijing for a cooperative research project at Peking University less than two years ago.Such an academic life was just added color with a chance offered by the cultural exchange project— “I'm in China”． Bradley was lucky to win the most “likes” for his photo story about his life in China and became one of 20 winners to visit locations after the global recruitment (招募) by the project this summer.All the winners' experiences were filmed to produce a reality show, My Chinese Working Day.The film crew took them to many “amazing sites” and the staff taught them a lot about how to incorporate modern Chinese characteristics while still keeping traditional customs.“I would have to say two things stick out as the most memorable: the helicopter ride and talking with the staff at the hotel about how they organize weddings here in China，” he said.That was Bradley's first time to be in a helicopter, and he was too absorbed in the awesome view of the beautiful coastline.“I think it is so important to show other Australians the different landscapes China has to offer.I think so many Australians, when they think about China, imagine the historical sites of Beijing and the exciting things to see in Shanghai but have no idea about other beautiful places, like Sanya or the many other places people have been taken to in this TV series，” said Bradley. “I'm in China” is a project sponsored by China Intercontinental Communication Center and other institutions under the guidance of China's State Council Information Office.It invites foreign people worldwide to experience unique jobs and participate in activities that one can find nowhere else except in China. [语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。文章以来北京的国际生Bradley为例介绍了一个名为“我在中国”的文化交流项目。 1．What does the underlined word “incorporate” in paragraph 2 mean? A．Distinguish. B．Clarify. C．Receive. D．Include. 解析　词义猜测题。根据画线词所在句“The film crew took them to many ‘amazing sites’ and the staff taught them a lot about how to incorporate modern Chinese characteristics while still keeping traditional customs.”可知，摄制组带他们去了许多“令人惊叹的景点”，工作人员教了他们很多关于如何在仍保留传统习俗的同时纳入现代中国特色的东西。由此可知画线词意为“包含；使成为……的一部分”。故D项正确。 答案　D 2．According to this passage, what impressed Bradley most in his experience in China? A．The historical sites and the exciting things he saw. B．The thrilling ride and the unique wedding arrangements. C．The different landscapes and traditional customs. D．The unique jobs and kind­hearted Chinese people. 解析　细节理解题。根据第二段中的“I would have to say two things stick out as the most memorable: the helicopter ride and talking with the staff at the hotel about how they organize weddings here in China”可知，他最难忘的事情有两件：乘坐直升机和与酒店工作人员谈论他们在中国如何组织婚礼。由此可知，让Bradley印象最深刻的两件事是惊险的直升机旅程和独特的婚礼安排。故B项正确。 答案　B 3．What's the author's purpose of writing the passage? A．To introduce the cultural exchange project. B．To invite Australians to visit China. C．To inform us of the reality show. D．To tell an experience in China. 解析　推理判断题。通读全文可知，本文以来北京的国际生Bradley为例介绍了一项名为“我在中国”的文化交流项目。由此可知，文章的目的就是介绍这个文化交流项目。故A项正确。 答案　A 4．In which column are we likely to read this passage? A．Education. B．Environment. C．Culture. D．History. 解析　推理判断题。本文以来北京的国际生Bradley为例介绍了一个名为“我在中国”的文化交流项目，这属于文化范畴，因此这篇文章可能会刊登在文化专栏上。故C项正确。 答案　C B You might text your friend a white lie to get out of going to dinner, exaggerate your height on a CV online to appear more attractive or invent an excuse for your mistakes over email to save face. Social psychologists have long wondered where people tend to lie the most—that is, in person or through some other media of communication.A 2004 study was among the first to investigate the connection between deception(欺骗)rates and technology.Jeff Hancock's team had some students report the number of social interactions they had through face­to­face communication, the phone, instant messaging and email over seven days.Students also reported the number of times they lied in each social interaction.The results suggest people tell the most lies on the phone and the fewest through email, and are broadly in line with a “feature­based model”．According to the model, specific aspects of technology—whether people can communicate back and forth smoothly, whether the messages are fleet and whether communicators are distant—predict where people tend to lie the most. When Hancock conducted his study, few students had a social media account.The smartphone was in its early stages.What would his results look like nearly 20 years later? In a new study, I recruited(招募)250 people and studied interactions from more forms of technology.The participants recorded their social interactions and the number of interactions with a lie over seven days, across face­to­face communication, social media, the phone, the text, video chat and email.The results show people seem to lie according to the “feature­based model”．And people tell the most lies on the phone or on video chat.Deception rates might also differ across technology because people use some forms of technology for certain social relationships.For example, people might only email their colleagues, while the phone and video chat might be a better fit for more personal relationships. People often believe just because we use technology to interact, honesty is harder to come by.Not only is this view misguided, but it is also unsupported by enough evidence.The belief that lying is common in the digital age just doesn't match the data. [语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了人们在不同沟通方式中的说谎情况。 5．What is the function of the first paragraph? A．To illustrate people's ways of social interactions. B．To introduce people's lying in ways of communication. C．To demonstrate the increasing popularity of social media. D．To reveal the tendency for people to tell lies on social media. 解析　推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Social psychologists...connection between deception(欺骗) rates and technology...they lied in each social interaction”可知，第一段提到给朋友发短信说谎、在网上简历中谎报身高、发邮件说谎是为了引出人们在不同沟通方式中说谎的情况。 答案　B 6．What do the studies by Hancock and the author have in common? A．Their participants were all students. B．They aimed to reduce deception rates. C．Their results are consistent with a certain model. D．They analyzed the same kind of social relationships. 解析　细节理解题。根据第二段中的“The results...in line with a ‘feature­based model’”和第四段中的“The results...according to the ‘feature­based model’”可知，Hancock和作者的研究的共同点是他们的结果都与feature­based model一致。 答案　C 7．What can be inferred from the author's study? A．Lying can greatly influence friendships. B．Online communication contains the most lies. C．Close people are more likely to lie to each other. D．Deception rates can be reduced by using technology. 解析　推理判断题。根据第四段中的“people tell the most lies on the phone...the phone and video chat might be a better fit for more personal relationships”可知，人们通过电话或视频聊天说谎最多，而电话和视频聊天可能更适合处理更私人的关系。由此可推知，关系亲近的人之间更可能说谎。 答案　D 8．What does the author think of people lying by using technology? A．It isn't acceptable among friends. B．It worsens interpersonal relationships. C．It is in line with advances in technology. D．It doesn't happen as frequently as expected. 解析　推理判断题。最后一段中的“The belief that lying is common in the digital age just doesn't match the data”表明作者认为说谎在数字时代很普遍的观点与数据不符，即在使用科技的沟通方式中说谎并没有人们想象中那么频繁。 答案　D Ⅱ.七选五 Different Cultures The cultures of the East and the West really distinguish each other a lot. 1 The origin of the Eastern culture is mainly from two countries：China and India.Both of the two cultures are developed by rivers — the Yellow River in China and the Hindu River in India. 2 When the two mother rivers gave birth to the Eastern culture, another famous culture was brought up on the Mesopotamian Plain—the Mesopotamian Civilization.This civilization later on developed into the cultures of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. 3 Like the Chinese culture, the European culture also crossed waters.When the British settled down in America, their culture went with them over the Atlantic Ocean.So the American culture doesn't distinguish from the European culture a lot. 4 Take the language system for example.In the East, most languages belong to the pictographic language while the Western languages are mostly based on the Latin system.Other causes like human race difference count as well.But what's more, due to the far distance and the steep areas between the East and West, the two cultures seldom communicate until recent centuries.So they grew up totally in their own ways with almost no interference (干扰) from the other. The differences are everywhere. 5 But different cultures make the world of the 21st century more colourful.The cultural gap should not be the obstacle to the civilization of human beings.It ought to be the motivation of our going farther. A.Let us work together to keep a variety of culture. B．One important thing is to learn about other cultures. C．And these two are well­known as the base of the European culture. D．At the same time, some other differences add to the cultural differences. E．This is because the culture systems are two separate systems on the whole. F．They helped the two cultures develop for centuries and form their own styles. G．They are obvious and affect people's ways of thinking and their views of the world. [语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了东西方文化的差异及其形成的原因。 1．解析　空前一句提到东西方文化确实有很大的差异，下文应说明东西方文化不同的原因，故E项符合语境。 答案　E 2．解析　根据空前一句可知，两种文化分别由中国的黄河和印度的印度河所孕育，由此可知，这里应介绍河流对于文化的影响，故F项符合语境。 答案　F 3．解析　上文说这种文明后来发展成为古希腊和古罗马文明，C项(众所周知，这两种文明正是欧洲文化的基础)是对上文的总结，符合语境。 答案　C 4．解析　空后一句“Take the language system for example.”是以语言系统来举例说明文化间的差异，由此可知，本段主要是以其他方面的不同来说明文化的不同，故D项符合语境。 答案　D 5．解析　根据空前一句“The differences are everywhere.”以及空后的内容讲述文化的不同对世界的影响可知，G项符合语境。 答案　G Ⅲ.语法填空 In Lanzhou, a group of scientists from China 1. other countries are working together to help strengthen knowledge and appreciation of China's ancient heritage.They are recording and collecting digital images of cultural relics from the Mogao Grottoes, a key stop along the Silk Road throughout China's ancient history.Nearly 500，000 high quality digital photos 2. (produce) since they started the international project in 1994. The Mogao Grottoes have long been a meeting point for different 3. (culture) and are part of the history of many countries.Today, the caves are just as international 4. they were at the time when people travelled the Silk Road.5. (attract) by the beauty of these caves, tourists from all over the world visit Dunhuang.The J．Paul Getty Museum in Los Angeles has even reproduced a copy of the caves and paintings for people 6. (admire) in America. By 7. (share) so many digital photos over 8. Internet, the group hopes to promote even 9. (wide) interest around the world in China's ancient history, culture, and traditions.They also hope to further educate people on the 10. (important) of safeguarding historic relics for future generations to understand and appreciate. [语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。中国的莫高窟是中华文化的瑰宝，促进了中国与许多国家之间的文化交流与合作。 1．解析　考查并列连词。句意：在兰州，一群来自中国和其他国家的科学家正在共同努力，以帮助加强(人们)对中国古代遗产的了解和欣赏。结合句意可知，China和other countries是并列关系，故填and。 答案　and　 2．解析　考查时态、语态及主谓一致。句意：自从1994年启动这个国际项目以来，他们已制作了近500，000张高质量的数码照片。本句中since意为“自从……以来”，引导时间状语从句，从句是一般过去时，主句应用现在完成时。主语photos与produce为被动关系，应用被动语态，且主语为复数形式，故填have been produced。 答案　have been produced　 3．解析　考查名词的数。句意：莫高窟长期以来一直是不同文化的交汇点，并且是许多国家历史的一部分。根据语境可知，culture在句中是可数名词，前面有different修饰，因此应使用复数形式。故填cultures。 答案　cultures　 4．解析　考查固定结构。句意：如今，这些洞穴就像人们穿越丝绸之路时一样具有国际性。as...as...是固定结构，意为“像……一样……”，两个as中间用形容词或副词的原级。 答案　as　 5．解析　考查过去分词。句意：这些洞穴的美丽吸引着来自世界各地的游客参观敦煌。分析句子结构可知，设空处应用非谓语动词；句子的主语tourists与attract之间为逻辑上的被动关系，故应使用过去分词。 答案　Attracted　 6．解析　考查动词不定式。句意：洛杉矶的保罗·盖蒂博物馆甚至复制了这些洞穴和绘画以供在美国的人们欣赏。分析句子结构可知，此处为不定式的复合结构for sb to do sth作定语。 答案　to admire　 7．解析　考查动名词。句意：通过在互联网上共享这么多的数码照片，该组织希望在世界范围内增进人们对中国古代历史、文化和传统的更广泛的兴趣。By是介词，后接动词时，该动词应使用动名词形式。 答案　sharing　 8．解析　考查冠词。句意同上。此处特指“互联网”，应使用定冠词the。 答案　the　 9．解析　考查形容词的比较级。句意同第7题。设空处在名词interest前作定语，应用形容词，再根据空前的even可知应用形容词比较级，故填wider。 答案　wider　 10．解析　考查名词。句意：他们还希望进一步教育人们保护历史遗物以供子孙后代理解和欣赏的重要性。定冠词the后接名词，important的名词形式是importance。故填importance。 答案　importance　 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$