高考句子成分复习 导学案-2025届高三英语上学期一轮复习专项

2024-2025高三英语复习--写好简单句： 英语的句子成分(English Sentence Components) 句子成分的定义和分类： 高州市第四中学 龚红梅 组成句子的各个部分叫句子成分。英语的句子组成分为：主语(subject)/主语从句、谓语(predicate  /ˈpredɪkət/)、宾语(object)/宾语从句、定语(attribute)/定语从句、状语(adverbial /ˈpredɪkət/)/状语从句、宾语补足语(object complement)、表语 (predicative /ˈpredɪkət/)/表语从句、同位语(appositive)。其中主语和谓语是主要部分，一般不可缺少。正确分析句子成分、分析句子结构、分析英语长难句是学好英语的必备基础知识。 一、主语(The Subject)--句子的主体 主语表示句子主要说明的人或事物。主语是句子的主体，是谓语动词或状态的执行者。通常作主语由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、动词不定式、动名词(-ing形式)、和主语从句等充当。一般位于句子开头。 练习：请画出下列句子的主语。 说明主语由什么充当 1. (2020新高考1) The route started from our school gate to the foot of the South Mountain. 路线从我们校门口到南山山脚下。 2.(2019全国卷II) The competition will begin at 2 pm and last for roughly 3 hours. 比赛将下午两点开始，大约3小时。 3. He usually goes to school by bike. 他通常骑自行车去上学。 4. The young should care more about the elderly. 年轻人应多关心老人。 5. (2020全国卷II) Taking part in a fruit-picking activity on a farm is meaningful and rewarding.参加农场水果采摘活动是有意义和值得的。 6.Exploring space is always something we humans want to do. 探索太空一直是我们人类想做的事情。 7.(2019全国卷I) To let China go to the world and let the world understand China is my first aim. 让中国走向世界和让世界了解中国是我的首要目标。 8. What impresses me most is your diligence。 给我印象深刻的是你的勤奋。 9. It is important for us to have our dreams. 拥有梦想很重要。 10. It is no use complaining without taking any action. 抱怨而不采取行动是没用的。 11. It is hoped that children will be more responsible and brave in the future. 希望孩子们会在未来更有责任心、更勇敢。 注意：当句子的主语为______________、_____________ 或______________时, 主语部分太长,为使句子平衡, 避免头重脚轻, 我们常用it作形式主语，而把主语放在句末。 二、谓语(The Predicate /ˈpredɪkət/ )--主语的行为 谓语由动词充当，说明主语是什么或主语做了什么事，即主语的状态特征或主语的行为动作。谓语动词的分类：①实义动词(实义动词短语)、②系表结构、③“助动词+动词的某种形式(动词原形、现在分词和过去分词)--包括“助动词(do/does/did)+动词原形、助动词(has/have/had)+done、has/have been doing、be+doing/done”或will/would+do和 ④“情态动词+动词原形”构成，有时态、语态人称和数的变化，根据主语和动词之间的关系，如果两者之间是主动关系就用主动语态，如果是被动关系就用被动语态。除了倒装等特殊情况外, 谓语一般位于主语的后面, 即“主语+谓语”。 谓语动词的构成有以下几种形式： 谓语动词的构成形式 请划出下列句子的谓语动词。 1.____________作谓语 1. Last weekend our school organized a fruit-picking activity. (2020全国卷2) 上周末，我们学校采取了一次水果采集活动。 2. I sincerely anticipate more similar art classes to be scheduled. (2024新高考1)我真诚地期待更多这样的艺术课。 2._____________作谓语 3.He makes full use of every chance to practice speaking English. 他充分利用每一次机会练习英语。 4.The lecture will focus on the history and development of Chinese characters. 讲座聚焦于中国汉字的历史和演变。(通知) 3. “________________”构成谓语 5.We are confident that we can win this composition. (2019全国卷2) 我们非常自信我们能赢得这场比赛。 6.Going from junior high school to senior high school is a really big challenge. (U1，B1) 从初中到高中是一个大挑战。 4. “_________________” 构成谓语 7.Sometimes, a small act of kindness can be powerful enough to make a big difference. 有时小小的善行会有很大的影响。 8.(2019全国卷I)Through my introduction and efforts I can strengthen the friendship between China and Britain. 通过我的介绍和努力，可以加强中英两国之间的友谊。 5. “_________________ ___________________ __________” 构成谓语 9.I have been reading Youth since I entered my senior high school. 自从上高中以来我一直在读《青年》。(2021全国卷1) 10.Great changes have taken place in Tianjin in the last few years. (2019北京卷) 在上几年，天津发生了巨大的变化。 三、宾语(The Object)--动作的对象 宾语是动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词或介词的后面。可作宾语的有名词、代词的宾格(me, you, him, her, it, us, them 等)、名词化的形容词、动词不定式、动名词(-ing形式)和宾语从句等。宾语分为动词宾语和介词宾语。有些动词后面跟两个宾语，即直接宾语和间接宾语, 间接宾语说明动作是对谁或为谁而做, 直接宾语则是动作的承受者或结果。一般情况下, 宾语都在谓语动词的后面, 顺序是：主语+谓语+宾语。 练习：请划出下列句子的宾语。 说明宾语由什么词充当 1. Most of the racers finished the whole course. (2020新高考) 大多数的选手都完成全程比赛。 2.The experience of reading the newspaper has benefited me greatly in my study and life. (2021新高考) 读报的经历让我在学习和生活中受益匪浅。 3. He gave us some advice on how to remember English words. 他给我一些关于如何记单词的建议。 4. I want to send you my sincere gratitude for helping with my English. (2019浙江卷) 我想向你表达诚意的感谢，感谢你帮我学英语。 5.With the assistance of their father, the twins managed to make tasty breakfast.(2021新高考读后续写) 在他们爸爸的帮助下，双胞胎设法做好了美味的早餐。 6. Liu Ying, monitor of our class, is fond of travelling. 我们班班长刘莹喜欢旅游。 7. To begin with, I suggest organizing a walking tour around the city to explore the green spaces in Beijing. 首先，我建议组织一次环城徒步旅行，探索北京的绿色空间。(2022北京卷) 8. I hope you will find my suggestions helpful. (建议信) 我希望你认为我的建议有帮助。 9.I am convinced that all of us can be admitted to our dream university. 我相信我们大家都能被我们梦想中的大学录取。 10. We should respect the old and care for the young. 我们要尊老爱幼。 11. I find it necessary to learn about foreign customs and habits. 我觉得了解外国习俗很有必要。 12. We consider it no use complaining without taking any action. 我们认为抱怨而不采取行动是没有用的。 13. I think it important that we should learn something from failure. 我认为我们从失败中吸取教训是非常重要的。 注意：当句子的宾语为_______________、_______________、或____________时, 常用it作形式宾语, 以保持句子的平衡。 四、表语(The Predicative)--主语的特征 表语位于连系动词的后面，与系动词构成复合谓语(系表结构), 说明主语的特征、类属、状态、身份、性质等。 常见的连系动词有：① 状态系动词：be(am, is, are, was, were, been); ②表“像”系动词：seem(看起像), appear(好像是); ③变化系动词: become, come, get, go, grow, fall, turn; ④感官系动词：look(看起来), sound(听起来), feel(摸起来), smell(闻起来)和 taste(尝起来); ⑤ 持续系动词：keep(保持), stay(保持remain(保持), continue(继续), stand(处于某种状态), lie (in ruins) (处于某种状态); ⑥表示结果的系动词prove(证明是)，turn out(结果是)等。可用作表语的有名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词(如back, here, there, near)、介词短语、动词不定式、动词-ing形式、过去分词和表语从句等。 练习：请划出下列句子的表语。 说明什么词作表语。 1. The journey to success is full of challenges. 成功的路上充满挑战。 2. The dictionary on the desk is mine. 桌子上的那字典是我的。 3. We should be back around 4 o’clock in the afternoon. 我们将约下午4点回来。 4.At the sight of the gift you sent me, I felt delighted and moved. 看到你送给我的礼物，我既高兴又感动。 5. I am in good mood at the moment, just like the white clouds in the blue sky. 我此刻心情舒畅，就像蓝天白云那样自在。 6.What we can do is to pay attention to our daily actions. (2022·全国甲卷) 我们能做的就是重视我们的日常行为。 7. The result of the survey was encouraging.调查的结果是令人鼓舞的。 8. We were all deeply moved by his story. 我们被他的故事深深感动。 9. Tang Poetry is what we are going to learn the next class。(2017全国卷1) 唐诗是我们下节课将要学的内容。 10.What concerned me was whether David could pick himself up after falling. 让我担心的是大卫是否能在摔倒后爬起来。(2022读后续写) 五、宾语补足语(The Object Complement)--宾语的补充说明 宾语补足语是补充说明宾语的成分，通常位于宾语之后。宾语和宾语补足语构成复合宾语。可用作宾语补足语的有名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、动词-ing形式和过去分词等。 请划出下列句子的宾语补足语。 说明什么词作宾语补足语 1. We consider him a promising young man. 我们认为他是一个很有前途的青年。 2. Having sports makes us healthy and strong. 运动使我们健康强壮。 3.I find it enjoyable and meaningful to make handmade works from recyclables. 我发现用可回收物制作手工作品是一件有趣而有意义的事情。 4. I found everything in good condition. 我发现一切情况良好。 5. She found herself in a completely different world. 她发现自己处在一个完全不同的世界。 6.I would like you to give us your guidance and encouragement. (2019全国卷2) 我希望你能给予我们指导和鼓励 。 7.My father always encourages me to overcome difficulties bravely. (2020全国卷1) 我父亲总是鼓励我勇敢地克服困难。 8. The twins observed their father make some sandwiches closely. (读后续写) 双胞胎仔细地观察他们的父亲做三明治。 9.The neighborhood witnessed a poorly-dressed boy selling popcorn from door to door. (读后续写) 穿得破破烂烂的男孩在附近走家串户卖爆米花。 10. You’d better have the machine repaired tomorrow. 你明天请人修机器。 六、定语(The Attribute)--名词的修饰语 定语用来修饰名词或代词, 起限定作用。汉语中常译作“…的”表示。可以用作定语的词有名词或名词所有格、代词、数词、形容词或形容词性物主代词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、-ing形式、过去分词、定语从句等。定语一般位于被修饰词之前, 但若修饰复合不定代词(如something, nothing)时, 或者是介词短语，不定式短语，分词短语或定语从句作定语时, 通常放在所修饰名词的后面。 练习：请画出下列句子的定语。 说明什么词做定语 1. The beautiful sight attracts many tourists every year. 美丽的风景每年吸引大量的游客。 2.A balanced diet and regular exercise matter. (倡议书) 均衡饮食和定期饮食很重要。 3. The demanding boss wasn’t satisfied with my work. 这位严格的老板对我的工作不满意 4. The moved mother gathered them in her arms, tears misting her eyes. 感动的妈妈把他们抱在怀中，泪水模糊。 5. I have something important to tell you.我有重要的事情告诉你。 6. Your success in the competition is a witness to your hard work. 在比赛中的成功是你努力的见证。 7. That building being repaired is our library. 正在维修的建筑是我们的图书馆。 8. My dream to be admitted into my favorite university will come true。我想进入我最喜欢的大学的梦想将会实现。 9. I am in charge of the programme named “Talk and talk” in our school radio station. (2022新高考1) 我负责我们学校广播站“说与说”节目。 10.The breakfast prepared by the twins was delicious to enjoy. 双胞胎准备的早餐很好吃。 (2021新高考读后续写) 11. His story touched all the woman police officers present. 他的故事感动了在场的所有女警察官。 12.I still remember the moment we spent together at the China- Ireland Cultural Festival. (2022浙江1月) 我仍然记得我们一起在中国-爱尔兰文化节度过的时光。 七、状语(The Adverbial) --动词、形容词、副词或句子的修饰语 状语是用来修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词短语或整个句子。一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、原因、条件、让步、目的、方式、方向、程度等，可以用作状语的有副词, 形容词、介词短语、动词不定式、动词-ing形式、过去分词、状语从句等。 练习：请画出下列句子的状语。 说明什么词作状语。 1. We are training very hard these days. (2019全国卷2) 我们这些天训练很辛苦。 2.Jiu Zhaigou is an extremely beautiful place. (Unit 2, Book 1) 九寨沟是一个非常美丽的地方。 3.To our great delight, the children arrived home, safe and sound. 令我们欣慰的是，孩子们安全无恙回到家。 4.Responsible and devoted to community work, he is praised by the people around.他负责任，致力于社区工作，受到了周围人的称赞。 5.We gathered at the gate and left for the tourist attraction in high spirits.我们在大门口集合，然后兴高采烈地出发去景点。 6.A cross-country race was held by our school with the aim of building up students’ strength. 为使学生强身健体，我校举行了一次越野赛跑。 7.(2019北京卷) To get there early, we set out early in the next morning. 为了早些到达那里，第二天早上我们早早就动身出发了。 8. The students went out of the classroom, laughing and talking. 学生们说说笑笑地走出教室。 9. This practical experience transformed me, increasing my knowledge and igniting ambition. 这次实践经历改变了我，增加了我的知识，点燃了我的抱负。 10. Given one more chance, he will succeed. 给多一次机会，他会成功。 11.Encouraged by the teacher, I made up my mind to learn English well. 在老师的鼓励下，我决心学好英语。 12. When I came back home, I shared my experiences with my parents. (2019北京卷) 当我回到家，我和父母分享了我的经历。 13. Undoubtedly, the exhibition can leave a wonderful impression on you. 毫无疑问，展览会给你留下深刻的印象。 八、同位语(The Appositive)--对名词或代词进一步解释说明 同位语用于对其前面的名词，代词等作附加说明，他们属于等同的关系；充当同位语的一般为名词、代词、同位语从句、或通过for example, such as, that is, especially/particularly 等引导。 练习：请画出下列句子的同位语。 说明什么做同位语 1. My father, a teacher patient with each student, is the person I respect most.(2020全国卷I) 我父亲，一位对学生有耐心的老师，是我最尊重的人。 2. Yuan Longping, a Chinese great agricultural scientist, is my national hero. 袁隆平，一位伟大的中国农业科学家，是我心中的民族英雄。 3. My name is Li Hua, a Chinese student who is taking a summer course in London now. (2019全国卷I) 我是李华，一名中国学生，现在正在伦敦参加暑期课程。 4.You each have a chance to go to college. 你们每个人都有机会上大学。 5. I have made a promise that I will work hard.我许诺我会努力学习。 6. We hold the belief that promoting traditional cultures is important. 我们认为促进传统文化很重要。 2024高考语法填空真题 Passage 1:阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 (2024新高考I卷) Heatherwick Studio recently built a greenhouse at the edge of the National Trust’s Woolbeding Gardens. This beautiful structure, named Glasshouse, is at the centre of a new garden that shows how the Silk Road influences English gardens even in modern times. The latest 56____________ (engineer) techniques are applied to create this protective 57___________ (function) structure that is also beautiful. The design features ten steel “sepals (萼片)” made of glass and aluminium (铝). These sepals open on warm days 58________ (give) the inside plants sunshine and fresh air. In cold weather, the structure stays 59__________ (close) to protect the plants. Further, the Silk Route Garden around the greenhouse 60________ (walk) visitors through a journey influenced by the ancient Silk Road, by which silk as well as many plant species came to Britain for 61_______ first time. These plants included modern Western 62_________ (favourite) such as rosemary, lavender and fennel. The garden also contains a winding path that guides visitors through the twelve regions of the Silk Road. The path offers over 300 plant species for visitors to see, too. The Glasshouse stands 63____________ a great achievement in contemporary design, to house the plants of the southwestern part of China at the end of a path retracing (追溯) the steps along the Silk Route 64________ brought the plants from their native habitat in Asia to come to define much of the 65__________ (rich) of gardening in England. Passage 2:阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 (2024新高考II卷) Chinese cultural elements commemorating (纪念) Tang Xianzu, 36_________ is known as “the Shakespeare of Asia,” add an international character to Stratford-upon-Avon, William Shakespeare’s hometown. Tang and Shakespeare were contemporaries and both died in 1616. Although they could never have met, there are common 37________ (theme) in their works, said Paul Edmondson, head of research for the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust. “Some of the things that Tang was writing about 38__________ (be)also Shakespeare’s concerns. I happen to know that Tang’s play The Peony Pavilion (《牡丹亭》) is similar in some ways 39_________ Romeo and Juliet.” A statue commemorating Shakespeare and Tang was put up at Shakespeare’s Birthplace Garden in 2017. Two years later, a six-meter-tall pavilion, 40________ (inspire) by The Peony Pavilion, 41____________________ (build) at the Firs Garden, just ten minutes’ walk from Shakespeare’s birthplace. Those cultural elements have increased Stratford’s international 42___________________ (visible), said Edmondson, adding that visitors walking through the Birthplace Garden were often amazed 43_______________ (find)the connection between the two great writers. 44__________________ (recall) watching a Chinese opera version of Shakespeare’s play Richard III in Shanghai and meeting Chinese actors who came to Stratford a few years ago to perform parts of The Peony Pavilion, Edmondson said, “It was very exciting to hear the Chinese language 45____________ see how Tang’s play was being performed.” Passage 3:阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 (2024全国甲卷) Although parks of all sizes and types exist at any level the national parks, in particular, tend 41____________(catch) our attention because of their large size and variety. They are 42_________________(treasure) of American heritage(遗产). How did the national park system come about? On a cool, starry night in mid-September 1870, four men relaxed before a campfire along the Firehole River in 43___________ is now northwestern Wyoming. They 44____________(be) part of a 15-member exploring party that had spent almost five awesome weeks in witness of the natural beauties there. What should 45____________(do) with such a beautiful place? They wondered out loud. This area, with 46__________(it) unique and breathtaking natural beauty, must be well preserved 47_____________all people of the nation to enjoy—as a national park. They all agreed and vowed（承诺）to promote the idea at the 48_______________(complete) of their journey. Their promotional work paid off. Two years later, 18 years before Wyoming became a state, Yellowstone became the first national park in the United States and the world. Yellowstone was the 49__________ (large) United States national park—2.2 million acres—until Wrangell-Saint Elias in southern Alaska, 50_____________ became a national monument in 1978, took the honors as a national park in 1980 with 12.3 million acres. 2 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$