攻克阅读理解之推测题专项讲解导学案--2025届高三英语上学期一轮复习专项

陆老师整理 攻克阅读理解之推测题专项讲解与练习 一：分布 说明文、议论文、记叙文均有分布。说明文和议论文中考查更频繁，记叙文推断题型相对比较简单。 二：类型 【细节推断题】【归纳推断题】 - What can we infer from the first three paragraphs？ - We can learn from the passage that ______. - According to the passage, the writer thinks ______. - The author implies that ______. 三：解决 -判断：首先确定题型为推断题，并观察其选项标记关键词，方便在文中寻找题眼。 -做题：阅读文章时，先根据印象，简单标记推断题各个关键词存在的位置。 TIP：四个选项可来源于文中不同位置，也可能会来源于文中同一段落。 -确定：找到关键词以后，将关键词所在原句与选项进行对比，看是否符合推测含义。 TIP：常见错误类型 【原文复述】：选项完全符合文中原句，仅替换部分短语或者句子---不符合题干“推测”要求 【张冠李戴】：选项和原文高度相似---变换了主语或者宾语或者肯否定 【正误参半】：看似是推断得出的结论，实际与原文不符合，比如原文中的原因，选项里是结果。 【无中生有】：推测内容在文中完全没有提及，虽然有可能会发生---不符合作者想表达的方向，学生自己不要过度代入 【虚拟语气】：文中出现的句子使用虚拟语气，实际该事件并未发生---警惕原文的细节用词 1【示范题目】 What can we infer from the first three paragraphs? 【由infer得出该题为推断题—查看选项，标记关键词】 A. In both East and West, names are essential to success.【过度推测：文中并未提及这两者之间的关系】 B. The alphabet is to blame for the failure of Zoe Zysman.【过度推测】 C. Some form of discrimination is difficult to recognize.【正确选项】 D. Customers often pay a lot of attention to companies’ names. 【错误推测：顾客不是主动注意】 【在文中找到对应关键词，观察选项不难发现该题型应该属于细节推断题，即不是将三段话的内容进行总结以后得到的推断】 Over the past century, all kinds of unfairness and discrimination have been made illegal. But 【一定要警惕关键词附近出现的转折或因果，有可能是题眼所在，要重点看but后内容】C：one popular form continues to appear, alphabetism. This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage【字母歧视主义的出现有些人还仍未注意到，符合C项推测】, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames (姓氏) begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet. B/D：It has long been known that the cars of a taxi firm called AAAA have a big advantage over Zodiac cars when customers look through their phone directories. Less well known is the advantage that Adam Abbot has in life over Zoe Zysman. 【该句说明顾客在选择时会根据系统的姓名分布进行选择，A开头的肯定会比Z开头的更具优势，但并未提及首字母对于成功的影响】English names are fairly evenly (平均地) spread between the halves of the alphabet. Yet a suspiciously large number of top people have surnames beginning with letters between A and K. Thus the American presidents and vice-presidents have surnames starting with B and C separately and 26 of those before George Bush’s predecessors(前任) (including his father) had surnames in the first half of the alphabet against just 16 in the second half. Even more surprising, six of the seven heads of the governments of the G7 rich countries are alphabetically advantaged (Berlusconi, Blair, Bush, Chirac, Chretien and Koizumi). The world's three top central bankers 【解题要点总结】 1. 关键词定位 2. 要站在作者视角，合理进行推测，警惕无中生有或者过度推测的选项 3. 转折、因果语句要重点标注 2 We can learn from the passage that ______. A. the magpies are smart learners of other birds’ behavior B. it’s likely that other birds have developed the same ability C. the findings have clarified the relationships between species D. a lot more remains to be explored about animal cognition Australian magpies can understand what other birds are saying to each other, a new study has found. The research, published in the journal Animal Behavior, says the magpie has learned the meanings of different noisy miner calls and essentially eavesdrops (偷听) to find out which predators (食肉动物) are near. Noisy miners --- a small, native honeyeater --- have different warning calls for ground-based and aerial (飞行的) predators. By playing both kinds of recording to a series of wild magpies, researchers observed the magpies raising their beaks (喙) to the sky, or dropping their heads to the ground. Researchers attracted the magpies with cheese, then played the noisy miner calls, videotaping the results. As a control, they also rolled a large orange ball towards the magpies to see how they ordinarily tilted (倾斜) their beaks to ground threats, and threw the ball to see how they reacted to aerial threats. The researchers recorded an average maximum beak angle of 29 degrees for the thrown ball, and an average maximum of nine degrees when it was rolled. The miners’ aerial warning caused an average maximum beak angle of 31 degrees, and the ground warning caused an average maximum of 24. One of the study’s authors, Dominique Potvin, said the magpies showed an astonishing level of insight. Magpies and miners broadly face the same types of predators and the two frequently live in the same ecosystem. Potvin said this had encouraged the magpies’ learned behavior. “Magpies are generally found on the ground and noisy miners are generally found up in trees. It pays for the magpie to pay attention to somebody who has a better view of predators than they do.” She said it was unclear whether other birds could do the same, but it was highly likely other magpies around Australia already did. “Magpies are a pretty smart group. We’re not sure if they’re learning this from other magpies or if they’re figuring it out on their own, but the ability is there. As part of the experiment, researchers also played a third call: a common, non-warning call from a crimson rosella. They found the magpies did not respond. Potvin said that we had been actively exploring animal cognition (认知) research. “It’s a good piece of the puzzle,” Potvin said. “Looking at the social relationships between species that live in communities.” 3 --What can be inferred from the underlined sentence in Paragraph 6? A. What was a fantasy is coming true with technology. B. Whatever efforts you make might not fruit success. C. Science fiction leads to the development of the prototype. D. The technology behind the prototype enjoys wide popularity. --What can we learn from the last paragraph? A. It’s not uncommon that we usually have different voices in mind. B. There’s still a long way to go before the game is fully matured. C. The Alcaide team focuses on limiting the usage of headsets. D. It’s impossible for Alcaide to read activities fast and accurately. 第六段：The prototype is among the earliest fruits of a widespread effort to embrace technology that was once science fiction---and in some ways still is. Driven by recent investments from the US government and by the herd mentality (从众心理) in the tech world, a number of startups and bigger companies like Facebook are working on ways to mentally control machines. They are also looking for smoother ways to use virtual reality technology. The increased interest in neurotechnology is partly a result of an effort the government administration started in 2013. The initiative helped create significant government financing for brain-interface companies and related work in academy. 最后一段：At Neurable, which is based in Boston, Alcaide and the member of his team are pushing the limits of EEG headsets. Although sensors can read electrical brain activity from outside the skull, it is very difficult to separate the signal from the noise. Using computer algorithms (算法) based on research that Alcaide originally published as a doctoral student at the University of Michigan, Neurable works to read activity with a speed and accuracy that is not usually possible. The algorithms learn from your behavior. Before playing the game, you train them to recognize when you are focusing your attention on an object. A pulse of light bounces around the virtual room, and each time it hits a small colored ball in front of you, you think about the ball. At that moment, when you focus on the light and it stimulates your brain, the system reads the electrical spikes of your brain activity. “Once we understand them, we can use them.” Alcaide expects. 4 It can be inferred from the passage that Nigel Shadbolt doubts whether ______. A. social media firms would conduct a survey on the kitemark scheme B. people would pay as much attention to a kitemark as they think C. a kitemark scheme would be workable on a nationwide scale D. the kitemark would help companies develop their business models Would we pay any more attention to a kitemark? “I think if you went and did the survey, people would like to think they would,” says Nigel Shadbolt at the University of Southampton, UK, who studies open data. “We do know people worry a lot about the inappropriate use of their information.” But what would happen in practice is another matter, he says. 5 According to the passage, we can infer that ______. A. the author is a professor of a famous university B. the author thinks the cost of a university education is too high for people to afford C. the author considers the university education quality very important D. the author pays special attention to the all-round development of college students When times get tough, we all look for ways to cut back. When we’re hungry, we eat at home instead of going out. We take buses instead of taxis. And we wear our old designer jeans just a few months longer. With college expenses at all-time highs, high school students are eager to do anything to cut the cost of a university education. One cost-cutting proposal is to allow college students to get a bachelor’s degree in three years instead of four. Educational institutions have been actively exploring ways to make the learning process more efficient. But there’s a question: Would the quality of undergraduate education suffer? Few US universities have formally approved a “three-year-degree” model. I doubt that mainstream North American colleges will carry out a three-year curriculum (课程) any time soon. For one thing, most universities already allow highly qualified students to graduate early by testing out of certain classes and obtaining a number of college credits. In addition, at famous universities, the committee who determine which courses are required and which courses are electives (选修的) are unlikely to suddenly “throw out” one quarter of the required credits. Professors will resist “diluting (稀释)” the quality of the education they offer. In my opinion, a quality four-year education is always superior to a quality three-year education. A college education requires sufficient (充分的) time for a student to become skilled in their major and do coursework in fields outside their major. It is not a good idea to water down education, any more than it’s not a good idea to water down medicine. If we want to help students find their way through university, we should help them understand early on what knowledge and skills they need to have upon graduation. We should allow students to test out of as many courses as possible. We should give them a chance to earn money as interns (实习生) in meaningful part-time jobs that relate to their university studies, such as the five-year co-op program at Northeastern University. 6 We can infer from the passage that ______. A. life is sometimes tough for ordinary people B. people tend to be influenced by external factors C. alcohol and drug abuse is gaining popularity D. drinking can contribute to emotional survival Truth is subjective. If there is one word of advice I would leave to my children it would be, you’re better off being DIFFERENT. If the majority of people are doing something and you choose to be a part of it then you’re probably on a fast track to self-destruction. One of these disturbing changes I mentioned is the fact that my fellow oxygen users allow themselves to be fooled so easily. It’s almost as if no one can think on their own anymore. We let trends influence how we dress, talk and interact. Where I’m from, in the 90’s you couldn’t be caught dead with tight pants. Now, a couple of rap artist wear “skinny jeans” and it’s okay? Now I’m not saying that there’s anything wrong with wearing fitted clothing, but does media have to give you a green light for everything? Live your life for you. Have you ever asked yourself, who defines your perspective of “cool?” When you see a commercial on TV advertising some new shoes that aren’t economically friendly, are you interested in the actual design of the shoe or are you more concerned about how you are perceived wearing an expensive brand? Currently, we seek that peace in the wrong places. Did you know that it’s human nature to desire to be a part of something? Do you really want to be out all night drinking with the guys/girls? Who celebrates turning 33 with shots? Choose to be a part of something positive. Constantly seek to better yourself and your circle. Life can be discouraging at times. We subconsciously corner our souls until the point where we have to escape by any means necessary. Even to the point of doing things we wouldn’t normally do. Reaching the bottom or a 750ml bottle of Ciroc (a brand of alcohol) could be emotional survival. Same goes for participating in drugs and other escapes we’ve created. It’s past time to wake up from your slumber (睡眠). Find your happiness. Not the temporary satisfaction from substance --- less material things. Take a break from consulting your many Facebook psychologists. Think on your own for a change. Evaluate your current status and plan for where you want to be. 7 What can we infer from the text? A. The vaccine is the hope of wiping out the pandemic. B. The public are optimistic about the effects of the vaccine. C. The public are concerned about the high infection rate. D. The distribution of vaccine will end the pandemic quickly. The vaccine (疫苗) news continues to seem very encouraging. Britain started its mass vaccination effort and the U.S. isn’t far behind. But there is still one dark cloud hanging over the vaccines that many people don’t yet understand. The vaccines will be much less effective at preventing death and illness in 2021 if they are introduced into a population where the coronavirus is still severe --- as is now the case in the U.S. A vaccine is like a fire hose (消防龙头). A vaccine that’s 95 percent effective, as Moderna’s and Pfizer’s versions appear to be, is a powerful fire hose. But the size of a fire is still a bigger determinant of how much destruction occurs. At the current level of infection in the U.S. (about 200,000 confirmed new infections per day), a vaccine that is 95 percent effective --- distributed at the expected pace --- would still leave a terrible toll (伤亡人数) in the six months after it was introduced. Almost 10 million or so Americans would catch the virus, and more than 160, 000 would die. This is far worse than the toll in a different situation where the vaccine was only 50 percent effective but the U.S. had reduced the infection rate to its level in early September (about 35,000 new daily cases). In that case, the death toll in the next six months would be kept to about 60. 000 It’s worth pausing for a moment on this comparison. If the U.S. had maintained its infection rate from September and Moderna and Pfizer had announced this fall that their vaccines were only 50 percent effective, a lot of people would have panicked. But the reality we have is actually worse. How could this be? No vaccine can get rid of a pandemic immediately, just as no fire hose can put out a forest fire. While the vaccine is being distributed, the virus continues to do damage. There is one positive way to look at this: Measures that reduce the virus’s spread --- like mask-wearing, social distancing and rapid-result testing --- can still have great consequences. They can save more than 100,000 lives in coming months. 8 We can infer that the content of a multicultural curriculum should be based on ______. A. Students’ knowledge level B. Teachers’ teaching ability C. Schools’ requirements D. Students’ references Teachers need to understand the importance of multicultural education and provide opportunities for their students to learn about the many cultures represented in America and in the world. The term multicultural education is used to discuss a curriculum (课程) which contains education on a wide variety of cultures in an effort to enhance the students’ knowledge and awareness of the world in which they live. As the world seems to be getting smaller and smaller with the widespread use of technology, the importance of multicultural education in classrooms grows. Students who have access via the Internet to international gaming, shopping and social media sites need an even better understanding of the similarities and differences between their own cultures and those of the world around them. With this in mind, teachers should be prepared to teach units that fully address the cultures of other nations throughout the year and across the curriculum. Since America has long been known as a melting pot of nationalities, multicultural education can often begin by sharing knowledge about the cultures already present in the classroom. If the class has a representation of African-American, European-American, Hispanic-American, Indian-American, or Native-American students, exploring the cultures of these various influences can be a good start, Allowing students of different backgrounds to share knowledge about the foods they eat at home or the first language of their parents or grandparents offers a rich foundation for multicultural learning. Including the ethnic diversity in the classroom into the curriculum should not single students out as different, but contribute to the whole classroom's understanding of the diversity present in our world. Teachers should consider getting students’ parents involved in those lessons, too, as this would add to the students’ experience and understanding of multiculturalism and diversity. For younger students, multicultural literature offers a means to bring the importance of multicultural education into the classroom. Reading a picture book, such as Jambo Means Hello, a Swahill Alphabet Book by Muriel Feelings, is a great way to introduce a foreign culture. For older elementary students and middle school students, it is important to help them understand that there is an entire world of customs beyond their own. Older students grasp the map and their places in it, but do not know much about life beyond their own existence. This is where multicultural education makes the biggest impact. When it comes to high school students, teaching about world cultures can be easily accomplished through assigning individuals reports. The students can be required to learn about the location, history, climate, geography and culture of the nation assigned. Oral presentations can help the entire class learn from each student’s research. Student might be encouraged to dress themselves in a traditional costume from the country, or perhaps even cook a simple dish for the class to sample. 9 We can infer from the passage that ______. A. people doubt the effects of the pills B. the pill will stop people's bad experiences C. taking the pill will do harm to people's health D. the pill has probably been produced in America NOT all memories are sweet. Some people spend all their lives trying to forget bad experiences. Violence and traffic accidents can leave people with terrible physical and emotional scars. Often they relive these experiences in nightmares. Now American researchers think they are close to developing a pill, which will help people forget bad memories. The pill is designed to be taken immediately after a frightening experience. They hope it might reduce ,or possibly erase<抹去>,the effect of painful memories. In November, experts tested a drug on people in the US and France. The drug stops the body releasing chemicals that fix memories in the brain. So far the research has suggested that only the emotional effects of memories may be reduced, not that the memories are erased. The research has caused a great deal of argument. Some think it is a bad idea, While others support it. Supporters say it could lead to pills that prevent or treat soldiers' troubling memories afterwar. They say that there are many people who suffer from terrible memories. "Some memories can ruin people's lives . They come back to you when you don't want to have them in a daydream or nightmare. They usually come with very painful emotions," said Roger Pitman, a professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School. "This could relieve a lot of that suffering." But those who are against the research say that changing memories is very dangerous because memories give us our identity <特质>. They also help us all avoid the mistakes of the past. "All of us can think of bad events in our lives that were horrible at the time but make us who we are. I'm not sure we want to wipe those memories out," said Rebecca Dresser, a medical ethicist. 10 What can be inferred from the passage? A. You shouldn’t look at everyone else during the test. B. You will have enough energy to deal with your study and exams by eating healthy diet. C. You’ll concentrate more if there is nothing to distract you. D. If you feel tired during study, you can walk around for a few minutes. Do you want to improve the way you study? Do you feel nervous before a test? Many students say that a lack of concentration <注意力> is their biggest problem. It seriously affects their ability to study, so do their test results. If so, use these tips to help you. Study Techniques · You should always study in the same place. You shouldn’t sit in a position that you use for another purpose. For example, when you sit on a sofa to study, your brain will think it is time to relax. Don’t watch TV while you are studying. Experts warn that your concentration may be reduced by 50 percent if you attempt to study in this way. Always try to have a white wall in front of you, so there is nothing to distract <make less concentrated> you. Before sitting down to study, gather together all the equipment you need. Apart from your textbooks, pens, pencils and knives, make sure you have a dictionary. If your study desk or table is needed when you are not studying, store all your equipment in a box beside it. · Your eyes will become tired if you try to read a text which is on a flat surface. Position your book at an angle of 30 degrees. · Be realistic and don’t try to complete too much in one study period. Finish one thing before beginning another. If you need a break, get up and walk around for a few minutes, but try not to telephone a friend or have something to eat. Test-taking Skills · All your hard work will be for nothing if you are too nervous to take your test. Getting plenty of rest is very important. This means do not study all night before your test! It is a better idea to have a long-term study plan. Try to make a timetable for your study which lasts for a few months. · Exercise is a great way to reduce pressure. Doing some form of exercise every day will also improve your concentration. Eat healthy food too. · When you arrive in the examination room, find your seat and sit down. Breathe slowly and deeply. Check the time on the clock during the test, but not too often. Above all, take no notice of everyone else and give the test paper your undivided attention. 11 According to the passage, the writer thinks ______. A. tourism is not a promising industry B. dream vacations should be spent abroad C. the problems caused by tourism are easy to settle D. tourists should respect local customs and culture What's your dream vacation? Watching wildlife in Kenya? Boating down the Amazon? Sun bathing in Malaysia? New chances are opening up all the time to explore the world. So we visit travel agents, compare packages and prices , and pay our money. We know what our vacation costs us. But do we know what it might cost someone else? It's true that many poorer countries now depend on tourism for foreign income. Unfortunately, though, tourism often harms the local people more than it helps them. It might cost their homes and lands. In Myanmar, 5,200 people were forced to leave their homes among the pagodas<佛塔>in Bagan so that tourists could visit the pagodas. Tourism might also cost the local people their livelihood and dignity. Local workers often find only menial<卑微的>jobs in the tourist industry. And most of the profits do not help the local economy. Instead, profits return to the tour operators in wealthier countries, When the Maasai people in Tanzania were driven from their lands, some moved to city slums. Others now make a little money selling souvenirs or posing for photos. Problems like these were Observed more that 20 years ago. But now some non-government organizations, tour operators and local governments are working together to begin correcting them. Tourists, too, are putting on the pressure. The result is responsible tourism, or "ethical tourism.〞Ethical tourism has people at its heart. New international agreements and codes of conduct can help protect the people's lands, homes, economies and cultures. The beginnings are small, though, and the problems are complex. But take heart. The good news is that everyone, including us, can play a part to help the local people in the places we visit. Tour operators and companies can help by making sure that local people work in good conditions and earn reasonable wages. They can make it a point to use only locally owned hotel, restaurants and guide services. They can share profits fairly to help the local economy. And they can involve the local people in planning and managing tourism. What can tourists do? First, we can ask tour companies to provide information about the conditions of local citizens. We can then make our choices and tell them why. And while we're abroad, we can: Buy local foods and products, not imported ones. Pay a fair price for goods and services and not bargain for the cheapest price. Avoid flaunting wealth. Ask before taking photographs of people. They are not just part of the landscape! Let's enjoy our vacation and make sure others do, too. 12 The author implies that ____. A. going into the supermarket hungry, you may buy more than you plan to B. the quality of ordinary items is usually high and the prices are relatively low C. discount clothing stores are good places to go to D. ads sometimes don’t tell the truth Never go into a supermarket hungry! This is a good piece of advice. If you go shopping for food before lunchtime, you’ll probably buy more than you plan to. Unfortunately, however, just this advice isn’t enough for consumers these days. Modern shoppers need an education in how and how not to buy things at the store. First, you check the weekly newspaper ads. Find out the items that are on sale and decide if you really need these things.In other words, don’t buy anything just because it’s cheaper than usual! "New and Improved!〞 or "All Natural〞 on the front of a package influence you. Instead, read the list of ingredients<contents> on the back. Third, compare prices: that is, you should examine the prices of both different brands and different sizes of the same brand. Another suggestion for consumers is to buy ordinary items instead of famous brands. Ordinary items in supermarkets come in plain packages. These products are cheaper because producers don’t spend much money on packing or advertising. The quality, however, is usually as good as the quality of well-known name brands. In the same way, in buying clothes, you can often find high quality and low prices in brands that are not famous. Shopping in discount clothing stores can help you save a lot of money. Although these stores aren’t very attractive, and they usually do not have individual dressing rooms, not only are the prices low, but you can often find the same famous brands that you find in high-priced department stores. Wise consumers read magazine ads and watch TV commercials, but they do this with one advantage: knowledge of the psychology behind the ads. In other words, well-informed consumers watch for information and check for misinformation. They ask themselves questions: Is the advertiser hiding something in small print at the bottom of the page? Is there any real information in the commercial, or is the advertiser simply showing an attractive image? With the answers to these questions, consumers can make a wise choice. 13 The speaker implies________. A. parents can never hope to teach their children new sounds B. children no longer imitate people after they begin to speak C. children who are good at imitating learn new words more quickly D. even after they have learnt to speak, children still enjoy imitating Language learning begins with listening. Children are greatly different in the amount of listening they do before they start speaking, and later starters are often long listeners .Most children will "obey〞 spoken instructions some time before they can speak, though the word "obey〞 is hardly accurate as a description of the eager and delighted cooperation usually shown by the child .Before they can speak, many children will also ask questions by gesture and by making questioning noises. Any attempt to study the development from the noises babies make to their first spoken words leads to considerable difficulties. It is agreed that they enjoy making noises, and that during the first few months one or two noises sort themselves as particularly expressive as delight, pain, friendliness, and so on. But since these can’t be said to show the baby’s intention to communicate, they can hardly be regarded as early forms of language. It is agreed, too, that from about three months they play with sounds for enjoyment, and that by six months they are able to add new words to their store. This self-imitation〔模仿〕leads on to deliberate〔有意的〕imitation of sounds made or words spoken to them by other people. The problem then arises as to the point at which one can say that these imitations can be considered as speech. It is a problem we need to get out teeth into. The meaning of a word depends on what a particular person means by it in a particular situation and it is clear that what a child means by a word will change as he gains more experience of the world .Thus the use at seven months of "mama〞 as a greeting for his mother cannot be dismissed as a meaningless sound simply because he also uses it at other times for his father, his dog, or anything else he likes. Playful and meaningless imitation of what other people say continues after the child has begun to speak for himself, I doubt, however whether anything is gained when parents take advantage of this ability in an attempt to teach new sounds. 3 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$