UNIT 1 Section Ⅲ Discovering Useful Structures（Word教参）-【优化指导】2024-2025学年新教材高中英语必修第二册（人教版2019）

Section Ⅲ　Discovering Useful Structures 限制性定语从句(3) [对应学生用书P18] [观察] 1．There comes a time when the old must give way to the new，and it is not possible to preserve everything from our past as we move towards the future. 2．After listening to the scientists who had studied the problem，and citizens who lived near the dam，the government turned to the United Nations for help in 1959. 3．Temples and other cultural sites were taken down piece by piece，and then moved and put back together again in a place where they were safe from the water. 4．Not only had the countries found a path to the future that did not run over the relics of the past，but they had also learnt that it was possible for countries to work together to build a better tomorrow. [探究] 1．句中加黑词都是关系词，引导定语从句。 2．句2、4中先行词是表示人或物的名词，关系词在从句中作主语，定语从句用关系代词引导。 3．句1、3中先行词是表时间或地点的名词，关系词在从句中作时间或地点状语，定语从句用关系副词引导。 1．除了以上关系词外，还有哪些关系词可以引导定语从句？ 表示物的关系代词which；表示所有关系的关系代词whose；表示原因的关系副词why。 2．定语从句中的介词是否可以提前？ 有些介词可以提前，构成“介词＋关系代词”结构。若定语从句的谓语是以介词结尾的短语动词，则不可把介词移至从句之首。 一、定语从句的关系词 [感知] 1．The woman that/who is speaking at the meeting is my mother. 正在会上发言的那位女士是我的母亲。 2．Yesterday Emily was wearing the new dress which/that I gave her. 昨天艾米丽穿着我给她的新裙子。 3．The man whose leg broke in a match used to be a football player. 在比赛中摔断腿的那个人曾经是一名足球运动员。 4．We have entered into an age when dreams have the best chance of coming true. 我们已经进入了一个梦想最有可能实现的时代。 5．Their child is at the stage where she can say individual words but not full sentences. 他们的孩子正处于能说单个单词但不能说完整句子的阶段。 6．The reason why scientists work together day and night to rescue the temple is that they want to preserve it for the next generation. 科学家们夜以继日地齐心协力拯救这座寺庙的原因是他们想为下一代保护这座寺庙。 [探究] 1．句中黑体词引导的都是定语 从句。 2．句1、2和3中关系代词that/who、which/that、whose引导限制性定语从句，在从句中分别作主语、宾语和定语。句1的先行词指人；句2的先行词指物；句3的先行词指人。 3．句4、5、6是由关系副词引导的限制性定语从句，分别在从句中作时间状语、地点状语和原因状语。 [归纳] 1．在主从复合句中作定语的句子叫定语从句。 2．被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。 3．定语从句一般放在先行词的后面，由关系代词或关系副词引导。 4．定语从句的关系词 关系词 先行词 在从句中所作成分 关系代词 who 指人 主语/宾语 whom 指人 宾语 whose 指人/物 定语 that 指人/物 主语/宾语 which 指物 主语/宾语 as 指人/物 主语/宾语 关系副词 when 指时间 时间状语 where 指地点 地点状语 why 指原因 原因状语 判断定语从句中使用关系代词还是关系副词的方法：若从句中缺少主语、宾语、表语或定语，则使用关系代词；若从句中缺少状语，则使用关系副词。 [即练] 　用合适的关系词填空 1．Dr.Rowan，whose secretary resigned two weeks ago，has had to do all his own typing. 2．Self­driving is an area where China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line. 3．The boys that/who wanted to play football were sad when it rained. 4．There comes a time when you have to make a choice. 5．This was the reason why he was absent from the meeting. 二、关系词的用法 (一)关系代词的用法 [感知] 1．It is the book (that/which) I want to read. 这是我想读的那本书。 2．She is the teacher (who/whom/that) I admire most. 她是我最崇拜的老师。 3．This is the scientist whose achievements are well known. ＝This is the scientist the achievements of whom are well known. 这就是那位成就卓越的科学家。 4．I have the same book as he has. 我有和他一样的书。 5．I never heard such stories as he tells. 我从未听过他讲的这种故事。 [探究] 1．句1和句2中关系代词在定语从句中作宾语，可以省略。 2．句3中先行词是scientist，关系词在定语从句中作定语，可以与“被修饰词＋介词＋关系词”结构互换；先行词指人时，使用“of＋whom”结构；指物时，使用“of＋which”结构。 3．句4和句5中as引导限制性定语从句，先行词book和stories分别被the same和such修饰。 [归纳] 1．在限制性定语从句中，作宾语的关系代词可以省略。 2．whose在定语从句中可用of whom或of which代替，但要注意被修饰词的位置。 3．as引导限制性定语从句时，常和such或the same连用，构成“such ...as ...”结构或者“the same ...as ...”结构，as既可指代人也可指代物。 [即练] 　用适当的关系代词填空 1．He is not half such a fool as they think. 2．It was a meeting whose importance I did not realize at that time. 3．Mary bought a book that/which was written by Mark Twain. 4．His parents wouldn't marry her to anyone whose family was poor. (二)关系副词的用法 [感知] [组1] 1．I still remember the day when/on which I first came to Nanning. 我仍然记得我第一次来南宁的那一天。 2．When I arrived，Bryan took me to see the house where/at which I would be staying. 当我到达时，布赖恩带我去看了我要住的房子。 3．The reason why/for which Mary didn't come to school today is that she was ill. 玛丽今天没来学校的原因是她生病了。 [组2] 1．They have reached the point where they have to separate from each other. 他们已经到了必须分开的地步。 2．Is this a case where knowing the facts actually would be worse than not knowing? 在这种情况下，知道事实会比不知道更糟糕吗？ 3．You have reached a stage where you either follow your heart or listen to your dad's words. 你已经到了这样一个阶段：要么听从你的内心，要么听从你父亲的话。 4．Another concern for online shopping is the situation where a customer is dissatisfied with his or her purchase. 网上购物的另一个问题是顾客对自己购买的东西不满意的情况。 [探究] [组1] 1．句1中先行词day指时间，关系词在定语从句中作时间状语，所以用关系副词when或on which引导从句。 2．句2中先行词house指地点，关系词在定语从句中作地点状语，所以用关系副词where或at which引导从句。 3．句3中先行词reason指原因，关系词在定语从句中作原因状语，所以用关系副词why或for which引导从句。 [组2] 例句中先行词point、case、stage、situation均表示地点，用关系副词where引导定语从句，并在从句中作地点状语。 [归纳] 1．关系副词when、where或why常可以和“介词＋which”进行转换。关系副词when/where可以转换成“介词(in/on/at等)＋which”，why可以转换成“for＋which”。 2．where引导定语从句时，其先行词可以是具体地点，也可以是模糊地点，如situation、case、point、stage等。 关系副词的选择要依据先行词在从句中的成分来确定，虽然是表示时间、地点或原因，但在从句中如果作主语或宾语时就应该用关系代词。 I still remember the days that/which we spent together last summer. 我还记得去年夏天我们一起度过的日子。 [即练] 　用适当的关系副词填空 1．We often landed ourselves in a situation where we greatly regretted our act of not having listened to the advice of the wise. 2．The time when I first met Nelson Mandela was a very different period of my life. 3．The reason why I was sad was that he didn't understand me. 4．Mr.Read is the professor to whom you should write. 5．She is always unknowingly making a sound because of her illness for which people glance at her. (三)关系代词辨析(that和which) [感知] 1．Do you have anything that you want to say? 你有什么要说的吗？ 2．In Yunnan，I enjoyed the most beautiful scenery that I had ever seen. 在云南，我欣赏到了我所见过的最美丽的风景。 3．The only thing that we can do is to give you some advice. 我们唯一能做的事就是给你一些建议。 4．This is the very bus that I'm waiting for. 这就是我在等的公共汽车。 5．What is the first film that you have seen? 你看过的第一部电影是什么？ 6．Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about? 你知道他们正在谈论的人和事吗？ 7．Which is the book that you lost? 哪本是你丢的书？ [探究] 句 用that不用which的情况 1 先行词是不定代词 2 先行词前有形容词最高级修饰 3、4 先行词前面有the only、the very修饰 5 先行词前有序数词修饰 6 先行词既有人又有物时 7 用于以which提问的特殊疑问句 [归纳] 定语从句中用that不用which的情况 1．先行词是不定代词； 2．先行词是形容词最高级或先行词前面有形容词最高级修饰时； 3．先行词前面有the only、the very、the right等词修饰时； 4．先行词是序数词或先行词前面有序数词修饰时； 5．先行词既有人又有物时； 6．用于以which或who提问的特殊疑问句时。 [即练] 　选词填空(that/which) 1．Who is the girl that drove the car? 2．Nothing that can be done has been done. 3．This is the only book that belongs to him. 4．Among the many dangers that/which sailors have to face，probably the greatest of all is fog. 三、“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句 [感知] 1．The pen with which he was writing broke. 他写字用的那支钢笔坏了。 2．Don't bring the children to see the animals of which they are afraid. 不要带孩子们去看他们害怕的动物。 3．The colorless gas without which we can't live is called oxygen. 这种没有它我们就无法生存的无色气体被称为氧气。 4．The old woman has two sons，both of whom are doctors. 这位老太太有两个儿子，他们都是医生。 [探究] 句 指代 介词选择依据 1 物 根据与先行词的搭配确定 2 物 根据定语从句中某些词或短语的习惯搭配确定 3 物 根据从句所表达的意思确定 4 人 表示“所属关系”或“整体中的部分”，通常用介词of [归纳] 1．当关系代词在定语从句中作介词的宾语时，我们通常用“介词＋关系代词”引导定语从句。 2．“介词＋关系代词”引导定语从句，关系代词只能用which或whom。先行词指物时用which；先行词指人时用whom。 3．依据先行词在句中的搭配或意义确定介词。 (1)在“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句中，介词的确定方法可以总结为“一先、二动、三意义、四特殊”。 ①一先：先看先行词。以先行词的搭配为主。 ②二动：根据从句中谓语动词的搭配选择合适的介词。 ③三意义：通过判断主句表达的全部意义来确定合适的介词。 ④四特殊：介词of常用于“表示部分的词汇＋of＋关系代词”结构。 (2)表示“部分”的词汇：代词(all、both、none、neither、either、some、any 等)、数词及many、most、few、several等。 (3)定语从句的谓语如果是以介词结尾的短语动词，介词仍放在动词后面，如look after、look for 等。 Is this the watch which he was looking for? 这是他正在找的那块手表吗？ [即练] 　用适当的关系词或介词填空 1．The boy with whom John spoke is my brother. 2．Many lessons are now available online，from which students can choose for free. 3．There are many trees under which they can have a rest. 4．The plane by which I came to London has flown 10，000 miles. 5．Many young people，most of whom were well­educated，headed for remote regions to chase their dreams. 用适当的关系词完成下面短文 I have a dog 1.whose ears are long.I often walk it in the park 2.where the air is fresh and heavy with the smell of beautiful flowers.The reason 3.why I am fond of walking my dog is that it does good to its health.However，there was a time 4.when I hated walking the dog.At one time，we lived in an old house 5.which/that was located on the river bank.There was an atmosphere 6.which/that made me upset.The dog 7.which/that barked loudly at night made me unable to fall asleep.And therefore I got angry with it.But now things have changed a lot.We live in a comfortable house with a big yard 8.where the dog has more freedom to enjoy itself.It has a sharp sense of smell 9.which I feel proud of.I feel lucky to have the dog 10.which/that is loyal to me. 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$