02.阅读理解之说明文-备战2025年高考英语之暑假名校模拟试题精练精析

备战2025年高考之暑假名校模拟试题精练精析 备战2025年高考之暑假名校模拟试题精练精析 阅读理解 （说明文） 1 （2025·浙江·模拟预测）The Mona Lisa is the famous Leonardo da Vinci painting of a woman with a mysterious smile. This week, the woman parted her lips to whisper an ancient secret. Scientists using X-rays to examine the chemical structure of a small part of the painting discovered a technique Leonardo used in the work. An oil paint used for it was a special, new chemical mixture, which suggests that the Italian artist was in an experimental mood when he worked on the painting in the 16th century. “He loved to experiment, and each of his paintings is completely different technically,” said Victor Gonzalez, a chemist who has studied the chemical element of several works by Leonardo and other artists. The researchers found a rare lead compound (铅化合物) — plumbonacrite, in Leonardo’s first layer of paint. The discovery proved that da Vinci most likely used lead oxide to thicken and help dry his paint. The paint in the study is about the thickness of a human hair, lying in the top right area of the painting. The scientists looked into its atomic (原子的) structure using X-rays, moving particles at the speed of light, permitting researchers to look deeper into the paint structure. “Plumbonacrite is really a fingerprint of his recipe, as it’s the first time we can chemically confirm it,” Gonzalez said. Rembrandt, the Dutch master, may have employed a similar blend in his 17th-century paintings. Gonzalez and fellow researchers have also detected plumbonacrite in his art. It’s believed that Leonardo used lead oxide powder, which has an orange color, to thicken his oil paint and speed up drying. “What you will get is an oil that has a very nice golden color,” Gonzalez said. “It flows more like honey.” But the Mona Lisa — said by the Louvre to be a portrait (肖像) of Lisa Gherardini, the wife of a Florentine silk businessman — There’s more to her gaze than meets the eye. “What we are saying is just a little brick in the knowledge,” Gonzalez said. 1. What technique did da Vinci potentially use in the Mona Lisa? A. The employment of tailored X-rays. B. The application of a rare lead compound. C. A special mixture of oil paints. D. The universal use of atomic structures. 2. What does the use of plumbonacrite suggest about Leonardo’s painting approach? A. Willingness to experiment. B. Giving priority to conventions. C. Technically identical output. D. Concentration on paint drying. 3. What is Gonzalez’s attitude towards the use of lead oxide powder? A. Dismissive. B. Objective. C. Doubtful. D. Favorable. 4. What can we infer about the Mona Lisa from the last paragraph? A. It still holds secrets yet to be uncovered. B. It echoes the realities of the worldly life. C. It’s a perfect combination of old and new. D. It serves as the key to understanding Leonardo. 2 （2025·浙江·模拟预测）Do you ever find yourself randomly thinking back to the times we wandered, collecting wildflowers and smiling beneath the sky? That feeling is often referred to as nostalgia (怀旧). Psychologists have defined nostalgia as a self-conscious, social emotion, bittersweet but dominantly positive. It comes from our happy memories and our desire to go back to the past and reconnect with the people we cared about. Often, nostalgia involves sensory stimuli. On some occasions, the smell of autumn leaves might generate a fierce longing for your childhood home. Almost everyone can experience nostalgia, although its object tends to vary throughout life. One survey conducted by the psychologist Krystine Irene Batcho found that younger people felt more nostalgia for pets, toys, and holidays than did older people, who felt it more strongly for music. In contrast to its links to negative emotions, nostalgia doesn’t make us sadder. Rather, nostalgia is a defensive response to unhappiness, one that brings relief from a negative mood. Research from 2006 shows that nostalgia can actually strengthen social ties, improve self-esteem, and uplift our mood. Other studies suggest that it can also enhance our view of life’s meaning, reduce fear of death, boost spirituality, and increase optimism. Scholars remain uncertain about the precise mechanism behind the effectiveness of nostalgia; however, some suggest that reflecting on joyful memories strengthens our sense of self-worth and belonging, particularly during times of loneliness or self-doubt. Its power lets the happiness of the past overcome the current unpleasantness, offering a bit of escape from tough times. To form stronger connections, we can establish traditions around shared past experiences in families, friend groups, and workplaces. Observing special occasions like childhood sports or post-college meetups can give us something to look forward to. Perhaps because it is so powerful and complex, nostalgia has received magical treatment from poets and writers. “The past is hidden somewhere outside the realm (领域), beyond the reach of intellect,” Marcel Proust wrote. 5. Why does the author mention “autumn leaves” in the second paragraph? A. To illustrate the complexity of nostalgia. B. To emphasize the joyful nature of nostalgia. C. To clarify nostalgia’s connection to our senses. D. To stress individual variety of experiencing nostalgia. 6. What is paragraph 3 mainly about? A. The mismatch between two findings. B. The potential benefits of nostalgia. C. The impact of nostalgia on personal mood. D. The mechanisms behind nostalgia’s effects. 7. What does the author suggest us do in paragraph 4? A. Create shared traditions for bonding and joy. B. Record the social gatherings regularly. C. Recognize the unnecessary social gatherings. D. Say no to the concept of escapism. 8. Which of the following is the best title for the text? A. Nostalgia: Why We Should Avoid Reflecting on the Past B. Nostalgia: A Shelter Against the Unhappiness of Our Life C. A Nostalgia Warning: Our Mental Health Being Attacked D. Power of Nostalgia: Struggling for an Irreplaceable Present 3 （2024·四川成都·模拟预测）Minimizing the environmental damage that new roads cause is generally regarded as a good thing. But to do that, it helps to understand just how new roads cause the damage of which they are accused. Recently, a group of researchers led by Dr. Gonzalez conducted an experiment and proved that immigration is good for the health of animal populations. A road destroys only a small part of the habitat, thus destroying just a few local populations of creatures. So the argument that road-building itself is bad for biodiversity is not self-evidently correct. Those who nevertheless hold this view say that apparently separate local populations of animals are, in fact, parts of much larger populations connected via migration. According to this theory, when a local population struggles to move about — because of an epidemic, for example — individuals from neighboring communities can fill the gaps. The implications of the theory are straightforward. Cut local populations off from each other and each is more likely to disappear. And roads are good at doing just that. Testing the theory with experimental roads, however, would be expensive. Dr. Gonzalez’s brainwave was to do the whole thing on a much smaller scale. The team studied moss-covered rocks. On some rocks the researchers left the moss untouched; on others they made “roadways” across to leave the moss isolated. After waiting six months, they found that in the disturbed habitats nearly all the bug population had declined compared with undisturbed moss, and 40% of the species had become extinct. The real test came in the second part of the experiment. In this, the researchers removed moss much as before, but they left narrow moss paths to bridge the no-bug’s-land between islands. The islands with bridges did far better than isolated islands — a result that supports the notion that population exchange is necessary to keep an ecosystem healthy. Whether these results can be translated to large-scale ecosystems remains uncertain. But if they can, they would cause more, not less, concern about the ecological effects of road-building. On the other hand, they also suggest a way out. In Britain, tunnels are often built under roads for animals of regular habits, such as badgers (獾), to be able to travel their traditional routes without having to fight with traffic. Extending that principle, perhaps special bridges might be a cheap way of letting man and nature rub along a bit better. 9. What’s the main idea of the passage? A. Calling on us to stop building roads for a healthy ecosystem. B. Warning us of potential dangers of animal immigration. C. Informing us of the environmental damage caused by new roads. D. Suggesting a new way to avoid the damage caused by new roads. 10. Dr. Gonzalez’s experiment found that __________. A. building roads is expensive B. immigration is good for animals C. roads cut off animal immigration D. tunnels should be built under roads 11. How does the author present his point? A. By analyzing facts.            ​​ B. By giving examples. C. By providing scientific findings.​​ D. By comparing possible effects. 12. According to the passage, which of the following statements will the writer agree with? A. The impact of road-building is not as serious as we thought. B. Road-building is beneficial to animal immigration. C. Environmental damage caused by road-building is still uncertain. D. Environmental damage caused by road-building might be lessened. 4 （2024·内蒙古呼伦贝尔·模拟预测）Earthquake forecasting is one of the most ancient skills known to mankind. From ancient Greece to the present day, countless scientists have tried to develop tools to predict earthquakes. Their attempts usually focused on searching for reliable forerunners of forthcoming quakes. However, there are many reasons why predicting quakes is so hard. “We don’t understand some basic physics of earthquakes,” said Egill, a research professor at the California Institute of Technology. Scientists have also attempted to create mathematical models of movement, but precisely predicting earthquakes would require great mapping and analysis of the Earth’s crust. Other challenges include a lack of data on the early warning signs, given that these warning signs are not yet entirely understood. Actually, real earthquake prediction is very similar to the diagnosis of potential human illnesses based on observing and analyzing each patient’s signs and symptoms. As it turns out, quake prediction is extremely difficult. Many sources show that earthquake forecasting was a recognized science in ancient Greece. Ancient Greeks lived very close to nature and were able to detect unusual phenomena and forecast earthquakes. The first known forecast was made by Pherecydes of Syros about 2,500 years ago: He made it as he scooped water from a well and noticed that usually very clean water had suddenly become muddy. Indeed, an earthquake occurred two days later, making Pherecydes famous. Nowadays, seismic (地震的) and remote-sensing methods are considered to have the greatest potential in terms of solving the earthquake prediction problem. Currently, Terra Seismic, an earthquake forecasting company, can identify a forthcoming earthquake with a high level of confidence. Generally, Terra Seismic does not promise to predict a quake if the earthquake’s epicentre is located beyond a depth of 40 km. Fortunately, such quakes are almost always harmless, since the quake’s energy reduces before reaching the Earth’s surface. “Scientists have tried every possible method to try to predict earthquakes,” Bruneau, an expert in earthquake engineering, said. “Nobody has been able to crack it and make a believable prediction.” 13. Why is earthquake forecasting so difficult? A. Some basic physics of earthquakes is unknown. B. Data on the early warning signs are not fully understood. C. Mapping and analysis of the Earth’s crust are impossible. D. It is the same as the diagnosis of human illnesses. 14. Why does the author give the example of Pherecydes? A. To explain why Pherecydes was famous. B. To explain ancient Greeks lived very close to nature. C. To show earthquake forecasting is a science with a long history. D. To show remote-sensing methods are the best solution to earthquake prediction. 15. What does Bruneau mean in Paragraph 4? A. Terra Seismic can predict an earthquake. B. Scientists have methods of predicting earthquakes. C. Some quakes are harmless if the quake’s energy is released. D. Scientists have no reliable way to predict an earthquake. 16. What is the main idea of the passage? A. The reasons for earthquake forecasting. B. The history of earthquake forecasting. C. The methods of earthquake forecasting. D. The future of earthquake forecasting. 5 （2024·山东聊城·三模）People may typically think of memory as the recollection of the past. Memory enables people to learn from past experiences and apply that knowledge in present circumstances. It is a vital part of our identity. So is culture, the way of life specific to a group of people. Cultural memory is the constructed understanding of the past that is passed from one generation to the next through text, oral traditions, monuments and other symbols. Cultural memory is often amassed in objects, such as museums or historical monuments. To understand culture, humans access a mass of cultural symbols, such as books. Artifacts (历史文物) of the past provide insights into where we came from. Libraries and the Internet keep a seemingly boundless amount of data on what it means to be part of a culture. Cultural memory is the longest-lasting form of memory. Like all forms of memory, cultural memory has important functions. For example, it makes the experiences a nation owns clear. It provides us with an understanding of the past and the values of the group to which we belong. Besides, it creates a form of shared identity and a means for communicating this identity to new members. The most powerful forms of cultural memory may involve memories of past disastrous experiences undergone (经历) by groups of victims. For example, in Russia, their role in World War II— in which tens of millions of Russians were killed — is still an important part of modern Russian identity. Because all groups have cultural memory, it can bring about a spirit of resistance or survival among threatened groups. The main function of cultural memory is not to recall the past, whether it is good or bad. Rather, it is to use knowledge of past experiences to avoid making the same mistakes again and again. Aleida Assmann, a professor who has worked on memory theory since the 1960s, calls this “remembering forward”. Cultural memory enables people to adapt to their culture; it enables cultures to adapt to new circumstances by keeping traces (痕迹) of what worked in the past. 17. What is the function of the first paragraph? A. Reporting a discovery of cultural memory. B. Leading to the concept of cultural memory. C. Introducing the importance of memory in identity. D. Making a connection between memory and culture. 18. Which can replace the underlined word “amassed” in paragraph 2? A. Stored. B. Overlooked. C. Evaluated. D. Created. 19. Russia is mentioned in paragraph 3 to indicate ______. A. the features of cultural memory B. the formation of cultural memory C. the role of big events in Russian identity D. the impact of cultural memory on identity 20. What is cultural memory mainly expected to do? A. Pass previous wisdom down. B. Keep traces of history. C. Get people to know about the past. D. Remind people of their identity. 6 （2024·安徽黄山·二模）Living in a city, you may face fewer parking spaces, more pollution, less personal space, and more traffic and noise, all of which contribute to higher stress levels, often translating to aggression (攻击行为). And now, researchers have found evidence that this behavior applies to song sparrows (歌雀) too. But it comes with a surprising benefit to the youngest generation of city sparrows. There are fewer city-living song sparrows than in the countryside. However, the increased aggression observed in the males can be connected to a more pressing need to defend territories in urban settings. But that increased aggression doesn’t mean the males fail in their duties as fathers. In fact, the researchers were surprised to find that the opposite may be true. “Male songbirds are thought to reduce parental care when they are more aggressive. Yet this study showed that urban male song sparrows provided more care for their young,” says Dr Samuel Lane, lead author of the study. “Against our expectations, we found that they visited nests more often and were more successful parents than the males in the countryside.” The researchers carried out their studies at six sites across southwest Virginia, USA, across four breeding (繁殖) seasons. They found that the high survival rate of their chicks was subject to many factors. Not only did male sparrows visit their nests more often, but they also began feeding chicks earlier in the day. Despite the challenges of being a city bird, hatching success was observed to be higher in urban habitats. And even though brood parasitism, one species laying eggs in the nest of another, is typically higher in urban areas, the researchers observed that rates of nest predation, the act of other animals eating eggs or young birds, were lower, further contributing to the overall nesting success of these sparrows. Lane said, “Our study adds to growing evidence that certain species of songbirds even benefit from living in urban environments when there is enough green space for them to find food and nest locations.” The team hope ongoing research in this area will contribute to the establishment of urban environments aimed at offering improved support for wildlife. 21. What causes the increased aggression of male city sparrows? A. The stress of protecting their territories. B. The worsening of urban noise pollution. C. The challenges of building their nests. D. The growing needs of younger generations. 22. What had the researchers expected of urban males compared to those in the countryside? A. They lived shorter lives. B. They had a higher population. C. They had lower nest attendance. D. They woke up earlier in the morning. 23. Which of the following can be found in urban areas according to the study? A. Higher nest locations. B. Reduced brood parasitism. C. Limited breeding seasons. D. Lower nest predation rates. 24. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. City Male Birds Do It All B. Aggressive Birds Surprise Scientists C. Big City Life Makes Birds Better Dads D. The Future of City Birds Lies in Our Hands 7 （2024·江苏盐城·模拟预测）The male western tanager (唐纳雀) looks like a little flame, while females are less showy, a dusty yellow. In the spring, they prepare to move thousands of miles to the Mountain West of Central America, flying through grasslands, deserts, and occasionally, suburban yards. To fuel them on their lengthy journey, western tanagers fill up on insects and berries. But as global climate change causes spring to start earlier, birds such as western tanagers are arriving at their destination after what’s known as “green-up”, when flowers begin blooming and insects emerge. According to a study published in early March in the journal PNAS, this kind of timing mismatch between migrants (迁移动物) and their food sources, which is happening across North America, could have serious consequences for migratory birds’ survival. “In discussing climate change, we often focus on warming,” says Scott Loss, a co-author of the study. “But the length and timing of seasons — like when winter ends and spring begins — are some of the most dramatic effects of climate change.” Loss and his colleagues used satellite imagery from 2002 to 2021 to calculate the average start of spring green-up along the typical migration routes of 150 North American bird species, then compared that timing with the current green-up. They found that spring is indeed beginning earlier along birds’ migration routes. “By contrary, previous studies have mainly focused on songbirds in Eastern North America,” says Morgan Tingley, an ornithologist at UCLA, “but this new investigation shows that bird species in the West and at different levels of the food web might be just as vulnerable (脆弱的).” “Part of it is knowing which species are vulnerable to various threats,” Loss says. “This adds to the knowledge about vulnerability of a wide range of bird species.” And he hopes that the information will serve to highlight the urgent need to lower greenhouse-gas emissions as fast as possible. “It’s really important, if we can’t address climate change immediately, to try to stop habitat loss as much as we can.” 25. What may pose a direct threat to western tanagers’ survival? A. Global warming. B. The duration of changing seasons. C. Loss of habitats due to human activities. D. Decreased access to foods during migration. 26. What is unique about the new study on birds like western tanagers? A. It covers a wider geographic range. B. It reveals the decline in bird populations. C. It centers on the adaptation of bird species. D. It ensures the existence of a timing mismatch. 27. What does Loss suggest we do to safeguard migratory birds? A. Lessen the effects of climate change. B. Preserve ecosystems for bird species. C. Address emissions and habitat loss. D. Expand researches on threats to birds. 28. Where is the text most likely from? A. A scientific journal. B. A bird-watching guidebook. C. A website about climate change. D. A magazine about wildlife conservation. 8 （2024·江苏南京·模拟预测）Last year I averaged 9,370 steps a day. My smartphone counted. My daily aim? Ten thousand steps. Because goals. Yet the concept of taking 10,000 steps a day to maintain health is rooted not in science but in marketing. In the 1960s, a Japanese company invented an early pedometer (计步器). Because the Japanese character for “10,000” looks like a person walking, the company called its device the 10,000-step meter. “It was just sort of a catchy phrase,” says I-Min Lee, a scientist at Harvard Medical School. In 2019, Lee published a study investigating the actual effects of meeting the 10,000-step goal. The result? Some movement is good, and more is better, but the benefits decline at some point. Your personal peak depends on your age. People younger than 60 should indeed walk 8,000 to 10,000 steps a day to get the best benefits in terms of lifespan (寿命). People older than 60 show the most benefit between 6,000 and 8,000 steps. The difference is energy consumption. “We basically relate energy consumption to health outcomes,” Lee says. Walking for 60 minutes at 3.3 miles an hour and running for 30 minutes at 6 miles an hour use the same amount of energy. “The older you are, the less efficient you are with your steps,” Lee says. “Per step, older people use more energy.” Thus, they need fewer steps to achieve the same benefits. Newer studies are moving beyond death rates to ask questions about the way steps may help to control blood pressure and weight. The goal, after all, is not just to live longer but to live healthier. Ful results are not in yet, so Lee’s advice is: “Tailor your steps according to what you are trying to achieve and according to who you are.” 29. The concept of taking 10,000 steps daily arises from ______. A. the findings of scientific surveys B. the formation of a Japanese character C. a marketing trick D. a healthy habit 30. What does Lee’s research find? A. Walking step targets vary with age. B. Walking more makes one look younger. C. Old people benefit more from walking longer. D. Reaching 10,000 steps daily appeals to many. 31. What is paragraph 4 mainly about? A. The difference in energy consumption among age groups. B. The contrast between the benefits of walking and running. C. The reason for setting different step goals based on age. D. The link between energy consumption and health outcomes. 32. What will newer studies focus on? A. How steps change one’s lifestyle. B. How steps affect one’s lifespan. C. How steps reduce death rates. D. How steps boost healthy living. 9 （2024·辽宁大连·模拟预测）You probably know that sunshine affects your mental and physical health. New research shows it may also affect your appetite-but only if you’re male. That finding surprised Carmit Levy, who had been studying how ultraviolet-B (UV-B) rays affect the skin of mice. The sun’s UV-B rays are the main cause of sunburns and skin changes that can lead to cancer. Levy exposed mice to these rays for a few weeks. The dose was so weak that it didn’t cause any redness. But Levy noticed changes in the animals’ fa t tissue. Part of the mice also became heavier. Levy ordered new mice to look into these unexpected changes. The new group included a mix of males and females. She found that UV-B exposure enhanced the appetite of male mice — but not females’. The males also worked harder to get at food that was difficult to reach. Something was really motivating them to eat more. She wondered whether sunlight might have a similar effect on people. To find it out, she gathered volunteers for two studies. Both suggested that men and women may respond differently to UV-B. But the number of volunteers in these tests was too small to be persuasive. Fortunately, Levy’s colleague Andrews had access to data from almost 3,000 people. They’d all participated in Israel’s first nutrition survey, some 20 years before. These data showed that 1,330 of the surveyed men consumed more food in summer months. From March to September, they tended to down about 2,188 daily calories. They averaged only about 1, 875 calories from October to February. The 1,661 women in this study consumed about 1,500 calories per day all year long. Longer days in summer give males of many species more time to hunt and provide for their families. Consuming more food would give them the energy to do just that. In human evolution, UV-B might have motivated our male ancestors to hunt more to help their community survive. 33. Where is the text most probably taken from? A. A textbook on biology. B. An abstract of a food journal. C. A review of medical research. D. An essay from the science website. 34. What happened to the mice after weeks’ exposure to UV-B rays? A. Their fat tissue decreased. B. Some of them gained weight. C. Their skin became reddened. D. Some of them developed cancer. 35. What did Levy do when she found her studies weren’t convincing enough? A. She gathered more volunteers. B. She set out to conduct more tests. C. She invited more scientists to join her. D. She turned to some previous research data. 36. What does the last paragraph mainly talk about? A. Advantages of males of many species over females. B. Reasons why males of many species prefer summer. C. Benefits of UV-B exposure to males of many species. D. Effects of sunlight on the health of males of many species. 10 （2024·江苏南京·模拟预测）While lifting weights one day, I heard a loud click on my back. I was rushed to the emergency room, where I was told the pain would eventually disappear. It didn’t, however. What I’ve learned about pain since then — both as a patient and as a physician — has me questioning how we treat it. Vania Apkarian, one of the world’s leading pain researchers, told me the classic idea is that pain continues as long as the injury does, but the injury and pain it produces end up being separate. “Although MRIs (核磁共振) are reliable indicators of injury, they are not reliable indicators of pain,” he says. A review of 33 studies found that among a group of 20-year-olds without any back pain, 37 percent had disc degeneration (腰椎间盘退化) on MRI. And in people whose backs hurt, MRI results have absolutely no connection with their pain. This is a really big deal: millions of people in the U.S. alone get MRIs for back pain. Yet 5 percent of them were medically justified, and of those who received MRIs, 65 percent received potentially harmful advice — including calls for risky back surgery that probably wouldn’t have resolved their pain. I could have been one of those people, yet when I took my MRI films to an experienced surgeon, he told me an operation might leave my back worse off. If MRI doesn’t explain long-lasting pains, what does? One major factor is our mentality. A recent trial has revealed the power of therapies (疗法) that target how we think about discomfort. People who are anxious about being in pain are twice as likely to develop long time pain. A thorough examination of pain and its origins should encourage efforts to make sure everyone in pain receives kindness and respect, as well as access to more than pills and surgical procedures. Fully accepting the complexity of pain can open the door to new and innovative ways to ensure that even if we hurt, we don’t have to suffer. 37. What does paragraph 2 imply? A. Back pain is not necessarily an emergency case. B. MRI tests can’t give a full picture of one’s condition. C. Minor injuries can lead to severe pain. D. Bone problems begin to bother the young. 38. What can we learn from the author’s personal story? A. He found his back surgery medically justified. B. The surgeon misled him about the back injury. C. A surgery might do him more harm than good. D. Being a physician helps him treat his back pain. 39. According to the author, what should a patient with long-lasting pain do? A. Consult professionals to receive surgeries. B. Have painkillers as early as possible. C. Take comprehensive MRI examinations. D. Acquire a thorough understanding of the pain. 40. What is a suitable title for the text? A. Origins of pain. B. Killers of pain. C. Victims of pain. D. Effects of pain. 11 （2024·江西·一模）Have you ever witnessed the astonishing beauty of auroras (极光)? They are a gift from the heavens resulting from the interaction between the atmosphere and cosmic radiation (宇宙辐射). However, in South Korea, a flight attendant, 53, died from cancer due to long exposure to intense cosmic radiation. According to South Korean authorities, the flight attendant flew about 1,022 annual hours throughout his career, with half of his flights spent crossing the regions in and around the North Pole, where cosmic radiation reaches extraordinarily high levels. Cosmic radiation, which comes from the sun and other stars in the galaxy, is constantly hitting Earth. Cosmic radiation can be divided into two types: solar radiation and galactic cosmic radiation. Solar radiation comprises charged particles (带电粒子) emitted by the sun, known as the solar wind, while galactic cosmic radiation comes from the remaining parts of supernovas (超新星). Despite the continuous and powerful nature of cosmic radiation, we are generally protected from their worst effects. Earth’s magnetic field (磁场) and atmosphere provide protection from this radiation, with the magnetic field being strongest in tropical areas and weakest at the poles. Consequently, individuals living in higher latitudes (纬度), like Heilongjiang province, experience slightly more cosmic radiation than those in lower latitudes, such as Hainan province. Moreover, at higher altitudes, such as when passengers are flying on an airplane, the thinner atmosphere results in more intense exposure to cosmic radiation. For astronauts and flight attendants on polar routes, lacking the protection offered by Earth’s magnetic field and atmosphere exposes them to potential health risks. According to NASA, astronaut s who spend six months in space encounter a radiation exposure roughly equal to undergoing 1,000 chest X-rays. However, what makes cosmic radiation dangerous also holds treatment potential. Joseph, a particle physicist and his members found the high speed and energy of cosmic radiation have provided insights into treating tumors. Scientists can now artificially produce charged particles similar to cosmic radiation. Compared to conventional radiotherapy, charged particles can target tumors more effectively with less harm to the surrounding healthy tissues, according to Joseph. 41. What can we know about cosmic radiation from paragraph 2? A. It may lead to a higher risk of cancer. B. It is comprised of charged particles alone. C. It generates harmful substances in the atmosphere. D. It mainly results from the remaining parts of supernovas 42. Who would be exposed to the most cosmic radiation? A. Workers exploring at the poles. B. Passengers flying on an airplane. C. Residents living in Hainan province. D. Researchers studying in the tropical areas. 43. Which statement does Joseph probably agree with ? A. Cosmic radiation can confirm the tumor types. B. Cancer patients can be cured due to cosmic radiation. C. Cosmic radiotherapy does no harm to patients’ tissues. D. Cosmic radiation is promising in the medical application. 44. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. The Formation of Cosmic Radiation B. The Breathtaking Beauty of Auroras C. Cosmic Radiation: a Double-edged Sword D. The Research on the Mysterious Universe 12 （2024·安徽淮北·二模）While conquering the world’s swimming pools in the late 1990s and the 2000s, Amanda Beard had already included breathing exercises in her training. Several years after the end of her athletic career, she discovered walking meditation. Today the seven-time US Olympic medalist practices walking meditation in nature, around the house, or while walking the dog. It’s a daily practice with the focused mindfulness of meditation that contributes positively to every aspect of her life, she says. You don’t need equipment or a designated space to start. The idea of a walking meditation is to pay attention to the way your body feels, noticing things like the sky, trees, tuning into all of your senses. This means you can meditate “on the go” in the countryside, in the city, in your backyard, and virtually anywhere. A simple, 10-minute walking meditation for beginners requires that you just start at ease. Consider what you hear, smell and see. Think about how your feet touch the ground. Fully focus on these feelings. A report in Health Promotion Perspectives also found that walking meditation can improve your balance, adjust your heart rate, boost your mental focus, and help you battle anxiety and depression. “The benefits of meditation are many,” says Dr. Schramm, a board-certified family physician and meditation teacher. “When we do this over and over again, we train the brain to focus on only one thing at a time and this increases both our blood flow and actual neuronal (神经元) changes within our brains.” “The magic of meditation is to be able to help you connect with yourself; meditation shouldn’t feel a certain way,” says Tara Stiles, a yoga and wellness expert. It’s a common mistake in meditation: People fear a wandering mind. “A wandering mind is completely normal,” Stiles says. “Even experienced meditators aren’t sitting there never having a thought, but when they have the thought they choose to guide themselves back to their breath instead of getting frustrated. 45. What is walking meditation? A. Plain walking. B. Mindful walking. C. A competitive sport. D. Deep thought while stationary. 46. Which of the following is recommended to a beginner starting walking meditation? A. A familiar environment. B. A 10-minute walking time. C. A relaxed but observant state. D. A piece of special equipment. 47. What is the brain’s reaction to walking meditation according to Dr. Schramm? A. Enhancing the blood flow. B. Undergoing balance training. C. Having more active thoughts. D. Decreasing neuronal changes. 48. What is Tara Stiles’ attitude towards distractions? A. Carefree. B. Frustrated. C. Concerned. D. Positive. 13 （2024·陕西宝鸡·三模）A shadowy figure sits alone in a room, his face dimly lit by a computer screen. With a grin, he types in a series of computer commands, and in the blink of an eye, someone’s bank account is drained to zero. In today’s digital age, cyberattacks like this happen thousands of times per day. Hackers can steal money, information, or completely take control of a machine from anywhere in the world. However, not all hackers are villains. Some hackers, called white hat or ethical hackers, are individuals who make the most of their hacking skills to identify security vulnerabilities (漏洞) in hardware, software and networks. Their job is crucial in preventing cyberattacks and safeguarding sensitive information. The term “white hat” originated from old cowboy movies, where heroes wore white hats and villains wore black ones. Like the heroes in cowboy movies, white hats seek to stop the bad guys and save the day. White hat hackers only seek vulnerabilities legally, often working on open-source software or with authorized access to systems. Once these weak spots are identified, companies or individuals can take steps to prevent serious breaches and losses. White hat hackers use a variety of different techniques to keep the internet safe. Penetration testing, for example, allows them to mimic cyberattacks and uncover system weaknesses. Security scanning tools allow white hats to identify holes in a network’s security systems. Simulating denial-of-service attacks (DoS attacks) helps companies prepare for attacks against their websites. Many of the world’s top white hat hackers began their journeys on the wrong side of the law. A prime example is Kevin Mitnick. This notorious hacker once held the title of “most wanted hacker” in the U. S. due to his cybercriminal activities in 1995. However, after being arrested and spending five years in jail, his life took a remarkable turn. Mitnick decided to use his hacking skills for ethical purposes, eventually establishing his own cybersecurity consulting company. If you aspire to be a white hat hacker, start by building a strong foundation in computer and network fundamentals. Good luck, computer cowboy! 49. What does the underlined word “villains” in Paragraph 2 mean? A. evil-doers. B. heroes. C. attackers. D. victims. 50. What can we learn about white hat hackers? A. They wear white hats in cowboy movies. B. They do everything to safeguard people’s information. C. They legally use their professional skills to help people. D. They find vulnerabilities for personal gain without doing harm. 51. People skilled in computer and network can’t be top white hat hackers unless ______. A. they obey the law B. they identify security weak points C. they take measures to stop serious losses D. they build their own cybersecurity consulting companies 52. What is the purpose of the text? A. To teach us how to stay secure online. B. To tell us how to be top white hackers. C. To warn us of the dangers of cyberattacks. D. To introduce defenders of the digital world. 14 （2024·湖北襄阳·三模）Medicine is not exclusively a human invention. Many other animals, from insects to birds to nonhuman primates, have been known to self-medicate with plants and minerals for infections and other conditions. Behavioral ecologist Helen Morrogh-Bernard of the Borneo Nature Foundation has spent decades studying the island’s orangutans (猩猩) and says she has now found evidence they use plants in a previously unseen medicinal way. During more than 20, 000 hours of formal observation, Morrogh-Bernard and her colleagues watched 10 orangutans occasionally chew a particular plant (which is not part of their normal diet) into a foamy lather (泡沫) and then rub it into their fur. The apes spent up to 45 minutes at a time massaging the mixture onto their upper arms or legs. The researchers believe this behavior is the first known example of a nonhuman animal using a topical painkiller. Local people use the same plant Dracaena cantleyi, an unremarkable-looking plant with stalked leaves-to treat aches and pains. Morrogh-Bernard’s co-authors studied its chemistry. They added extracts (提出物) from the plant to human cells that had been grown in a dish and had been artificially stimulated to produce cytokines, an immune system response that causes inflammation (炎症) and discomfort. The plant extract reduced the production of several types of cytokines, the scientists reported the finding in a study published last November in Scientific Reports. The results suggest that orangutans use the plant to reduce inflammation and treat pam. Such findings could help identify plants and chemicals that might be useful for human medications. In creatures such as insects, the ability to self-medicate is almost certainly innate: woolly bear caterpillars infected with flies seek out and eat plant substances that are poisonous to the flies. But more complex animals may learn such tricks after an initial discovery by one member of their group. For example, an orangutan may have rubbed the plant on its skin to try to treat parasites and realized that it also had a pleasant pain-killing effect. That behavior may then have been passed on to other orangutans. Because this type of-self-medication is seen only in south-central Borneo, Morrogh-Bernard says, it was probably learned locally. 53. What do we know about Dracaena cantleyi? A. It can serve as a pain killer. B. It is orangutans normal diet. C. It is a plant with a foamy lather. D. L can function as building materials. 54. How did Morrogh-Bernard’s team prove the plant’s healing properties? A. By studying the plant’s chemistry. B. By observing apes eating the plant. C. By extracting cytokines from the plant. D. By watching local people using the plant. 55. What is the significance of the findings? A. Botanists can better understand plants. B. Scientists can find a new way to study apes. C. Doctors may have the power to cure more diseases. D. Drug companies may find new materials for medicine. 56. What can we learn according to the passage? A. Medicine is a human unique invention. B. Plant extracts are the best to treat-pain. C. Humans and animals have a lot in common. D. Insects have the natural ability to self medication. 15 （2024·江苏南京·模拟预测）We go through life assuming we’re in charge of our own minds —until temptation (诱惑) strikes. Few things better illustrate how little control we really have. You can know exactly what you should do (decline the second slice of cake or the third cocktail), but that hardly seems to matter when the urge arises. More self-discipline is rarely the answer, though. Instead, if you can understand what’s going on inside your head when temptation comes, you’ll be far better placed to make a healthier choice. Sometimes, you need to push yourself, the idea behind which, in psychology, is to make the better choice the easier choice. (School pupils eat more healthily, it’s been shown, when the salads are within easier reach than the chips.) So, instead of relying on willpower, stop keeping ice creams in your freezer! Use StayFocused or similar apps to block distracting websites. Change your environment, and temptation will be a non-issue. For every person, behind every bad habit, there's a reasonable desire: some people eat or drink too much because they're lonely, or smoke to get a break from a busy schedule. Once you’ve uncovered this underlying need, find a different way to meet it: call a friend; take a coffee break instead of a cigarette break. There’s nothing wrong with the need—only with the way you’re currently meeting it. It’s a strange truth that we’ll break all sorts of promises to ourselves— yet most of us would never fail to show up at a prearranged meeting with a friend. Involve others in your temptation-resistance efforts, whether it's asking someone to check in weekly to see if you’re sticking to your plan, or never going shopping alone if you’re subject to impulse purchases. Best of all, launch a joint plan, in which two of you decide to give up a bad habit. That turns a challenge into a fun game. 57. What does “that” mean in paragraph 1? A. Temptation. B. Self-awareness. C. Choice. D. Self-motivation. 58. Which should be a good choice if you feel worn out from a packed timetable? A. Exercise strong willpower over it. B. Keep ice creams within easy reach. C. Use StayFocused to refresh yourself. D. Chat with a friend over a cup of coffee. 59. What does the author suggest you do according to paragraph 4? A. Seek partners’ support. B. Leave challenges behind. C. Keep your promises. D. Say no to playing games. 60. What is the text mainly about? A. What causes temptation. B. How to keep temptation at bay. C. Why urges set in. D. How to keep life under control. 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$备战2025年高考之暑假名校模拟试题精练精析 备战2025年高考之暑假名校模拟试题精练精析 阅读理解 （说明文） 1 （2025·浙江·模拟预测）The Mona Lisa is the famous Leonardo da Vinci painting of a woman with a mysterious smile. This week, the woman parted her lips to whisper an ancient secret. Scientists using X-rays to examine the chemical structure of a small part of the painting discovered a technique Leonardo used in the work. An oil paint used for it was a special, new chemical mixture, which suggests that the Italian artist was in an experimental mood when he worked on the painting in the 16th century. “He loved to experiment, and each of his paintings is completely different technically,” said Victor Gonzalez, a chemist who has studied the chemical element of several works by Leonardo and other artists. The researchers found a rare lead compound (铅化合物) — plumbonacrite, in Leonardo’s first layer of paint. The discovery proved that da Vinci most likely used lead oxide to thicken and help dry his paint. The paint in the study is about the thickness of a human hair, lying in the top right area of the painting. The scientists looked into its atomic (原子的) structure using X-rays, moving particles at the speed of light, permitting researchers to look deeper into the paint structure. “Plumbonacrite is really a fingerprint of his recipe, as it’s the first time we can chemically confirm it,” Gonzalez said. Rembrandt, the Dutch master, may have employed a similar blend in his 17th-century paintings. Gonzalez and fellow researchers have also detected plumbonacrite in his art. It’s believed that Leonardo used lead oxide powder, which has an orange color, to thicken his oil paint and speed up drying. “What you will get is an oil that has a very nice golden color,” Gonzalez said. “It flows more like honey.” But the Mona Lisa — said by the Louvre to be a portrait (肖像) of Lisa Gherardini, the wife of a Florentine silk businessman — There’s more to her gaze than meets the eye. “What we are saying is just a little brick in the knowledge,” Gonzalez said. 1. What technique did da Vinci potentially use in the Mona Lisa? A. The employment of tailored X-rays. B. The application of a rare lead compound. C. A special mixture of oil paints. D. The universal use of atomic structures. 2. What does the use of plumbonacrite suggest about Leonardo’s painting approach? A. Willingness to experiment. B. Giving priority to conventions. C. Technically identical output. D. Concentration on paint drying. 3. What is Gonzalez’s attitude towards the use of lead oxide powder? A. Dismissive. B. Objective. C. Doubtful. D. Favorable. 4. What can we infer about the Mona Lisa from the last paragraph? A. It still holds secrets yet to be uncovered. B. It echoes the realities of the worldly life. C. It’s a perfect combination of old and new. D. It serves as the key to understanding Leonardo. 2 （2025·浙江·模拟预测）Do you ever find yourself randomly thinking back to the times we wandered, collecting wildflowers and smiling beneath the sky? That feeling is often referred to as nostalgia (怀旧). Psychologists have defined nostalgia as a self-conscious, social emotion, bittersweet but dominantly positive. It comes from our happy memories and our desire to go back to the past and reconnect with the people we cared about. Often, nostalgia involves sensory stimuli. On some occasions, the smell of autumn leaves might generate a fierce longing for your childhood home. Almost everyone can experience nostalgia, although its object tends to vary throughout life. One survey conducted by the psychologist Krystine Irene Batcho found that younger people felt more nostalgia for pets, toys, and holidays than did older people, who felt it more strongly for music. In contrast to its links to negative emotions, nostalgia doesn’t make us sadder. Rather, nostalgia is a defensive response to unhappiness, one that brings relief from a negative mood. Research from 2006 shows that nostalgia can actually strengthen social ties, improve self-esteem, and uplift our mood. Other studies suggest that it can also enhance our view of life’s meaning, reduce fear of death, boost spirituality, and increase optimism. Scholars remain uncertain about the precise mechanism behind the effectiveness of nostalgia; however, some suggest that reflecting on joyful memories strengthens our sense of self-worth and belonging, particularly during times of loneliness or self-doubt. Its power lets the happiness of the past overcome the current unpleasantness, offering a bit of escape from tough times. To form stronger connections, we can establish traditions around shared past experiences in families, friend groups, and workplaces. Observing special occasions like childhood sports or post-college meetups can give us something to look forward to. Perhaps because it is so powerful and complex, nostalgia has received magical treatment from poets and writers. “The past is hidden somewhere outside the realm (领域), beyond the reach of intellect,” Marcel Proust wrote. 5. Why does the author mention “autumn leaves” in the second paragraph? A. To illustrate the complexity of nostalgia. B. To emphasize the joyful nature of nostalgia. C. To clarify nostalgia’s connection to our senses. D. To stress individual variety of experiencing nostalgia. 6. What is paragraph 3 mainly about? A. The mismatch between two findings. B. The potential benefits of nostalgia. C. The impact of nostalgia on personal mood. D. The mechanisms behind nostalgia’s effects. 7. What does the author suggest us do in paragraph 4? A. Create shared traditions for bonding and joy. B. Record the social gatherings regularly. C. Recognize the unnecessary social gatherings. D. Say no to the concept of escapism. 8. Which of the following is the best title for the text? A. Nostalgia: Why We Should Avoid Reflecting on the Past B. Nostalgia: A Shelter Against the Unhappiness of Our Life C. A Nostalgia Warning: Our Mental Health Being Attacked D. Power of Nostalgia: Struggling for an Irreplaceable Present 3 （2024·四川成都·模拟预测）Minimizing the environmental damage that new roads cause is generally regarded as a good thing. But to do that, it helps to understand just how new roads cause the damage of which they are accused. Recently, a group of researchers led by Dr. Gonzalez conducted an experiment and proved that immigration is good for the health of animal populations. A road destroys only a small part of the habitat, thus destroying just a few local populations of creatures. So the argument that road-building itself is bad for biodiversity is not self-evidently correct. Those who nevertheless hold this view say that apparently separate local populations of animals are, in fact, parts of much larger populations connected via migration. According to this theory, when a local population struggles to move about — because of an epidemic, for example — individuals from neighboring communities can fill the gaps. The implications of the theory are straightforward. Cut local populations off from each other and each is more likely to disappear. And roads are good at doing just that. Testing the theory with experimental roads, however, would be expensive. Dr. Gonzalez’s brainwave was to do the whole thing on a much smaller scale. The team studied moss-covered rocks. On some rocks the researchers left the moss untouched; on others they made “roadways” across to leave the moss isolated. After waiting six months, they found that in the disturbed habitats nearly all the bug population had declined compared with undisturbed moss, and 40% of the species had become extinct. The real test came in the second part of the experiment. In this, the researchers removed moss much as before, but they left narrow moss paths to bridge the no-bug’s-land between islands. The islands with bridges did far better than isolated islands — a result that supports the notion that population exchange is necessary to keep an ecosystem healthy. Whether these results can be translated to large-scale ecosystems remains uncertain. But if they can, they would cause more, not less, concern about the ecological effects of road-building. On the other hand, they also suggest a way out. In Britain, tunnels are often built under roads for animals of regular habits, such as badgers (獾), to be able to travel their traditional routes without having to fight with traffic. Extending that principle, perhaps special bridges might be a cheap way of letting man and nature rub along a bit better. 9. What’s the main idea of the passage? A. Calling on us to stop building roads for a healthy ecosystem. B. Warning us of potential dangers of animal immigration. C. Informing us of the environmental damage caused by new roads. D. Suggesting a new way to avoid the damage caused by new roads. 10. Dr. Gonzalez’s experiment found that __________. A. building roads is expensive B. immigration is good for animals C. roads cut off animal immigration D. tunnels should be built under roads 11. How does the author present his point? A. By analyzing facts.            ​​ B. By giving examples. C. By providing scientific findings.​​ D. By comparing possible effects. 12. According to the passage, which of the following statements will the writer agree with? A. The impact of road-building is not as serious as we thought. B. Road-building is beneficial to animal immigration. C. Environmental damage caused by road-building is still uncertain. D. Environmental damage caused by road-building might be lessened. 4 （2024·内蒙古呼伦贝尔·模拟预测）Earthquake forecasting is one of the most ancient skills known to mankind. From ancient Greece to the present day, countless scientists have tried to develop tools to predict earthquakes. Their attempts usually focused on searching for reliable forerunners of forthcoming quakes. However, there are many reasons why predicting quakes is so hard. “We don’t understand some basic physics of earthquakes,” said Egill, a research professor at the California Institute of Technology. Scientists have also attempted to create mathematical models of movement, but precisely predicting earthquakes would require great mapping and analysis of the Earth’s crust. Other challenges include a lack of data on the early warning signs, given that these warning signs are not yet entirely understood. Actually, real earthquake prediction is very similar to the diagnosis of potential human illnesses based on observing and analyzing each patient’s signs and symptoms. As it turns out, quake prediction is extremely difficult. Many sources show that earthquake forecasting was a recognized science in ancient Greece. Ancient Greeks lived very close to nature and were able to detect unusual phenomena and forecast earthquakes. The first known forecast was made by Pherecydes of Syros about 2,500 years ago: He made it as he scooped water from a well and noticed that usually very clean water had suddenly become muddy. Indeed, an earthquake occurred two days later, making Pherecydes famous. Nowadays, seismic (地震的) and remote-sensing methods are considered to have the greatest potential in terms of solving the earthquake prediction problem. Currently, Terra Seismic, an earthquake forecasting company, can identify a forthcoming earthquake with a high level of confidence. Generally, Terra Seismic does not promise to predict a quake if the earthquake’s epicentre is located beyond a depth of 40 km. Fortunately, such quakes are almost always harmless, since the quake’s energy reduces before reaching the Earth’s surface. “Scientists have tried every possible method to try to predict earthquakes,” Bruneau, an expert in earthquake engineering, said. “Nobody has been able to crack it and make a believable prediction.” 13. Why is earthquake forecasting so difficult? A. Some basic physics of earthquakes is unknown. B. Data on the early warning signs are not fully understood. C. Mapping and analysis of the Earth’s crust are impossible. D. It is the same as the diagnosis of human illnesses. 14. Why does the author give the example of Pherecydes? A. To explain why Pherecydes was famous. B. To explain ancient Greeks lived very close to nature. C. To show earthquake forecasting is a science with a long history. D. To show remote-sensing methods are the best solution to earthquake prediction. 15. What does Bruneau mean in Paragraph 4? A. Terra Seismic can predict an earthquake. B. Scientists have methods of predicting earthquakes. C. Some quakes are harmless if the quake’s energy is released. D. Scientists have no reliable way to predict an earthquake. 16. What is the main idea of the passage? A. The reasons for earthquake forecasting. B. The history of earthquake forecasting. C. The methods of earthquake forecasting. D. The future of earthquake forecasting. 5 （2024·山东聊城·三模）People may typically think of memory as the recollection of the past. Memory enables people to learn from past experiences and apply that knowledge in present circumstances. It is a vital part of our identity. So is culture, the way of life specific to a group of people. Cultural memory is the constructed understanding of the past that is passed from one generation to the next through text, oral traditions, monuments and other symbols. Cultural memory is often amassed in objects, such as museums or historical monuments. To understand culture, humans access a mass of cultural symbols, such as books. Artifacts (历史文物) of the past provide insights into where we came from. Libraries and the Internet keep a seemingly boundless amount of data on what it means to be part of a culture. Cultural memory is the longest-lasting form of memory. Like all forms of memory, cultural memory has important functions. For example, it makes the experiences a nation owns clear. It provides us with an understanding of the past and the values of the group to which we belong. Besides, it creates a form of shared identity and a means for communicating this identity to new members. The most powerful forms of cultural memory may involve memories of past disastrous experiences undergone (经历) by groups of victims. For example, in Russia, their role in World War II— in which tens of millions of Russians were killed — is still an important part of modern Russian identity. Because all groups have cultural memory, it can bring about a spirit of resistance or survival among threatened groups. The main function of cultural memory is not to recall the past, whether it is good or bad. Rather, it is to use knowledge of past experiences to avoid making the same mistakes again and again. Aleida Assmann, a professor who has worked on memory theory since the 1960s, calls this “remembering forward”. Cultural memory enables people to adapt to their culture; it enables cultures to adapt to new circumstances by keeping traces (痕迹) of what worked in the past. 17. What is the function of the first paragraph? A. Reporting a discovery of cultural memory. B. Leading to the concept of cultural memory. C. Introducing the importance of memory in identity. D. Making a connection between memory and culture. 18. Which can replace the underlined word “amassed” in paragraph 2? A. Stored. B. Overlooked. C. Evaluated. D. Created. 19. Russia is mentioned in paragraph 3 to indicate ______. A. the features of cultural memory B. the formation of cultural memory C. the role of big events in Russian identity D. the impact of cultural memory on identity 20. What is cultural memory mainly expected to do? A. Pass previous wisdom down. B. Keep traces of history. C. Get people to know about the past. D. Remind people of their identity. 6 （2024·安徽黄山·二模）Living in a city, you may face fewer parking spaces, more pollution, less personal space, and more traffic and noise, all of which contribute to higher stress levels, often translating to aggression (攻击行为). And now, researchers have found evidence that this behavior applies to song sparrows (歌雀) too. But it comes with a surprising benefit to the youngest generation of city sparrows. There are fewer city-living song sparrows than in the countryside. However, the increased aggression observed in the males can be connected to a more pressing need to defend territories in urban settings. But that increased aggression doesn’t mean the males fail in their duties as fathers. In fact, the researchers were surprised to find that the opposite may be true. “Male songbirds are thought to reduce parental care when they are more aggressive. Yet this study showed that urban male song sparrows provided more care for their young,” says Dr Samuel Lane, lead author of the study. “Against our expectations, we found that they visited nests more often and were more successful parents than the males in the countryside.” The researchers carried out their studies at six sites across southwest Virginia, USA, across four breeding (繁殖) seasons. They found that the high survival rate of their chicks was subject to many factors. Not only did male sparrows visit their nests more often, but they also began feeding chicks earlier in the day. Despite the challenges of being a city bird, hatching success was observed to be higher in urban habitats. And even though brood parasitism, one species laying eggs in the nest of another, is typically higher in urban areas, the researchers observed that rates of nest predation, the act of other animals eating eggs or young birds, were lower, further contributing to the overall nesting success of these sparrows. Lane said, “Our study adds to growing evidence that certain species of songbirds even benefit from living in urban environments when there is enough green space for them to find food and nest locations.” The team hope ongoing research in this area will contribute to the establishment of urban environments aimed at offering improved support for wildlife. 21. What causes the increased aggression of male city sparrows? A. The stress of protecting their territories. B. The worsening of urban noise pollution. C. The challenges of building their nests. D. The growing needs of younger generations. 22. What had the researchers expected of urban males compared to those in the countryside? A. They lived shorter lives. B. They had a higher population. C. They had lower nest attendance. D. They woke up earlier in the morning. 23. Which of the following can be found in urban areas according to the study? A. Higher nest locations. B. Reduced brood parasitism. C. Limited breeding seasons. D. Lower nest predation rates. 24. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. City Male Birds Do It All B. Aggressive Birds Surprise Scientists C. Big City Life Makes Birds Better Dads D. The Future of City Birds Lies in Our Hands 7 （2024·江苏盐城·模拟预测）The male western tanager (唐纳雀) looks like a little flame, while females are less showy, a dusty yellow. In the spring, they prepare to move thousands of miles to the Mountain West of Central America, flying through grasslands, deserts, and occasionally, suburban yards. To fuel them on their lengthy journey, western tanagers fill up on insects and berries. But as global climate change causes spring to start earlier, birds such as western tanagers are arriving at their destination after what’s known as “green-up”, when flowers begin blooming and insects emerge. According to a study published in early March in the journal PNAS, this kind of timing mismatch between migrants (迁移动物) and their food sources, which is happening across North America, could have serious consequences for migratory birds’ survival. “In discussing climate change, we often focus on warming,” says Scott Loss, a co-author of the study. “But the length and timing of seasons — like when winter ends and spring begins — are some of the most dramatic effects of climate change.” Loss and his colleagues used satellite imagery from 2002 to 2021 to calculate the average start of spring green-up along the typical migration routes of 150 North American bird species, then compared that timing with the current green-up. They found that spring is indeed beginning earlier along birds’ migration routes. “By contrary, previous studies have mainly focused on songbirds in Eastern North America,” says Morgan Tingley, an ornithologist at UCLA, “but this new investigation shows that bird species in the West and at different levels of the food web might be just as vulnerable (脆弱的).” “Part of it is knowing which species are vulnerable to various threats,” Loss says. “This adds to the knowledge about vulnerability of a wide range of bird species.” And he hopes that the information will serve to highlight the urgent need to lower greenhouse-gas emissions as fast as possible. “It’s really important, if we can’t address climate change immediately, to try to stop habitat loss as much as we can.” 25. What may pose a direct threat to western tanagers’ survival? A. Global warming. B. The duration of changing seasons. C. Loss of habitats due to human activities. D. Decreased access to foods during migration. 26. What is unique about the new study on birds like western tanagers? A. It covers a wider geographic range. B. It reveals the decline in bird populations. C. It centers on the adaptation of bird species. D. It ensures the existence of a timing mismatch. 27. What does Loss suggest we do to safeguard migratory birds? A. Lessen the effects of climate change. B. Preserve ecosystems for bird species. C. Address emissions and habitat loss. D. Expand researches on threats to birds. 28. Where is the text most likely from? A. A scientific journal. B. A bird-watching guidebook. C. A website about climate change. D. A magazine about wildlife conservation. 8 （2024·江苏南京·模拟预测）Last year I averaged 9,370 steps a day. My smartphone counted. My daily aim? Ten thousand steps. Because goals. Yet the concept of taking 10,000 steps a day to maintain health is rooted not in science but in marketing. In the 1960s, a Japanese company invented an early pedometer (计步器). Because the Japanese character for “10,000” looks like a person walking, the company called its device the 10,000-step meter. “It was just sort of a catchy phrase,” says I-Min Lee, a scientist at Harvard Medical School. In 2019, Lee published a study investigating the actual effects of meeting the 10,000-step goal. The result? Some movement is good, and more is better, but the benefits decline at some point. Your personal peak depends on your age. People younger than 60 should indeed walk 8,000 to 10,000 steps a day to get the best benefits in terms of lifespan (寿命). People older than 60 show the most benefit between 6,000 and 8,000 steps. The difference is energy consumption. “We basically relate energy consumption to health outcomes,” Lee says. Walking for 60 minutes at 3.3 miles an hour and running for 30 minutes at 6 miles an hour use the same amount of energy. “The older you are, the less efficient you are with your steps,” Lee says. “Per step, older people use more energy.” Thus, they need fewer steps to achieve the same benefits. Newer studies are moving beyond death rates to ask questions about the way steps may help to control blood pressure and weight. The goal, after all, is not just to live longer but to live healthier. Ful results are not in yet, so Lee’s advice is: “Tailor your steps according to what you are trying to achieve and according to who you are.” 29. The concept of taking 10,000 steps daily arises from ______. A. the findings of scientific surveys B. the formation of a Japanese character C. a marketing trick D. a healthy habit 30. What does Lee’s research find? A. Walking step targets vary with age. B. Walking more makes one look younger. C. Old people benefit more from walking longer. D. Reaching 10,000 steps daily appeals to many. 31. What is paragraph 4 mainly about? A. The difference in energy consumption among age groups. B. The contrast between the benefits of walking and running. C. The reason for setting different step goals based on age. D. The link between energy consumption and health outcomes. 32. What will newer studies focus on? A. How steps change one’s lifestyle. B. How steps affect one’s lifespan. C. How steps reduce death rates. D. How steps boost healthy living. 9 （2024·辽宁大连·模拟预测）You probably know that sunshine affects your mental and physical health. New research shows it may also affect your appetite-but only if you’re male. That finding surprised Carmit Levy, who had been studying how ultraviolet-B (UV-B) rays affect the skin of mice. The sun’s UV-B rays are the main cause of sunburns and skin changes that can lead to cancer. Levy exposed mice to these rays for a few weeks. The dose was so weak that it didn’t cause any redness. But Levy noticed changes in the animals’ fa t tissue. Part of the mice also became heavier. Levy ordered new mice to look into these unexpected changes. The new group included a mix of males and females. She found that UV-B exposure enhanced the appetite of male mice — but not females’. The males also worked harder to get at food that was difficult to reach. Something was really motivating them to eat more. She wondered whether sunlight might have a similar effect on people. To find it out, she gathered volunteers for two studies. Both suggested that men and women may respond differently to UV-B. But the number of volunteers in these tests was too small to be persuasive. Fortunately, Levy’s colleague Andrews had access to data from almost 3,000 people. They’d all participated in Israel’s first nutrition survey, some 20 years before. These data showed that 1,330 of the surveyed men consumed more food in summer months. From March to September, they tended to down about 2,188 daily calories. They averaged only about 1, 875 calories from October to February. The 1,661 women in this study consumed about 1,500 calories per day all year long. Longer days in summer give males of many species more time to hunt and provide for their families. Consuming more food would give them the energy to do just that. In human evolution, UV-B might have motivated our male ancestors to hunt more to help their community survive. 33. Where is the text most probably taken from? A. A textbook on biology. B. An abstract of a food journal. C. A review of medical research. D. An essay from the science website. 34. What happened to the mice after weeks’ exposure to UV-B rays? A. Their fat tissue decreased. B. Some of them gained weight. C. Their skin became reddened. D. Some of them developed cancer. 35. What did Levy do when she found her studies weren’t convincing enough? A. She gathered more volunteers. B. She set out to conduct more tests. C. She invited more scientists to join her. D. She turned to some previous research data. 36. What does the last paragraph mainly talk about? A. Advantages of males of many species over females. B. Reasons why males of many species prefer summer. C. Benefits of UV-B exposure to males of many species. D. Effects of sunlight on the health of males of many species. 10 （2024·江苏南京·模拟预测）While lifting weights one day, I heard a loud click on my back. I was rushed to the emergency room, where I was told the pain would eventually disappear. It didn’t, however. What I’ve learned about pain since then — both as a patient and as a physician — has me questioning how we treat it. Vania Apkarian, one of the world’s leading pain researchers, told me the classic idea is that pain continues as long as the injury does, but the injury and pain it produces end up being separate. “Although MRIs (核磁共振) are reliable indicators of injury, they are not reliable indicators of pain,” he says. A review of 33 studies found that among a group of 20-year-olds without any back pain, 37 percent had disc degeneration (腰椎间盘退化) on MRI. And in people whose backs hurt, MRI results have absolutely no connection with their pain. This is a really big deal: millions of people in the U.S. alone get MRIs for back pain. Yet 5 percent of them were medically justified, and of those who received MRIs, 65 percent received potentially harmful advice — including calls for risky back surgery that probably wouldn’t have resolved their pain. I could have been one of those people, yet when I took my MRI films to an experienced surgeon, he told me an operation might leave my back worse off. If MRI doesn’t explain long-lasting pains, what does? One major factor is our mentality. A recent trial has revealed the power of therapies (疗法) that target how we think about discomfort. People who are anxious about being in pain are twice as likely to develop long time pain. A thorough examination of pain and its origins should encourage efforts to make sure everyone in pain receives kindness and respect, as well as access to more than pills and surgical procedures. Fully accepting the complexity of pain can open the door to new and innovative ways to ensure that even if we hurt, we don’t have to suffer. 37. What does paragraph 2 imply? A. Back pain is not necessarily an emergency case. B. MRI tests can’t give a full picture of one’s condition. C. Minor injuries can lead to severe pain. D. Bone problems begin to bother the young. 38. What can we learn from the author’s personal story? A. He found his back surgery medically justified. B. The surgeon misled him about the back injury. C. A surgery might do him more harm than good. D. Being a physician helps him treat his back pain. 39. According to the author, what should a patient with long-lasting pain do? A. Consult professionals to receive surgeries. B. Have painkillers as early as possible. C. Take comprehensive MRI examinations. D. Acquire a thorough understanding of the pain. 40. What is a suitable title for the text? A. Origins of pain. B. Killers of pain. C. Victims of pain. D. Effects of pain. 11 （2024·江西·一模）Have you ever witnessed the astonishing beauty of auroras (极光)? They are a gift from the heavens resulting from the interaction between the atmosphere and cosmic radiation (宇宙辐射). However, in South Korea, a flight attendant, 53, died from cancer due to long exposure to intense cosmic radiation. According to South Korean authorities, the flight attendant flew about 1,022 annual hours throughout his career, with half of his flights spent crossing the regions in and around the North Pole, where cosmic radiation reaches extraordinarily high levels. Cosmic radiation, which comes from the sun and other stars in the galaxy, is constantly hitting Earth. Cosmic radiation can be divided into two types: solar radiation and galactic cosmic radiation. Solar radiation comprises charged particles (带电粒子) emitted by the sun, known as the solar wind, while galactic cosmic radiation comes from the remaining parts of supernovas (超新星). Despite the continuous and powerful nature of cosmic radiation, we are generally protected from their worst effects. Earth’s magnetic field (磁场) and atmosphere provide protection from this radiation, with the magnetic field being strongest in tropical areas and weakest at the poles. Consequently, individuals living in higher latitudes (纬度), like Heilongjiang province, experience slightly more cosmic radiation than those in lower latitudes, such as Hainan province. Moreover, at higher altitudes, such as when passengers are flying on an airplane, the thinner atmosphere results in more intense exposure to cosmic radiation. For astronauts and flight attendants on polar routes, lacking the protection offered by Earth’s magnetic field and atmosphere exposes them to potential health risks. According to NASA, astronaut s who spend six months in space encounter a radiation exposure roughly equal to undergoing 1,000 chest X-rays. However, what makes cosmic radiation dangerous also holds treatment potential. Joseph, a particle physicist and his members found the high speed and energy of cosmic radiation have provided insights into treating tumors. Scientists can now artificially produce charged particles similar to cosmic radiation. Compared to conventional radiotherapy, charged particles can target tumors more effectively with less harm to the surrounding healthy tissues, according to Joseph. 41. What can we know about cosmic radiation from paragraph 2? A. It may lead to a higher risk of cancer. B. It is comprised of charged particles alone. C. It generates harmful substances in the atmosphere. D. It mainly results from the remaining parts of supernovas 42. Who would be exposed to the most cosmic radiation? A. Workers exploring at the poles. B. Passengers flying on an airplane. C. Residents living in Hainan province. D. Researchers studying in the tropical areas. 43. Which statement does Joseph probably agree with ? A. Cosmic radiation can confirm the tumor types. B. Cancer patients can be cured due to cosmic radiation. C. Cosmic radiotherapy does no harm to patients’ tissues. D. Cosmic radiation is promising in the medical application. 44. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. The Formation of Cosmic Radiation B. The Breathtaking Beauty of Auroras C. Cosmic Radiation: a Double-edged Sword D. The Research on the Mysterious Universe 12 （2024·安徽淮北·二模）While conquering the world’s swimming pools in the late 1990s and the 2000s, Amanda Beard had already included breathing exercises in her training. Several years after the end of her athletic career, she discovered walking meditation. Today the seven-time US Olympic medalist practices walking meditation in nature, around the house, or while walking the dog. It’s a daily practice with the focused mindfulness of meditation that contributes positively to every aspect of her life, she says. You don’t need equipment or a designated space to start. The idea of a walking meditation is to pay attention to the way your body feels, noticing things like the sky, trees, tuning into all of your senses. This means you can meditate “on the go” in the countryside, in the city, in your backyard, and virtually anywhere. A simple, 10-minute walking meditation for beginners requires that you just start at ease. Consider what you hear, smell and see. Think about how your feet touch the ground. Fully focus on these feelings. A report in Health Promotion Perspectives also found that walking meditation can improve your balance, adjust your heart rate, boost your mental focus, and help you battle anxiety and depression. “The benefits of meditation are many,” says Dr. Schramm, a board-certified family physician and meditation teacher. “When we do this over and over again, we train the brain to focus on only one thing at a time and this increases both our blood flow and actual neuronal (神经元) changes within our brains.” “The magic of meditation is to be able to help you connect with yourself; meditation shouldn’t feel a certain way,” says Tara Stiles, a yoga and wellness expert. It’s a common mistake in meditation: People fear a wandering mind. “A wandering mind is completely normal,” Stiles says. “Even experienced meditators aren’t sitting there never having a thought, but when they have the thought they choose to guide themselves back to their breath instead of getting frustrated. 45. What is walking meditation? A. Plain walking. B. Mindful walking. C. A competitive sport. D. Deep thought while stationary. 46. Which of the following is recommended to a beginner starting walking meditation? A. A familiar environment. B. A 10-minute walking time. C. A relaxed but observant state. D. A piece of special equipment. 47. What is the brain’s reaction to walking meditation according to Dr. Schramm? A. Enhancing the blood flow. B. Undergoing balance training. C. Having more active thoughts. D. Decreasing neuronal changes. 48. What is Tara Stiles’ attitude towards distractions? A. Carefree. B. Frustrated. C. Concerned. D. Positive. 13 （2024·陕西宝鸡·三模）A shadowy figure sits alone in a room, his face dimly lit by a computer screen. With a grin, he types in a series of computer commands, and in the blink of an eye, someone’s bank account is drained to zero. In today’s digital age, cyberattacks like this happen thousands of times per day. Hackers can steal money, information, or completely take control of a machine from anywhere in the world. However, not all hackers are villains. Some hackers, called white hat or ethical hackers, are individuals who make the most of their hacking skills to identify security vulnerabilities (漏洞) in hardware, software and networks. Their job is crucial in preventing cyberattacks and safeguarding sensitive information. The term “white hat” originated from old cowboy movies, where heroes wore white hats and villains wore black ones. Like the heroes in cowboy movies, white hats seek to stop the bad guys and save the day. White hat hackers only seek vulnerabilities legally, often working on open-source software or with authorized access to systems. Once these weak spots are identified, companies or individuals can take steps to prevent serious breaches and losses. White hat hackers use a variety of different techniques to keep the internet safe. Penetration testing, for example, allows them to mimic cyberattacks and uncover system weaknesses. Security scanning tools allow white hats to identify holes in a network’s security systems. Simulating denial-of-service attacks (DoS attacks) helps companies prepare for attacks against their websites. Many of the world’s top white hat hackers began their journeys on the wrong side of the law. A prime example is Kevin Mitnick. This notorious hacker once held the title of “most wanted hacker” in the U. S. due to his cybercriminal activities in 1995. However, after being arrested and spending five years in jail, his life took a remarkable turn. Mitnick decided to use his hacking skills for ethical purposes, eventually establishing his own cybersecurity consulting company. If you aspire to be a white hat hacker, start by building a strong foundation in computer and network fundamentals. Good luck, computer cowboy! 49. What does the underlined word “villains” in Paragraph 2 mean? A. evil-doers. B. heroes. C. attackers. D. victims. 50. What can we learn about white hat hackers? A. They wear white hats in cowboy movies. B. They do everything to safeguard people’s information. C. They legally use their professional skills to help people. D. They find vulnerabilities for personal gain without doing harm. 51. People skilled in computer and network can’t be top white hat hackers unless ______. A. they obey the law B. they identify security weak points C. they take measures to stop serious losses D. they build their own cybersecurity consulting companies 52. What is the purpose of the text? A. To teach us how to stay secure online. B. To tell us how to be top white hackers. C. To warn us of the dangers of cyberattacks. D. To introduce defenders of the digital world. 14 （2024·湖北襄阳·三模）Medicine is not exclusively a human invention. Many other animals, from insects to birds to nonhuman primates, have been known to self-medicate with plants and minerals for infections and other conditions. Behavioral ecologist Helen Morrogh-Bernard of the Borneo Nature Foundation has spent decades studying the island’s orangutans (猩猩) and says she has now found evidence they use plants in a previously unseen medicinal way. During more than 20, 000 hours of formal observation, Morrogh-Bernard and her colleagues watched 10 orangutans occasionally chew a particular plant (which is not part of their normal diet) into a foamy lather (泡沫) and then rub it into their fur. The apes spent up to 45 minutes at a time massaging the mixture onto their upper arms or legs. The researchers believe this behavior is the first known example of a nonhuman animal using a topical painkiller. Local people use the same plant Dracaena cantleyi, an unremarkable-looking plant with stalked leaves-to treat aches and pains. Morrogh-Bernard’s co-authors studied its chemistry. They added extracts (提出物) from the plant to human cells that had been grown in a dish and had been artificially stimulated to produce cytokines, an immune system response that causes inflammation (炎症) and discomfort. The plant extract reduced the production of several types of cytokines, the scientists reported the finding in a study published last November in Scientific Reports. The results suggest that orangutans use the plant to reduce inflammation and treat pam. Such findings could help identify plants and chemicals that might be useful for human medications. In creatures such as insects, the ability to self-medicate is almost certainly innate: woolly bear caterpillars infected with flies seek out and eat plant substances that are poisonous to the flies. But more complex animals may learn such tricks after an initial discovery by one member of their group. For example, an orangutan may have rubbed the plant on its skin to try to treat parasites and realized that it also had a pleasant pain-killing effect. That behavior may then have been passed on to other orangutans. Because this type of-self-medication is seen only in south-central Borneo, Morrogh-Bernard says, it was probably learned locally. 53. What do we know about Dracaena cantleyi? A. It can serve as a pain killer. B. It is orangutans normal diet. C. It is a plant with a foamy lather. D. L can function as building materials. 54. How did Morrogh-Bernard’s team prove the plant’s healing properties? A. By studying the plant’s chemistry. B. By observing apes eating the plant. C. By extracting cytokines from the plant. D. By watching local people using the plant. 55. What is the significance of the findings? A. Botanists can better understand plants. B. Scientists can find a new way to study apes. C. Doctors may have the power to cure more diseases. D. Drug companies may find new materials for medicine. 56. What can we learn according to the passage? A. Medicine is a human unique invention. B. Plant extracts are the best to treat-pain. C. Humans and animals have a lot in common. D. Insects have the natural ability to self medication. 15 （2024·江苏南京·模拟预测）We go through life assuming we’re in charge of our own minds —until temptation (诱惑) strikes. Few things better illustrate how little control we really have. You can know exactly what you should do (decline the second slice of cake or the third cocktail), but that hardly seems to matter when the urge arises. More self-discipline is rarely the answer, though. Instead, if you can understand what’s going on inside your head when temptation comes, you’ll be far better placed to make a healthier choice. Sometimes, you need to push yourself, the idea behind which, in psychology, is to make the better choice the easier choice. (School pupils eat more healthily, it’s been shown, when the salads are within easier reach than the chips.) So, instead of relying on willpower, stop keeping ice creams in your freezer! Use StayFocused or similar apps to block distracting websites. Change your environment, and temptation will be a non-issue. For every person, behind every bad habit, there's a reasonable desire: some people eat or drink too much because they're lonely, or smoke to get a break from a busy schedule. Once you’ve uncovered this underlying need, find a different way to meet it: call a friend; take a coffee break instead of a cigarette break. There’s nothing wrong with the need—only with the way you’re currently meeting it. It’s a strange truth that we’ll break all sorts of promises to ourselves— yet most of us would never fail to show up at a prearranged meeting with a friend. Involve others in your temptation-resistance efforts, whether it's asking someone to check in weekly to see if you’re sticking to your plan, or never going shopping alone if you’re subject to impulse purchases. Best of all, launch a joint plan, in which two of you decide to give up a bad habit. That turns a challenge into a fun game. 57. What does “that” mean in paragraph 1? A. Temptation. B. Self-awareness. C. Choice. D. Self-motivation. 58. Which should be a good choice if you feel worn out from a packed timetable? A. Exercise strong willpower over it. B. Keep ice creams within easy reach. C. Use StayFocused to refresh yourself. D. Chat with a friend over a cup of coffee. 59. What does the author suggest you do according to paragraph 4? A. Seek partners’ support. B. Leave challenges behind. C. Keep your promises. D. Say no to playing games. 60. What is the text mainly about? A. What causes temptation. B. How to keep temptation at bay. C. Why urges set in. D. How to keep life under control. 参考答案 1 1. B 2. A 3. D 4. A 【解析】这是一篇说明文，主要讲述了科学家通过X射线检查《蒙娜丽莎》的部分化学结构，发现了达芬奇在作品中使用的一种技术。 1. 细节理解题。根据第三段“The researchers found a rare lead compound (铅化合物) — plumbonacrite, in Leonardo’s first layer of paint. The discovery proved that da Vinci most likely used lead oxide to thicken and help dry his paint.”（研究人员在达·芬奇的第一层画作中发现了一种罕见的铅化合物——plumbonacrite。这一发现证明，达芬奇很可能使用了氧化铅来增稠和干燥他的颜料）可知，达芬奇在《蒙娜丽莎》中可能使用了一种罕见的铅化合物。故选B项。 2. 推理判断题。根据文章第三段“He loved to experiment, and each of his paintings is completely different technically”（他喜欢实验，他的每一幅画在技术上都完全不同）可知，达芬奇喜欢实验，故选A。 3. 推理判断题。根据文章第五段““What you will get is an oil that has a very nice golden color,” Gonzalez said. “It flows more like honey.””（“你会得到一种非常漂亮的金色的油，”Gonzalez说，“它流动起来更像蜂蜜。”）可知，Gonzalez对使用氧化铅粉末的态度是支持的。故选D。 4. 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段““What we are saying is just a little brick in the knowledge,” Gonzalez said.”（Gonzalez说：“我们所说的只是知识中的一小块。”）可推知，《蒙娜丽莎》仍然有待揭示的秘密。故选A。 2 5. C 6. B 7. A 8. B 【解析】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了怀旧的定义、产生原因、影响以及我们应如何利用怀旧来增强社交关系和自我价值感。 5. 推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Often, nostalgia involves sensory stimuli. On some occasions, the smell of autumn leaves might generate a fierce longing for your childhood home.”（怀旧通常涉及感官刺激。有时候，秋天的树叶的气味可能会引发对你儿时家的强烈思念。）可知，作者提到“秋天的树叶”是为了说明怀旧与我们的感官的联系。故选C。 6. 主旨大意题。根据文章第三段的内容“In contrast to its links to negative emotions, nostalgia doesn’t make us sadder. Rather, nostalgia is a defensive response to unhappiness, one that brings relief from a negative mood. Research from 2006 shows that nostalgia can actually strengthen social ties, improve self-esteem, and uplift our mood. Other studies suggest that it can also enhance our view of life’s meaning, reduce fear of death, boost spirituality, and increase optimism.”（与它与负面情绪的联系相反，怀旧并不会让我们更悲伤。更确切地说，怀旧是对不快乐的一种防御反应，它能让你从消极情绪中解脱出来。2006年的研究表明，怀旧实际上可以加强社会联系，提高自尊，提升我们的情绪。其他研究表明，它还可以增强我们对生命意义的看法，减少对死亡的恐惧，提升精神，增加乐观情绪。），可以看出这一段主要讲述了怀旧的潜在好处，如增强社交关系、提高自尊、提升我们的心情等。故选B。 7. 推理判断题。根据文章第四段“To form stronger connections, we can establish traditions around shared past experiences in families, friend groups, and workplaces. Observing special occasions like childhood sports or post-college meetups can give us something to look forward to.”（为了形成更强的联系，我们可以在家庭、朋友圈和工作场所建立围绕共享过去经历的传统。）可推知，作者建议我们创建共享的传统以增强联系和快乐。故选A。 8. 主旨大意题。根据全文内容以及第四段“Scholars remain uncertain about the precise mechanism behind the effectiveness of nostalgia; however, some suggest that reflecting on joyful memories strengthens our sense of self-worth and belonging, particularly during times of loneliness or self-doubt. Its power lets the happiness of the past overcome the current unpleasantness, offering a bit of escape from tough times.”（学者们仍然不确定怀旧效应背后的确切机制；然而，一些人认为，回忆快乐的记忆可以增强我们的自我价值感和归属感，尤其是在孤独或自我怀疑的时候。它的力量可以让过去的快乐克服当前的不愉快，为艰难时期提供一点逃避。），文章主要讲述了怀旧的定义、产生原因、影响以及我们应如何利用怀旧来增强社交关系和自我价值感，因此B选项“怀旧：我们生活中的避难所”最能概括全文内容。故选B。 3 9. C 10. B 11. C 12. D 【解析】这是一篇说明文，主要讲述了新建道路对环境的破坏以及如何通过实验找到避免这种破坏的新方法。 9. 主旨大意题。根据第一段“Minimizing the environmental damage that new roads cause is generally regarded as a good thing. But to do that, it helps to understand just how new roads cause the damage of which they are accused.”（把新建道路对环境造成的破坏降到最低通常被认为是一件好事。但要做到这一点，它有助于理解新道路是如何造成被指责的破坏的。）可知，短文主要告诉我们新路对环境造成的破坏。故选C项。 10. 细节理解题。根据第二段“Recently, a group of researchers led by Dr. Gonzalez conducted an experiment and proved that immigration is good for the health of animal populations.”（最近，冈萨雷斯博士领导的一组研究人员进行了一项实验，证明了移民对动物种群的健康有益。）可知，移民对动物有益。故选B项。 11. 推理判断题。根据第二段“Recently, a group of researchers led by Dr. Gonzalez conducted an experiment and proved that immigration is good for the health of animal populations.”（最近，冈萨雷斯博士领导的一组研究人员进行了一项实验，证明了移民对动物种群的健康有益），第三段“According to this theory, when a local population struggles to move about — because of an epidemic, for example — individuals from neighboring communities can fill the gaps.”（根据这一理论，当当地人口难以移动时，例如由于流行病，来自邻近社区的个人可以填补空白。）和第五段“After waiting six months, they found that in the disturbed habitats nearly all the bug population had declined compared with undisturbed moss, and 40% of the species had become extinct.”（ 等了六个月后，他们发现，与未受干扰的苔藓相比，在受干扰的栖息地，几乎所有的虫子数量都减少了，40%的物种已经灭绝。）可知，短文是通过提供科学发现来呈现观点的。故选C。 12. 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“In Britain, tunnels are often built under roads for animals of regular habits, such as badgers (獾), to be able to travel their traditional routes without having to fight with traffic. Extending that principle, perhaps special bridges might be a cheap way of letting man and nature rub along a bit better.”（在英国，人们经常在道路下方建造隧道，让像獾这样的有规律习性的动物能够沿着它们的传统路线行走，而不必与交通争抢。扩展这一原则，也许特殊的桥梁可能是让人类和自然更好地相处的一种便宜的方式。）可推知，通过合理建设道路，作者认为道路造成的环境破坏可能会被减轻，故选D。 4 13. A 14. C 15. D 16. C 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了地震预报是人类古老的技能，科学家们从古至今不断尝试开发预测地震的工具，但地震预测面临诸多挑战。总体上，地震预测仍是一个难题。 13. 细节理解题。根据第二段中“However, there are many reasons why predicting quakes is so hard. “We don’t understand some basic physics of earthquakes,” said Egill (然而，预测地震如此困难的原因有很多。“我们不了解地震的一些基本物理原理，”Egill说)”可知，地震预报如此困难是因为地震的一些基本物理原理是未知的。故选A项。 14. 推理判断题。根据第三段中“Ancient Greeks lived very close to nature and were able to detect unusual phenomena and forecast earthquakes. The first known forecast was made by Pherecydes of Syros about 2,500 years ago: He made it as he scooped water from a well and noticed that usually very clean water had suddenly become muddy. Indeed, an earthquake occurred two days later, making Pherecydes famous. (古希腊人生活得非常接近自然，能够检测不寻常的现象和预测地震。已知的第一个预测是2500年前锡罗斯的毕达哥拉斯做出的：他从一口井里舀水时注意到，通常非常干净的水突然变得浑浊了。事实上，两天后发生了地震，毕达哥拉斯因此而出名。)”可推知，作者给出毕达哥拉斯成功预测地震的例子是为了说明古希腊时期就存在地震预测了，表明地震预测是一门历史悠久的科学。故选C项。 15. 推理判断题。根据最后一段中Bruneau所说的话“Scientists have tried every possible method to try to predict earthquakes (科学家们已经尝试了所有可能的方法来预测地震)”和“Nobody has been able to crack it and make a believable prediction. (没有人能够破解它并做出可靠的预测。)”可推知，Bruneau认为科学家没有可靠的方法来预测地震。故选D项。 16. 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段中“Earthquake forecasting is one of the most ancient skills known to mankind. From ancient Greece to the present day, countless scientists have tried to develop tools to predict earthquakes. (地震预测是人类已知的最古老的技能之一。从古希腊到现在，无数的科学家试图开发预测地震的工具。)”可知，文章讨论了古代和现代的地震预报方法，包括科学家们通过寻找可靠的先兆、建立数学模型以及使用地震和遥感方法等各种手段来预测地震的尝试。文章还涉及地震预测的局限性和挑战，例如缺乏对基本物理原理和早期预警信号的了解，以及无法预测超过一定深度的地震。因此，文章关注的是地震预测过程中涉及的方法和挑战。故选C项。 5 17. B 18. A 19. D 20. A 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要探讨文化记忆的定义、功能及其在社会和文化适应中的重要作用。 17. 推理判断题。根据文章第一段“People may typically think of memory as the recollection of the past. Memory enables people to learn from past experiences and apply that knowledge in present circumstances. It is a vital part of our identity. So is culture, the way of life specific to a group of people. (人们通常认为记忆是对过去的回忆。记忆使人们能够从过去的经验中学习，并将这些知识应用于当前的情况。这是我们身份的重要组成部分。文化也是如此，是一群人特有的生活方式。)”以及第二段首句“Cultural memory is the constructed understanding of the past that is passed from one generation to the next through text, oral traditions, monuments and other symbols. (文化记忆是对过去的理解，通过文字、口头传统、纪念碑和其他符号代代相传。)”可知，第一段是为了引出文化记忆的概念。故选B。 18. 词句猜测题。根据第二段划线单词下文“To understand culture, humans access a mass of cultural symbols, such as books. Artifacts of the past provide insights into where we came from. Libraries and the Internet keep a seemingly boundless amount of data on what it means to be part of a culture. (为了理解文化，人类接触了大量的文化符号，比如书籍。过去的历史文物提供了我们从哪里来的见解。图书馆和互联网保存着看似无穷无尽的数据，这些数据是关于成为某种文化的一部分意味着什么。)”可推测，划线词所在句子指的是“文化记忆通常储存在博物馆或历史纪念碑等物品中”，划线词与A项Stored“存储”意义相近。故选A。 19. 推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Besides, it creates a form of shared identity and a means for communicating this identity to new members. The most powerful forms of cultural memory may involve memories of past disastrous experiences undergone by groups of victims. For example, in Russia, their role in World War II— in which tens of millions of Russians were killed — is still an important part of modern Russian identity. Because all groups have cultural memory, it can bring about a spirit of resistance or survival among threatened groups. (此外，它还创造了一种共享身份的形式，以及一种将这种身份传递给新成员的手段。最强大的文化记忆形式可能包括对受害者群体所经历的过去灾难性经历的记忆。例如，在俄罗斯，他们在二战中的角色——数千万俄罗斯人在二战中丧生——仍然是现代俄罗斯身份的重要组成部分。因为所有群体都有文化记忆，它可以在受到威胁的群体中带来一种抵抗或生存的精神。)”可知，文章提到苏联的解体和随后的事件，这些事件对俄罗斯人的身份认同产生了深远影响，展现了文化记忆如何塑造和影响一个民族或国家的身份认同，故俄罗斯的例子是用来说明文化记忆对身份认同的影响。故选D。 20. 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“The main function of cultural memory is not to recall the past, whether it is good or bad. Rather, it is to use knowledge of past experiences to avoid making the same mistakes again and again. (文化记忆的主要功能不是回忆过去，不管过去是好是坏。相反，它是利用过去经验的知识来避免一次又一次地犯同样的错误。)”以及“Cultural memory enables people to adapt to their culture; it enables cultures to adapt to new circumstances by keeping traces of what worked in the past. (文化记忆使人们能够适应他们的文化；它使文化能够通过保留过去的痕迹来适应新的环境。)”可知，文化记忆主要被期望用来传承过去智慧以避免犯错误和适应新环境。故选A。 6 21. A 22. C 23. D 24. C 【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述城市压力让雄性歌雀更具有攻击性，但这也为它们成为更好的父亲，在城市的持续繁衍带来了好处。 21. 细节理解题。由文章第二段“There are fewer city-living song sparrows than in the countryside. However, the increased aggression observed in the males can be connected to a more pressing need to defend territories in urban settings. (城市里活着的歌麻雀比农村少。然而，在雄性歌雀身上观察到的攻击性增加可能与在城市环境中更迫切地需要保卫领土有关。)”可知，保护领地的压力导致雄性城市麻雀的攻击性增加。故选A项。 22. 细节理解题。由文章第三段“Against our expectations, we found that they visited nests more often and were more successful parents than the males in the countryside(与我们的预期相反，我们发现它们比农村的雄性更经常去巢穴，而且是更成功的父母)”可知，研究人员原本预计，与农村歌雀相比，城市雄性的歌雀对巢里幼崽照顾率较低，不能成为很好的父亲。故选C项。 23. 细节理解题。由文章第四段“And even though brood parasitism, one species laying eggs in the nest of another, is typically higher in urban areas, the researchers observed that rates of nest predation, the act of other animals eating eggs or young birds, were lower, further contributing to the overall nesting success of these sparrows.(尽管在城市地区，一个物种在另一个物种的巢穴中产卵的窝寄生率通常较高，但研究人员观察到，巢穴捕食率（其它动物吃蛋或幼鸟的行为）较低，这进一步促进了这些麻雀的整体筑巢成功。)”可知，研究表明，城市地区的巢穴捕食率较低。故选D项。 24. 主旨大意题。由文章第二段“There are fewer city-living song sparrows than in the countryside. However, the increased aggression observed in the males can be connected to a more pressing need to defend territories in urban settings. But that increased aggression doesn’t mean the males fail in their duties as fathers. In fact, the researchers were surprised to find that the opposite may be true.(城市里活着的歌雀比农村少。然而，在雄性歌雀身上观察到的攻击性增加可能与在城市环境中更迫切地需要保卫领土有关。但这种攻击性的增加并不意味着雄性不能履行父亲的职责。事实上，研究人员惊讶地发现，情况可能恰恰相反。)”以及上下文可知，文章讲述城市压力让雄性歌雀更具有攻击性，但这也为它们成为更好的父亲，在城市的持续繁衍带来了好处。所以C项Big City Life Makes Birds Better Dads(大城市生活让鸟成为更好的爸爸)符合语境。故选C项。 7 25. D 26. A 27. C 28. A 【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章从唐纳雀入手，分析北美迁移鸟类面临的挑战及其原因，最后提出建议：希望尽快减少温室气体的排放，尽可能地阻止栖息地的丧失。 25. 推理判断题。由第二段中的“To fuel them on their lengthy journey, western tanagers fill up on insects and berries. But as global climate change causes spring to start earlier, birds such as western tanagers are arriving at their destination after what’s known as “green-up”, when flowers begin blooming and insects emerge. According to a study published in early March in the journal PNAS, this kind of timing mismatch between migrants (迁移动物) and their food sources, which is happening across North America, could have serious consequences for migratory birds’ survival. (为了在漫长的旅途中补充能量，西方唐纳雀以昆虫和浆果为食。但随着全球气候变化导致春天提前到来，像唐纳雀这样的鸟类在所谓的“返青”之后才到达目的地，这时花朵开始绽放，昆虫开始出现。根据3月初发表在《美国科学院院刊》上的一项研究，这种迁移动物和它们的食物来源之间的时间不匹配，正在北美各地发生，可能会对候鸟的生存产生严重后果。)”可知，随着全球气候变化导致春季提前开始，唐纳德雀迁徙期间获得食物的机会减少。故选D项。 26. 推理判断题。由第三段中的““By contrary, previous studies have mainly focused on songbirds in Eastern North America,” says Morgan Tingley, an ornithologist at UCLA, “but this new investigation shows that bird species in the West and at different levels of the food web might be just as vulnerable (脆弱的).” (“相反，以前的研究主要集中在北美东部的鸣禽上，”加州大学洛杉矶分校的鸟类学Morgan Tingley说，“但这项新的调查表明，西部和食物网不同层次的鸟类物种可能同样脆弱。”)”可知，先前的研究的是北美东部的鸣禽，这项关于像西部唐纳雀这样的鸟类的新研究的独特之处在于它覆盖了更广泛的地理范围，不仅关注东北美地区的鸣禽，也包括西部及食物链不同层级上的鸟类。故选A项。 27. 细节理解题。由最后一段“And he hopes that the information will serve to highlight the urgent need to lower greenhouse-gas emissions as fast as possible. “It’s really important, if we can’t address climate change immediately, to try to stop habitat loss as much as we can.” (他希望这些信息将有助于强调尽快降低温室气体排放的迫切需要。“如果我们不能立即解决气候变化问题，那么尽我们所能阻止栖息地的丧失是非常重要的。”)”可知，作者期望能够尽快减少温室气体的排放，尽可能地阻止栖息地的丧失。故选C项。 28. 推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是由第二段中的“To fuel them on their lengthy journey, western tanagers fill up on insects and berries. But as global climate change causes spring to start earlier, birds such as western tanagers are arriving at their destination after what’s known as “green-up”, when flowers begin blooming and insects emerge. According to a study published in early March in the journal PNAS, this kind of timing mismatch between migrants (迁移动物) and their food sources, which is happening across North America, could have serious consequences for migratory birds’ survival. (为了在漫长的旅途中补充能量，西方唐纳雀以昆虫和浆果为食。但随着全球气候变化导致春天提前到来，像唐纳雀这样的鸟类在所谓的“返青”之后才到达目的地，这时花朵开始绽放，昆虫开始出现。根据3月初发表在《美国科学院院刊》上的一项研究，这种迁移动物和它们的食物来源之间的时间不匹配，正在北美各地发生，可能会对候鸟的生存产生严重后果。)”可知，本文介绍的是Scott Loss关于鸟类迁移的一项科学研究，且引用了《美国科学院院刊》的话，所以最可能来源于科研杂志。故选A项。 8 29. C 30. A 31. C 32. D 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了每天走10000步以保持健康的概念并非源于科学，而是源于营销。哈佛医学院的科学家I-Min Lee的研究发现，不同年龄段的最佳步行步数不同，步行对健康的益处与能量消耗有关。新的研究开始探讨步行如何帮助控制血压和体重。 29. 细节理解题。根据第二段中“Yet the concept of taking 10,000 steps a day to maintain health is rooted not in science but in marketing.”（然而，每天走10000步来保持健康的概念并非源于科学，而是源于营销。）可知，每天走10000步的概念实际上是一个营销策略。故选C。 30. 细节理解题。根据第三段中“People younger than 60 should indeed walk 8,000 to 10,000 steps a day to get the best benefits in terms of lifespan (寿命). People older than 60 show the most benefit between 6,000 and 8,000 steps.”（60岁以下的人确实应该每天走8000到10000步，以获得寿命方面的最佳效益。60岁以上的人走6000到8000步之间效益最大。）可知，Lee的研究发现，不同年龄段的步行目标步数不同。故选A。 31. 主旨大意题。根据第四段“The difference is energy consumption. “We basically relate energy consumption to health outcomes,” Lee says. Walking for 60 minutes at 3.3 miles an hour and running for 30 minutes at 6 miles an hour use the same amount of energy. “The older you are, the less efficient you are with your steps,” Lee says. “Per step, older people use more energy.” Thus, they need fewer steps to achieve the same benefits.”（差别在于能源消耗。“我们基本上把能源消耗与健康结果联系起来，”李说。以每小时3.3英里的速度步行60分钟和以每小时6英里的速度跑步30分钟消耗的能量相同。“你年纪越大，你走路的效率就越低，”李说。“每走一步，老年人消耗更多的能量。”因此，他们需要更少的步数来实现相同的好处。）可知，文中解释了为什么不同年龄段的步行目标步数不同，原因是能量消耗的差异。随着年龄的增长，人们步行时的能量效率降低，因此老年人需要更少的步数就能达到相同的健康效益。所以，第四段主要解释了基于年龄设定不同步行目标的原因。故选C。 32. 细节理解题。根据最后一段“Newer studies are moving beyond death rates to ask questions about the way steps may help to control blood pressure and weight.”（新的研究不再局限于死亡率，而是开始探讨步数如何有助于控制血压和体重。）可知，最新的研究将关注步数如何促进健康生活，包括控制血压和体重。故选D。 9 33. D 34. B 35. D 36. C 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。新的研究表明，阳光除了会影响你的身心健康，也可能影响雄性动物的食欲。 33. 推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是由文章第一段“You probably know that sunshine affects your mental and physical health. New research shows it may also affect your appetite-but only if you’re male. (你可能知道阳光会影响你的身心健康。新的研究表明，它也会影响你的食欲——但仅限于男性。)”可知，文章主要介绍了一项新的研究，新的研究表明，阳光除了会影响你的身心健康，也可能影响雄性动物的食欲。所以文章出自于科学网站。故选D项。 34. 细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的“Levy exposed mice to these rays for a few weeks. The dose was so weak that it didn’t cause any redness. But Levy noticed changes in the animals’ fa t tissue. Part of the mice also became heavier. (利维将老鼠暴露在这些射线下几个星期。剂量很弱，不会引起发红。但利维注意到动物的脂肪组织发生了变化。部分老鼠也变重了。)”可知，在这些射线下辐射几周后，一些实验鼠的体重增加了。故选B项。 35. 细节理解题。根据文章第四段中的“Both suggested that men and women may respond differently to UV-B. But the number of volunteers in these tests was too small to be persuasive. (两项研究都表明，男性和女性对UV-B的反应可能不同。但参加这些测试的志愿者数量太少，不足以让人信服。)”以及第五段中的“Fortunately, Levy’s colleague Andrews had access to data from almost 3, 000 people. They’d all participated in Israel’ s first nutrition survey, some 20 years before. (幸运的是，莱维的同事安德鲁斯获得了近3000人的数据。大约20年前，他们都参加了以色列的第一次营养调查。)”可知，为了使研究数据更可信，他们求助于以前的研究数据。故选D项。 36. 主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段“Longer days in summer give males of many species more time to hunt and provide for their families. Consuming more food would give them the energy to do just that. In human evolution, UV-B might have motivated our male ancestors to hunt more to help their community survive. (夏季的白天更长，许多物种的雄性有更多的时间狩猎和养家糊口。吃更多的食物会让他们有精力去做这件事。在人类进化过程中，UV-B可能促使我们的男性祖先更多地狩猎，以帮助他们的社区生存。)”可知，本段主要强调UV-B辐射对男性物种的益处。故选C项。 10 37. B 38. C 39. D 40. A 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了关于疼痛的话题，指出核磁共振（MRI）并非判断疼痛的可靠指标，并提出长期疼痛的一个重要因素是我们的心态。最后，文章强调了全面理解疼痛及其起源的重要性，并提倡创新的疼痛治疗方式。 37. 推理判断题。根据第二段中“Although MRIs (核磁共振) are reliable indicators of injury, they are not reliable indicators of pain”（虽然核磁共振是判断受伤的可靠指标，但它们并不是判断疼痛的可靠指标）和“A review of 33 studies found that among a group of 20-year-olds without any back pain, 37 percent had disc degeneration (腰椎间盘退化) on MRI. And in people whose backs hurt, MRI results have absolutely no connection with their pain.”（一项对33项研究的回顾发现，MRI显示在一群没有背痛的20岁年轻人中，37%的人有椎间盘退变。对于背部疼痛的人来说，核磁共振成像结果与他们的疼痛完全没有关系。）可知，MRI检查结果与疼痛没有绝对的联系。由此推知，不能仅凭MRI检查结果来判断一个人的疼痛情况，MRI检查结果并不能完全反映一个人的状况。故选B项。 38. 细节理解题。根据第三段中“yet when I took my MRI films to an experienced surgeon, he told me an operation might leave my back worse off”（然而，当我拿着MRI胶片去找一位经验丰富的外科医生时，他告诉我手术可能会让我的背部状况更糟）可知，在作者的经历中，手术可能带给他的不是好处，而是更大的伤害。故选C项。 39. 推理判断题。根据最后一段“A thorough examination of pain and its origins should encourage efforts to make sure everyone in pain receives kindness and respect, as well as access to more than pills and surgical procedures. Fully accepting the complexity of pain can open the door to new and innovative ways to ensure that even if we hurt, we don’t have to suffer.”（对疼痛及其根源的深入研究应鼓励人们努力确保每个经历疼痛的人都能得到善待和尊重，并且除了药物和手术之外，还能获得更多帮助。完全接受疼痛的复杂性可以为创新和新颖的方法打开大门，以确保即使我们受伤，也不必承受痛苦。）可推知，作者认为对于长期疼痛的患者来说，不仅仅是依赖药物或手术，还应该彻底了解疼痛的原因，获得对痛苦的彻底理解。故选D项。 40. 主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第四段中“If MRI doesn’t explain long-lasting pains, what does? One major factor is our mentality.”（如果核磁共振不能解释持久疼痛，那什么能解释呢？一个主要因素是我们的心态。）可知，全文主要讨论了关于疼痛的话题，指出核磁共振（MRI）并非判断疼痛的可靠指标，并提出长期疼痛的一个重要因素是我们的心态，强调了全面理解疼痛及其起源的重要性。因此，最适合的标题是“疼痛的起源”。故选A项。 11 41. A 42. A 43. D 44. C 【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了宇宙辐射的危害以及潜在的潜能。 41. 细节理解题。根据第二段“However, in South Korea, a flight attendant, 53, died from cancer due to long exposure to intense cosmic radiation.(然而，在韩国，一名53岁的空乘员因长期暴露在强烈的宇宙辐射下而死于癌症)”可知，宇宙辐射可能会导致更高的癌症风险。故选A。 42. 细节理解题。根据第二段“According to South Korean authorities, the flight attendant flew about 1,022 annual hours throughout his career, with half of his flights spent crossing the regions in and around the North Pole, where cosmic radiation reaches extraordinarily high levels.(据韩国当局称，这名空乘员在他的职业生涯中每年飞行约1022小时，其中一半的飞行是在北极及其周围地区进行的，那里的宇宙辐射水平非常高)”可知，在两极探险的工人会暴露在最多的宇宙辐射中。故选A。 43. 推理判断题。根据最后一段“However, what makes cosmic radiation dangerous also holds treatment potential. Joseph, a particle physicist and his members found the high speed and energy of cosmic radiation have provided insights into treating tumors.(然而，宇宙辐射的危险也有治疗的潜力。粒子物理学家约瑟夫和他的成员发现，宇宙辐射的高速和能量为治疗肿瘤提供了见解)”可知，约瑟夫认为宇宙辐射在医学上很有前景。故选D。 44. 主旨大意题。根据第二段“However, in South Korea, a flight attendant, 53, died from cancer due to long exposure to intense cosmic radiation.(然而，在韩国，一名53岁的空乘员因长期暴露在强烈的宇宙辐射下而死于癌症)”以及最后一段“However, what makes cosmic radiation dangerous also holds treatment potential. Joseph, a particle physicist and his members found the high speed and energy of cosmic radiation have provided insights into treating tumors.(然而，宇宙辐射的危险也有治疗的潜力。粒子物理学家约瑟夫和他的成员发现，宇宙辐射的高速和能量为治疗肿瘤提供了见解)”结合文章主要介绍了宇宙辐射的危害以及潜在的潜能。可知，C选项“宇宙辐射：一把双刃剑”最符合文章标题。故选C。 12 45. B 46. C 47. A 48. A 【解析】本文是说明文。文章介绍了美国奥运奖牌得主Amanda Beard如何将步行冥想融入日常生活，以及步行冥想的好处和如何进行步行冥想。 45. 推理判断题。根据第一段“It’s a daily practice with the focused mindfulness of meditation that contributes positively to every aspect of her life, she says.(她说，这是一种日常练习，专注于冥想，对她生活的方方面面都有积极的贡献)”以及第二段“The idea of a walking meditation is to pay attention to the way your body feels, noticing things like the sky, trees, tuning into all of your senses. This means you can meditate “on the go” in the countryside, in the city, in your backyard, and virtually anywhere.(行走冥想的概念是关注你身体的感觉，注意天空、树木等事物，调整你所有的感官。这意味着你可以在乡村、城市、后院以及几乎任何地方“边走边”冥想)”可知，walking meditation就是Mindful walking。故选B项。 46. 细节理解题。根据第二段“A simple, 10-minute walking meditation for beginners requires that you just start at ease. Consider what you hear, smell and see. Think about how your feet touch the ground. Fully focus on these feelings.(对于初学者来说，一个简单的10分钟步行冥想需要你从放松开始。考虑你所听到、闻到和看到的。想想你的脚是如何接触地面的。完全专注于这些感受)”可知，给刚开始行禅的初学者的建议是保持放松但善于观察的状态。故选C项。 47. 细节理解题。根据第三段““The benefits of meditation are many,” says Dr. Schramm, a board-certified family physician and meditation teacher. “When we do this over and over again, we train the brain to focus on only one thing at a time and this increases both our blood flow and actual neuronal (神经元) changes within our brains.”(“冥想的好处很多，”施拉姆博士说，他是一名经过认证的家庭医生和冥想老师。“当我们一次又一次地这样做时，我们训练大脑一次只关注一件事，这增加了我们的血流量和大脑中实际的神经元变化。”)”可知，大脑对行走冥想的反应是促进血液流动。故选A项。 48. 推理判断题。根据最后一段““A wandering mind is completely normal,” Stiles says. “Even experienced meditators aren’t sitting there never having a thought, but when they have the thought they choose to guide themselves back to their breath instead of getting frustrated.(“走神是完全正常的，”斯泰尔斯说。“即使是有经验的冥想者也不是坐在那里没有任何想法，而是当他们有想法时，他们选择引导自己回到呼吸上，而不是感到沮丧。”)”可知，斯泰尔斯认为走神是完全正常的，所以是持不必担心的态度。故选A项。 13 49. A 50. C 51. A 52. D 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍的是在数字时代充分利用黑客技能来捍卫数字世界安全的“白帽黑客”。 49. 词义猜测题。根据划线单词前的“In today’s digital age, cyberattacks like this happen thousands of times per day. Hackers can steal money, information, or completely take control of a machine from anywhere in the world. (在当今的数字时代，这样的网络攻击每天都会发生数千次。黑客可以从世界任何地方窃取金钱、信息，或者完全控制一台机器。)”可知，在当今数字时代，很多黑客从世界的任何期房窃取金钱、信息或者是控制一台机器，由此可知，黑客作者一些不好的事情，结合however可知，划线单词所在的句子表示的内容与上文为转折关系，所以此处表示的是不是所有的黑客都是做不好的事情的人，由此可知，划线单词的意思与“做不好事情的人”的意义相近，A项“evil-doers”（作恶者）与其意思相近。故选A项。 50. 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“White hat hackers only seek vulnerabilities legally, often working on open-source software or with authorized access to systems. Once these weak spots are identified, companies or individuals can take steps to prevent serious breaches and losses. (白帽黑客只通过合法途径寻找漏洞，他们通常利用开源软件或获得系统访问权限。一旦发现了这些弱点，公司或个人就可以采取措施防止严重的违规和损失。)”可知，白帽黑客一般都是采用合法的途径进入系统，去发现系统的弱点，以便采取措施防止严重的违规和损失，由此可知，白帽黑客是合法地使用他们的专业技能来帮助人们。故选C项。 51. 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“Many of the world’s top white hat hackers began their journeys on the wrong side of the law.(世界上许多顶级的白帽黑客都是从违法开始他们的旅程的。)”可知，很多顶级的白帽黑客都是从违法开始自己的旅程，由此可知，精通计算机和网络的人不可能成为顶级白帽黑客的前提是要遵守法律，否则就会成为违法者。故选A项。 52. 推理判断题。根据第二段中的“In today’s digital age, cyberattacks like this happen thousands of times per day. Hackers can steal money, information, or completely take control of a machine from anywhere in the world. (在当今的数字时代，这样的网络攻击每天都会发生数千次。黑客可以从世界任何地方窃取金钱、信息，或者完全控制一台机器。)”可知，在当今数字时代，黑客经常攻击网络，做一些危害世界人们的事情，结合下文中的“”However, not all hackers are villains.(然而，并非所有黑客都是坏人。)以及下文介绍的白帽黑客的特点以及在保护数字世界安全方面的作用可知，本文的目的是介绍数字世界安全的捍卫者——白帽黑客。故选D项。 14 53. A 54. A 55. D 56. D 【解析】这是一篇说明文，药物并不是人类的独家发明，研究人员通过观察猩猩用一种植物进行自我治疗，发现有很多其他动物都会用植物和矿物质来自我治疗感染和其他疾病。 53. 细节理解题。根据第四段中“Local people use the same plant Dracaena cantleyi, an unremarkable-looking plant with stalked leaves-to treat aches and pains.(当地人用同样的植物Dracaena cantleyi（一种长着茎状叶子的普通植物）来治疗疼痛)”可知，Dracaena cantleyi可以用来止疼，故选A。 54. 细节理解题。根据第四段中“Morrogh-Bernard’s co-authors studied its chemistry.(Morrogh-Bernard的合著者研究了它的化学成分)”可知，Morrogh-Bernard团队是通过研究这种植物的化学性质证明了它的药物疗效，故选A。 55. 推理判断题。根据第五段中“Such findings could help identify plants and chemicals that might be useful for human medications.(这些发现可以帮助识别可能对人类药物有用的植物和化学物质)”可知，这些发现的意义是制药公司可能会发现新的药物材料。故选D。 56. 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“In creatures such as insects, the ability to self-medicate is almost certainly innate(在昆虫等生物中，自我治疗的能力几乎肯定是天生的)”以及“But more complex animals may learn such tricks after an initial discovery by one member of their group.(但更复杂的动物可能会在群体中的一个成员最初发现后学会这些技巧)”可知，一些昆虫的自我治疗能力是天生的，而更多的动物是后天学习而得，故选D。 15 57. B 58. D 59. A 60. B 【解析】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了如何抵制诱惑，提出了一些有效的方法，如理解诱惑的来源，改变环境，寻找替代的满足方式，以及寻求他人的支持等。 57. 词句猜测题。根据第一段“You can know exactly what you should do (decline the second slice of cake or the third cocktail), but that hardly seems to matter when the urge arises.”（你可以确切地知道你应该做什么(拒绝第二块蛋糕或第三杯鸡尾酒)，但当冲动出现时，that似乎并不重要。）可知，当冲动出现时，所有的自我意识都不重要了。that指代上文的“自我意识”。故选B项。 58. 细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Once you’ve uncovered this underlying need, find a different way to meet it: call a friend; take a coffee break instead of a cigarette break.”（一旦你发现了这种潜在的需求，找到一种不同的方式来满足它:打电话给朋友;休息时间喝杯咖啡，而不是抽烟）可知，如果你因为日程安排过满而感到疲惫，你可以选择和朋友聊天喝咖啡来放松。故选D。 59. 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段的“Involve others in your temptation-resistance efforts, whether it's asking someone to check in weekly to see if you’re sticking to your plan, or never going shopping alone if you’re subject to impulse purchases.”（让其他人参与你的抵制诱惑的努力，无论是让某人每周检查你是否坚持你的计划，还是如果你容易冲动购物，就不要一个人去购物。）可知，作者建议你寻求他人的支持。故选A。 60. 主旨大意题。根据全文内容可知，文章主要讲述了如何抵制诱惑，提出了一些有效的方法，如理解诱惑的来源，改变环境，寻找替代的满足方式，以及寻求他人的支持等。故选B。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$