阅读理解专题4 猜测词义课件-2025届高三英语上学期一轮复习专项

高考英语阅读理解猜测词义小专题 阅读理解分类分项4 四川省宜宾市第六中学校 胡孝刚 ①学会句子停顿，获取句子重点信息； ②掌握利用前后逻辑关系突破猜词的特点； ③掌握利用前后语法关系突破猜词的特点； ④掌握利用前后语境关系突破猜词的特点； ⑤掌握利用基本构词法突破猜词的特点； 目标任务 课前理解：填空并说明自己做题方法 ①The boy was a __________. Like a teacher, he should go to school before 8:00 every day. ②The boy who was a ____________ should go to school before 8:00 every day. ③The boy was a student. Every day, he should ________ to school before 8:00. 逻辑关系：对比 语法关系：定语从句 语境关系 Task 1. 前后逻辑关系 ①转折:but, however, otherwise，though, even though ②对比:unlike, in contrast, while, on the contrary, on the other hand, rather than, instead of, contrary to ③近义:similarly, like, or, namely, in other words, that is to say. just as, and, also, as well as, the same as, as ... ④原因:because, since, because of, due to, thanks to, for, as a result (of) ⑤结果:so, therefore, so that, so/such ... that ..., lead to/result in/contribute to ⑥举例:for example, for instance such as, like, include, including Task 1. 前后逻辑关系 1. Is it possible to beat high blood pressure without drugs? The answer is “yes”, according to the researchers at Johns Hopkins and three other medical centers. (___________________) and three other medical centers 并列关系可推断“Johns Hopkins”是一家医疗中心。 2. Green loves to talk, and his brothers are similarly loquacious. (_______________________) 该句中的副词similarly表明loves to talk和loquacious 之间是比较关系,其意义相近。由此可推断出loquacious的意思是“健谈的”。 Task 1. 前后逻辑关系 3. The course gives you chances to know great power polities between nation states. It will provide more space to study particular issues such as relationship among countries in the European Union, third world debt, local and international disagreement, and the work of such international bodies as the United Nations, the European Union, NATO, and the World Bank. (_________________) 根据such as 后面列举的一系列例子可推断句中的issues 应该是指“议题”。 Task 1. 前后逻辑关系 4. I feel that since you are my superior, it would be presumptuous of me to tell you what to do. ◈The word “presumptuous” in the sentence is closest in meaning to A. full of respect B. too confident and rude C. lacking in experience D. too shy and quiet 根据since 引导的原因状语从句的内容(既然你是我的上司),可以推断出“presumptuous”的意思为“自负的,放肆的”。故B Task 1. 前后逻辑关系 5. [2021·新高考Ⅰ卷·C片段] When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America, the skies and lands were alive with an astonishing variety of wildlife. Native Americans had taken care of these precious natural resources wisely. Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources. Millions of waterfowl (水禽) were killed at the hands of market hunters and a handful of overly ambitious sportsmen. Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing populations, greatly reducing waterfowl habitat (栖息地). 29. What does the underlined word “decimate” mean in the first paragraph? A. acquire. B. export. C. destroy. D. distribute. 依据画线词所在句中的unfortunately可判断，画线词所在句与上文形成转折，上文讲到了探险者抵达北美洲时，这片大陆上充满了各种各样的野生物种，整个大陆生机勃勃。美洲土著居民明智地照顾着这些宝贵的自然资源，因此画线词所在句应讲述这些资源受到的破坏——探险者及随之而来的殖民者只用了几十年就将大部分资源破坏。故C Task 2.前后语法关系 ①下定义: be, mean, refer to, be called/named, namely, that is, be considered ②同位语(从句):同位语(从句)是对其前内容的解释说明，也可以帮助猜测词义 ③定语从句:尤其注意which/who后的非限制性定语从句 ④标点符号:注意破折号(—)、冒号(:)、分号(;)涉及内容 Task 2.前后语法关系 6. Ventilation, as you know, is a system or means of providing fresh air. It plays a very important part in the field of engineering. (________________) “Ventilation”可能是个生词,但 is 后面是对该词的明确定义。什么系统或什么手段才能提供新鲜空气呢?由此推断画线词意为“通风系统”。 7. Before the main business of a conference begins, the chairman usually makes a short preliminary speech, or makes a few preliminary remarks. In other words, he says a few things by way of introduction. (______________________) In other words和其后的内容可推断preliminary speech 的意思是在开会之前主席所做的一些简单的介绍,或者说是“开场白”。 Task 2.前后语法关系 8. [2021·全国甲卷阅读C] Southbank, at an eastern bend in the Thames, is the center of British skateboarding, where the continuous crashing of skateboards left your head ringing. I loved it. I soon made friends with the local skaters. We spoke our own language. And my favorite: Safe. Safe meant cool. It meant hello. It meant don't worry about it. Once, when trying a certain trick on the beam (横杆), I fell onto the stones, damaging a nerve in my hand, and Toby came over, helping me up: Safe, man. Safe. A few minutes later, when I landed the trick, my friends beat their boards loud, shouting: “Safe! Safe! Safe” And that's what mattered—landing tricks, being a good skater. 29. What do the underlined words “Safe! Safe! Safe！” probably mean? A. Be careful! B. Well done! C. No way! D. Don't worry! 用同等关系猜词词义。根据画线词后文的解释说明“And that's what mattered—landing tricks, being a good skater. (那才是真正重要的——滑板的落地技巧掌握了才是一名好的滑板玩家)”可知，作者掌握了滑板落地技巧，因此他的朋友大声欢呼，因此可以推出本句的Safe是赞美的含义。B Task 3. 前后语境含义关系 利用上下文语境猜词义，应全面考虑，除了理解文章的意思，还应结合关键词，利用名词的单复数，用词的褒贬性以及词语的组合搭配，提高猜词的准确率。 Task 3. 前后语境含义关系 9. I guess that there’s probably some demanding work schedule, or social anxiety around stepping up to help for an unknown sport. She may just need a little persuading. So I try again and tug at the heartstrings. I mention the single parent with four kids running the show and I talk about the dad coaching a team that his kids aren’t even on... At this point the unwilling parent speaks up, “Alright. Yes, I’ll do it.” ◈ What does the underlined phrase “tug at the heartstrings” in paragraph 2 mean? A. Encourage teamwork.　　 B. Appeal to feelings. C. Promote good deeds.　　 D. Provide advice. 根据逻辑信号词“So”和关键词“persuading”可初步推断画线短语的意思与“说服”或“劝说”相关;再根据下文作者为打感情牌所列举的种种困难以及关键信息“Alright. Yes, I’ll do it.”可推断出“我”成功地触动了对方的心弦。故B Task 4. 基本构词法 10. Stratford cries poor traditionally. Nevertheless every hotel in town seems to be adding a new wing or cocktail lounge. Hilton is building its own hotel there, which you may be sure will be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars, the Lear Lounge, the Banquo Banqueting Room, and so forth, and will be very expensive. ◈ By saying “Stratford cries poor traditionally”, the author implies that ___________. A. Stratford cannot afford the expansion projects B. Stratford has long been in financial difficulties C. the town is not really short of money D. the townsfolk used to be poorly paid 推测“Stratford cries poor traditionally”的暗含意义,不能只看画线句本身,要结合语境看作者的主要意图是什么。原句说Stratford小镇经常哭穷,但根据Nevertheless可判断出前后句之间是相反关系,因而判定画线句与下文语义相反,即可根据反向关系推测前文所说情况并非真实,即小镇并非真的穷。下文的具体内容也印证了这一点,如“Hilton is building its own hotel there” “and will be very expensive”,由此可知小镇在建设希尔顿酒店并且装修非常昂贵,说明小镇并不是真的穷。故C Task 3. 前后语境含义关系 11. [2022·全国乙卷阅读C] That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety. It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews' efforts. 29. What does “maintenance” underlined in Paragraph 3 refer to? A. Personnel safety. B. Assistance from drones. C. Inspection and repair. D. Construction of infrastructure. 词义猜测题。利用上下文语境猜测词义。根据本段第二句It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure.可知maintenance是“维护，保养”的意思，选项Inspection and repair与句中的inspect and repair对应。 Task 4. 基本构词法 ①否定前缀或后缀，与原单词构成反义词，如:dis-,un-, im-,-less 等 ②后缀改变词性但不改变词义前缀 re-表“又,再”;co-表“共同”如coauthor“合著者”;tele-表“远的’ ③合成法构成新词根据合成词各个组成词的意义结合原文准确猜测词义,如teammate ④词性转化 12. Do you have any strong opinion on co-educational or single-sex schools? (___________) 根据词根educational (教育的),结合前缀co-(共同,一起)和single-sex schools,可推测co-educational的意思是“男女同校的”。 Task 4. 基本构词法 13. [2020·新高考Ⅱ卷阅读B] My imaginary Grandma's Box worked like magic that spring, and later. Sometimes students would ask me to describe all the things I had in it. Then I would try to remember the different possessions I supposedly had taken away — since I seldom actually kept them. Usually the offender would appear at the end of the day, and I would return the belonging. 25. What do the underlined words “the offender” in Paragraph 8 refer to? A. The students' parent. B. The maker of the Grandma' Box. C. The author's grandchild. D. The owner of the forbidden fruit. 词义猜测题　根据构词法，“er”为后缀，当其与动词缀合时，表示做某事的人或物；“offend”为动词，意思为违反、冒犯。故“offender”有犯规者、违反者的含义。结合前文中出现的“forbidden fruit”，以及后文提到“return the belonging”，可推断犯规者指的是拥有前述forbidden fruit的人。 14. (2024 新高考Ⅱ卷 D) In the wrong hands, such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code (代码) that powers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades’ professional experience translating the heady into the understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI. 12. What does the phrase “In the wrong hands” in paragraph 2 probably mean? A. If read by someone poorly educated. B. If reviewed by someone ill-intentioned. C. If written by someone less competent. D. If translated by someone unacademic. C 15. (2024 新高考Ⅰ卷 C) When reading texts of several hundred words or more, learning is generally more successful when it’s on paper than onscreen. A large amount of research confirms this finding. The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks — like identifying the main idea in a reading passage — to ones that require mental abstraction — such as drawing inferences from a text. 28. What does the underlined phrase “shine through” in paragraph 2 mean? A. Seem unlikely to last. B. Seem hard to explain. C. Become ready to use. D. Become easy to notice. D 16. (2024 全国甲卷 B) Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit, but cats take this behavior up a notch. Many cats will find random objects outside and bring them to their owners. This is a very old habit that's been present in all kinds of predators (食肉动物). Cats bring gifts for their owners to show they love you. These adorable little hunters are just doing something that it's been in their nature since the beginning of time. So just go along with it! 6. Which best explains the phrase ""take. . . up notch"" in paragraph 3? A. Perform appropriately. B. Move faster. C. Act strangely. D. Do better. D 17. (2024 北京卷 C) The 18th-century philosopher Kant argued that the universe ultimately consists of things-in-themselves that are unknowable. While he held the notion that objective reality exists, he said our mind plays a necessary role in structuring and shaping our perceptions. Modern sciences have revealed that our perceptual experience of the world is the result of many stages of processing by sensory systems and cognitive (认知的) functions in the brain. No one knows exactly what happens within this black box. If empirical (实证的) experience fails to reveal reality, reasoning won’t reveal reality either since it relies on concepts and words that are contingent on our social, cultural and psychological histories. Again, a black box. 29. What does the phrase “contingent on” underlined in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A. Accepted by. B. Determined by. C. Awakened by. D. Discovered by. B 18. (2023 全国乙卷 D) In addition to the problem of miscomprehension from both sides, there are victories accidentally or deliberately twisted, especially when only the victors know how to write. Those who are on the losing side often have only their things to tell their stories. The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider contact (联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue. If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects. 14. What does the underlined word “conversation” in paragraph 3 refer to? A. Problem. B. History. C. Voice. D. Society. B 19. (2023 新课标Ⅱ卷 C) In this “book of books,” artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures. We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school, with the book as a focus for relations between the generations. Adults are portrayed (描绘) alone in many settings and poses —absorbed in a volume, deep in thought or lost in a moment of leisure. These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago, but they record moments we can all relate to. 10. What do the underlined words “relate to” in paragraph 2 mean? A. Understand. B. Paint. C. Seize. D. Transform. A 20. (2023 新课标Ⅰ卷 C) Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter. This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value. 9. What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean? A. Clear-up. B. Add-on. C. Check-in. D. Take-over. A 21. (2023 全国甲卷 B) Terri Boltonis a dab hand when it comes to DIY (do-it-yourself). Skilled at putting up shelves and piecing together furniture, she never pays someone else to do a job she can do herself. 4. Which is closest in meaning to “a dab hand” in paragraph 1? A. An artist. B. A winner. C. A specialist. D. A pioneer. C 22. (2019 全国Ⅱ卷 ) But he’s, nervous. “I’m here to tell you today why you should … should…” Chris trips on the “-ld,” a. pronunciation difficulty for many non-native English speakers. His teacher, Thomas Whaley, is next to him, whispering support. “…Vote for …me …” Except for some stumbles, Chris is doing amazingly well. When he brings his speech to a nice conclusion, Whaley invites the rest of the class to praise him. 25. What does the underlined word “stumbles” in paragraph 2 refer to? A. Improper pauses. B. Bad manners. C. Spelling mistakes. D. Silly jokes. A 作业安排 $$