专题07 阅读理解之说明文(高考真题+江苏名校模拟)-备战2025年高考英语名校模拟真题速递(江苏专用)

备战2025年高考英语名校模拟真题速递(江苏专用) 第一期 专题07 阅读理解之说明文(高考真题+江苏名校模拟) （2024年新高考I卷高考真题）In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect. “With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable?” Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns. “We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru. Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features. What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity? “Quite a lot,” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places — and even species — that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.” 1．What do we know about the records of species collected now? A．They are becoming outdated. B．They are mostly in electronic form. C．They are limited in number. D．They are used for public exhibition. 2．What does Daru’s study focus on? A．Threatened species. B．Physical specimens. C．Observational data. D．Mobile applications. 3．What has led to the biases according to the study? A．Mistakes in data analysis. B．Poor quality of uploaded pictures. C．Improper way of sampling. D．Unreliable data collection devices. 4．What is Daru’s suggestion for biodiversity apps? A．Review data from certain areas. B．Hire experts to check the records. C．Confirm the identity of the users. D．Give guidance to citizen scientists. （2023年新高考I卷高考真题）On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate. This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down. But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals. In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together”. Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous. 5．What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about? A．The methods of estimation. B．The underlying logic of the effect. C．The causes of people’s errors. D．The design of Galton’s experiment. 6．Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ________. A．the crowds were relatively small B．there were occasional underestimates C．individuals did not communicate D．estimates were not fully independent 7．What did the follow-up study focus on? A．The size of the groups. B．The dominant members. C．The discussion process. D．The individual estimates. 8．What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies? A．Unclear. B．Dismissive. C．Doubtful. D．Approving. （2023年新高考I卷高考真题）The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you. To do so, I divided the book into two parts. In part one, I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism, starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly intolerable, before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy. Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter. This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value. In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. You’ll hear these participants’ stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you should avoid. The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you cultivate (培养) a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters, I examine issues such as the importance of solitude (独处) and the necessity of cultivating high-quality leisure to replace the time most now spent on mindless device use. Each chapter concludes with a collection of practices, which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter. You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that works for your particular circumstances. 9．What is the book aimed at? A．Teaching critical thinking skills. B．Advocating a simple digital lifestyle. C．Solving philosophical problems. D．Promoting the use of a digital device. 10．What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean? A．Clear-up. B．Add-on. C．Check-in. D．Take-over. 11．What is presented in the final chapter of part one? A．Theoretical models. B．Statistical methods. C．Practical examples. D．Historical analyses. 12．What does the author suggest readers do with the practices offered in part two? A．Use them as needed. B．Recommend them to friends. C．Evaluate their effects. D．Identify the ideas behind them. （2024·江苏盐城·模拟预测）The male western tanager (唐纳雀) looks like a little flame, while females are less showy, a dusty yellow. In the spring, they prepare to move thousands of miles to the Mountain West of Central America, flying through grasslands, deserts, and occasionally, suburban yards. To fuel them on their lengthy journey, western tanagers fill up on insects and berries. But as global climate change causes spring to start earlier, birds such as western tanagers are arriving at their destination after what’s known as “green-up”, when flowers begin blooming and insects emerge. According to a study published in early March in the journal PNAS, this kind of timing mismatch between migrants (迁移动物) and their food sources, which is happening across North America, could have serious consequences for migratory birds’ survival. “In discussing climate change, we often focus on warming,” says Scott Loss, a co-author of the study. “But the length and timing of seasons — like when winter ends and spring begins — are some of the most dramatic effects of climate change.” Loss and his colleagues used satellite imagery from 2002 to 2021 to calculate the average start of spring green-up along the typical migration routes of 150 North American bird species, then compared that timing with the current green-up. They found that spring is indeed beginning earlier along birds’ migration routes. “By contrary, previous studies have mainly focused on songbirds in Eastern North America,” says Morgan Tingley, an ornithologist at UCLA, “but this new investigation shows that bird species in the West and at different levels of the food web might be just as vulnerable (脆弱的).” “Part of it is knowing which species are vulnerable to various threats,” Loss says. “This adds to the knowledge about vulnerability of a wide range of bird species.” And he hopes that the information will serve to highlight the urgent need to lower greenhouse-gas emissions as fast as possible. “It’s really important, if we can’t address climate change immediately, to try to stop habitat loss as much as we can.” 13．What may pose a direct threat to western tanagers’ survival? A．Global warming. B．The duration of changing seasons. C．Loss of habitats due to human activities. D．Decreased access to foods during migration. 14．What is unique about the new study on birds like western tanagers? A．It covers a wider geographic range. B．It reveals the decline in bird populations. C．It centers on the adaptation of bird species. D．It ensures the existence of a timing mismatch. 15．What does Loss suggest we do to safeguard migratory birds? A．Lessen the effects of climate change. B．Preserve ecosystems for bird species. C．Address emissions and habitat loss. D．Expand researches on threats to birds. 16．Where is the text most likely from? A．A scientific journal. B．A bird-watching guidebook. C．A website about climate change. D．A magazine about wildlife conservation. （2024·江苏南京·模拟预测）Last year I averaged 9,370 steps a day. My smartphone counted. My daily aim? Ten thousand steps. Because goals. Yet the concept of taking 10,000 steps a day to maintain health is rooted not in science but in marketing. In the 1960s, a Japanese company invented an early pedometer (计步器). Because the Japanese character for “10,000” looks like a person walking, the company called its device the 10,000-step meter. “It was just sort of a catchy phrase,” says I-Min Lee, a scientist at Harvard Medical School. In 2019, Lee published a study investigating the actual effects of meeting the 10,000-step goal. The result? Some movement is good, and more is better, but the benefits decline at some point. Your personal peak depends on your age. People younger than 60 should indeed walk 8,000 to 10,000 steps a day to get the best benefits in terms of lifespan (寿命). People older than 60 show the most benefit between 6,000 and 8,000 steps. The difference is energy consumption. “We basically relate energy consumption to health outcomes,” Lee says. Walking for 60 minutes at 3.3 miles an hour and running for 30 minutes at 6 miles an hour use the same amount of energy. “The older you are, the less efficient you are with your steps,” Lee says. “Per step, older people use more energy.” Thus, they need fewer steps to achieve the same benefits. Newer studies are moving beyond death rates to ask questions about the way steps may help to control blood pressure and weight. The goal, after all, is not just to live longer but to live healthier. Ful results are not in yet, so Lee’s advice is: “Tailor your steps according to what you are trying to achieve and according to who you are.” 17．The concept of taking 10,000 steps daily arises from ______. A．the findings of scientific surveys B．the formation of a Japanese character C．a marketing trick D．a healthy habit 18．What does Lee’s research find? A．Walking step targets vary with age. B．Walking more makes one look younger. C．Old people benefit more from walking longer. D．Reaching 10,000 steps daily appeals to many. 19．What is paragraph 4 mainly about? A．The difference in energy consumption among age groups. B．The contrast between the benefits of walking and running. C．The reason for setting different step goals based on age. D．The link between energy consumption and health outcomes. 20．What will newer studies focus on? A．How steps change one’s lifestyle. B．How steps affect one’s lifespan. C．How steps reduce death rates. D．How steps boost healthy living. （2024·江苏南京·模拟预测）While lifting weights one day, I heard a loud click on my back. I was rushed to the emergency room, where I was told the pain would eventually disappear. It didn’t, however. What I’ve learned about pain since then — both as a patient and as a physician — has me questioning how we treat it. Vania Apkarian, one of the world’s leading pain researchers, told me the classic idea is that pain continues as long as the injury does, but the injury and pain it produces end up being separate. “Although MRIs (核磁共振) are reliable indicators of injury, they are not reliable indicators of pain,” he says. A review of 33 studies found that among a group of 20-year-olds without any back pain, 37 percent had disc degeneration (腰椎间盘退化) on MRI. And in people whose backs hurt, MRI results have absolutely no connection with their pain. This is a really big deal: millions of people in the U.S. alone get MRIs for back pain. Yet 5 percent of them were medically justified, and of those who received MRIs, 65 percent received potentially harmful advice — including calls for risky back surgery that probably wouldn’t have resolved their pain. I could have been one of those people, yet when I took my MRI films to an experienced surgeon, he told me an operation might leave my back worse off. If MRI doesn’t explain long-lasting pains, what does? One major factor is our mentality. A recent trial has revealed the power of therapies (疗法) that target how we think about discomfort. People who are anxious about being in pain are twice as likely to develop long time pain. A thorough examination of pain and its origins should encourage efforts to make sure everyone in pain receives kindness and respect, as well as access to more than pills and surgical procedures. Fully accepting the complexity of pain can open the door to new and innovative ways to ensure that even if we hurt, we don’t have to suffer. 21．What does paragraph 2 imply? A．Back pain is not necessarily an emergency case. B．MRI tests can’t give a full picture of one’s condition. C．Minor injuries can lead to severe pain. D．Bone problems begin to bother the young. 22．What can we learn from the author’s personal story? A．He found his back surgery medically justified. B．The surgeon misled him about the back injury. C．A surgery might do him more harm than good. D．Being a physician helps him treat his back pain. 23．According to the author, what should a patient with long-lasting pain do? A．Consult professionals to receive surgeries. B．Have painkillers as early as possible. C．Take comprehensive MRI examinations. D．Acquire a thorough understanding of the pain. 24．What is a suitable title for the text? A．Origins of pain. B．Killers of pain. C．Victims of pain. D．Effects of pain. （2024·江苏南京·模拟预测）We go through life assuming we’re in charge of our own minds —until temptation (诱惑) strikes. Few things better illustrate how little control we really have. You can know exactly what you should do (decline the second slice of cake or the third cocktail), but that hardly seems to matter when the urge arises. More self-discipline is rarely the answer, though. Instead, if you can understand what’s going on inside your head when temptation comes, you’ll be far better placed to make a healthier choice. Sometimes, you need to push yourself, the idea behind which, in psychology, is to make the better choice the easier choice. (School pupils eat more healthily, it’s been shown, when the salads are within easier reach than the chips.) So, instead of relying on willpower, stop keeping ice creams in your freezer! Use StayFocused or similar apps to block distracting websites. Change your environment, and temptation will be a non-issue. For every person, behind every bad habit, there's a reasonable desire: some people eat or drink too much because they're lonely, or smoke to get a break from a busy schedule. Once you’ve uncovered this underlying need, find a different way to meet it: call a friend; take a coffee break instead of a cigarette break. There’s nothing wrong with the need—only with the way you’re currently meeting it. It’s a strange truth that we’ll break all sorts of promises to ourselves— yet most of us would never fail to show up at a prearranged meeting with a friend. Involve others in your temptation-resistance efforts, whether it's asking someone to check in weekly to see if you’re sticking to your plan, or never going shopping alone if you’re subject to impulse purchases. Best of all, launch a joint plan, in which two of you decide to give up a bad habit. That turns a challenge into a fun game. 25．What does “that” mean in paragraph 1? A．Temptation. B．Self-awareness. C．Choice. D．Self-motivation. 26．Which should be a good choice if you feel worn out from a packed timetable? A．Exercise strong willpower over it. B．Keep ice creams within easy reach. C．Use StayFocused to refresh yourself. D．Chat with a friend over a cup of coffee. 27．What does the author suggest you do according to paragraph 4? A．Seek partners’ support. B．Leave challenges behind. C．Keep your promises. D．Say no to playing games. 28．What is the text mainly about? A．What causes temptation. B．How to keep temptation at bay. C．Why urges set in. D．How to keep life under control. （2024·江苏盐城·三模）Experts assert that China must capitalize on its vast data resources to cultivate new growth engines and broaden data application scenarios across sectors, as data emerges as a pivotal production element, fueling the digital economy’s high-quality development. Jiang Xiaojuan, head of the China Society of Industrial Economics, emphasized at a recent conference that data influences societal resource allocation and economic operations. Given China’s status as the world’s leading data producer, Jiang advocated for maximizing data’s multiplier effects, enriching sector-specific applications, and enhancing public data utilization. Peking University’s Huang Yiping stressed that data use is nascent, advocating for a structured data trading framework, robust security measures, and privacy safeguards. China’s data output in 2023 reached 32.85 zettabytes, up 22.44 percent year on year, with core digital economy industries contributing 10% to GDP, according to the National Data Administration (NDA). The NDA plans to introduce eight guidelines addressing data property rights, circulation, revenue distribution, security, and public & enterprise data development this year. Twelve key sectors, including manufacturing and finance, will see expanded data application scenarios. Industry insiders underscored the importance of classifying data resources, clarifying rights, exploring pricing mechanisms, and enhancing data circulation and utilization. Ouyang Rihui, of the Central University of Finance and Economics, noted that data elements are integral to production, consumption, and social services, driving industrial upgrades. The fusion of data with traditional industries boosts efficiency, optimizes resource allocation, fosters new business models, and generates social value. Data’s commodity-like attributes enable market-driven allocation, creating significant economic and social benefits. In December 2022, China outlined 20 measures to construct foundational data systems and unlock data’s full potential. These encompass data property rights, trading, revenue distribution, and security governance. Globally, the digital economy thrives, with emerging businesses powered by big data, cloud computing, and AI finding applications across sectors and merging with the real economy. According to a report, the combined digital economy of the US, China, Germany, Japan, and South Korea surpassed $33 trillion, accounting for 60% of these nations’ GDP, marking an 8% annual increase. 29．What is recognized as a new type of production factor that is crucial for the high-quality development of the digital economy in China? A．Renewable energy resources B．Advanced manufacturing techniques C．Data D．Artificial intelligence algorithms 30．According to Jiang Xiaojuan, what role does data play in society? A．It solely improves the efficiency of communication networks. B．It is irrelevant to the economic and social operations. C．It affects the allocation of social resources and the logic of economic and social operations. D．It decreases the importance of traditional industries. 31．What did the National Data Administration report about China’s data output in 2023? A．It decreased by 5% compared to the previous year. B．It reached 32.85 zettabytes, showing a 22.4% increase year-on-year. C．It remained stable with no significant changes. D．It was primarily concentrated in the technology sector. 32．What measures did China unveil in December 2022 concerning data? A．Plans to reduce the overall data output to manage environmental impacts. B．Guidelines to restrict the use of data in sensitive industries. C．A ban on international data trading to protect domestic interests. D．Twenty key measures to build foundational data systems and fully unleash the value of data resources. （2024·江苏盐城·三模）Over 30,000 metabolic and bariatric surgeries (MBS) were conducted in China last year, reflecting both increased public awareness and a growing obesity epidemic, according to Dr. Wang Bing, a chief surgeon at Shanghai No 9 People’s Hospital. His team, pioneers in weight-loss surgery since 2008, now performs approximately 300 surgeries annually, up from a dozen initially. Patients often present with comorbidities such as high blood pressure, diabetes, and sleep apnea, conditions exacerbated by obesity. MBS, which shrinks the stomach and sometimes reroutes digestion, is deemed the most effective long-term weight management solution, rarely leading to relapse. Wang notes that Asians typically exhibit abdominal obesity, characterized by excess visceral fat, a root cause of metabolic disorders. Compared to Japan and South Korea, China’s obesity rate is notably higher. Post-surgery, patients often experience transformative hormonal changes and improved brain signaling, contributing to significant metabolic improvements. MBS is recommended for individuals with a Body Mass Index (BMI) over 32.5, or over 27.5 with two metabolic diseases. Women, despite constituting 30% of the obese population, comprise 70% of patients, highlighting gender differences in health-seeking behavior. Despite its effectiveness, MBS remains underutilized, with only a fraction of eligible patients opting for the procedure. Obesity, recognized as a disease by the WHO since 1948, affects over half of China’s population, nearly doubling since 2002. Alarmingly, 20% of minors aged 6-17 and 10% under 6 are overweight or obese, attributed to lifestyle changes and dietary westernization. A father-son duo from Shanghai, who underwent MBS a month ago, exemplify the surgery’s benefits, reporting significant weight loss, improved sleep quality, and reduced symptoms of sleep apnea, high blood pressure, diabetes, and cardiac hypertrophy. Their ongoing recovery underscores the importance of continued monitoring for metabolic disorder indicators. 33．What is the primary reason for the increase in metabolic and bariatric surgeries (MBS) in China, according to Dr. Wang Bing? A．The decline in traditional Chinese medicine practices B．The rise in obesity rates and greater public awareness of MBS C．The availability of new surgical technologies D．Increased funding for healthcare facilities 34．Which of the following conditions is NOT commonly associated with patients seeking MBS in China? A．High blood pressure B．Diabetes C．Sleep apnea D．Asthma 35．According to the article, what is a distinctive feature of obesity in Asians, particularly in China, compared to other ethnic groups? A．Asians tend to have less body fat but more muscle mass. B．Asians primarily experience obesity in the form of abdominal obesity, characterized by excess visceral fat. C．Asians are less likely to suffer from obesity-related diseases. D．Asians show a lower Body Mass Index (BMI) for the same level of obesity. 36．Why is MBS considered underutilized in China, despite its effectiveness? A．Because the majority of the population prefers alternative medicine B．Because of the high cost of the procedure C．Because only a small percentage of eligible patients opt for the surgery D．Because there is a lack of qualified surgeons to perform the procedure （2024·江苏南通·三模）It has long been known that dogs can learn commands like “sit,” “stay,” or “fetch” and can respond to these words with learned behaviors, often with the help of a treat or two, but uncovering their understanding of nouns has proven more difficult. To look into the mystery, Boros from Eötvös Loránd University in Hungary and her colleagues, inspired by studies investigating the comprehension of babies before they can speak, decided to mimic (模仿) these experiments with dogs. They invited 18 dog owners to bring their pets to the lab along with five objects the animals knew well. These included balls, slippers, Frisbees, rubber toys, leads and other items. At the lab, the owners were instructed to say words for objects their dogs already knew. Then, the owners held up either the matching object or a different one while small metal discs harmlessly attached to the dogs’ heads measured brain activity in a process known as electroencephalography (EEG). Using EEG, the researchers aimed to observe any variances in brain activity when the dog’s owner mentioned a specific object, such as a “ball”, but displayed a different item, like a stick, as opposed to when both the spoken word and the presented object matched. This was indeed the case, with the results being strongest when the object was very familiar to the dog. That’s similar to what researchers have seen in humans and is widely accepted as evidence that they understand the words. Writing in Current Biology, the scientists say the results “provide the first neural evidence for object word knowledge in a non-human animal”. But the true extent of the dogs’ comprehension is still unknown, even by the study’s authors, since the dogs were responding to their own toys and objects that the owners brought to the lab. The researchers are now curious to know if this ability to understand referential language is specific to dogs or might be present in other mammals as well. Either way, they want to learn more about how this ability emerged and whether it depends on dogs’ unique experience of living with people. 37．Which aspect of dogs did Boros’s research focus on? A．Their speed of learning actions. B．Their willingness to follow orders. C．Their responses to training treats. D．Their capacity of understanding nouns. 38．What is paragraph 3 of the text mainly about? A．The result of human-dog interactions. B．The process of Boros’s experiment. C．The logic of pattern matching. D．The theory of EEG analysis. 39．The brain recording results showed a different pattern in the brain when ______. A．pet owners showed more objects than usual B．dogs had a larger vocabulary of object words C．the experiment was conducted in a new environment D．the spoken word and the presented object mismatched 40．What does the author want to convey in the last paragraph? A．Conclusions from the experiment. B．Insights into dogs’ experiences. C．Expectations for future studies. D．Applications of the discovery. 试卷第1页，共3页 试卷第1页，共3页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 参考答案： 1．B 2．C 3．C 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了斯坦福大学的一项研究发现，数字生物多样性记录存在偏见，建议应用程序引导公民科学家获取更好的数据。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. (今天，大多数生物多样性的记录通常以照片、视频和其他数字记录的形式出现。)”可知，现在收集的物种记录大多是以电子形式存在的。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable? (这些观察结果现在超过了来自物理标本的原始数据，而且由于我们越来越多地使用观察数据来研究物种如何应对全球变化，我想知道：它们有用吗?)”和第四段““We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru. (Daru说“我们特别感兴趣的是探索取样容易产生数据偏差的方面，比如公民科学家更有可能拍摄开花植物的照片，而不是它旁边的草。”)”可知，Daru的研究聚焦于观察数据，即人们通过移动应用记录的物种观察数据。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段““We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru. (Daru说“我们特别感兴趣的是探索取样容易产生数据偏差的方面，比如公民科学家更有可能拍摄开花植物的照片，而不是它旁边的草。”)”以及第五段“This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby.( 这是有道理的，因为在移动设备上获得观察生物多样性数据的人通常是公民科学家，他们记录了他们在附近地区与物种的接触。)”可知，导致数据偏差的原因是采样方式的不当。故选C。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places — and even species — that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image. (生物多样性应用程序可以使用我们的研究结果来告知用户样本过多的地区，并将他们引导到样本不足的地方，甚至是物种。为了提高观测数据的质量，生物多样性应用程序还可以鼓励用户让专家确认他们上传的图像的身份。)”可知，Daru 建议生物多样性应用应该给公民科学家提供指导。故选D。 【点睛】 5．B 6．D 7．C 8．D 【导语】本文是说明文。没有人是一座孤岛，文章陈述了“群体智慧”效应。实验表明，在某些情况下大量独立估计的平均值可能是相当准确的。 5．主旨大意题。根据第二段内容“This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and come to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down. (这种效应利用了这样一个事实，即当人们犯错误时，这些错误并不总是相同的。有些人常常会高估，或者低估。当这些误差中有足够多的误差被平均在一起时，它们会相互抵消，从而产生更准确的估计。如果相似的人倾向于犯同样的错误，那么他们的错误不会相互抵消。从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。如果由于任何原因，人们的错误变得相关或依赖，估计的准确性就会下降)”可知，本段阐述了人们所犯的错误不总是相同的，各不相同的误差平均在一起，相互抵消就会产生更准确的估计，讨论了独立估计的平均如何由于误差的消除而产生更准确的预测。因此本段主要解释了“群体智慧”效应这一现象的基本逻辑。故选B。 6．细节理解题。根据第二段的“In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. (从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的)”和第三段的“The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals. (这项研究的关键发现是，当人群被进一步划分为允许进行讨论的小组时，这些小组的平均值比同等数量的独立个体的平均值更准确。例如，从四个五人讨论组的估计中获得的平均值明显比从20个独立个体获得的平均值更准确)”可知，人们在没有独立的情况下，分成更小群体，平均值是更准确的，说明即使在估计数字并非完全独立的情况下，准确率提高也是可以做到的。故选D。 7．推理判断题。根据第四段的“In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? (在一项针对100名大学生的后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中的实际行为。他们是否倾向于选择那些对自己的估计最有信心的人？他们追随那些最不愿意改变主意的人吗)”可知，在后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中实际做了什么。结合两个问题，因此可知后续研究的重点是小组内的讨论过程。故选C。 8．推理判断题。根据最后一段内容“Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous. (尽管Navajas领导的研究有局限性，仍存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的)”可知，作者认为虽然Navajas领导的研究有局限性也存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响巨大。因此推断作者对于Navajas的研究表示一定的赞许和支持。故选D。 【点睛】 9．B 10．A 11．C 12．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了数字极简主义生活方式的优点，倡导简单的数字生活方式。 9．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you. (这本书的目标是为数字极简主义辩护，包括详细探索它的要求和为什么有效，然后如果你认为它适合你，教你如何采用这种哲学)”可知，这本书的目的是倡导简单的数字生活方式。故选B。 10．词句猜测题。根据画线词下文“This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value. (这个过程要求你在30天内远离可选的在线活动。在30天结束的时候，你再加上一些你认为会给你所看重的东西带来巨大好处的精心挑选的在线活动)”可推知，画线词“declutter”的意思是“清理”，对在线活动进行清理和挑选。故选A。 11．推理判断题。通过文章第四段“In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. (在第一部分的最后一章中，我将指导您进行自己的数字清理。在这样做的过程中，我将借鉴我在2018年进行的一项实验，在该实验中，1600多人同意进行数字清理)”可推知，第一部分的最后一章介绍了实验与数字清理的实际例子。故选C。 12．推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that words for your particular circumstances. (你可以将这些实践视为一个工具箱，旨在帮助你建立一种适合自己特定情况的极简主义生活方式)”可推知，作者建议读者根据需要与实际情况使用第二部分中提及的实践。故选A。 【点睛】 13．D 14．A 15．C 16．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章从唐纳雀入手，分析北美迁移鸟类面临的挑战及其原因，最后提出建议：希望尽快减少温室气体的排放，尽可能地阻止栖息地的丧失。 13．推理判断题。由第二段中的“To fuel them on their lengthy journey, western tanagers fill up on insects and berries. But as global climate change causes spring to start earlier, birds such as western tanagers are arriving at their destination after what’s known as “green-up”, when flowers begin blooming and insects emerge. According to a study published in early March in the journal PNAS, this kind of timing mismatch between migrants (迁移动物) and their food sources, which is happening across North America, could have serious consequences for migratory birds’ survival. (为了在漫长的旅途中补充能量，西方唐纳雀以昆虫和浆果为食。但随着全球气候变化导致春天提前到来，像唐纳雀这样的鸟类在所谓的“返青”之后才到达目的地，这时花朵开始绽放，昆虫开始出现。根据3月初发表在《美国科学院院刊》上的一项研究，这种迁移动物和它们的食物来源之间的时间不匹配，正在北美各地发生，可能会对候鸟的生存产生严重后果。)”可知，随着全球气候变化导致春季提前开始，唐纳德雀迁徙期间获得食物的机会减少。故选D项。 14．推理判断题。由第三段中的““By contrary, previous studies have mainly focused on songbirds in Eastern North America,” says Morgan Tingley, an ornithologist at UCLA, “but this new investigation shows that bird species in the West and at different levels of the food web might be just as vulnerable (脆弱的).” (“相反，以前的研究主要集中在北美东部的鸣禽上，”加州大学洛杉矶分校的鸟类学Morgan Tingley说，“但这项新的调查表明，西部和食物网不同层次的鸟类物种可能同样脆弱。”)”可知，先前的研究的是北美东部的鸣禽，这项关于像西部唐纳雀这样的鸟类的新研究的独特之处在于它覆盖了更广泛的地理范围，不仅关注东北美地区的鸣禽，也包括西部及食物链不同层级上的鸟类。故选A项。 15．细节理解题。由最后一段“And he hopes that the information will serve to highlight the urgent need to lower greenhouse-gas emissions as fast as possible. “It’s really important, if we can’t address climate change immediately, to try to stop habitat loss as much as we can.” (他希望这些信息将有助于强调尽快降低温室气体排放的迫切需要。“如果我们不能立即解决气候变化问题，那么尽我们所能阻止栖息地的丧失是非常重要的。”)”可知，作者期望能够尽快减少温室气体的排放，尽可能地阻止栖息地的丧失。故选C项。 16．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是由第二段中的“To fuel them on their lengthy journey, western tanagers fill up on insects and berries. But as global climate change causes spring to start earlier, birds such as western tanagers are arriving at their destination after what’s known as “green-up”, when flowers begin blooming and insects emerge. According to a study published in early March in the journal PNAS, this kind of timing mismatch between migrants (迁移动物) and their food sources, which is happening across North America, could have serious consequences for migratory birds’ survival. (为了在漫长的旅途中补充能量，西方唐纳雀以昆虫和浆果为食。但随着全球气候变化导致春天提前到来，像唐纳雀这样的鸟类在所谓的“返青”之后才到达目的地，这时花朵开始绽放，昆虫开始出现。根据3月初发表在《美国科学院院刊》上的一项研究，这种迁移动物和它们的食物来源之间的时间不匹配，正在北美各地发生，可能会对候鸟的生存产生严重后果。)”可知，本文介绍的是Scott Loss关于鸟类迁移的一项科学研究，且引用了《美国科学院院刊》的话，所以最可能来源于科研杂志。故选A项。 17．C 18．A 19．C 20．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了每天走10000步以保持健康的概念并非源于科学，而是源于营销。哈佛医学院的科学家I-Min Lee的研究发现，不同年龄段的最佳步行步数不同，步行对健康的益处与能量消耗有关。新的研究开始探讨步行如何帮助控制血压和体重。 17．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Yet the concept of taking 10,000 steps a day to maintain health is rooted not in science but in marketing.”（然而，每天走10000步来保持健康的概念并非源于科学，而是源于营销。）可知，每天走10000步的概念实际上是一个营销策略。故选C。 18．细节理解题。根据第三段中“People younger than 60 should indeed walk 8,000 to 10,000 steps a day to get the best benefits in terms of lifespan (寿命). People older than 60 show the most benefit between 6,000 and 8,000 steps.”（60岁以下的人确实应该每天走8000到10000步，以获得寿命方面的最佳效益。60岁以上的人走6000到8000步之间效益最大。）可知，Lee的研究发现，不同年龄段的步行目标步数不同。故选A。 19．主旨大意题。根据第四段“The difference is energy consumption. “We basically relate energy consumption to health outcomes,” Lee says. Walking for 60 minutes at 3.3 miles an hour and running for 30 minutes at 6 miles an hour use the same amount of energy. “The older you are, the less efficient you are with your steps,” Lee says. “Per step, older people use more energy.” Thus, they need fewer steps to achieve the same benefits.”（差别在于能源消耗。“我们基本上把能源消耗与健康结果联系起来，”李说。以每小时3.3英里的速度步行60分钟和以每小时6英里的速度跑步30分钟消耗的能量相同。“你年纪越大，你走路的效率就越低，”李说。“每走一步，老年人消耗更多的能量。”因此，他们需要更少的步数来实现相同的好处。）可知，文中解释了为什么不同年龄段的步行目标步数不同，原因是能量消耗的差异。随着年龄的增长，人们步行时的能量效率降低，因此老年人需要更少的步数就能达到相同的健康效益。所以，第四段主要解释了基于年龄设定不同步行目标的原因。故选C。 20．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Newer studies are moving beyond death rates to ask questions about the way steps may help to control blood pressure and weight.”（新的研究不再局限于死亡率，而是开始探讨步数如何有助于控制血压和体重。）可知，最新的研究将关注步数如何促进健康生活，包括控制血压和体重。故选D。 21．B 22．C 23．D 24．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了关于疼痛的话题，指出核磁共振（MRI）并非判断疼痛的可靠指标，并提出长期疼痛的一个重要因素是我们的心态。最后，文章强调了全面理解疼痛及其起源的重要性，并提倡创新的疼痛治疗方式。 21．推理判断题。根据第二段中“Although MRIs (核磁共振) are reliable indicators of injury, they are not reliable indicators of pain”（虽然核磁共振是判断受伤的可靠指标，但它们并不是判断疼痛的可靠指标）和“A review of 33 studies found that among a group of 20-year-olds without any back pain, 37 percent had disc degeneration (腰椎间盘退化) on MRI. And in people whose backs hurt, MRI results have absolutely no connection with their pain.”（一项对33项研究的回顾发现，MRI显示在一群没有背痛的20岁年轻人中，37%的人有椎间盘退变。对于背部疼痛的人来说，核磁共振成像结果与他们的疼痛完全没有关系。）可知，MRI检查结果与疼痛没有绝对的联系。由此推知，不能仅凭MRI检查结果来判断一个人的疼痛情况，MRI检查结果并不能完全反映一个人的状况。故选B项。 22．细节理解题。根据第三段中“yet when I took my MRI films to an experienced surgeon, he told me an operation might leave my back worse off”（然而，当我拿着MRI胶片去找一位经验丰富的外科医生时，他告诉我手术可能会让我的背部状况更糟）可知，在作者的经历中，手术可能带给他的不是好处，而是更大的伤害。故选C项。 23．推理判断题。根据最后一段“A thorough examination of pain and its origins should encourage efforts to make sure everyone in pain receives kindness and respect, as well as access to more than pills and surgical procedures. Fully accepting the complexity of pain can open the door to new and innovative ways to ensure that even if we hurt, we don’t have to suffer.”（对疼痛及其根源的深入研究应鼓励人们努力确保每个经历疼痛的人都能得到善待和尊重，并且除了药物和手术之外，还能获得更多帮助。完全接受疼痛的复杂性可以为创新和新颖的方法打开大门，以确保即使我们受伤，也不必承受痛苦。）可推知，作者认为对于长期疼痛的患者来说，不仅仅是依赖药物或手术，还应该彻底了解疼痛的原因，获得对痛苦的彻底理解。故选D项。 24．主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第四段中“If MRI doesn’t explain long-lasting pains, what does? One major factor is our mentality.”（如果核磁共振不能解释持久疼痛，那什么能解释呢？一个主要因素是我们的心态。）可知，全文主要讨论了关于疼痛的话题，指出核磁共振（MRI）并非判断疼痛的可靠指标，并提出长期疼痛的一个重要因素是我们的心态，强调了全面理解疼痛及其起源的重要性。因此，最适合的标题是“疼痛的起源”。故选A项。 25．B 26．D 27．A 28．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了如何抵制诱惑，提出了一些有效的方法，如理解诱惑的来源，改变环境，寻找替代的满足方式，以及寻求他人的支持等。 25．词句猜测题。根据第一段“You can know exactly what you should do (decline the second slice of cake or the third cocktail), but that hardly seems to matter when the urge arises.”（你可以确切地知道你应该做什么(拒绝第二块蛋糕或第三杯鸡尾酒)，但当冲动出现时，that似乎并不重要。）可知，当冲动出现时，所有的自我意识都不重要了。that指代上文的“自我意识”。故选B项。 26．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Once you’ve uncovered this underlying need, find a different way to meet it: call a friend; take a coffee break instead of a cigarette break.”（一旦你发现了这种潜在的需求，找到一种不同的方式来满足它:打电话给朋友;休息时间喝杯咖啡，而不是抽烟）可知，如果你因为日程安排过满而感到疲惫，你可以选择和朋友聊天喝咖啡来放松。故选D。 27．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段的“Involve others in your temptation-resistance efforts, whether it's asking someone to check in weekly to see if you’re sticking to your plan, or never going shopping alone if you’re subject to impulse purchases.”（让其他人参与你的抵制诱惑的努力，无论是让某人每周检查你是否坚持你的计划，还是如果你容易冲动购物，就不要一个人去购物。）可知，作者建议你寻求他人的支持。故选A。 28．主旨大意题。根据全文内容可知，文章主要讲述了如何抵制诱惑，提出了一些有效的方法，如理解诱惑的来源，改变环境，寻找替代的满足方式，以及寻求他人的支持等。故选B。 29．C 30．C 31．B 32．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了专家断言，随着数据成为关键的生产要素，推动数字经济的高质量发展，中国必须利用其庞大的数据资源，培育新的增长引擎，拓宽数据在各个领域的应用场景。中国工业经济学会会长江小娟在最近的一次会议上强调，数据影响着社会资源配置和经济运行。 29．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Experts assert that China must capitalize on its vast data resources to cultivate new growth engines and broaden data application scenarios across sectors, as data emerges as a pivotal production element, fueling the digital economy’s high-quality development.”（专家断言，随着数据成为关键的生产要素，推动数字经济的高质量发展，中国必须利用其庞大的数据资源，培育新的增长引擎，拓宽数据在各个领域的应用场景）可知，中国数字经济高质量发展的关键新型生产要素是数据。故选C项。 30．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Jiang Xiaojuan, head of the China Society of Industrial Economics, emphasized at a recent conference that data influences societal resource allocation and economic operations. Given China’s status as the world’s leading data producer, Jiang advocated for maximizing data’s multiplier effects, enriching sector-specific applications, and enhancing public data utilization.”（中国工业经济学会会长江小涓在最近的一次会议上强调，数据影响着社会资源配置和经济运行。考虑到中国作为世界领先的数据生产国的地位，江主张最大限度地发挥数据的乘数效应，丰富特定部门的应用，提高公共数据的利用率。）可知，江小涓认为，数据在社会中影响社会资源配置和经济社会运行逻辑。故选C项。 31．细节理解题。根据第二段中“China’s data output in 2023 reached 32.85 zettabytes, up 22.44 percent year on year, with core digital economy industries contributing 10% to GDP, according to the National Data Administration (NDA).”（国家数据管理局表示，到2023年，中国的数据输出将达到32.85泽字节，同比增长22.4%，核心数字经济产业对GDP的贡献率将达到10%。）可知，国家数据管理局关于2023年中国数据输出的报告是达到32.85泽字节，同比增长22.4%。故选B项。 32．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“In December 2022, China outlined 20 measures to construct foundational data systems and unlock data’s full potential. These encompass data property rights, trading, revenue distribution, and security governance.”（2022年12月，中国提出了建设数据基础体系、释放数据潜力的20项措施。这些包括数据产权、交易、收入分配和安全治理。）可知，2022年12月，中国提出建设数据基础体系，充分释放数据资源价值的20项重点措施。故选D项。 33．B 34．D 35．B 36．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了上海第九人民医院主任外科医生王兵表示，去年中国进行了3万多例代谢和减肥手术(MBS)，这反映了公众意识的提高和肥胖流行病的日益严重。他的团队自2008年以来一直是减肥手术的先驱，现在每年进行大约300次手术，而最初只有12次。 33．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Over 30,000 metabolic and bariatric surgeries (MBS) were conducted in China last year, reflecting both increased public awareness and a growing obesity epidemic, according to Dr. Wang Bing, a chief surgeon at Shanghai No 9 People’s Hospital. His team, pioneers in weight-loss surgery since 2008, now performs approximately 300 surgeries annually, up from a dozen initially.”（上海第九人民医院主任外科医生王兵表示，去年中国进行了3万多例代谢和减肥手术(MBS)，这反映了公众意识的提高和肥胖流行病的日益严重。他的团队自2008年以来一直是减肥手术的先驱，现在每年进行大约300次手术，而最初只有12次。）可知，王兵医生认为，中国代谢和减肥手术(MBS)增加的主要原因是肥胖率的上升和公众对MBS的更大认识。故选B项。 34．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Patients often present with comorbidities such as high blood pressure, diabetes, and sleep apnea, conditions exacerbated by obesity.”（患者通常伴有合并症，如高血压、糖尿病和睡眠呼吸暂停，肥胖加重了这些疾病。）可知，寻求MBS的患者和哮喘这一情况没有关联。故选D项。 35．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Wang notes that Asians typically exhibit abdominal obesity, characterized by excess visceral fat, a root cause of metabolic disorders.”（王指出，亚洲人通常表现为腹部肥胖，其特征是内脏脂肪过多，这是代谢紊乱的根本原因。）可知，根据文章，与其他民族相比，亚洲人，尤其是中国人，肥胖的一个显著特征是亚洲人的肥胖主要表现为腹部肥胖，其特征是内脏脂肪过多。故选B项。 36．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Despite its effectiveness, MBS remains underutilized, with only a fraction of eligible patients opting for the procedure.”（尽管它很有效，但MBS仍未得到充分利用，只有一小部分符合条件的患者选择了该手术。）可知，尽管MBS很有效，但在中国被认为未得到充分利用是因为只有一小部分符合条件的病人选择手术。故选C项。 37．D 38．B 39．D 40．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章主要介绍了一项研究狗对名词理解能力的实验。 37．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“but uncovering their understanding of nouns has proven more difficult. (但揭示它们对名词的理解却更加困难。)”以及第二段“To look into the mystery, Boros from Eötvös Lorán d University in Hungary and her colleagues, inspired by studies investigating the comprehension of babies before they can speak, decided to mimic(模仿) these experiments with dogs. (为了揭开这个谜团，匈牙利 Eötvös Lorán d 大学的 Boros 和她的同事们受到研究婴儿在会说话前的理解能力的启发，决定用狗来模拟这些实验。) ”可知，Boros的研究重点是狗理解名词的能力。故选D。 38．主旨大意题。根据文章第三段“They invited 18 dog owners to bring their pets to the lab along with five objects the animals knew well. These included balls, slippers, Frisbees, rubber toys, leads and other items. At the lab, the owners were instructed to say words for objects their dogs already knew. Then, the owners held up either the matching object or a different one while small metal disc s harmlessly attached to the dogs’ heads measured brain activity in a process known as electroencephalography (EEG). (他们邀请了 18 位狗主人带着他们的宠物和 5 个动物熟悉的物品到实验室。这些物品包括球、拖鞋、飞盘、橡胶玩具、绳索和其他物品。在实验室里，主人被要求说出狗已经知道的物品的名称。然后，主人举起匹配的物品或不同的物品，同时无害地贴在狗头上的小金属盘测量大脑活动，这一过程被称为脑电图（EEG）。) ”可知，该段主要介绍了研究人员对狗进行实验的过程。故选B。 39．细节理解题。根据文章第四段“Using EEG, the researchers aimed to observe any variances in brain activity when the dog’s owner mentioned a specific object, such as a “ball”, but displayed a different item, like a stick, as opposed to when both the spoken word and the presented object matched. This was indeed the case, with the results being strongest when the object was very familiar to the dog.(研究人员使用脑电图（EEG）的目的是观察当狗的主人提到一个特定的物体，比如“球”，但展示的是一个不同的物品，如棍棒，与说出的单词和展示的物体相匹配时相比，大脑活动的任何变化。结果确实如此，当物体对狗来说非常熟悉时，结果最为显著)”可知，当说出的单词和呈现的物体不匹配时，狗的大脑活动会有所不同。故选D。 40．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“The researchers are now curious to know if this ability to understand referential language is specific to dogs or might be present in other mammals as well. Either way, they want to learn more about how this ability emerged and whether it depends on dogs’ unique experience of living with people. (研究人员现在好奇的是，这种理解指涉语言的能力是狗特有的，还是也可能存在于其他哺乳动物中。无论哪种方式，他们都想更多地了解这种能力是如何出现的，以及它是否取决于狗与人类生活的独特经历) ”可知，研究人员希望了解这种能力是如何出现的，以及它是否取决于狗与人类生活的独特经历，这表明他们对未来的研究充满期待。故选C。 答案第1页，共2页 答案第1页，共2页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$