Unit 3 Food and Culture 【速记清单】-2024-2025学年高二英语单元速记•巧练（人教版2019选择性必修第二册）

Unit 3 Food and Culture 阅读词块 1.a famous chef 　 2．be served with vinegar 　 3．a brand of coffee 　 4．be famous for their ingredients 　 　 5．soup and dessert 　 6．a university canteen 　 7．daily calories 　 8．full of vitamins and fibre 　 　 9．dairy products 　 10．take in moderation 　 11．culture and cuisine 　 12．authentic Chinese recipe 　 13．be stuffed into envelopes 　 14．have a hot temper 　 15．junk food 　 16．somewhat different 　 17．regardless of age 　 18．different categories of fresh foods 　 19．in large quantities 　 20．the ideal diet 　 21．a fundamental key 　 22．a modest amount of food 　 23．overall quality 　 词汇 拓展 1．category n. 类别；种类→ 　 v. 分类 2．stable adj. 稳定的；稳重的→ 　 n. 稳定(性)；固定(性) 3．consist vi. 由……组成(或构成)；在于→ 　 adj. 一致的；连续的→ 　 n. 一致性 4．trick n. 诀窍；计谋；把戏　vt. 欺骗→ 　 adj. 棘手的；难对付的；狡猾的；诡计多端的 5．bold adj. 大胆自信的；敢于冒险的→ 　 adv. 大胆地；冒失地；显眼地→ n. 大胆；冒失；显著 6．ideal adj. 完美的；理想的；想象的　n. 理想；完美的人(或事物)→ n. 理想主义 7．exceptional adj. 特别的；罕见的；杰出的→ prep. 除……外→ n. 例外 8．association n. 协会；关联→ vt. 把……联系起来；有关联　adj. 副的→ adj. 有关联的 9．modest adj. 些许的；谦虚的；朴素的→ n. 谦虚；朴素 10．moderation n. 适度；合理；适中→ adj. 适度的；适中的；合理的 11．consume vt. 吃；喝；饮；消耗→ n. 消费；消耗→ n. 消费者；用户；客户 12．prior adj. 先前的；优先的→ n. 优先事项；优先权；优先 重点 词组 1． 　 　　　　 在……之前的 2． 　 由……组成(或构成) 3． 　 另一方面 4． 　 因此；结果 5． 　 至少；最小 6． 　 密切关联 7． 　 谋生 8． 　 动身；出发；引起；爆炸 9． 　 不管；不顾 10． 　 换句话说 11． 　 削减；节省 12． 　 停止；切断 13． 　 切下 重点 句型 1．祈使句＋and/or＋陈述句 教材原句 Tell me what you eat, and I will tell you what you are. 告诉我你平时吃什么，我就可以说出你是个什么样的人。 教材原句 ① 　 you will achieve nothing. 不要放弃，否则你会一事无成。 ② 　 eventually you will read the words “We are delighted to inform you ...” 坚持下去，你终会收到这样的回复：“我们高兴地通知您……” 2．形容词(短语)作状语 教材原句 Tired, hungry, and not knowing a word of Chinese, we had no idea how to order, so the chef just began filling our table with the best food we had ever eaten. 又累又饿，一个汉字也不认识，我们压根儿不知道如何点餐，于是厨师在我们桌上摆满了食物，那是我们吃过的最可口的佳肴。 教材原句 　 , Jane rose up to her feet, dragging herself to the stream. 简筋疲力尽但非常坚定，她站起身来，费力地来到小溪边。 3．倍数表达法 教材内佳句 And in America, people who receive 25% of their daily calories or more through sugar are twice as likely to die from heart disease than people who receive less than 10% a day. 在美国，每天从糖分中摄取25%或更高卡路里的人死于心脏病的可能性是日摄取量少于10%的人的两倍。 教材原句句 ①The new stadium in our school is 　 the old one. 我们学校的新体育场是旧体育场的两倍大。 ②They found that human activity is causing species to die out 1,000 　 normal. 他们发现人类活动导致物种灭亡的速度是正常灭亡速度的1 000倍。 02 考点速记 核心单词1．（教材原句）Prior to coming to China, my only experience with Chinese cooking was in America, with Chinese food that had been changed to suit American tastes. 来中国之前，我只在美国接触过中式烹饪，那里的中国食物已被改变，以适应美国人的口味。 prior adj. 先前的；优先的 归纳点拨 (1) prior to 　 在……之前；居先(to为介词) (2) 　 n. 优先事项；最重要的事；优先；优先权 give priority to 优先考虑 小试牛刀(1)单句语法填空 ①Just phone in your order three or more days prior 　 departure. ②Prior to 　 (go) back to school, he worked in a restaurant. (2)完成句子 ③Unfortunately， 　 he fell while working and badly hurt his back. 不幸的是，大约一年前，他在工作时摔倒，严重伤及背部。 ④Priority 　 the development of voluntary activities. 必须优先发展志愿者活动。 核心单词2.（教材原句）For example, America's most popular Chinese dish is General Tso's chicken，which consists of fried chicken covered in a sweet sauce, flavoured with hot red peppers.例如，在美国最受欢迎的中国菜是“左宗棠鸡”，它在油炸的鸡肉上淋上甜酱，再佐以煸炒过的红辣椒制成。 consist of由……组成(或构成) 归纳点拨 (1) 　 　　　　 在于；存在于 　 与……一致 (2)consistent adj. 一致的；相符的；连续的 　 与……一致 consistently adv. 一贯地；一致地 　 adj. 不一致的 小试牛刀(1)单句语法填空 ①As is known to all, happiness consists 　 health. ②Our deeds must consist 　 our words. ③If what you say is not 　 (consist) with what you do, it will have a bad effect on your children. ④(主旨升华句)Life mainly consists_of happiness and sorrow while happiness consists_in struggle. 人生主要由快乐和悲伤组成，而快乐在于奋斗。 ⑤由12名救援人员组成的救援队受到了当地政府的表扬。 →The rescue team 　 　 was praised by the local government.(定语从句) →The rescue team 　 　 was praised by the local government.(现在分词短语作定语) 注意： (1)由consist组成的短语consist of/in/with都不能用于被动语态和进行时态。 (2)consist of的同义短语有：be made up of; be composed of等。 核心词汇3．（教材原句）Or, that those who like spicy food tend to have a hot temper? 抑或喜欢辛辣食物的人往往脾气火暴？ tend to往往会；照料；照管 归纳点拨 (1)tend vt.　　　　　　　　　 照顾；照料 vi. 倾向；趋于 　 往往会做某事 tend (to) sb./sth. 照料某人/某物 (2)tendency n. [C] 倾向；趋势 　 有做某事的倾向 小试牛刀　(单句语法填空/完成句子) ①The storm 　 to hit our city, but we will observe the 　 of it closely. (tend) ②The new mother is always getting up throughout the night to tend 　 the baby. ③Barbara has a 　 (tend) to complain about what she doesn't feel content with. ④An increasing number of students 　 notes using computers for their greater speed and accuracy. As a consequence, our handwriting has become a problem. 越来越多的学生倾向于用电脑记笔记，以提高速度和准确性。 结果，我们的书写已经成为一个问题。 核心词汇4 　trick n．诀窍；计谋；把戏；恶作剧v.欺骗；哄骗 归纳点拨 (1)play tricks/a trick on sb.　 　 　 　 do the trick 　 　 the trick of ... ……的诀窍 　 　 (2)trick sb. 牛刀小试（单句语法填空） ①Realizing he had 　 (trick), the prince returned the daughter to her mother. ②An advertiser might be trying to trick customers 　 buying a product or a service. ③If the neighbours do not give any sweets, the children might play 　 trick on them. 写作运用(完成句子/补全语段)　 ④(续写之情绪描写)The naughty boy 　 　 the shy girl, making her cheeks flame with anger.那个顽皮的男孩捉弄那个害羞的女孩，使她气得两颊通红。 ⑤(话题写作之健康生活) 　 　 keeping healthy is having a balanced diet. People often 　 　 . Therefore, your diet should 　 　 all kinds of healthy food. You'd better 　 　 vegetables and fruits.保持健康的诀窍之一是有均衡的饮食。人们经常把健康与多样的食物联系在一起。因此，你的饮食应该包括各种健康食品。你最好吃适当数量的蔬菜和水果。 核心词汇5. consume v. 吃，喝；饮；消耗；使充满 【知识归纳】 　 　 n. 消费；消耗 consumer n. 消费者；用户；客户 　 　 消费；消耗；吃；喝 consume food/drinks 吃；喝 be consumed with 　 　 time­consuming adj. 　 　 be consumed with＋情绪名词，用于情绪描写 小试牛刀（单句语法填空/完成句子） ① 　 (consume) with guilt, I gathered my courage, apologized and promised that it would never happen again. ②By making small changes to our habits, such as using reusable bags and reducing energy 　 (consume) 　 , we can collectively make a big impact on preserving the environment. ③When I was in middle school, I became blind. Suddenly thrown into a world of darkness, I was troubled by frustration and self­pity. 　 　 (压抑折磨着我) and I was frightened to try anything challenging. 核心词汇6　as a result因此；结果 (1)as a result of ...　　 作为……的结果；由于…… (2)result in 　 　 　 　 由……造成；起因于 易混辨析：　result in的主语是“起因”，宾语是“结果”；result from的主语是“结果”，宾语是“起因”。 表“因此”的还有 　 　 　 　 等。 小试牛刀（单句语法填空） ①As　 result, he fell off the bicycle and had his left ankle twisted. ②Millions will face starvation next year as a result 　 the drought. ③Nowadays some students care too much about high grades, resulting 　 their suffering from huge mental pressure. ④Many health problems result 　 what you eat. 写作运用(完成句子/补全语段)　 ⑤ 　 　 hit the province, 　 　 a great loss. 　 　 ,_many rescue teams 　 　 rescue workers from all over the country volunteered to come to rescue local people. 　 　 relief was sent there.这个省遭遇罕见的洪水，造成了严重的损失。因此，许多由来自全国各地的救援人员组成的救援队自愿前来救助当地的人民。大量的救援物资被送到那里。 核心词汇7.quantity n．数量；数额 （教材原句）Processed foods often contain less nutrition, and have higher quantities of sugar, salt, and fat than fresh ingredients. 相比新鲜食材，加工食品通常营养成分较低，糖分、盐分和脂肪含量更高。 归纳点拨 a large/small quantity of　　　　 　 　 (large) quantities of 大量的 in quantity＝in large amounts 　 　 注意：　quantity与of构成的短语＋名词作主语时，其谓语动词与quantity的单复数保持一致。 小试牛刀(1)单句语法填空 ①A large quantity of air conditioners 　 　 (sell) since the summer came. ②It is well-known that it's cheaper to buy goods 　 　 quantity. 写作运用（完成下列句子） 人们已经为地震灾区筹集了大量的资金。 ③Quantities of money 　 　 for the earthquake-hit area. ④ 　 　 has been collected for the earthquake-hit area. 核心词汇8.（教材原句）And in America, people who receive 25% of their daily calories or more through sugar are twice as likely to die from heart disease than people who receive less than 10% a day (Journal of the American Medical Association, 2014). 在美国，每天从糖分中摄取25%或更高卡路里的人死于心脏病的可能性是日摄取量少于10%的人的两倍(《美国医学会杂志》，2014年)。 association n．协会；关联 [归纳点拨] (1) 　 　 　 与……联合/有关联 (2)associate v. 联想；联系；交往 　 　 把……与……联系起来 associate with sb. 与某人交往/联系 (3)be/become associated with 　 　 注意：“和……有联系，与……有关”的多样性表达：①be linked to/with；②be connected to/with；③be related with/to；④be associated with；⑤be relevant to。 牛刀小试（单句语法填空/同义句转换） ①However, this study does not show cause and effect between cardiovascular fitness and dementia, it only shows an 　 (associate). ②Thanks to Beijing's long history as capital of China, almost every hutong has its stories, and some are even 　 (associate) 　 with historic events. ③It is reported that there are many serious health problems. They are associated with smoking. →It is reported that there are many serious health problems 　 　 ．(分词作定语) →It is reported that there are many serious health problems 　 　 ．(介词短语作定语) 核心句式 9.regardless of 不管；不顾 （教材原句）his is true regardless of how healthy the rest of their diet might be. 无论他们饮食的其他方面多么健康，都确实如此。 写作运用 (1)regardless of强调“不认为……重要”，从而不加以重视或考虑，其后可接whether, what引导的从句。 (2)despite/in spite of意为“尽管……”，其后常接名词，不接从句。 (3)as regards/with regard to　　　 　 　 牛刀小试(单句语法填空/完成句子) ① 　 regard to gifts, in my opinion, some Chinese traditional cakes and fruits will be OK. ② 　 her terrible illness, she worked hard and succeeded in the scientific research field. 尽管她病得厉害，但是她还是勤奋工作并在科研领域取得了成功。 ③ 　 I meet with on my way to success, I will never give up and go all out for my dream university. 无论我在成功的道路上遇到任何困难，我都不会放弃，我会将为我梦想的大学全力以赴。 核心句式10. （教材原句）Tired，hungry，and not knowing a word of Chinese，we had no idea how to order, so the chef just began filling our table with the best food we had ever eaten. 又累又饿，一个汉字也不认识，我们压 根儿不知道如何点餐，于是厨师在我们桌上摆满了食物，那是我们吃过的最可口的佳肴。 tired, hungry是形容词作伴随状语， not knowing是现在分词作伴随状语。 小试牛刀（单句语法填空） ①The young man alone walked along the street, ________ (lose) in thought. ②________ (travel) by car, we visited many exciting and beautiful places. ③We stayed up late, ________ (anxiety) to wait for him to come back. 核心句式11．（教材原句）It has become a favourite traditional dish of the people in North China, where making dumplings has always been a family affair with everyone — from the youngest to the oldest — joining in to help. 水饺已成为华北人民最喜爱的一种传统食物；包饺子一直是一项全员参与的家庭活动，无论老少都会加入进来帮忙。 归纳点拨 本句中with everyone ...joining in to help是“with＋宾语＋宾语补足语”组成的with复合结构，作状语。在句子中with复合结构多数情况下充当状语，表示行为方式、伴随情况、时间、原因或条件。 with＋名词/代词＋ 注意：在with复合结构中，现在分词一般表示主动的、正在进行的动作；过去分词往往表示被动的、已完成的动作；而不定式则常常表示尚未发生的将来动作。 牛刀小试(1)单句语法填空 ①With the crowds 　 (cheer), they drove to the palace. ②He fell asleep soon with the windows 　 (close)． ③With you 　 (help) us, we'll surely succeed. (2)翻译句子 ④ 　 　 　 　 　 这个男孩一手拿着球站在那儿。 ⑤ 　 　 　 　 　 那个男孩跑进了屋子，鼻子红红的。 ⑥ 　 　 　 　 　 灯开着，他匆忙离开了办公室。 核心句式12.　祈使句＋and/or/otherwise＋陈述句 (1)“祈使句＋and/or/otherwise＋陈述句”是一个固定句式。其中祈使句相当于一个if引导的条件状语从句，and/or/otherwise之后的句子相当于主句。 (2)并列连词要根据前后两句之间的逻辑关系选择。 (3)“祈使句＋and＋陈述句”也可以转换为“名词＋and＋陈述句”结构。 写作运用(一句多译)　 ①如果你更加努力学习，在学习上你就会成功。 → 　 ， 　 you will succeed in your studies.(祈使句＋and＋陈述句) → 　 　 ,_you will succeed in your studies.(条件句) → 　 　 ,_you will succeed in your studies.(现在分词短语作状语) ②好好准备考试，否则你就不会取得好成绩。 → 　 ， 　 you'll not get good grades.(祈使句＋or/otherwise＋陈述句) → 　 　 ，you'll not get good grades.(条件句) →You will not get good grades 　 　 .(unless) 核心句式13　倍数表达法 (1)倍数＋as＋形容词/副词＋as。 (2)倍数＋形容词/副词的比较级＋than (3)倍数＋the size/height/length/width/depth＋of (4)倍数＋that＋of (5)倍数＋what从句 注意：表示“两倍”时用twice或double，三倍或三倍以上用“基数词＋times”表达。此句型中倍数也可用分数、百分数、half等其他程度副词表示。 牛刀小试（单句语法填空） ①The rope is three times the 　 (long) of that one. ②In other words, there are three times 　 many girls as boys. ③Much to the couple's comfort, their income is now double 　 it was five years ago. ④In this workshop, the output of July was 4.5 times 　 of January. 03 素养提升 语法释析　过去完成时及其被动语态 思维导图 教材感知 ①(教材原句)Prior to coming to China, my only experience with Chinese cooking was in America, with Chinese food that had been changed to suit American tastes. ②(教材原句)When my family and I had just arrived in China, we went looking for a good place to eat in Beijing. ③(教材原句)A Sichuan restaurant had been recommended to us by a friend, and finally, we found it. ④(教材原句)Tired, hungry, and not knowing a word of Chinese, we had no idea how to order, so the chef just began filling our table with the best food we had ever eaten. ⑤Had you visited the Forbidden City before you came here last year? ⑥I hadn't finished reading the book by nine o'clock last night. ⑦What had you done before the boss made the decision? ⑧Had he learned English before he moved to Australia? 总结　过去完成时及其被动语态的构成 种类 构成 匹配例句(只填写序号) 肯定句 主语＋had＋过去分词＋其他成分． ②④ 否定句 主语＋had＋not＋过去分词＋其他成分． 　 一般疑问句 Had＋主语＋过去分词＋其他成分？ 肯定回答：Yes, 主语＋had. 否定回答：No, 主语＋had not. 　 特殊疑问句 特殊疑问词＋had＋主语＋过去分词＋其他成分？ 　 被动结构 主语＋had (not) been done＋其他成分． 　 规则点拨 一、过去完成时 　 (一)概念 过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或某一动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作或状态，也就是说动作发生在“过去的过去”。 (二)用法 1．表示过去的过去。 可以用by, before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句表示过去的动作以及通过上下文来表示。 ①By about 6000 BC, people had discovered the best crops to grow and animals to raise. 到大约公元前6000年，人们已经发现了最好的可种植的农作物和最好的可饲养的动物。 ②How long had Mr Wang taught in the middle school before he came here? 王老师来这里之前，在中学教了多长时间？ ③(2021·浙江高考)I thought that I would surpass (超过) anything he had accomplished by the time I walked across the stage at high school graduation. 我想，当我高中毕业的时候，我将超越他所取得的任何成就。 小试牛刀　(用所给词的适当形式填空) ①By the end of last month he (work) in Shanghai for twenty years. ②When I got to school, I realized I (leave) my schoolbag at home. ③She (work) on the farm for three years before she became a teacher. ④I (want) to help you but couldn't get here in time. ⑤The pen I thought I (lose) was on my desk, right under my nose. 2．用于定语从句、宾语从句或间接引语中。 ①(2023·浙江1月高考)I still remembered my friends' promise so I went past the abandoned milking house to see if they had fixed the broken window. 我仍记得我朋友的承诺，因此我1经过这个被遗弃的挤奶房，看看是否他们已经修好了那个破损的窗户。 ②(2021·天津高考)I wanted to make dumplings but found I had run out of flour, so I went out to buy some. 我想包饺子，但发现面粉用完了，所以我出去买了一些。 ③(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷读后续写)I quickly searched the crowd for the school's coach and asked him what had happened. 我迅速在人群中寻找学校的教练，问他发生了什么事。 3．表示未曾实现的愿望或打算，主要用于hope, want, expect, think, suppose, plan, mean, intend等动词。 ①(2021·天津高考)It seemed that I had become what my parents had wanted me to be. 似乎我已经成为我父母希望我成为的那种人。 ②I had meant to come, but something happened. 我本想来，但有事发生了。 ③He had intended that he would come to see you himself, but he was too busy. 他本来打算亲自来看你，但他太忙了。 小试牛刀　(完成句子) ①She said that . 她说她之前看过那部电影了。 ②The moment he handed in his exam paper, he realized . 他刚一交上考卷就意识到忘了写名字了。 ③ at the airport, but I had some things to deal with. 我本来打算去机场接你们，但我有一些事情要处理。 4．用于状语从句中。 在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中，若主从句的动作都发生在过去，且有先后关系，动作在前的要用过去完成时，动作在后的要用一般过去时。 ①After he had finished his homework, he watched the TV. 完成作业后，他才看电视的。 ②(2021·天津高考)If I had waited to have the time, I would still be waiting to write my novel. 如果我一直等着有时间，我仍然会等着写我的小说。 ③(2021·天津高考)The first day I shut it off because I had placed it within arm's reach. 第一天我把它关了，因为我把它放在伸手可及的地方。 ④People were moving around me as if they hadn't seen me. 人们在我周围走动，好像没看见我似的。 5．过去完成时常用于某些特殊句型中。 (1)主语＋had hardly/scarcely/no sooner＋过去分词＋when/than从句(从句用一般过去时，hardly, scarcely, no sooner位于句首时，主句要倒装) (2020·全国卷Ⅱ书面表达)Hardly had we arrived at the farm when we saw many oranges hanging from the branches. ＝We had hardly arrived at the farm when we saw many oranges hanging from the branches. 我们一到农场就看见许多桔子挂在树枝上。 (2)It was＋一段时间＋since从句(从句用过去完成时) It was at least three months since I had left Beijing. 我离开北京至少有3个月了。 (3)It was the first/second ...time＋that从句(从句用过去完成时) It was the first time that I had chatted online in English. 这是我第一次用英语在网上聊天。 (4)主句(过去完成时)＋by the time ...(表示过去的从句) By the time I got to the station, the train had already gone. 我赶到车站时，火车已经离开了。 (5)句子(过去完成时)＋by the end of ...(表示过去的时间状语) By the end of last term, we had learned 12 units. 到上学期末为止，我们已经学了12个单元。 [名师点津]　有时before, after引导时间状语从句，主、从句表示的动作紧密相连，时间先后不明显，则主、从句都用一般过去时。 After he closed the door, he left the classroom. 关上门后，他离开了教室。 小试牛刀 (1)完成句子 ①It was three years since we the city. 我们离开那座城市已有三年了。 ②We than a thunderstorm broke. 我们刚出发就遇到了雷雨。 (2)句型转换 ③As soon as we had got to New York, we entered a different world. →We to New York than we a different world. ④She had scarcely finished her homework when she went to bed. →Scarcely her homework when she to bed. (三)过去完成时与一般过去时的区别 虽然这两种时态都表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，但在使用时应注意以下几点： 1．时间状语不同：过去完成时在时间上强调“过去的过去”；而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间发生的动作。 ①They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday. 到昨天10点他们才到达车站。 ②They arrived at the station at ten yesterday. 昨天10点他们到达车站。 2．在没有明确的过去时间状语作标志时，谓语动词动作发生的时间先后须依据上下文来判断：先发生的用过去完成时，后发生的则用一般过去时。 She was very happy. Her whole family were pleased with her, too. She had just won the first prize in the composition competition. 这让在作文比赛中她刚赢得了第一名。 [名师点津]　当两个或两个以上接连发生的动作用and或but连接时，按时间顺序，只需用一般过去时来代替过去完成时。 He entered the room, turned on the light and read an evening paper. 他走进房间，打开灯，读起晚报来。 (四)过去完成时与现在完成时的区别 现在完成时表示的是延续到现在或同现在有关的动作，句中不可有表示过去特定时间的状语；而过去完成时表示的是过去某时之前已经完成或延续到过去某时的动作，句中可有表示过去特定时间的状语。 ①She had been ill for a week before she came back. 在回来之前，她病了一周了。 ②She has been ill for a week. 她已经病了一周了。 小试牛刀(完成句子) ①He wrote back telling his teacher that . 他回信告诉老师，他的表扬极大地鼓励了他。 ②I till now. 直到现在我还没收到她的来信。 ③By the time I got up, my sister . 到我起床的时候，我姐姐已经把衣服都洗了。 ④She said that she for years before she came to our school. 她说她来我们学校之前已经学了多年英语了。 二、过去完成时的被动语态　 1．表示过去某一时间之前已经完成的被动的动作，常与by, before等引导的时间状语连用。 ①(2021·天津高考)Mark is a genius.By the time he graduated, he had been offered jobs by a dozen computer companies. 马克是个天才，到他毕业的时候，已经有十几家电脑公司给他提供了工作。 ②The classroom hadn't been cleaned before the teacher came. 老师来之前教室还没有被打扫过。 2．在 told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词之后的宾语从句中，若表示过去某一被动动作时，用过去完成时的被动语态。 They said the production costs had been reduced. 他们说生产成本已经降低了。 3．根据语意可以判断出动作先后的被动语态，先发生的动作用过去完成时。 As the assignment had been done, he went on to search the Internet. 工作完成后，他继续在网上搜索。 小试牛刀　(用所给词的适当形式填空) ①(2020·天津高考)Jones got the idea after he (talk) with an elderly lady who (cheat) of her money. ②The boy didn't remember whether his homework (hand) in. ③The media reported more than 1,000 people (kill) in the earthquake. 用括号内单词的正确时态完成下面短文 A cow and a fox went out to search for food together.They ① (go) only a few miles before they saw a lion coming their way.They were both very frightened.The fox ② (think) of a way of saving his own life, and went up to the lion and said in his ear，“I ③ (help) you get hold of the cow without the trouble of hunting him，if you let me go free.” The lion ④ (agree)，and the fox then led the cow by a hidden pit (坑)，which a hunter ⑤ (dig) as a trap for wild animals，and the cow ⑥ (fall) into it.When the lion saw that the cow ⑦ (catch) and couldn't get away, he ⑧ (turn) his attention to the fox.He soon finished him off，and then ⑨ (go) on to eat the cow. Betray (背叛) a friend, and you'll often find you ⑩ (ruin) yourself. 单元写作——Write about a healthy diet 本单元的写作任务是写一篇关于健康饮食的文章，属于说明文的范畴，旨在通过帮助学生积累有关健康饮食的知识，深化对健康饮食这一主题的理解，并反思自身饮食习惯。说明文是写作中常见的一种文体，用简明的文字来说明事物，不带任何个人感情色彩，不需要生动的细节和背景，纯粹是客观的阐述。写作时应注意以下几个方面： 1．写作时抓住事物的特征，即抓住事物的个性特征。 2．安排合理的说明顺序，如时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序等。 3．恰当地使用说明方法，如下定义说明、举例说明、分类说明、比较说明、引用说明、比喻说明、数字说明等。 4．语言简练、用词准确，具有科学性、客观性、知识性。 模板提炼 充盈语料库 (一)背写作词汇 1． 　 　 　 　 对某人的健康有害 2． 　 　 　 　 对某人的健康有好处 3． 　 　 　 　 对……乐观 4． 　 　 　 　 对……悲观 5. 　 　 　 　 强身健体 6． 　 　 　 　 养成好的饮食习惯 7． 　 　 　 　 精神状态 8. 　 　 　 　 自我放松 9． 　 　 　 　 保持健康 10． 　 　 　 　 遭受 11． 　 　 　 　 不健康的饮食习惯 12． 　 　 　 　 富含 13． 　 　 　 　 含量……高/低 14． 　 　 　 　 节食 15． 　 　 　 　 (身体)垮掉 16． 　 　 　 　 治愈某人…… (二)背写作佳句 1．常用开头句 ① 　 　 　 　 　 　 　. What is a healthy diet? 拥有健康的生活方式在于有健康的饮食习惯。 什么是健康饮食呢？ ② 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　. But how can we form a healthy eating habit? 健康的饮食习惯对我们的健康非常重要。 但是我们如何才能养成健康的饮食习惯呢？ ③ 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　. 我很抱歉听到你最近体重增加了，而且你对此很不高兴。 ④Recently, I have a big headache that I always like to eat fast food so much. 最近我遇到一件头疼的事，就是我总是喜欢吃如此多的快餐。 ⑤Do you have a healthy diet? A healthy diet is actually a balanced one. 你有健康的饮食习惯吗？ 健康的饮食实际上是均衡的饮食。 ⑥ 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　. 如今，人们开始比以往更重视他们的健康。 2．常用中间句 ①Don't skip breakfast. 不要不吃早餐。 ② 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　. 多吃谷物、水果和蔬菜。 ③ 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　.我们最好多参加户外活动，而不是在电视或电脑前坐很长时间，这对我们的健康有害。 ④ 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　. 均衡的饮食和规律的锻炼能帮助我们保持身心健康。 ⑤ 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　. 我们必须承认吃垃圾食品有害健康的事实。 ⑥ 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　. 我会强烈建议你把均衡的饮食和锻炼结合起来。 ⑦ 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　. 健康饮食包括吃各种各样的富含维生素、纤维和矿物质的食物。 ⑧ 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　. 在我看来，我们应当努力养成健康的饮食习惯以增强体质。 3．常用结束句 ①I hope you'll find these suggestions helpful. 我希望你会发现这些建议有帮助。 ② 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　. 只有这样，在未来你才能养成健康的饮食习惯。 ③ 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　. 总之，我们应该吃健康的食物来保持精力充沛。 ④Could you give me some suggestions and a healthy recipe for me? 你能给我一些建议和一份健康饮食食谱吗？ ⑤ 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　. 正如俗话所说，人如其食。 为了保持健康，请养成健康的饮食习惯。 典例训练 假定你是李华，你的朋友王力目前正因体重暴增而苦恼不已，来信向你咨询关于健康饮食的问题。请你给他写一封回信，介绍一下你的饮食习惯。内容包括： 1．很少吃甜食，基本不喝甜饮料； 2．饮食中蔬菜、水果居多，有少量肉、蛋和奶制品； 3．一日三餐有规律。 注意：1.写作词数应为80左右； 2． 可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。 Dear Wang Li， Yours， Li Hua 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！15 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ Unit 3 Food and Culture 01 思维导图 阅读词块 1.a famous chef 一个著名的主厨 2．be served with vinegar 蘸着醋吃 3．a brand of coffee 某种咖啡品牌 4．be famous for their ingredients 因它们的食材而闻名 5．soup and dessert 汤和甜点 6．a university canteen 一家大学餐厅 7．daily calories 每日的热量 8．full of vitamins and fibre富含维生素和纤维 9．dairy products 奶制品 10．take in moderation 适量饮用 11．culture and cuisine 文化和饮食 12．authentic Chinese recipe 纯正的中国菜 13．be stuffed into envelopes 被塞入信封 14．have a hot temper 脾气暴躁 15．junk food 垃圾食品 16．somewhat different 稍微不同 17．regardless of age 不管年龄 18．different categories of fresh foods 不同种类的新鲜食物 19．in large quantities 大量地 20．the ideal diet 理想的饮食 21．a fundamental key 一个重要的秘诀 22．a modest amount of food 少量的食物 23．overall quality 整体质量 词汇 拓展 1．category n. 类别；种类→categorize v. 分类 2．stable adj. 稳定的；稳重的→stability n. 稳定(性)；固定(性) 3．consist vi. 由……组成(或构成)；在于→consistent adj. 一致的；连续的→consistency n. 一致性 4．trick n. 诀窍；计谋；把戏　vt. 欺骗→tricky adj. 棘手的；难对付的；狡猾的；诡计多端的 5．bold adj. 大胆自信的；敢于冒险的→boldly adv. 大胆地；冒失地；显眼地→boldness n. 大胆；冒失；显著 6．ideal adj. 完美的；理想的；想象的　n. 理想；完美的人(或事物)→idealism n. 理想主义 7．exceptional adj. 特别的；罕见的；杰出的→except prep. 除……外→exception n. 例外 8．association n. 协会；关联→associate vt. 把……联系起来；有关联　adj. 副的→associated adj. 有关联的 9．modest adj. 些许的；谦虚的；朴素的→modesty n. 谦虚；朴素 10．moderation n. 适度；合理；适中→moderate adj. 适度的；适中的；合理的 11．consume vt. 吃；喝；饮；消耗→consumption n. 消费；消耗→consumer n. 消费者；用户；客户 12．prior adj. 先前的；优先的→priority n. 优先事项；优先权；优先 重点 词组 1．prior to　　　　　　 在……之前的 2．consist of 由……组成(或构成) 3．on the other hand 另一方面 4．as a result 因此；结果 5．at a minimum 至少；最小 6．go hand in hand 密切关联 7．earn one's living 谋生 8．set off 动身；出发；引起；爆炸 9．regardless of 不管；不顾 10．in other words 换句话说 11．cut down on 削减；节省 12．cut out 停止；切断 13．slice ...off 切下 重点 句型 1．祈使句＋and/or＋陈述句 教材原句 Tell me what you eat, and I will tell you what you are. 告诉我你平时吃什么，我就可以说出你是个什么样的人。 教材原句 ①Don't give up or you will achieve nothing. 不要放弃，否则你会一事无成。 ②Keep trying and eventually you will read the words “We are delighted to inform you ...” 坚持下去，你终会收到这样的回复：“我们高兴地通知您……” 2．形容词(短语)作状语 教材原句 Tired, hungry, and not knowing a word of Chinese, we had no idea how to order, so the chef just began filling our table with the best food we had ever eaten. 又累又饿，一个汉字也不认识，我们压根儿不知道如何点餐，于是厨师在我们桌上摆满了食物，那是我们吃过的最可口的佳肴。 教材原句 Exhausted but determined, Jane rose up to her feet, dragging herself to the stream. 简筋疲力尽但非常坚定，她站起身来，费力地来到小溪边。 3．倍数表达法 教材内佳句 And in America, people who receive 25% of their daily calories or more through sugar are twice as likely to die from heart disease than people who receive less than 10% a day. 在美国，每天从糖分中摄取25%或更高卡路里的人死于心脏病的可能性是日摄取量少于10%的人的两倍。 教材原句句 ①The new stadium in our school is twice bigger than the old one. 我们学校的新体育场是旧体育场的两倍大。 ②They found that human activity is causing species to die out 1,000 times faster than normal. 他们发现人类活动导致物种灭亡的速度是正常灭亡速度的1 000倍。 02 考点速记 核心单词1．（教材原句）Prior to coming to China, my only experience with Chinese cooking was in America, with Chinese food that had been changed to suit American tastes. 来中国之前，我只在美国接触过中式烹饪，那里的中国食物已被改变，以适应美国人的口味。 prior adj. 先前的；优先的 归纳点拨 (1) prior to 　 在……之前；居先(to为介词) (2)priority n. 优先事项；最重要的事；优先；优先权 give priority to 优先考虑 小试牛刀(1)单句语法填空 ①Just phone in your order three or more days prior to departure. ②Prior to going (go) back to school, he worked in a restaurant. (2)完成句子 ③Unfortunately， about a year prior he fell while working and badly hurt his back. 不幸的是，大约一年前，他在工作时摔倒，严重伤及背部。 ④Priority must be given to the development of voluntary activities. 必须优先发展志愿者活动。 答案:1. to 2.going 3.about a year prior 4. must be given to 核心单词2.（教材原句）For example, America's most popular Chinese dish is General Tso's chicken，which consists of fried chicken covered in a sweet sauce, flavoured with hot red peppers.例如，在美国最受欢迎的中国菜是“左宗棠鸡”，它在油炸的鸡肉上淋上甜酱，再佐以煸炒过的红辣椒制成。 consist of由……组成(或构成) 归纳点拨 (1)consist in　　　　　　 在于；存在于 consist with＝be consistent with 与……一致 (2)consistent adj. 一致的；相符的；连续的 be consistent with 与……一致 consistently adv. 一贯地；一致地 inconsistent adj. 不一致的 小试牛刀(1)单句语法填空 ①As is known to all, happiness consists in health. ②Our deeds must consist with our words. ③If what you say is not consistent (consist) with what you do, it will have a bad effect on your children. ④(主旨升华句)Life mainly consists_of happiness and sorrow while happiness consists_in struggle. 人生主要由快乐和悲伤组成，而快乐在于奋斗。 ⑤由12名救援人员组成的救援队受到了当地政府的表扬。 →The rescue team that/which_consisted_of_12_rescue_workers was praised by the local government.(定语从句) →The rescue team consisting_of_12_rescue_workers was praised by the local government.(现在分词短语作定语) 答案：1.in 2.with 3.consistent 4. consists of 5.consists in 5. that/which consisted of 12 rescue workers; consisting of 12 rescue workers 注意： (1)由consist组成的短语consist of/in/with都不能用于被动语态和进行时态。 (2)consist of的同义短语有：be made up of; be composed of等。 核心词汇3．（教材原句）Or, that those who like spicy food tend to have a hot temper? 抑或喜欢辛辣食物的人往往脾气火暴？ tend to往往会；照料；照管 归纳点拨 (1)tend vt.　　　　　　　　　 照顾；照料 vi. 倾向；趋于 tend to do sth. 往往会做某事 tend (to) sb./sth. 照料某人/某物 (2)tendency n. [C] 倾向；趋势 have a tendency to do sth. 有做某事的倾向 小试牛刀　(单句语法填空/完成句子) ①The storm tends to hit our city, but we will observe the tendency of it closely. (tend) ②The new mother is always getting up throughout the night to tend to the baby. ③Barbara has a tendency (tend) to complain about what she doesn't feel content with. ④An increasing number of students tend to take notes using computers for their greater speed and accuracy. As a consequence, our handwriting has become a problem. 越来越多的学生倾向于用电脑记笔记，以提高速度和准确性。 结果，我们的书写已经成为一个问题。 答案：1. tends ；tendency 2. to 3.tendency 4.tend to take 核心词汇4 　trick n．诀窍；计谋；把戏；恶作剧v.欺骗；哄骗 归纳点拨 (1)play tricks/a trick on sb.　 　 搞恶作剧；开玩笑 do the trick 奏效；起作用 the trick of ... ……的诀窍 取笑…… (2)trick sb. 牛刀小试（单句语法填空） ①Realizing he had been_tricked (trick), the prince returned the daughter to her mother. ②An advertiser might be trying to trick customers into buying a product or a service. ③If the neighbours do not give any sweets, the children might play a trick on them. 写作运用(完成句子/补全语段)　 ④(续写之情绪描写)The naughty boy played_tricks/a_trick_on the shy girl, making her cheeks flame with anger.那个顽皮的男孩捉弄那个害羞的女孩，使她气得两颊通红。 ⑤(话题写作之健康生活)One_of_the_tricks_of keeping healthy is having a balanced diet. People often associate_health_with_diverse_food. Therefore, your diet should _consist_of all kinds of healthy food. You'd better consume_a_proper_quantity_of vegetables and fruits.保持健康的诀窍之一是有均衡的饮食。人们经常把健康与多样的食物联系在一起。因此，你的饮食应该包括各种健康食品。你最好吃适当数量的蔬菜和水果。 答案：1.been tricked 2.into 3.a 4.played tricks/a trick on 5.One of the tricks of 2.associate health with diverse food;consist of; consume a proper quantity of 核心词汇5. consume v. 吃，喝；饮；消耗；使充满 【知识归纳】 consumption n. 消费；消耗 consumer n. 消费者；用户；客户 consume sth 消费；消耗；吃；喝 consume food/drinks 吃；喝 be consumed with 使充满 time­consuming adj. 耗时的 be consumed with＋情绪名词，用于情绪描写 小试牛刀（单句语法填空/完成句子） ①Consumed (consume) with guilt, I gathered my courage, apologized and promised that it would never happen again. ②By making small changes to our habits, such as using reusable bags and reducing energy consumption (consume), we can collectively make a big impact on preserving the environment. ③When I was in middle school, I became blind. Suddenly thrown into a world of darkness, I was troubled by frustration and self­pity. Depression__consumed__me (压抑折磨着我) and I was frightened to try anything challenging. 答案：1.Consumed 2 consumption 3.Depression consumed me 核心词汇6　as a result因此；结果 (1)as a result of ...　　 作为……的结果；由于…… (2)result in 导致；造成 result from 由……造成；起因于 易混辨析：　result in的主语是“起因”，宾语是“结果”；result from的主语是“结果”，宾语是“起因”。 表“因此”的还有therefore;thus; as a consequence;consequently等。 小试牛刀（单句语法填空） ①As a result, he fell off the bicycle and had his left ankle twisted. ②Millions will face starvation next year as a result of the drought. ③Nowadays some students care too much about high grades, resulting in their suffering from huge mental pressure. ④Many health problems result from what you eat. 写作运用(完成句子/补全语段)　 ⑤An_exceptional_flood hit the province, _resulting_in_ a great loss. As_a_result,_many rescue teams consisting_of rescue workers from all over the country volunteered to come to rescue local people. A_large_quantity_of_ relief was sent there.这个省遭遇罕见的洪水，造成了严重的损失。因此，许多由来自全国各地的救援人员组成的救援队自愿前来救助当地的人民。大量的救援物资被送到那里。 答案：1.a 2.of 3.in 4.from 5.An exceptional flood;resulting in;As a result; consisting of 核心词汇7.quantity n．数量；数额 （教材原句）Processed foods often contain less nutrition, and have higher quantities of sugar, salt, and fat than fresh ingredients. 相比新鲜食材，加工食品通常营养成分较低，糖分、盐分和脂肪含量更高。 归纳点拨 a large/small quantity of　　　　 大/少量的 (large) quantities of 大量的 in quantity＝in large amounts 大量地 注意：　quantity与of构成的短语＋名词作主语时，其谓语动词与quantity的单复数保持一致。 小试牛刀(1)单句语法填空 ①A large quantity of air conditioners has been sold (sell) since the summer came. ②It is well-known that it's cheaper to buy goods in quantity. 写作运用（完成下列句子） 人们已经为地震灾区筹集了大量的资金。 ③Quantities of money have been collected for the earthquake-hit area. ④A large quantity of money has been collected for the earthquake-hit area. 答案：1.has been sold 2.in 3.have been collected 4.A large quantity of money 核心词汇8.（教材原句）And in America, people who receive 25% of their daily calories or more through sugar are twice as likely to die from heart disease than people who receive less than 10% a day (Journal of the American Medical Association, 2014). 在美国，每天从糖分中摄取25%或更高卡路里的人死于心脏病的可能性是日摄取量少于10%的人的两倍(《美国医学会杂志》，2014年)。 association n．协会；关联 [归纳点拨] (1)in association with　　 　 与……联合/有关联 (2)associate v. 联想；联系；交往 associate ...with ... 把……与……联系起来 associate with sb. 与某人交往/联系 (3)be/become associated with 与……有关 注意：“和……有联系，与……有关”的多样性表达：①be linked to/with；②be connected to/with；③be related with/to；④be associated with；⑤be relevant to。 牛刀小试（单句语法填空/同义句转换） ①However, this study does not show cause and effect between cardiovascular fitness and dementia, it only shows an association (associate). ②Thanks to Beijing's long history as capital of China, almost every hutong has its stories, and some are even associated (associate) with historic events. ③It is reported that there are many serious health problems. They are associated with smoking. →It is reported that there are many serious health problems associated__with__smoking．(分词作定语) →It is reported that there are many serious health problems in__association__with__smoking．(介词短语作定语) 答案：1.association 2.associated 3.associated with smoking ；in association with smoking 核心句式 9.regardless of 不管；不顾 （教材原句）his is true regardless of how healthy the rest of their diet might be. 无论他们饮食的其他方面多么健康，都确实如此。 写作运用 (1)regardless of强调“不认为……重要”，从而不加以重视或考虑，其后可接whether, what引导的从句。 (2)despite/in spite of意为“尽管……”，其后常接名词，不接从句。 (3)as regards/with regard to　　　　关于；至于 牛刀小试(单句语法填空/完成句子) ①With regard to gifts, in my opinion, some Chinese traditional cakes and fruits will be OK. ②In spite of/Despite her terrible illness, she worked hard and succeeded in the scientific research field. 尽管她病得厉害，但是她还是勤奋工作并在科研领域取得了成功。 ③Regardless of any difficulty I meet with on my way to success, I will never give up and go all out for my dream university. 无论我在成功的道路上遇到任何困难，我都不会放弃，我会将为我梦想的大学全力以赴。 答案：1.With 2.In spite of/Despite 3.Regardless of any difficulty 核心句式10. （教材原句）Tired，hungry，and not knowing a word of Chinese，we had no idea how to order, so the chef just began filling our table with the best food we had ever eaten. 又累又饿，一个汉字也不认识，我们压 根儿不知道如何点餐，于是厨师在我们桌上摆满了食物，那是我们吃过的最可口的佳肴。 tired, hungry是形容词作伴随状语， not knowing是现在分词作伴随状语。 小试牛刀（单句语法填空） ①The young man alone walked along the street, ________ (lose) in thought. ②________ (travel) by car, we visited many exciting and beautiful places. ③We stayed up late, ________ (anxiety) to wait for him to come back. 答案：①lost　②Travelling　③anxious 核心句式11．（教材原句）It has become a favourite traditional dish of the people in North China, where making dumplings has always been a family affair with everyone — from the youngest to the oldest — joining in to help. 水饺已成为华北人民最喜爱的一种传统食物；包饺子一直是一项全员参与的家庭活动，无论老少都会加入进来帮忙。 归纳点拨 本句中with everyone ...joining in to help是“with＋宾语＋宾语补足语”组成的with复合结构，作状语。在句子中with复合结构多数情况下充当状语，表示行为方式、伴随情况、时间、原因或条件。 with＋名词/代词＋ 注意：在with复合结构中，现在分词一般表示主动的、正在进行的动作；过去分词往往表示被动的、已完成的动作；而不定式则常常表示尚未发生的将来动作。 牛刀小试(1)单句语法填空 ①With the crowds cheering (cheer), they drove to the palace. ②He fell asleep soon with the windows closed (close)． ③With you to help (help) us, we'll surely succeed. (2)翻译句子 ④The boy stood there, with a ball in his hand. 这个男孩一手拿着球站在那儿。 ⑤The boy ran into the house, with his nose red. 那个男孩跑进了屋子，鼻子红红的。 ⑥He left the office in a hurry with the lights on. 灯开着，他匆忙离开了办公室。 答案：1. cheering 2.closed 3.to help 4.The boy stood there, with a ball in his hand. 5.The boy ran into the house, with his nose red. 6.He left the office in a hurry with the lights on. 核心句式12.　祈使句＋and/or/otherwise＋陈述句 (1)“祈使句＋and/or/otherwise＋陈述句”是一个固定句式。其中祈使句相当于一个if引导的条件状语从句，and/or/otherwise之后的句子相当于主句。 (2)并列连词要根据前后两句之间的逻辑关系选择。 (3)“祈使句＋and＋陈述句”也可以转换为“名词＋and＋陈述句”结构。 写作运用(一句多译)　 ①如果你更加努力学习，在学习上你就会成功。 →Work_harder,_and you will succeed in your studies.(祈使句＋and＋陈述句) →If_you_work_harder,_you will succeed in your studies.(条件句) →Working_harder,_you will succeed in your studies.(现在分词短语作状语) ②好好准备考试，否则你就不会取得好成绩。 →Prepare_for_your_exam_well,_or/otherwise you'll not get good grades.(祈使句＋or/otherwise＋陈述句) →If_you_don't_prepare_for_your_exam_well,_you'll not get good grades.(条件句) →You will not get good grades unless_you_prepare_for_your_exam_well.(unless) 答案：1.Work harder, and;If you work harder;Working harder 2.Prepare for your exam well,or/otherwise;If you don’t prepare for your exam well;unless you prepare for your exam well. 核心句式13　倍数表达法 (1)倍数＋as＋形容词/副词＋as。 (2)倍数＋形容词/副词的比较级＋than (3)倍数＋the size/height/length/width/depth＋of (4)倍数＋that＋of (5)倍数＋what从句 注意：表示“两倍”时用twice或double，三倍或三倍以上用“基数词＋times”表达。此句型中倍数也可用分数、百分数、half等其他程度副词表示。 牛刀小试（单句语法填空） ①The rope is three times the length (long) of that one. ②In other words, there are three times as many girls as boys. ③Much to the couple's comfort, their income is now double what it was five years ago. ④In this workshop, the output of July was 4.5 times that of January. 答案：1.length 2.as 3.what 4.that 03 素养提升 语法释析　过去完成时及其被动语态 思维导图 教材感知 ①(教材原句)Prior to coming to China, my only experience with Chinese cooking was in America, with Chinese food that had been changed to suit American tastes. ②(教材原句)When my family and I had just arrived in China, we went looking for a good place to eat in Beijing. ③(教材原句)A Sichuan restaurant had been recommended to us by a friend, and finally, we found it. ④(教材原句)Tired, hungry, and not knowing a word of Chinese, we had no idea how to order, so the chef just began filling our table with the best food we had ever eaten. ⑤Had you visited the Forbidden City before you came here last year? ⑥I hadn't finished reading the book by nine o'clock last night. ⑦What had you done before the boss made the decision? ⑧Had he learned English before he moved to Australia? 总结　过去完成时及其被动语态的构成 种类 构成 匹配例句(只填写序号) 肯定句 主语＋had＋过去分词＋其他成分． ②④ 否定句 主语＋had＋not＋过去分词＋其他成分． ⑥ 一般疑问句 Had＋主语＋过去分词＋其他成分？ 肯定回答：Yes, 主语＋had. 否定回答：No, 主语＋had not. ⑤⑧ 特殊疑问句 特殊疑问词＋had＋主语＋过去分词＋其他成分？ ⑦ 被动结构 主语＋had (not) been done＋其他成分． ①③ 规则点拨 一、过去完成时 　 (一)概念 过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或某一动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作或状态，也就是说动作发生在“过去的过去”。 (二)用法 1．表示过去的过去。 可以用by, before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句表示过去的动作以及通过上下文来表示。 ①By about 6000 BC, people had discovered the best crops to grow and animals to raise. 到大约公元前6000年，人们已经发现了最好的可种植的农作物和最好的可饲养的动物。 ②How long had Mr Wang taught in the middle school before he came here? 王老师来这里之前，在中学教了多长时间？ ③(2021·浙江高考)I thought that I would surpass (超过) anything he had accomplished by the time I walked across the stage at high school graduation. 我想，当我高中毕业的时候，我将超越他所取得的任何成就。 小试牛刀　(用所给词的适当形式填空) ①By the end of last month he (work) in Shanghai for twenty years. ②When I got to school, I realized I (leave) my schoolbag at home. ③She (work) on the farm for three years before she became a teacher. ④I (want) to help you but couldn't get here in time. ⑤The pen I thought I (lose) was on my desk, right under my nose. 答案：1.had worked 2.had left 3.had worked 4.had wanted 5.had lost 2．用于定语从句、宾语从句或间接引语中。 ①(2023·浙江1月高考)I still remembered my friends' promise so I went past the abandoned milking house to see if they had fixed the broken window. 我仍记得我朋友的承诺，因此我1经过这个被遗弃的挤奶房，看看是否他们已经修好了那个破损的窗户。 ②(2021·天津高考)I wanted to make dumplings but found I had run out of flour, so I went out to buy some. 我想包饺子，但发现面粉用完了，所以我出去买了一些。 ③(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷读后续写)I quickly searched the crowd for the school's coach and asked him what had happened. 我迅速在人群中寻找学校的教练，问他发生了什么事。 3．表示未曾实现的愿望或打算，主要用于hope, want, expect, think, suppose, plan, mean, intend等动词。 ①(2021·天津高考)It seemed that I had become what my parents had wanted me to be. 似乎我已经成为我父母希望我成为的那种人。 ②I had meant to come, but something happened. 我本想来，但有事发生了。 ③He had intended that he would come to see you himself, but he was too busy. 他本来打算亲自来看你，但他太忙了。 小试牛刀　(完成句子) ①She said that . 她说她之前看过那部电影了。 ②The moment he handed in his exam paper, he realized . 他刚一交上考卷就意识到忘了写名字了。 ③ at the airport, but I had some things to deal with. 我本来打算去机场接你们，但我有一些事情要处理。 答案：1.she had seen the film before 2.he had forgotten to write down his name3.I had intended I would go to pick you up 4．用于状语从句中。 在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中，若主从句的动作都发生在过去，且有先后关系，动作在前的要用过去完成时，动作在后的要用一般过去时。 ①After he had finished his homework, he watched the TV. 完成作业后，他才看电视的。 ②(2021·天津高考)If I had waited to have the time, I would still be waiting to write my novel. 如果我一直等着有时间，我仍然会等着写我的小说。 ③(2021·天津高考)The first day I shut it off because I had placed it within arm's reach. 第一天我把它关了，因为我把它放在伸手可及的地方。 ④People were moving around me as if they hadn't seen me. 人们在我周围走动，好像没看见我似的。 5．过去完成时常用于某些特殊句型中。 (1)主语＋had hardly/scarcely/no sooner＋过去分词＋when/than从句(从句用一般过去时，hardly, scarcely, no sooner位于句首时，主句要倒装) (2020·全国卷Ⅱ书面表达)Hardly had we arrived at the farm when we saw many oranges hanging from the branches. ＝We had hardly arrived at the farm when we saw many oranges hanging from the branches. 我们一到农场就看见许多桔子挂在树枝上。 (2)It was＋一段时间＋since从句(从句用过去完成时) It was at least three months since I had left Beijing. 我离开北京至少有3个月了。 (3)It was the first/second ...time＋that从句(从句用过去完成时) It was the first time that I had chatted online in English. 这是我第一次用英语在网上聊天。 (4)主句(过去完成时)＋by the time ...(表示过去的从句) By the time I got to the station, the train had already gone. 我赶到车站时，火车已经离开了。 (5)句子(过去完成时)＋by the end of ...(表示过去的时间状语) By the end of last term, we had learned 12 units. 到上学期末为止，我们已经学了12个单元。 [名师点津]　有时before, after引导时间状语从句，主、从句表示的动作紧密相连，时间先后不明显，则主、从句都用一般过去时。 After he closed the door, he left the classroom. 关上门后，他离开了教室。 小试牛刀 (1)完成句子 ①It was three years since we the city. 我们离开那座城市已有三年了。 ②We than a thunderstorm broke. 我们刚出发就遇到了雷雨。 (2)句型转换 ③As soon as we had got to New York, we entered a different world. →We to New York than we a different world. ④She had scarcely finished her homework when she went to bed. →Scarcely her homework when she to bed. 答案: 1.had left 2.had no sooner set out 3.had no sooner got;entered 4.had she finished ;went (三)过去完成时与一般过去时的区别 虽然这两种时态都表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，但在使用时应注意以下几点： 1．时间状语不同：过去完成时在时间上强调“过去的过去”；而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间发生的动作。 ①They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday. 到昨天10点他们才到达车站。 ②They arrived at the station at ten yesterday. 昨天10点他们到达车站。 2．在没有明确的过去时间状语作标志时，谓语动词动作发生的时间先后须依据上下文来判断：先发生的用过去完成时，后发生的则用一般过去时。 She was very happy. Her whole family were pleased with her, too. She had just won the first prize in the composition competition. 这让在作文比赛中她刚赢得了第一名。 [名师点津]　当两个或两个以上接连发生的动作用and或but连接时，按时间顺序，只需用一般过去时来代替过去完成时。 He entered the room, turned on the light and read an evening paper. 他走进房间，打开灯，读起晚报来。 (四)过去完成时与现在完成时的区别 现在完成时表示的是延续到现在或同现在有关的动作，句中不可有表示过去特定时间的状语；而过去完成时表示的是过去某时之前已经完成或延续到过去某时的动作，句中可有表示过去特定时间的状语。 ①She had been ill for a week before she came back. 在回来之前，她病了一周了。 ②She has been ill for a week. 她已经病了一周了。 小试牛刀(完成句子) ①He wrote back telling his teacher that . 他回信告诉老师，他的表扬极大地鼓励了他。 ②I till now. 直到现在我还没收到她的来信。 ③By the time I got up, my sister . 到我起床的时候，我姐姐已经把衣服都洗了。 ④She said that she for years before she came to our school. 她说她来我们学校之前已经学了多年英语了。 答案：1.his praise had greatly encouraged him 2.haven't heard from her 3.had already washed all the clothes 4.had learned English 二、过去完成时的被动语态　 1．表示过去某一时间之前已经完成的被动的动作，常与by, before等引导的时间状语连用。 ①(2021·天津高考)Mark is a genius.By the time he graduated, he had been offered jobs by a dozen computer companies. 马克是个天才，到他毕业的时候，已经有十几家电脑公司给他提供了工作。 ②The classroom hadn't been cleaned before the teacher came. 老师来之前教室还没有被打扫过。 2．在 told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词之后的宾语从句中，若表示过去某一被动动作时，用过去完成时的被动语态。 They said the production costs had been reduced. 他们说生产成本已经降低了。 3．根据语意可以判断出动作先后的被动语态，先发生的动作用过去完成时。 As the assignment had been done, he went on to search the Internet. 工作完成后，他继续在网上搜索。 小试牛刀　(用所给词的适当形式填空) ①(2020·天津高考)Jones got the idea after he (talk) with an elderly lady who (cheat) of her money. ②The boy didn't remember whether his homework (hand) in. ③The media reported more than 1,000 people (kill) in the earthquake. 答案：1.had talked；had been cheated 2.had been handed 3.had been killed 用括号内单词的正确时态完成下面短文 A cow and a fox went out to search for food together.They ① (go) only a few miles before they saw a lion coming their way.They were both very frightened.The fox ② (think) of a way of saving his own life, and went up to the lion and said in his ear，“I ③ (help) you get hold of the cow without the trouble of hunting him，if you let me go free.” The lion ④ (agree)，and the fox then led the cow by a hidden pit (坑)，which a hunter ⑤ (dig) as a trap for wild animals，and the cow ⑥ (fall) into it.When the lion saw that the cow ⑦ (catch) and couldn't get away, he ⑧ (turn) his attention to the fox.He soon finished him off，and then ⑨ (go) on to eat the cow. Betray (背叛) a friend, and you'll often find you ⑩ (ruin) yourself. 答案：1.had gone 2.thought 3.will help 4.agreed 5.had dug 6.fell 7.had been caught 8.turned 9.went 10.have ruined 单元写作——Write about a healthy diet 本单元的写作任务是写一篇关于健康饮食的文章，属于说明文的范畴，旨在通过帮助学生积累有关健康饮食的知识，深化对健康饮食这一主题的理解，并反思自身饮食习惯。说明文是写作中常见的一种文体，用简明的文字来说明事物，不带任何个人感情色彩，不需要生动的细节和背景，纯粹是客观的阐述。写作时应注意以下几个方面： 1．写作时抓住事物的特征，即抓住事物的个性特征。 2．安排合理的说明顺序，如时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序等。 3．恰当地使用说明方法，如下定义说明、举例说明、分类说明、比较说明、引用说明、比喻说明、数字说明等。 4．语言简练、用词准确，具有科学性、客观性、知识性。 模板提炼 充盈语料库 (一)背写作词汇 1．be bad for one's health　　　 对某人的健康有害 2．be good for one's health 对某人的健康有好处 3．be optimistic about ... 对……乐观 4．be pessimistic about ... 对……悲观 5．build up one's body 强身健体 6．form a good eating habit 养成好的饮食习惯 7．mental condition 精神状态 8．relax oneself 自我放松 9．stay healthy 保持健康 10．suffer from 遭受 11．unhealthy eating habits 不健康的饮食习惯 12．be rich in 富含 13．be high/low in 含量……高/低 14．be on a diet 节食 15．break down (身体)垮掉 16．cure sb. of ... 治愈某人…… (二)背写作佳句 1．常用开头句 ①Living a healthy lifestyle lies in having a healthy diet. What is a healthy diet? 拥有健康的生活方式在于有健康的饮食习惯。 什么是健康饮食呢？ ②Healthy eating habits are very important for our health. But how can we form a healthy eating habit? 健康的饮食习惯对我们的健康非常重要。 但是我们如何才能养成健康的饮食习惯呢？ ③I am sorry to hear that you have been gaining/putting on weight recently and you are upset about it. 我很抱歉听到你最近体重增加了，而且你对此很不高兴。 ④Recently, I have a big headache that I always like to eat fast food so much. 最近我遇到一件头疼的事，就是我总是喜欢吃如此多的快餐。 ⑤Do you have a healthy diet? A healthy diet is actually a balanced one. 你有健康的饮食习惯吗？ 健康的饮食实际上是均衡的饮食。 ⑥People are beginning to attach much more importance to their health these days than ever before. 如今，人们开始比以往更重视他们的健康。 2．常用中间句 ①Don't skip breakfast. 不要不吃早餐。 ②Eat more grains, fruits and vegetables. 多吃谷物、水果和蔬菜。 ③We'd better take part in more outdoor activities instead of sitting in front of TV sets or computers for a long time, which is bad for our health. 我们最好多参加户外活动，而不是在电视或电脑前坐很长时间，这对我们的健康有害。 ④A balanced diet and regular exercise can help us keep healthy both physically and mentally. 均衡的饮食和规律的锻炼能帮助我们保持身心健康。 ⑤We must admit the fact that eating junk food is harmful to our health. 我们必须承认吃垃圾食品有害健康的事实。 ⑥I would strongly advise you to combine the balanced diet and exercise. 我会强烈建议你把均衡的饮食和锻炼结合起来。 ⑦A healthy diet consists of eating a variety of foods rich in vitamins, fibre and mineral. 健康饮食包括吃各种各样的富含维生素、纤维和矿物质的食物。 ⑧In my opinion, we should try to develop healthy eating habits to build up a strong body. 在我看来，我们应当努力养成健康的饮食习惯以增强体质。 3．常用结束句 ①I hope you'll find these suggestions helpful. 我希望你会发现这些建议有帮助。 ②Only in this way can you have a healthy diet in the future. 只有这样，在未来你才能养成健康的饮食习惯。 ③All in all, we should eat healthy food to keep ourselves energetic. 总之，我们应该吃健康的食物来保持精力充沛。 ④Could you give me some suggestions and a healthy recipe for me? 你能给我一些建议和一份健康饮食食谱吗？ ⑤As the saying goes, you are what you eat. In order to keep fit, please have a healthy diet. 正如俗话所说，人如其食。 为了保持健康，请养成健康的饮食习惯。 典例训练 假定你是李华，你的朋友王力目前正因体重暴增而苦恼不已，来信向你咨询关于健康饮食的问题。请你给他写一封回信，介绍一下你的饮食习惯。内容包括： 1．很少吃甜食，基本不喝甜饮料； 2．饮食中蔬菜、水果居多，有少量肉、蛋和奶制品； 3．一日三餐有规律。 注意：1.写作词数应为80左右； 2． 可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。 Dear Wang Li， Yours， Li Hua 必背范文 Dear Wang Li， I am sorry to hear that you have been putting on weight recently and you are upset about it.I think your unhealthy diet is closely associated with your problem. As for me, I have a healthy diet. Firstly, I take three meals a day at the same time each day，regardless of holidays. Secondly, I rarely consume sweet foods or sweet drinks . Most fundamentally, my diet contains quantities of fruit and green vegetables，which can supply/provide me with necessary vitamins. Besides，modest amount of meat and dairy products are also included in it. I hope you will have a healthy diet in the future，too. Only in this way can your weight problem be solved soon. Yours， Li Hua 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！15 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$