定语从句 学案-2024-2025学年初高中英语衔接课程

定语从句 (Attributive Clause) 一、定义 1.定语从句：在主从复合句中用作定语的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧接在先行词后面。 2.先行词：被定语从句修饰的成份。先行词可以为一个词，短语，或整个主句。 3.关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词，分为关系代词和关系副词。 关系词的作用：连词作用，引导从句，代替先行词；在从句中充当除谓语外的一个成分，起一定的句法作用。 关系代词（在从句中作主语，宾语，表语，宾补，定语）: that, which, who, whom, whose, as 关系副词（在从句中只作状语）: when, why, where 二、基本结构 先行词（名词、代词）+（关系代词、关系副词）+ 陈述句语序。 The reason (that) he gave for being late was just an excuse. 三、关系代词的用法 在定语从句中关系代词起着连接主句与从句、指代先行词和在从句中作句子成分的三重作用。关系代词的选用取决于主句中的先行词以及关系代词在从句中作何种成分。 先行词 在从句中作主语 在从句中作宾语 在从句中作定语 指代人 who / that who / whom / that (可省) whose / of whom 指代物 which / that which / that (可省) whose / of which 限定性定语从句中只用 that 的情况 （1）主句已有疑问词 who 或 which。 Who is the person that is sitting by the lake? （2）先行词既有人又有物时 He talked about the schools and teachers that he had visited. （3）先 行 词 为 all, much, little, something, somebody, nobody, anything, nothing, everything, none等不定代词时 I’d like to tell you something that will make you surprised. （4）先行词有形容词最高级修饰时 This is the best way that can prevent pollution. （5）先行词有序数词修饰时 He is the last person that I want to see. （6）先行词有 the very, the only, the same, all, any, each, every, few, little, no, one of等词修饰时 Li Ming is the only one that wants to be a teacher. The only thing that we can do is to give you some money. 比较从句动词的单复数： *This is one of the best novels that were published (publish) last year. *This is the only one of the best novels that was published (publish) last year. （7）有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词已用which, 另一个宜用 that Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before. 只用 which （1）引导非限定性定语从句时只用 which 而不用 that The fish, which I bought this morning, is very fresh. London, which is the capital of UK, is a very beautiful city. （2）在限定性定语从句中，关系代词前有介词时只用 which 而不用 that I was put in a position in which I had to accept I was less important. There are many reasons for which people like traveling. He built a telescope through which he could study the skies. The tower from which people can have a good view is on the hill. （3）在限定性定语从句中，如果有两个定语从句，其中一句的关系词是 that, 那么另一句的关系词就需用 which Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open. 四、关系副词的用法 关系副词和关系代词一样，具有各种作用。在定语从句中代替先行词、在从句中作状语、把两个句子连接成为一个带有定语从句的主从复合句等，相当于“介词+which”结构。由于关系副词在从句中均作状语，所以具体选用什么关系副词，主要取决于关系副词在从句中充当什么类型的状语。 先行词 关系副词 关系副词在从句中充当的成分 指地点 where 地点状语 指时间 when 时间状语 指原因 why 原因状语 1.关系副词 where 的用法 由 where 引导的定语从句，其先行词主要是表示地点的名词，如 building, city, room 等，where 在从句中作地点状语。先行词还可以是抽象的地点名词，如：case, point, situation, circumstance, activity, stage, state…[特别重要] The hotel where we stayed was very clean. =The hotel(that/which) we stayed at was very clean. =The hotel at which we stayed was very clean. 2.关系副词 when 的用法 由 when 引导的定语从句，其先行词主要是表示时间的名词，如 time, day, date 等，when 在从句中作时间状语。先行词还可以是抽象的时间名词，如：occasion，age [特别重要] I’ll never forget the time when we first met. =I’ll never forget the time during which we first met. 3.关系副词 why 的用法 由 why 引导的定语从句，经常会用在先行词 reason 的后面，why 在从句中作原因状语,相当于 for which。 The reason why I got a job was that I worked hard. =The reason for which I got a job was that I worked hard. 五、关系代词和关系副词的选用 对于同一个先行词，要想确定是用关系代词还是关系副词，关键是要弄清楚先行词在定语从句中担任什么成分。如果先行词在定语从句中作主语或宾语，就用关系代词；如果先行词在定语从句中作状语，就用关系副词。 This is the college (that/which) I visited. This is the college where I studied three years ago. 两句中的先行词一样，都是 college, 但关系词不一样。前者用关系代词 that/which, 因为它在从句中作及物动词 visited 的宾语。后者用关系副词 where, 因为它在从句中作状语，相当于 there 或 in the college。 比较下列句子： This is the reason why he was late. This is the reason that / which 可省 he gave for not coming. This is the factory that / which 可省 I visited yesterday. This is the factory that / which sells medicine. This is the factory where TV sets are sold. I’ll never forget the day that / which 可省 we spent together. I’ll never forget the day when I got married. 六、关系代词作介词宾语 关系代词在定语从句中用作介词宾语时, 介词可放于从句之首, 也可放于从句之末. 但以放于句首较为正式.（介词前置，必须注意不影响动词词组的含义。） This is the book for which you asked. =This is the book (that/which) you asked for. Do you know the person with whom I shook hands? = Do you know the person (whom/that) I shook hands with? Is this the factory to which you paid a visit last week? Is this factory the one to which you paid a visit last week? 辨析：以下词组，介词可否提前? look at, look for, look after, take care of, pay attention to, look forward to, depend on Eg: You shouldn’t neglect the small details (that / which) you need to pay attention to. [to 可以提前吗？] “介词+关系代词”引导定语从句常见的有以下几种结构： (1) 介词+关系代词 Mandela was the black lawyer to whom I went for advice．=Mandela was the black lawyer whom I went to for advice． (2) 名词/代词/数词+介词+关系代词 学科网（北京）股份有限公司36 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 He wrote a book, the name of which I’ve completely forgotten. The old man has two daughters, both of whom are doctors． Last Sunday I bought some books from the bookstore, three of which were English novels． =Last Sunday I bought some books from the bookstore, of which three were English novels． (3) 形容词最高级+介词+关系代词 China has thousands of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan. (4) 介词+关系代词+名词 I called him by the wrong name, for which mistake I apologized.(不能使用 whose) “介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句中介词的选择。 1.根据先行词的习惯搭配 They’ll never forget July 1 which Hong Kong returned to its motherland. 2.根据定语从句中动词所需习惯搭配 Hong Kong is the city which he comes. 3.根据定语从句的意义 Wu Song was the man whom the tiger was shot. 七、定语从句的种类 定语从句可分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句两种。区别： 1.形式上，非限定性定语从句往往用逗号隔开。 2.语法上，非限定性定语从句一般不用 that 和 why. 3.语义上，限定性定语从句与先行词关系紧密，起限定作用，如果去掉了这个定语从句，整个句子就不完整或者会改变意思；而非限定性定语从句与先行词关系不是很紧密，对先行词起补充说明或描述的作用。 This is the book I like best. 这就是我最喜欢的那本书。(限定性) 北京是中国八百年之久的古都，它有着丰富的文化和历史遗产。(用非限定性定语从句翻译) Beijing, which has been China’s capital for more than 800 years, is rich in cultural and historic(al) relics. 4.翻译时，限定性定语从句可译为一句（较短的一般译为"的"字结构）；而非限定性定语从句可译为两句。比较: He has a sister, who is a musician. (有几个姐妹？ ) He has a sister who is a musician. (有几个姐妹？ ) 5.引导非限定性定语从句的关系代词，指人时用 who, whom, whose, 指物时用 which, whose,指整个句子用 as, which; 关系副词 when, where, 指原因用 for which. He studied hard at school when he was young, which leads to his success in his later life. Tom's father, who arrived just now, is a famous scientist. They set up a separate state of their own, where they would be free to keep Negroes as slaves. He was proud, which his brother never was. 八、as 引导的定语从句 1. as 引导的限定性定语从句 多用于the same...as ; such/so...as; as ... as 等结构中。如： I have the same book as you (have). We will only discuss such problems as have something to do with our own interests. I saw so grand a National Day celebration as I never dream of. He is as great a painter as ever lived. 翻译成： 比较：同一个 or 同一类？ I live in the same house that he used to live in.（ ） I’m wearing the same shirt as you wore yesterday.（ ） 比较：定语从句 or 结果状语从句？ Here is so big a stone as no one can lift. （ ） Here is so big a stone that no one can lift it.（ ） 2. as 引导的非限定性定语从句 多单独引导一个定语从句，这种定语从句可置于句首，句中或句尾，译为"正如，这一点"。（动词常为 know, see, expect, point out, etc.） As we all know, smoking is harmful to one’s health. (as 作 语) =As is known to all, smoking is harmful to one’s health. （as 作 语） =It’s known to all that smoking is harmful to one’s health. =Smoking is harmful to one’s health, as we all know. =Smoking, as we all know, is harmful to one’s health. He was a foreigner, as I knew from his accent. (as作 语, 先行词是前面整个句子) 3. as 和 which 引导非限定性定语从句的区别 ①位置的不同 which 引导的定语从句只置于所限定的句子后；as 位置较灵活，也就是说 as 可置于所限制的句子前面；插在句子中或放在句子后。如： He was late again, which made his teacher very angry. Jack, as you know, is an honest man. 或 Jack is an honest man , as you know. 或 As you know, Jack is an honest man. ②先行词的不同 as 引导非限定性定语从句时，其先行词多为一个句子； which 引导非限定性定语从句时，其先行词可以是一个词，一个短语或一个句子。 He was proud, which his brother never was. （先行词是一个词） She was very patient towards the children, which her husband seldom was. He was proud, which I dislike very much.（先行词是一个句子） He is an honest man, as is known to all. He was a foreigner, as I know from his accent. ③which 在非限定性定语从句做主语时可用各类动词做谓语；而 as 做主语时，谓语常用系动词，如 be, seem, become 等，一般不用其他行为动词。 He saw the girl, which delighted him. He didn’t say anything at the meeting , as/which seemed very strange. ④as一般译为 “正如” “就像”，which 翻译成 “这一点”。 常用的结构有 as we all know; as often happens; as is often the case; as we can see; as is announced/ expected/ known/ imagined/ mentioned/ said/ shown/ reported 等。 【常考的结构！！！】 九、定语从句特殊情况 1. way 和 time 后接定语从句的情况 What surprised me was not what he said but the way he said. This is the second time the President has visited the country. This was at a time there were no radios, no telephones or no TV sets. 注意： 1)在定语从句中，the way 在从句中充当方式状语时，其后的关系词可以是 in which, that 或省略；但是当它在从句中充当主语、宾语等成分时，其后的关系词就用 that 或 which。 2)先行词是 time，若 time 作“次数”讲时，应用关系代词 that 引导定语从句，that 可省略；若 time 作“一段时间，时代”讲且作状语时，应用关系副词 when 或介词 at/during＋which 引导定语从句。 2. 定语从句含插入成份 定语从句中可以在主语后插入像 sb feel/think/believe/suppose/say...成分，这并不影响定语从句，分析时只要找出来去掉就可以正常做题了。 如：她就是这位音乐家说的这个国家最优秀的钢琴家。 This is the woman the musician said was the most wonderful pianist in the world. We will discuss the benefits I feel have resulted from the project. They went to the place they believed they could find some food. 十、定语从句中的主谓一致 1. 关系代词作从句的主语时，从句中谓语动词的人称和数要与先行词保持一致，先行词是句子时，从句的谓语动词用单数。 2. “one of + 复数名词”作先行词时，关系代词在从句中作主语，从句的谓语动词常用复数，但当代词前有the, the only, the very等修饰时，从句的谓语动词用单数。 Titanic is the only of these wonderful movies that has been produced in Hollywood. China Today attracts a worldwide readership, which shows that more and more people all over the world want to learn about China. 定语从句练习 I. 填空(You may use more than one word in some blanks.) 1. She showed me the book she paid 5 dollars. 2. The committee consists of 20 members, five are women. 3. He is the only person I want to talk to. 4. Such people were mentioned by him were honest. 5. We are in a position we may lose a large sum of money. 6. The bank was opened last week is a very modern one. 7. Mr. Smith, is a surgeon, is now in Sweden as a visiting scholar. 8. The palace I often pay a visit was built in the 17th century. 9. This is the best film has ever been made. 10. Is there anything I can do for you? 11. The hero left leg was lost in the war is well looked after. 12. Granny Wang, eldest son died in the earthquake, lives next to my house. 13. On the hill were maple trees leaves had turned red. 14. The audience, most _ were college students, enjoyed the concert. 15. Bamboo is hollow, _ makes it very light. 16. we know, water resources are very limited on the earth. 17. The year 1968, the American astronauts first landed on the moon, was important in history. 18. The city of Pisa, Galileo made his famous experiment of falling objects, is now a tourist city. 19. This is the reason he left the company. 20. This is the reason he gave us for his action. 21. When I arrived, Bryan took me to see the house I would be staying. 22. The evening, I will tell you more about later, had a great influence on my life. 23. Many countries are setting up national parks _ animals and plants can be protected. 24. The air quality, is shown in the report, has improved over the past two months. 25. I have reached a point in my life I am supposed to make decisions of my own. 26. We are living in an age ever before. more information is available with greater ease than ever before. 27. Stephen Hawking believes that the earth is unlikely to be the only planet _ life has developed gradually. 28. I shall never forget those years I lived in the country with the farmers, _ a great effect on my life. 29. The old temple _ roof was damaged in a storm is now under repair. 30. I can think of many cases students obviously knew a lot of English words and expressions but couldn't write a good essay. 31. I was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, a city name will create a picture of beautiful trees and green grass in our mind. 32. We went through a period the rural areas. communications were very difficult in the rural areas. 33. Half an hour later, Lucy still couldn’t get a taxi _ the bus had dropped her. 34. After graduating from college, I took some time off to go travelling, _ turned out to be a wise decision 35. — Do you have anything to say for yourselves? — Yes, there is one we must insist on. 36. Nowadays people are more concerned about the environment live. they live. 37. The old town has narrow streets and small houses are built close to each other. 38. He was educated at the local high school, he went on to Beijing University. 39. Sales director is skills. communication ability is just as important as sales skills. 40. The Beatles, many of you are old enough to remember, came from Liverpool. l. The GPNP is intended to provide stronger protection forall the species live within the Giant Panda Range and significantly improvethe health of the ecosystem in the area. 2. On the 1, 100-kilometer journey, the man Cao Shengkang, lost his eyesight at the age of eight in a car accident, crossed 40 cities and counties inthree provinces. 3.Kim Cobb, a professor at the Georgia Institute of Technologyin Atlanta, is one of a small but growing minority of academics are cuttingback on their air travel because of climate change 4.BMI is an internationally recognized measurement tool gives an indication of whether someone is a healthy weight 5.I ancient China lived an artist paintings were almost lifelike. 6.Many lessons are now available online, from students can choose for free . 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$