2024年仁爱科普版中考英语语法专题之词性和句子成分（二）

词性和句子成分（二） 一、词性的分类 词类又叫词性，英语单词根据其在句子中的功用，可以分十个大类。 名词 n. 代词 pron. 形容词 adj. 副词 adv. 动词 v. 数词 num. 冠词 art. 介词 prep. 连词 conj. 感叹词 interj. 实词 虚词 （表人或物、表时间、表方位）student （代替名词，含人称、疑问和指示代词等）it （表事物的形状、性质、状态）big (用在动词、形容词或副词前) quickly （动作行为、发展变化、心理活动等）run (表示数量或顺序) one (用在名词前，帮助说明名词词义）the (用在名词或代词前）in (起连接作用) and (表示感叹或呼唤应答) yeah 1.冠词 冠词是经常加在名词前面的一个辅助词，限制名词 的意义。 冠词在句子中不能单独作一个成分，是虚词。 冠词的范围： a/ an the 不定冠词 定冠词 （1）不定冠词 a/an 1. 泛指某一类人或事物中的一个或一类。 eg: An elephant is much heavier than a horse. His father is a taxi driver. 2. 用于序数词前，表示“又一，再一”。 eg: I have read the books twice, but I want to read a third time. 3. a / an 的区别 a 用在辅音音素开头的单数可数名词或字母前; an 用在元音音素开头的单数可数名词或字母前。 ___ usual boy ___ useful book ___ umbrella ___ UFO ___ honest boy ___ hour ___ honor ______ “a , e , i , o , f, h , l , m , n , r , s , x ” a a an an an an an a 4. 第一次提到某人或某物而非特指时。 eg：There is a book on the desk, but the book isn’t mine. 5. 用于表时间、速度、价格等意义的名词之前，有“每一”的意思，相当于every。 eg： three times a week; half an hour 6. 某些固定短语与不定冠词有搭配关系。 eg：have a good time; a few; get a cold ; pay a visit ; take a seat; make a living （2）定冠词 the 1. 定冠词the, 用来特指某人或某物， 双方都知道的人或物的名前， 或用于第二次提到的某人或某物。 Is this the book that you are looking for? 2. 表示世界上独一无二的事物的名词前 The sun is bigger than the moon. 3. 用在序数词或形容词最高级前 the youngest / the most beautiful / the first (second, third, fourth) March is the third month of a year. He is the cleverest boy in his class. 4. 用在某些形容词或单数名词前， 表示一类人或事物。如： the rich; the poor; the young; the old Do you know who invented the computer? The cat, is liked by many people. 5. 用在表示山脉、海洋、江河、湖泊、群岛、建筑物、名胜古迹等 专有名词前。如： the Yellow River; the Great Wall; the West Lake; the White House 6. 用在西洋乐器前 play the piano / the guitar / the violin 7. The +姓的复数 表示一家人 The Smiths / the Greens 8. 用在方位名词前 或习惯用法 in the south / on the right / in the day / in the end 单项选择 ( )1. English is ________ international language. A. a B. an C．/ D. the ( )2. —Look at ________ skirt. I bought it for mother on Mother's Day, isn't it nice? —Oh, what ________ nice present！ A. a; a B. a; the C. the; a D．a; 不填 ( )3. —Do you enjoy your stay in Hangzhou? —Yes. I've had ________ wonderful time. A. / B. a C. the D. an ( )4. Mr Wang has worked as ____ English teacher for more than 10 years.   A. /                B. a              C. an             D. the B C B C ( )5. — How long does it take us to go to your hometown from here?     — It takes us ___ hour or more to go to my hometown by___  train.       A. an; a    B. a ; an    C. an; /    D. a; / ( )6. —What ______  useful book it is!     —Yeah, it tells you how to play ______ guitar.       A. an； the        B. a； a    C. a； the    D. an； a ( )7. ________ are planning to go on vacation. A. Black’s B. A Black‘s C. The Black’s D. The Blacks ( )8. Susan joined an art club at _____ age of six and paints well. A. the    B. an    C.a C C D A 2.介词 介词，不能在句子中独立充当成分。它总是用于名词、代词、或相当于名词的其它词类或短语从句前。 中考需要掌握的11个介词： in、on、at、to、from、by、with、 for、about、after、before （1）时间介词 in 1996 / in 2002 / in 1847 in October / in February / in March in spring / in summer / in autumn / in winter in a week / in a year in the morning / in the afternoon / in the evening in those days in the daytime in the future in 年份 月份 季节 在一周中/年中 在上午/下午/晚上 在当时 在白天 在将来 表示较长时间, 如：世纪、年代、年份、月份、季节、周、上午、下午、晚上以及一些习惯用法中要用介词 in。 on on Tuesday / on Wednesday on January 1, 1988 on Tuesday afternoon on a winter morning on the morning of May fifth on my birthday on that day on New Year's Day on the first two days on time 星期 具体日期-几月几日 具体某个春夏秋冬的早中晚 具体某一天的早中晚 在我生日那天 在那天 在新年那天 在最开始的两天 准时 表示具体某一天或者特定（某一天上下午）的时间用介词“on”。星期、某月某日、某年某月某日、含Day的节日、有修饰上午/下午/晚上以及一些习惯用法中要用介词on at ten o'clock / at seven thirty. at noon /night /midnight at the age of twenty at that time at the moment at first 首先 / at last 最后＝in the end at once 立刻、马上 at / on (the) weekends 在周末 at 具体几点钟 在中午、晚上、半夜――一天中相对短暂的时间 年龄 在那时 在此刻 表示时间的某一点（或表示某时刻）如：钟点、年龄、节日、中午/夜晚/子夜或其它的习惯用法中要用 at。 固定搭配 （2）地点介词 +大地方 in China / in Quanzhou/ in the world +小地方 at school / at home/ at the airport(机场） +门牌、某层楼 on the first floor; 在...上面（有接触）on the table 在...正上方（垂直不接触） There is a bridge over the river. 在...下面 There is a cat under the tree. 在...前面（外部）There is a tree in front of our house. 在...前面（内部）There is a desk in the front of classroom. 在...后面（外部）There is a bank behind our house. 在...后面（内部）There is a desk at the back of the classroom. 在...中间 There is a garden in the middle of the yard. 在...旁边 A dog is next to the chair. 在...中间 (两者） Jane sits between Maria and Helen. （3）方位介词 在某范围之内 China lies in the east of Asia. 在某范围之外 China lies to the north of Australia. 与某地相邻、接壤 Mongolia(蒙古） is to the north of China. 表面穿过 Be careful when you cross the road. 内部穿过 The sunshine come into the room through the window. （4）表示方式、方法、手段 用材料、语言 in English 用工具、某物 Chinese people are used to eating with chopsticks.(筷子） 用方式、方法、手段 study English by listening to English songs Exercises: ( )1. How far is it ____ Guangzhou____Beijing? 　 A. from…to B. from…for C. away…to ( )2. Japan lies _____the east of China. A. to B. in C. on ( )3.My aunt arrived here ____a warm spring morning. A. in B. at C. on ( )4.We must stop children from______with fire. A. play B. played C. playing ( )5.Don't be too strict ____ him. He is only a child. A. for B. with C. about A A C C B 3.连词 连接词与词或句与句。 并列连词 从属连词 并列关系---and/ both..and../ not only...but also.../ either...or... 转折关系---but/ while... 选择关系---or/ either...or... 因果关系---so... 连接各种从句，如宾语从句/状语从句等。 that/ whether/ if/ when/ because... Exercises: 1. (2023天津)Before you get off the bus, you should wait ________ it has stopped. A. until B. but C. because D. so 2. (2023怀化)I want to buy something special for my grandmother，________ her birthday is coming. A. because B. though C. so D. and 3.Have a try, ________ you will never know what you can achieve. A. or B. while C. till D. and 4. (2023河北)________ you can use your dictionary, you will learn English better. A. If B. Unless C. Though D. Before 8. (2022绥化)You don't need to take any cash(现金) when shopping. You may pay by ________ Alipay(支付宝) ________ WeChat(微信)． A. either, or B. neither, nor C. not, but A A A A A 4.感叹词 感叹词是表示说话时喜悦、惊讶等情感的词，一般放在句首，后用逗号隔开，感情强烈时，可用感叹号表示。 dear 表示后悔、难过、怜悯、同情、吃惊、盼望等，可译为“哎呀、天哪”等。 there 表示得意、鼓励、同情、悲哀、不耐烦、失望、安慰、挑衅、引起注意等，可译为“哟、瞧、好啦、得啦”等。 There！There！ Never mind, you'll soon feel better． 二、句子成分 同位语（解释说明名词） 1.状语 修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，可表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、方式、比较、伴随、条件、程度、让步等。状语位置灵活。 1. She speaks French fluently. 2. I usually eat breakfast at home. 3. You needn't always help me. 4. He is always complaining. 5. The local people are very kind to the visitors. 6. The room is big enough to hold 80 people. 放在句末，修饰speaks 频率副词，位于实义动词前 频率副词，位于情态动词后 频率副词，位于be动词后 程度副词，修饰kind 修饰big, 特殊用法，enough后置 状语的种类： 1. How about meeting again at six? 2. Last night she didn't go to the dance party because of the rain. 3. I shall go there if it doesn't rain. 4. Mr. Smith lives on the third floor. 5. She put the eggs into the basket with great care. 6. She came in with a dictionary in her hand. 7. In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder. 8. He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately. 9. She works very hard though she is old. 10. I am taller than he is. 时间状语 原因状语 条件状语 地点状语 方式状语 伴随状语 目的状语 结果状语 让步状语 比较状语 火眼金睛找状语 1.He speaks English very well. 2.After finishing the work he left. 3.When she was 12 years old, she began to play the piano. 4.To get into a good school, I must study even harder. 5.Wearing a pair of sunglasses, he went out . 6.If I am not busy tomorrow, I will play football with you. 7.They used to play football under the tree. 副词做状语 介词短语做状语 从句做状语 不定式做状语 现在分词短语做状语 从句做状语 介词短语做状语 2.同位语 对句子中某一名词（词组）做进一步解释、说明，与前面的名词在语法上处于同等地位的句子成分叫做同位语。 Mr. Brown, my English teacher, always help me with my English. 3.定语 修饰名词或代词, 如果定语是一个单词，通常要前置即前置定语；如果定语是一个词组或一个句子时，通常则后置即后置定语。 I really like the beautiful pictures on the wall. 前置定语，修饰pictures 后置定语，修饰pictures 1. He is a clever boy. 2. Your hair needs cutting. 3. There's only one way to do it. 4. There is a baby girl. 5. We can not use sleeping pills at random. 6. The fallen power lines were dangerous. 7. That's the way to do it. 8. This is a map of China. 9. Can you help me to clean the room above. 10. The most important thing that I want to say is the truth. 形容词 形容词性物主代词 动词不定式 名词 现在分词（短语） 过去分词（短语） 不定式（短语） 介词（短语） 副词 从句 划分句子成分： 1. The man went to the shop with all the money he had. 2. He left here at six in the morning in order to catch the plane. 3. Our English teacher, Ms Wang, is very kind to us. 4. It is not a good idea to drive for four hours without a rest. 5. She was the first to cross the finish line. 6. Many animals are in danger because there is less and less land to live. 7. He bought me a pen. 8. Mr. Wu told us a funny story yesterday. 9. We made him our headmaster. 10. He asked me to help him out of the burning car. Thank you! $$