Unit 1 People of achievement 课文知识点导学案-2023-2024学年高中英语人教版（2019）选择性必修第一册

Unit 1 People of achievement Part One Text One Tu Youyou awarded Nobel Prize 6 October 2015 This year’s Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine has been awarded to Tu Youyou (co-winner), whose research led to the discovery of artemisinin, a crucial new treatment for malaria. Artemisinin has saved hundreds of thousands of lives, and has led to improved health for millions of people. Over 200 million people around the world get malaria each year, and about 600,000 die from it.①Artemisinin has become a vital part of the treatment for malaria, and is thought to save 100,000 lives a year in Africa alone. Tu Youyou, a committed and patient scientist, was born in Ningbo, China, on 30 December 1930, and graduated from Peking University Medical School in 1955. After she graduated, she worked at the China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Beijing. In 1967, the Chinese government formed a team of scientists with the objective of discovering a new treatment for malaria, and Tu Youyou was among the first researchers chosen. In the beginning, Tu Youyou went to Hainan, where malaria was more common, to study malaria patients. In 1969, she became the head of the project in Beijing, and decided to review ancient Chinese medical texts to find traditional botanical treatments for the disease. Her team examined over 2,000 old medical texts, and evaluated 280,000 plants for their medical properties. From their research, they discovered and tested 380 distinct ancient Chinese medical treatments that showed promise in the fight against malaria. One medical text from the fourth century suggested using the extract from sweet wormwood to treat a fever. Tu’s team tested a collection of dried wormwood leaves but found no effect. They then tried boiling fresh wormwood, and using the liquid obtained from this to treat malaria, but this did not work either. Their project got stuck. However, Tu Youyou would not acknowledge defeat. She analysed the medical texts again, and by chance, she found one sentence suggesting a different way to treat the wormwood. She concluded that boiling the sweet wormwood apparently destroyed its medical properties. Using a lower temperature to draw out the extract, she found a substance that worked. After failing more than 190 times, the team finally succeeded in 1971. Tu Youyou and her team members even insisted on testing the medicine on themselves to make sure that it was safe. Later, the medicine was tested on malaria patients, most of whom recovered. This medicine, which was called artemisinin, soon became a standard treatment for malaria. According to Tu Youyou, the discovery of artemisinin was a team effort.②Upon hearing that she had been awarded the Nobel Prize, she said, “ The honor is not just mine. There is a team behind me, and all the people of my country. This success proves the great value of traditional Chinese medicine. It is indeed an honor for China’s scientific research and Chinese medicine to be spread around the world.” 知识点链接 ① Artemisinin has become a vital part of the treatment for malaria, and is thought to save 100,000 lives a year in Africa alone. 主语 + be thought + 不定式（短语） 1）该句型意为“某人或某物被认为…”，不定式（短语）根据需要有时态和语态的变化 be thought to do（常表示一般情况或动作将要发生） be thought to be doing（表示动作正在进行） be thought to have done（表示动作已经完成） be thought to be done（表示被动且动作将要发生） be thought to have been done（表示被动且动作已完成） 2）该句型可与“It’s thought that…”互换 [例] Chinese is thought to be spoken even more widely in the future world. = It is thought that Chinese is to be spoken even more widely in the future world. 注意：常用于该句型的过去分词said, believed, considered, reported, announced等 ② Upon hearing that she had been awarded the Nobel Prize, she said, “ The honor is not just mine. upon/ on + n./ doing ·on/ upon译为“在…的时候；当…时；一…就…”，常用于正式文体中，介词on/ upon后面跟doing形式或表示动作属性的名词作宾语，构成介词短语，在句中作时间状语 [例] Upon arriving/ their arrival at the teahouse, the foreign students were impressed by the unique teapots and teacups. 拓展：“一…就…”的其他表达 1）as soon as + 句子（引导时间状语从句） [例] As soon as writing was developed, words were carved on animal bones. the moment/ minute/ instant/ second（名词用作连词）+ 句子 [例] The moment he got out of the car, he was surrounded by the excited fans. immediately/ instantly/ directly（副词用作连词）+ 句子 [例] Instantly we arrived at the park, we began to pick up the rubbish on the ground. hardly/ scarcely…when…或no sooner…than… [例] Hardly had he returned to China when he was put in charge of the important project. 注意：若hardly/ scarcely/ no sooner置于句首，则主句用部分倒装，从句不倒装 Part One Text Two The man who changed our understanding of the universe Albert Einstein, who is perhaps the greatest scientist in modern physics, is often considered one of the smartest men who ever lived. He made numerous contributions to the world, the most well-known being the general theory of relativity and the famous formula E = mc2. Einstein was not only a genius; he was a courageous and kind figure loved by many people. This gentle genius was born in Germany on 14 March 1879. When he was 16, he tried to enter university in Switzerland, but failed due to his low scores in the general part of the entrance exam, despite obtaining exceptional scores in maths and physics. After studying for another year, he managed to pass the exam, entering university in 1896 and graduating in 1900. After two years of looking for work as a teacher, Einstein took a job as a clerk in the Swiss patent office. While working there, out of a strong passion for knowledge, he continued to study, earning a doctorate in physics in 1905. That same year, which was later recorded as a miracle year in science, he published four extraordinary physics papers. Following this, he gradually became throughout the world as the new Isaac Newton. After four years, he was able to quit his job at the patent office and enter research full-time at a university. In 1992, he was awarded the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics for his explanation of the photoelectric effect. Circumstances changed in 1933, when Hitler came to power in Germany.①Einstein, who was Jewish, found the doors of academic institutions closed to him. As a consequence, he had to flee Germany. After spending time in Europe, he finally took up a position as a researcher at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, USA. Following that, he continued to make great achievements in physics and mathematics. To the public, he was seen as slightly odd-looking but kind and funny man. He had a thick moustache and long white hair, which sometimes stood on end as though he had just received an electric shock. Although he was a genius, he sometimes forgot things, like his friends’ birthdays. But despite his peculiarities, he was loved by his friends and neighbors. There is even a story about how he helped a little girl who knocked on his door and asked for help with her homework. In fact, Einstein often encountered people on the street who would stop him and ask him to help explain things. After many such occasions, he finally started saying, “ Pardon me ! Sorry ! Always I am mistaken for Professor Einstein !” On 18 April 1955, it was reported that Einstein had passed away, and the whole world mourned the great loss of a brilliant scientist. 知识点链接 ① Einstein, who was Jewish, found the doors of academic institutions closed to him. find + 宾语 + 宾补 1）find + 宾语 + 名词/形容词/副词/介词短语 [例] Peter found most of his teachers learned and friendly. 2）find + 宾语 + 现在分词（短语） [例] I found the girl playing the piano in the room. 3）find + 宾语 + 过去分词（短语） [例] When the mother and daughter found themselves surrounded by floods, they shouted for help. 注意： 当不定式作find宾语时，通常用it作形式宾语，真正宾语放在宾补之后，即构成“find + it（形式宾语）+ 宾补 + 不定式（真正宾语）”结构，该结构即可转换为“find + 宾语从句” [例] You may find it hard to make new friends in a strange place. = You may find (that) it is hard to make new friends in a strange place. Part Two Key Word 1. physiology n. 生理学；生理机能 2. artemisinin n. 青蒿素 3. crucial adj. 至关重要的；关键的 _______________ 对…至关重要 _______________ …是至关重要的 [引导主语从句，谓语用“(should) + do”] 4. malaria n. 疟疾 5. vital adj. 必不可少的；极其重要的；充满生机的 _______________ 对…至关重要 _______________（对某人来说）做某事很重要 _______________ …很重要 [引导主语从句，谓语用“(should) + do”] 6. committed adj. 尽心尽力的；坚定的；坚信的 _______________ 尽心尽力做某事；全心全意做某事 _______________ 7. commit 1）vt. & vi. 承诺，保证；全心全意投入 _______________ 承诺/致力于（做）某事 2）vt. 犯（错/罪等） _______________ 犯错/犯罪/自杀 3）vt. 投入（钱或时间） _______________ 投入…于… [拓展] 同根词 _______________ n. 承诺 _______________ 对…作出承诺 _______________ 承诺做某事 _______________ 履行某人的承诺 8. commit oneself to do 承诺；保证（做某事、遵守协议或安排等） 9. academy n.（艺术、文学、科学等的）研究院；学会；专科院校 10. academic adj. 学业的；学术的 11. objective 1）n. 目标；目的 _______________ 以…为目标 _______________ 2）adj. 客观的 _______________ 以客观的方式 [拓展] 反义词 _______________ adj. 主观的 12. botanical adj. 植物学的 13. evaluate vt. 评估；评价 [拓展] 同根词 _______________ n. 评估；评价 _______________ 对…进行评估 14. property n. 性质；特征；财产 15. distinct adj. 清晰的清楚的；有区别的 _______________ 与…不同 [拓展] 同根词 _______________ n. 差别；区分 _______________ 没有区别 _______________ 把…和…区别开来 _______________ _______________ 16. extract n. 提取物；摘录 vt. 提取；提炼；摘录；（用力）拔出 17. wormwood n. 蒿；羊艾 18. boil vt. & vi.（使）沸腾；煮开；烧开 n. 沸腾；沸点 19. liquid n. 液体 adj. 液体的；液态的 20. obtain 1）vt.（尤指经努力）获得；赢得 _______________ 从…中得到… _______________ 获准进入/加入… 2）vi.（规章、习俗等）存在；流行 21. acknowledge vt. 承认（属实、权威等）；（公开）感谢 _______________ 承认做了某事 _______________ 认为…是… _______________ 普遍认为… [拓展] 同根词 _______________ n. 承认；感谢 _______________ 作为对…的感谢 22. defeat 1）n. 失败；挫败 _______________ 惜败/惨败 2）vt. 击败；战胜 _______________ 战胜某人 23. analyse vt. 分析 [拓展] 同根词 _______________ n. 分析 24. apparently adv. 显而易见；看来；显然 [拓展] 同根词 _______________ adj. 显而易见的；表明上的 _______________（对某人来说）显然… 25. substance n. 物质；物品；事实根据 26. insist 1）vi. & vt. 坚持；坚持要求（虚拟语气） _______________ 坚持要求（某人）做某事 2）vi. & vt. 坚持说（陈述语气） [拓展] 同根词 _______________ n. 坚持 _______________ adj. 坚持不懈的 27. insist on 坚持要求 28. scientific adj. 科学（上）的；关于科学的 29. mostly adv. 主要地；一般地 30. wear and tear（正常使用造成的）磨损；损耗 [拓展] wear _______________（因重复使用或摩擦而）变薄，变光滑；磨薄；磨光 _______________ 用坏，穿破；使筋疲力尽 31. conclusion n. 结论；推论 _______________ 得出结论 _______________ 匆忙下结论 _______________ 总而言之 _______________ 使…结束 [拓展] 同根词 _______________ vt. 得出结论；推断出 vt. & vi.（使）结束，终止 _______________（从…）推断出… _______________ 以…结束（…） 32. penicillin n. 盘尼西林；青霉素 33. flee vi. & vt. 迅速离开；逃跑 34. circumstance n. 条件；环境；状况 _______________ 在这种情况下，既然如此 _______________ 决不，无论如何不（放在句首时，句子要用部分倒装） _______________ [例] Under no circumstances did I expect that I would meet so many problems when I decided to take the job. 35. novelist n. 小说家 36. novel n.（长篇）小说 37. flow n. 流动 v. 流 38. chart n. 图表；记录；制定计划 39. flow chart 流程图 40. found vt. 创建；建立；把…建立在 _______________ 将…建立在…之上 _______________ 建立在…基础上 _______________ [拓展] 同根词 _______________ n. 地基；基础 _______________ 为…打下（坚实的）基础 _______________ n. 创始人 41. infer vt. 推断；退订 _______________ 从…中推断出… _______________ 可推断出… [拓展] 同根词 _______________ n. 推断；结论 _______________ 推断出结果 _______________ 由此推断 42. politician n. 政治家；政客 43. numerous adj. 众多的；许多的 44. theory n. 理论；学说 45. relativity n. 相对性；相对论 46. formula n. 公式；方程式；配方 47. genius n. 天才；天资；天赋 48. gentle adj. 温柔的；文静的 49. patent n. 专利；专利证书；获得专利 adj. 有专利的；受专利保护的 50. passion n. 酷爱；激情；盛怒；激愤 _______________ 培养对…的热情 _______________ 酷爱… _______________ 充满激情地 _______________ 突然发怒 _______________ 勃然大怒 [拓展] 同根词 _______________ adj. 狂热的 _______________ 酷爱… 51. doctorate n. 博士学位 52. extraordinary adj. 不一般的；非凡的；意想不到的 53. gradually adv. 逐渐地；逐步地 54. photoelectric adj. 光电电 55. come to power（开始）掌权；上台（动作） [拓展] power _______________ 执政（状态） _______________ 为某人力所不及 _______________ 在某人能力/权利范围内 _______________ 竭尽某人所能做某事 56. institution n. 社会公共机构；制度；习俗 57. institute n.（教育、专业等）机构；机构建筑 58. consequence n. 结果；后果；重要性 _______________ 结果，因此 _______________ 由于 _______________ 承担（某事的）后果 [拓展1] 同根词 _______________ adj. 随之发生的 _______________ adv. 因此，所以 [拓展2] 近义词 表“因果”的短语： 表原因 短语动词 result/ arise from 短语介词 as a result of, due to, because of, owing to, on account of 表结果 短语动词 result in, lead to, bring about, contribute to 短语介词 as a result 副词 consequently, therefore/ thus 59. take up a position 担任；任职 [拓展1] take up 1）开始从事；开始做，学着做 2）占据（空间），占用（时间） 3）继续，接下去 4）接受（建议、挑战等） [拓展2] 辨析词 _______________ 接管，接任 _______________ 利用 _______________ 脱下；起飞；突然大受欢迎；休假 _______________ 呈现；雇佣；承担 _______________ 吸入；理解；欺骗 60. moustache n. 上唇的胡子 61. peculiarity n. 个性；特点；怪异的性质 62. encounter 1）vt. 偶然碰到；遇到（尤指遇到不快或困难的事） [拓展] 近义词 _______________ 偶然遇到 _______________ 2）n. 邂逅；遭遇 _______________ 与…相遇；接触 63. professor n. 教授 64. mourn vt. & vi. 哀悼；忧伤 65. remarkable adj. 非凡的；显著的 66. device n. 方法；技巧；装置；仪器 67. sum 1）vi. 总结；概括 _______________ 总之，总的来说（常位于句首） 2）n. 金额；款项；总数；总和 _______________ 总之 _______________ 一（大）笔 68. sum up 总结；概括 69. draft n. 草稿；草案 vt. 起草；草拟 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$