精品解析：北京市朝阳区2023-2024学年高一下学期期末英语试题

北京市朝阳区2023~2024学年度第二学期期末质量检测 高一英语试卷 (考试时间100分钟 满分100分) 本试卷共10页。考生务必在答题卡指定区域作答，在试卷上作答无效。 第一部分知识运用(共三节，30分) 第一节 完形填空(共10小题;每小题1分，共10分) 阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。 In 2022, Jeff and his son Johnny participated in the Ironman competition in Cambridge. However, they were not the ___1___competitors. Johnny had difficulty in walking, so Jeff acted as his arms and legs, ___2___ the weight of his son through the race. The competition is really ___3___. Participants have to finish a triathlon (铁人三项赛) with 140 miles of swimming, cycling, and running in under 17 hours. Jeff and Johnny had tried five times, but they had yet finished in time. To them, the Ironman was a way to improve themselves. Every failed ___4___ only fueled their desire to prove themselves to be more determined. So they entered the 2022 triathlon, hoping for a ___5___. The race began with a 2.4-mile swim. Jeff helped Johnny into a kayak (独木舟), and eased himself into the water,___6___ his son with a rope tied to the kayak. Even though it was hard, the pair finished the swim in 90 minutes. After completing the demanding cycling in nine hours, they set their sights on the final ___7___: a 26.2-mile marathon with Jeff pushing Johnny in a racing chair. Having been competing for 10.5 hours, at mile 19, Jeff started to worry, realizing they were going too slow, so they ___8___ the pace. With 200 feet to the finish line, Johnny began to walk on his own. He worried he couldn’t make the cutoff. After 16 hours, 55 minutes and 35 seconds — with just 4 minutes and 25 seconds to ___9___— father and son crossed the finish line together. As the crowd cheered on them, Jeff and Johnny looked back at the finish line. They knew this wasn’t the end of a race. It was the beginning of a new ____10____, filled with hope and courage. 1. A. typical B. serious C. qualified D. passionate 2. A. shifting B. testing C. carrying D. cutting 3. A. boring B. tough C. joyous D. relaxing 4. A. attempt B. reaction C. request D. arrangement 5. A. future B. reward C. survival D. breakthrough 6. A. striking B. pushing C. dragging D. wrapping 7. A. proposal B. choice C. solution D. challenge 8. A. picked up B. kept up C. went through D. slowed down 9. A. waste B. spare C. wait D. save 10. A. career B. attitude C. opportunity D. chapter 【答案】1. A 2. C 3. B 4. A 5. D 6. C 7. D 8. A 9. B 10. D 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述 Jeff 和他的儿子Johnny 第六次参加铁人三项赛并在规定时间完成的故事。 【1题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：然而，他们并不是有代表性的竞争对手。 A. typical典型的，有代表性的 ；B. serious严重的；C. qualified合格的；D. passionate热情的。由下文“Johnny had difficulty in walking”以及语境可知，Johnny本身有缺陷，所以他们的目的不是获奖，只是想在规定时间完成，所以并不是“有代表性的”竞争对手。故选A项。 【2题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：Johnny走路有困难，所以Jeff充当他的胳膊和腿，在比赛中背着儿子的重量。A. shifting转换；B. testing测试；C. carrying携带，背；D. cutting切割。由上文“Johnny had difficulty in walking”可知，这里Jeff充当Johnny的胳膊和腿，在比赛中“背”他。故选C项。 【3题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：比赛真的很困难的。A. boring无聊的；B. tough困难的；C. joyous快乐的；D. relaxing令人放松的。由下文“Participants have to finish a triathlon (铁人三项赛) with 140 miles of swimming, cycling, and running in under 17 hours.”可知，这里指比赛时间和距离都很长，要完成很“困难的”。故选B项。 【4题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：每一次失败的尝试都只会激起他们证明自己更加坚定的欲望。A. attempt尝试；B. reaction反应；C. request请求；D. arrangement安排。由上文“Jeff and Johnny had tried five times”可知，这里指他们以前的“尝试”激起他们证明自己更加坚定的欲望。故选A项。 【5题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：于是，他们参加了2022年的铁人三项比赛，希望取得突破。A. future未来；B. reward奖励；C. survival存活；D. breakthrough突破。由上文“they had yet finished in time”可知，他们这次期待一次“突破”。故选D项。 【6题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：Jeff把 Johnny扶上皮划艇，用绑在皮划艇上的绳子拖着儿子。A. striking打击；B. pushing推动；C. dragging拖拉；D. wrapping包装。由下文“with a rope tied to the kayak”以及语境可知，这里指用绳子“拖拉”着皮划艇。故选C项。 【7题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：在九个小时内完成了要求很高的自行车比赛后，他们将目光投向了最后的挑战：一场26.2英里的马拉松比赛，Jeff推着坐在比赛椅上的Johnny。A. proposal建议；B. choice选择；C. solution解决方案；D. challenge挑战。由上文“a triathlon (铁人三赛赛) with 140 miles of swimming, cycling, and running”可知，这里马拉松是最后一个“挑战”了。故选D项。 【8题详解】 考查动词词组辨析。句意：在19英里处比赛了10.5个小时后，Jeff开始担心，意识到他们跑得太慢了，所以他们加快了速度。A. picked up拾起，加速；B. kept up保持；C. went through经历；D. slowed down减速。由上文“they were going too slow”可知，这里指他们意识到自己速度慢了，决定“加速”了步伐。故选A项。 【9题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：16小时55分35秒后，只剩下4分25秒，父子俩一起冲过终点线。A. waste浪费；B. spare抽出，留出；C. wait等待；D. save拯救。由上文“running in under 17 hours”可知，这里指在他们16小时55分35秒完成，比预定时间还“留出”4分25秒。故选B项。 【10题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：这是一个充满希望和勇气的新篇章的开始。A. career职业；B. attitude态度；C. opportunity机会；D. chapter章节，篇章。由上文“father and son crossed the finish line together”以及语境可知，他们完成了挑战，所以从此开始了一个新的“篇章”。故选D项。 第二节 选词填空(共10小题;每小题1分，共10分) 阅读下面句子，根据句意，从方框中选择恰当的单词或词组，并使用其正确形式填空。 assume come across indicate admire on the edge of promote proceed with refer to run out (of) take charge of 11. Mary ________ patience waiting for the bus that was an hour late. 12. The problems have been fixed and we can ________ the work now. 13. John was ________ winning the game when he fell and broke his ankle. 14. If there is any question, please ________ our website for more information. 15. If the manager retires soon, Jack ________ the company and make changes. 16. The cultural festival aims to ________ friendship between the two countries. 17. A buyer always ________ the contents are wonderful if the package is wrapped well. 18. The soldiers have done a(n) ________ job in making sure that all the supplies got through. 19. While I was reading the newspaper, I ________ an interesting article about space exploration. 20. Lessons from history ________ that the most successful technologies are those that make their mark socially. 【答案】11. ran out of 12. proceed with 13. on the edge of 14. refer to 15. will take charge of 16. promote 17. assumes 18. admirable 19. came across 20. indicate 【解析】 【11题详解】 考查固定短语。句意：玛丽在等迟到一小时的公共汽车时失去了耐心。根据“patience waiting for the bus that was an hour late”以及句意“用完”可知应填run out of，根据后文was可知为一般过去时。故填ran out of。 【12题详解】 考查固定短语。句意：问题已经解决，我们现在可以继续工作了。根据“The problems have been fixed”以及句意“继续”可知应填proceed with，且can后跟动词原形。故填proceed with。 【13题详解】 考查固定短语。句意：约翰刚要赢得比赛就摔倒了，摔断了脚踝。根据“winning the game when he fell and broke his ankle”以及句意“非常接近”可知应填on the edge of，故填on the edge of。 【14题详解】 考查固定短语。句意：如果有任何疑问，请参考我们的网站了解更多信息。根据“our website for more information”以及句意“参考”可知应填refer to，此处为肯定祈使句。故填refer to。 【15题详解】 考查固定短语。句意：如果经理很快退休，杰克将接管公司并进行改革。根据“If the manager retires soon”以及句意“接管”可知应填take charge of，此处为主将从现，主句为一般将来时。故填will take charge of。 【16题详解】 考查动词。句意：文化节的目的是促进两国之间的友谊。根据“friendship between the two countries”以及句意“促进”可知应填动词promote，且上文为不定式作宾语。故填promote。 【17题详解】 考查动词。句意：如果包装得好，买家总是认为里面的东西很好。根据“the contents are wonderful if the package is wrapped well”以及句意“认为”可知应填动词assume，结合always可知为一般现在时，主语为buyer，谓语用三单形式。故填assumes。 【18题详解】 考查形容词。句意：士兵们做了一件令人钦佩的工作，确保所有的补给品都运达。根据“making sure that all the supplies got through”以及句意“令人钦佩的”可知应填形容词admirable，修饰名词job。故填admirable。 【19题详解】 考查固定短语。句意：当我在看报纸的时候，我看到了一篇关于太空探索的有趣文章。根据“an interesting article about space exploration”以及句意“偶然遇见”可知应填come across，发生在过去，用一般过去时。故填came across。 【20题详解】 考查动词。句意：历史的教训表明，最成功的技术是那些在社会上留下印记的技术。根据“that the most successful technologies are those that make their mark socially”以及句意“表明”可知应填动词indicate，作谓语，陈述事实用一般现在时，主语为复数名词，谓语用原形。故填indicate。 第三节 语法填空(共10小题;每小题1分，共10分) 阅读下面句子，根据句子内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。 21. I have a friend with ________ I share a passion for traveling. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】whom 【解析】 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：我有一个朋友，和我一样对旅行充满热情。此处考查定语从句，先行词a friend指人，介词with后接关系代词whom，在定语从句中作宾语。故填whom。 22. ________ concerns the rescuers most is the safety of the children. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】What 【解析】 【详解】考查主语从句。句意：救援人员最关心的是孩子们的安全。引导主语从句，从句缺少主语，指物，应用what，首字母大写。故填What。 23. We should avoid ________(leave) the lights on when we go out. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】leaving 【解析】 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：我们外出时应该避免让灯开着。短语avoid doing sth.表示“避免做某事”，设空处填动名词作宾语。故填leaving。 24. I remember the year ________ we spent our summer vacation at the beach. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】when 【解析】 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：我记得我们在海滩度过暑假的那一年。空格处为定语从句的连接词，修饰the year，从句中句子成分完整，所以需要填入关系副词；先行词为时间，所以用when。故填when。 25. The letter, ________(write) in elegant handwriting, was a pleasure to read. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】written 【解析】 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：这封信笔迹优美，读起来令人愉快。此处write与letter构成被动关系，故用过去分词作定语。故填written。 26. ________(keep)themselves awake，they sat on the floor and told each other stories.（用单词的适当形式完成句子） 【答案】To keep 【解析】 【详解】考查不定式。句意：为了保持清醒，他们坐在地板上互相讲故事。根据句意可知此处表示目的，应该用不定式作目的状语，故填To keep。 27. I think writing information down always ________(make) it easier for you to review it later. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】makes 【解析】 【详解】考查时态和主谓一致。句意：我认为把信息写下来总是让你以后回顾起来更容易。设空处在省略that的宾语从句中作谓语，根据根据上文think以及从句中“always”可知从句为一般现在时，主语writing information down为动名词作主语，谓语用三单形式。故填makes。 28. Last July, it rained heavily in the south, ________(cause) serious flooding in several provinces. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】causing 【解析】 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：去年7月，南方下了大雨，在几个省份造成了严重的洪水。此处cause与上文句子构成主动关系，故用现在分词作状语。故填causing。 29. Over the past ten years, he ________ (overcome) various difficulties in his career, achieving remarkable success and recognition. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】has overcome 【解析】 【详解】考查动词时态。句意：在过去的十年里，他在职业生涯中克服了各种困难，取得了显著的成功和认可。句中Over the past ten years是现在完成时的标志性时间状语，强调动作从过去开始持续到现在并产生了结果，主语he为第三人称单数，谓语动词用单数形式，故填has overcome。 30. Last year, the company’s CEO ________ (award) “Best of the Year” for his outstanding leadership and his great contribution to the company’s success. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】was awarded 【解析】 【详解】考查时态语态。句意：去年，该公司的首席执行官因其出色的领导能力和对公司成功的巨大贡献而被授予“年度最佳”。设空处作谓语，主语the company’s CEO与动词award构成被动关系，根据上文Last year可知为一般过去时的被动语态，主语the company’s CEO为单数。故填was awarded。 第二部分 阅读理解(共两节，38分) 第一节(共14小题;每小题2分，共28分) 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。 A Do these look like skates? They’re Moonwalkers, battery-powered shoes with wheels. They are billed as “the world’s fastest shoes”. How do Moonwalkers work? Fix Moonwalkers to your shoes, power them on, and begin walking. The artificial intelligence software driving Moonwalkers measures and adjusts (调整) on-the-fly to both the terrain (地形) you’re on and the way you walk, providing safe and enjoyable walking experience. Moonwalkers move only when you do. They sense when you’re speeding up or slowing down. LOCK mode allows you to go up and down stairs confidently. Why do you choose Moonwalkers? ·Walk at the speed of a run: Get to where you’re going in less than half the time it normally takes. With a top speed of 7 mph, Moonwalkers improve every step. ·Expand (扩大) your footprint: Moonwalkers make walking many city blocks, even further, no sweat. ·Less stress: Less walking equals less stress on your body. Moonwalkers feature a user-friendly system that helps you naturally maintain mobility and balance. ·Freedom to go anywhere: Tested on dirt and much more, Moonwalkers can handle our current city and allow you to walk a hill like it’s nothing. Also, Moonwalkers can survive walking through rain. Despite their wide uses, they are not roller skates, so they do not freewheel, ever. What is the maximum user weight? Moonwalkers can support a maximum user weight of 220lbs (100kg). If you weigh more than 220lbs, you can still use Moonwalkers but will experience slightly reduced performance in certain edge cases. 31. What can we know about Moonwalkers? A. They are powered by walking. B. They help with stair climbing. C. They are assisted by technology. D. They can replace ordinary shoes. 32. With Moonwalkers, users may ________. A. walk as fast as they like B. practise their skating skills C. challenge their senses of balance D. travel further with less tiredness 33. According to the passage, which of the following might affect the Moonwalkers’ function? A. The hilly terrain. B. The rainy weather. C. The user weight. D. The walking distance. 【答案】31. C 32. D 33. C 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了一款名为Moonwalkers的鞋子的情况。 【31题详解】 细节理解题。根据How do Moonwalkers work?部分第一段中“The artificial intelligence sottware driving Moonwalkers measures and adjusts (调整) on-the-fly to both the terrain (地形) you’re on and the way you walk, providing safe and enjoyable walking experience.(驱动Moonwalkers的人工智能软件会根据你所处的地形和行走方式进行测量和调整，为你提供安全和愉快的行走体验)”可知，Moonwalkers得到了技术的帮助。故选C。 【32题详解】 细节理解题。根据Why do you choose Moonwalkers?部分中“·Expand (扩大) your footprint: Moonwalkers make walking many city blocks, even further, no sweat.(·扩大你的足迹：Moonwalkers可以让你走很多街区，甚至更远，毫不费力)”可知，有了Moonwalkers，用户可以在不那么疲劳的情况下走得更远。故选D。 【33题详解】 细节理解题。根据最后一段“If you weigh more than 220lbs, you can still use Moonwalkers but will experience slightly reduced performance in certain edge cases. (如果你的体重超过220磅，你仍然可以使用月球漫步者，但在某些极端情况下，性能会略有下降)”可知，用户体重会影响Moonwalkers的功能。故选C。 B Steph put some flowers “borrowed” from her neighbour Mrs Robinson’s garden next to her cold breakfast and costly plates, and took a photo. She wanted to brighten the colours on her picture. Choosing a filter (滤镜), she noticed TrueBeauty downloaded before. Her picture looked perfect with that filter. She posted it on the social media for her 15k followers, hoping they would wish to have the same life as she showed. Then she threw away the food now that it was cold. Steph was surprised to get so few likes and so many negative comments. She looked again at the picture she had posted. Her picture showed a horrible breakfast with flies all over them and the flowers were dead. She tried to delete (删除) the photo, but she couldn’t. Just then, she received a message. Steph read: Dear User, I know that each of you truly cares about showing yourself. Are you as beautiful on the inside as on the outside? If you want your pictures to show the real you, it’s time to be as beautiful in real life as on your social media. Love, True Beauty PS. You can’t remove the filter or delete the pictures you posted using it. After the first time you use TrueBeauty, it will change all your photos from that moment on! Steph made her account private to hide the ugly pictures. She didn’t want to do anything if she couldn’t post photos of her life. With nothing to do, she went downstairs, past Mrs Robinson’s garden. She noticed the smell of the flowers for the first time. Lovely! Then she saw Mrs Robinson watering the plants. She offered to help. A couple of hours later, they were done with the work. Steph had enjoyed herself a lot. They took a picture, standing together in front of the roses and smiling. Later that evening Steph looked at the picture on her phone. She changed the colours a little bit. The roses looked beautiful anyway, with or without any changes. Nothing could improve the smiles on her and Mrs Robinson’s faces. A really beautiful picture! She posted this picture. It looked exactly the same online! She made her account public again and added some text to the photo: Beauty in the garden. 34. Why did Steph post the filtered picture online? A. To show off her life. B. To try out a new filter. C. To share her tasty breakfast. D. To teach photography skills. 35. What can we learn about TrueBeauty? A. It improves the ugly pictures. B. It calls on us to behave honestly. C. It advises us to hide comments. D. It cares about its users’ feelings. 36. How did Steph feel about gardening with Mrs Robinson? A. Uplifted. B. Confused. C. Confident. D. Lucky. 37. What would the author most possibly write next? A. Steph no longer posted her life on social media. B. Steph successfully removed the TrueBeauty app. C. Steph learned to improve her appreciation of beauty. D. Steph inspired her followers to value their inner self. 【答案】34. A 35. B 36. A 37. D 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了曾经爱慕虚荣的斯蒂芬收到了TrueBeauty的信息，要求她展示真实的自我，于是她和罗宾逊太太一起做园艺振奋精神，玩的很高兴。 【34题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段“Her picture looked perfect with that filter. She posted it on the social media for her 15k followers, hoping they would wish to have the same life as she showed. Then she threw away the food now that it was cold.(她的照片用那个滤镜看起来很完美。她在社交媒体上为她的1.5万名粉丝发布了这张照片，希望他们也能过上和她一样的生活。然后她扔掉了食物，因为它已经冷了)”可知，斯蒂芬把这张添加滤镜的照片上传到网上是为了炫耀她的生活。故选A。 【35题详解】 细节理解题。根据表格中“PS. You can’t remove the filter or delete the pictures you posted using it. After the first time you use TrueBeauty, it will change all your photos from that moment on!( PS：你不能删除滤镜，也不能删除你用它发布的照片。在你第一次使用TrueBeauty之后，它将从那一刻起改变你所有的照片！)”可知，TrueBeauty要求我们诚实行事。故选B。 【36题详解】 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Then she saw Mrs Robinson watering the plants. She offered to help. A couple of hours later, they were done with the work. Steph had enjoyed herself a lot. They took a picture, standing together in front of the roses and smiling.(然后她看见罗宾逊太太在给植物浇水。她主动提出帮忙。几个小时后，他们完成了工作。斯蒂芬玩得很开心。他们一起站在玫瑰前，微笑着照了相)”可知，斯蒂芬觉得和罗宾逊太太一起做园艺振奋精神。故选A。 【37题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Later that evening Steph looked at the picture on her phone. She changed the colours a little bit. The roses looked beautiful anyway, with or without any changes. Nothing could improve the smiles on her and Mrs Robinson’s faces. A really beautiful picture! She posted this picture. It looked exactly the same online! She made her account public again and added some text to the photo: Beauty in the garden.(那天晚上晚些时候，斯蒂芬看着手机里的照片。她稍微改变了一下颜色。不管有没有变化，玫瑰看起来都很漂亮。什么也不能使她和罗宾逊太太脸上的笑容更加灿烂。真是一幅美丽的画！她发了这张照片。在网上看起来一模一样!她再次公开了自己的账户，并在照片上加上了一些文字：花园里的美人)”可知，作者接下来最有可能写斯蒂芬鼓励她的追随者重视内心的自我。故选D。 C Whether picturing your next vacation or an ideal mark for an important exam, it is enjoyable to let your mind wander into daydreaming. Also daydreaming allows us to move mentally in time and space, rehearsing (预演) different possible scenes of the future. However, while the benefits of daydreaming were coming to light, psychologist Eli Somer found that some of his patients’ fantasies were replacing real social interactions and, as a result, were undermining (逐渐削弱) their ability to maintain daily relationships. Psychologists call repetitive actions that hold back an individual’s ability to cope with daily life “maladaptive behaviours”. In recent years, Somer has teamed up with others to explore the behaviour. One of their studies compared 340 maladaptive daydreamers with the control group. The former reported that their daydreams were hard to control and disturbed their lives. They spent an average of 56 percent of their waking hours in fantasy worlds featuring imaginary characters and detailed plots (情节). Unlike regular daydreams, theirs often involved rocking from side to side or uncontrollable facial expressions. Other research suggests that maladaptive daydreams can take many forms, from amusing to serious, but they tend to be more emotionally intense than regular daydreams. Exploring this behaviour further, Somer’s team asked 77 people to keep a diary of the emotions associated with their maladaptive daydreaming. This revealed that it brought increases in negative emotions, along with signs of depression, social anxiety and general anxiety. The study also found that maladaptive daydreaming was a behavioural addiction. The scientists who first proposed this in 2018 pointed out that, like many addictive tendencies, it offers a momentary escape from stressful thoughts and unfavourable realities. “Many professionals object to treating maladaptive daydreaming as disease,” says Somer. As you would expect for a condition that isn’t yet widely recognised, treatment and management options are still being developed and tested. Monitoring the behaviour, its conditions and emotional consequences (后果) may help individuals control it. Also, practising mindfulness meditation may be helpful in staying in the present rather than escaping to fantasy worlds. Other techniques involve recording occurrences of maladaptive daydreaming and possible causes in a journal, and rewarding personal milestones in preventing these fantasies. Noam, an Israeli student who has been struggling with maladaptive daydreaming, is proof that maladaptive daydreaming can be managed. Just two months after starting treatment with Somer, his daily daydreaming has fallen from 16 hours to around 7 hours. “I really want to get better, to take pleasure in my life as it is and to love only the people who are part of my life and deserve my care,” he says. 38. What can we learn from the passage? A. Regular daydreams take a wider range of forms. B. Maladaptive daydreaming is more likely to be habitual. C. More detailed imaginary plots lead to better daydreaming. D. Fewer emotional changes are seen in maladaptive daydreams. 39. As for maladaptive daydreaming, which would Somer agree with? A. Experts should take it seriously. B. It can lead us to preview future events. C. It provides us with an access to relieving stress. D. Keeping a journal has proved to be its reliable cure. 40. What is the main purpose of the passage? A. To make a comparison between two kinds of daydreaming. B. To present the findings of studies on maladaptive daydreaming. C. To introduce approaches to managing maladaptive daydreaming. D. To attach importance to dealing with the dark side of daydreaming. 【答案】38. B 39. A 40. D 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了不适应白日梦会导致负面情绪的增加，以及行为成瘾等问题。 【38题详解】 细节理解题。根据第四段“The study also found that maladaptive daydreaming was a behavioural addiction.(研究还发现，不适应白日梦是一种行为成瘾)”可知，不适应白日梦更可能成瘾。故选B。 【39题详解】 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段““Many professionals object to treating maladaptive daydreaming as disease,” says Somer. As you would expect for a condition that isn’t yet widely recognised, treatment and management options are still being developed and tested.(“许多专业人士反对把不适应白日梦当作疾病来对待，”萨默说。正如你所期望的那样，这种疾病尚未得到广泛认可，治疗和管理方案仍在开发和测试中)”可知，对于不适应白日梦，萨默认为专家们应该认真对待。故选A。 【40题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段“However, while the benefits of daydreaming were coming to light, psychologist Eli Somer found that some of his patients’ fantasies were replacing real social interactions and, as a result, were undermining (逐渐削弱) their ability to maintain daily relationships.(然而，当白日做梦的好处逐渐显现的时候，心理学家Eli Somer发现，他的一些病人的幻想取代了真实的社会交往，结果削弱了他们维持日常关系的能力)”结合文章主要说明了不适应白日梦会导致负面情绪的增加，以及行为成瘾等问题。可知，文章的主要目的是重视处理白日梦的阴暗面。故选D。 D Being scooped (抢先) to a discovery is a scientist’s least desirable thing. “You get a meaningful advantage for being first, but being scooped may not be as damaging as people seem to fear,” says Carolyn Stein, an economist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge. The history of science is full of competition. Charles Darwin rushed out his book On the Origin of Species after receiving a manuscript (手稿) detailing similar ideas from Alfred Russel Wallace, and Isaac Newton, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and their supporters argued over who invented calculus. Despite the fame of these competitions, scientists know little about how credit is shared among competing discoveries. Theoretical models analysing patent (专利) races, for instance, often suppose that to the winner go all the advantages. In the real world, however, credit for scientific discoveries is unlikely to be winner-takes-all. The cost of being scooped was moderate. Structures that were made public second were only 2.5% less likely ever to be published, although they tended to appear in less famous journals than were structures published first. As a share of total citations out of a 100, the first paper would receive 58 and the second 42. But when questioned about the effects of being scooped, scientists were much more negative than those data show. They predicted that, out of 100 citations, a scooped paper would receive just 29. But not all scientists were put at a disadvantage equally for coming second. When research teams at leading universities were beaten by a team at a lower-profile college, the second-placed team got slightly more citations. And the teams at top departments took an even larger share of citations when they did the scooping. “But the psychological effects of being scooped cannot be ignored,” says Venki Ramakrishnan, a structural biologist in Cambridge. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, his group raced several teams to determine the structure of the ribosome, a cell machine that produces proteins. In September 2000, a team led by Ada Yonath at the Weizmann Institute in Rehovot, published the structure of a ribosome subunit in Cell that Ramakrishnan’s team had also characterized. Ramakrishnan’s study came out weeks later in Nature. “For that month, I and my lab were pretty depressing,” says Ramakrishnan. The researchers worried that they wouldn’t receive proper recognition for their work. That didn’t turn out to be the case. Ramakrishnan’s and Yonath’s teams are both credited with working out the ribosome and the scientists each shared one-third of the 2009 Nobel chemistry prize. Ramakrishnan’s paper has roughly twice as many citations as the one that scooped it. In the long run, it didn’t matter. 41. Why does the author mention the book On the Origin of Species? A. To stress the value of scooping. B. To show discovery races are common. C. To illustrate fame comes from discoveries. D. To explain why winners get the advantages. 42. What does the underlined word “moderate” in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A. Minor. B. High. C. Unclear. D. Controlled. 43. As for Ramakrishnan’s concerns on being scooped, the author considers it ________. A. understandable B. unacceptable C. unnecessary D. unexpected 44. Which would be the best title for the passage? A. Scooped in Science: Scientists’ Bad Dream B. Scientific Discoveries: Citations Matter or Not? C. Scientific Discoveries: Should Winners Take All? D. Scooped in Science: Credit Will Come Your Way 【答案】41. B 42. A 43. C 44. D 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了科学界存在发现竞争的情况，有些人担心被他人抢先发表了发现，但事实上这是不必要的担心。 【41题详解】 推理判断题。根据第二段中第一句话“The history of science is full of competition. (科学史充满竞争。)”和“Charles Darwin rushed out his book On the Origin of Species after receiving a manuscript (手稿) detailing similar ideas from Alfred Russel Wallace, and Isaac Newton, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and their supporters argued over who invented calculus. (查尔斯·达尔文在收到阿尔弗雷德·罗素·华莱士的手稿后，匆忙出版了他的《物种起源》一书，手稿中详细描述了艾萨克·牛顿、戈特弗里德·威廉·莱布尼茨和他们的支持者为谁发明了微积分而争论不休。)”可知，作者提到《物种起源》这本书是为了表明发现竞赛很常见。故选B。 【42题详解】 词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“In the real world, however, credit for scientific discoveries is unlikely to be winner-takes-all.(然而，在现实世界中，科学发现的荣誉不太可能是赢家通吃的)”以及后文“Structures that were made public second were only 2.5% less likely ever to be published, although they tended to appear in less famous journals than were structures published first.(第二公开的结构被发表的可能性只有2.5%，尽管它们往往出现在不太知名的期刊上，而不是首先发表的结构)”可知，上文提到科学发现的荣誉不太可能是赢家通吃的，说明被抢先的代价较小。故划线词意思是“较小的”。故选A。 【43题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段“That didn’t turn out to be the case. Ramakrishnan’s and Yonath’s teams are both credited with working out the ribosome and the scientists each shared one-third of the 2009 Nobel chemistry prize. (但事实并非如此。Ramakrishnan和Yonath的团队都因发现核糖体而受到赞誉，两位科学家各自分享了2009年诺贝尔化学奖的三分之一)”可推知，至于罗摩克里希南担心被抢先，作者认为没有必要，这是因为他们的团队都因为发现核糖体而受到赞誉。故选C。 【44题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第一段“Being scooped (抢先) to a discovery is a scientist’s least desirable thing. “You get a meaningful advantage for being first, but being scooped may not be as damaging as people seem to fear,” says Carolyn Stein, an economist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge.(被抢先发现是科学家最不希望发生的事。位于剑桥的麻省理工学院(MIT)的经济学家卡罗琳·斯坦说：“你率先获得了一个有意义的优势，但被抢先可能并不像人们所担心的那样具有破坏性。”)”结合文章主要说明了科学界存在发现竞争的情况，有些人担心被他人抢先发表了发现，但事实上这是不必要的担心。可知，D选项“科学被抢先发表：声誉总会找上你”最符合文章标题。故选D。 第二节(共5小题;每小题2分，共10分) 根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。选项中有两项为多余选项。 The moment any birdwatcher spots a striking and unfamiliar bird, the first thing they do is to pull out a phone and identify the species. This suggests curiosity is all about acting now. It drives us to find answers as soon as possible. The impatience for answers mirrors what psychologists think is a main function of curiosity: to reduce uncertainty. ____45____ In a recent study, scientists have found that it can also inspire more patience, setting people up for those moments of discovery. They asked more than 2,000 people aged 19 to 76 years to watch a series of short videos. Each video started with a blank(空白的) screen. ____46____ While the participants watched each video, the scientists would ask them how curious they were about what the drawing would become. They also made guesses about what the drawing was going to turn into and how much joy or annoyance they felt. Interestingly, when participants were more curious, they were more likely to continue watching. ____47____ The experiment also revealed that as people watched the video, curiosity would change across the journey. Yet regardless of how curiosity changed, people with greater curiosity tend to engage in the process. ____48____ First, it underlines the complexity of curiosity, opening new paths for research to explore its varieties. It also highlights the significance of engaging with uncertainty: Having to consider and predict answers can improve learning and memory, and curiosity can promote brain states that help us store new information. Learning new things can be challenging. ____49____ A. But this picture of curiosity is incomplete. B. However, curiosity makes people eager for knowledge. C. The possible effects of the research are really impressive. D. So when uncertainty was greatest, curiosity was experienced with joy. E. A line would then appear and move around, gradually taking a shape. F. In other words, higher curiosity motivated people to slow down and be patient. G. However, making good use of curiosity can help us enjoy the process of learning. 【答案】45. A 46. E 47. F 48. C 49. G 【解析】 【导语】本文为一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项关于好奇心的研究，它强调了好奇心的复杂性。好奇心可以促进大脑状态，帮助我们储存新信息。我们要充分利用好奇心可以帮助我们享受学习的过程。 【45题详解】 根据上文“The moment any birdwatcher spots a striking and unfamiliar bird, the first thing they do is to pull out a phone and identify the species. This suggests curiosity is all about acting now. It drives us to find answers as soon as possible. The impatience for answers mirrors what psychologists think is a main function of curiosity: to reduce uncertainty. (任何观鸟者一旦发现一只令人震惊的陌生鸟，他们要做的第一件事就是拿出手机，识别它的种类。这表明好奇心就是现在就行动。它驱使我们尽快找到答案。对答案的不耐烦反映了心理学家认为好奇心的主要功能：减少不确定性。)”可知，空格处需要进一步说明好奇心，总结尽快找到答案存在的缺点。选项A. But this picture of curiosity is incomplete. (但这种好奇心的图景是不完整的。)与上文形成转折关系；能够承接上文。故选A。 【46题详解】 根据上文“Each video started with a blank(空白的) screen. (每个视频都以空白屏幕开始。)”以及下文“While the participants watched each video, the scientists would ask them how curious they were about what the drawing would become. (当参与者观看每个视频时，科学家会问他们对画出来的东西有多好奇。)”可知，空格处应说明的是视频接下来播放的内容。选项E. A line would then appear and move around, gradually taking a shape. (然后会出现一条线并四处移动，逐渐形成形状。)说明的是接下来的内容，选项中的then与started with相呼应，能够承上启下。故选E。 【47题详解】 根据上文“Interestingly, when participants were more curious, they were more likely to continue watching. (有趣的是，当参与者更好奇时，他们更有可能继续观看。)”以及下文“The experiment also revealed that as people watched the video, curiosity would change across the journey. Yet regardless of how curiosity changed, people with greater curiosity tend to engage in the process. (实验还显示，当人们观看视频时，好奇心会在整个过程中发生变化。然而，不管好奇心如何变化，好奇心更强的人往往会参与到这个过程中来。)”可知，空格处继续说明好奇心对于人们的作用。选项F. In other words, higher curiosity motivated people to slow down and be patient. (换句话说，更高的好奇心促使人们放慢脚步，保持耐心。)中的“放慢脚步，保持耐心”与上文中的“他们可能继续观看”相呼应；且与下文中“好奇心更强的人往往会参与到这个过程中来”相呼应；能够承上启下。故选F。 【48题详解】 根据下文“First, it underlines the complexity of curiosity, opening new paths for research to explore its varieties. It also highlights the significance of engaging with uncertainty: Having to consider and predict answers can improve learning and memory, and curiosity can promote brain states that help us store new information. (首先，它强调了好奇心的复杂性，为探索好奇心的多样性开辟了新的研究途径。它还强调了与不确定性接触的重要性:必须考虑和预测答案可以提高学习和记忆能力，好奇心可以促进大脑状态，帮助我们储存新信息。)”可知，空格处需要填入主题句，说明的是研究的影响作用。选项C. The possible effects of the research are really impressive. (这项研究可能产生的影响确实令人印象深刻。)，说明的是这些研究给人深刻的影响，能够作为本段的主题句，引出下文。故选C。 【49题详解】 根据上文“Learning new things can be challenging. (学习新事物是很有挑战性的。)”以及本文的主题好奇心，可知，空格处需要进一步说明学习与好奇心的关系。选项G. However, making good use of curiosity can help us enjoy the process of learning. (然而，充分利用好奇心可以帮助我们享受学习的过程。)说明的是如何利用好奇心来学习，上文中的“Learning new things”与“the process of learning”相呼应；与上文形成转折关系，选项G能够承接上文，总结全文。故选G。 第三部分 书面表达(共两节，32分) 第一节(共4小题;第50、51题各2分，第52题3分，第53题5分，共12分) 阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。请在答题卡指定区域作答。 How can we avoid food waste in our daily life? Rayner Loi has got his own way. He keeps a note on his phone with details of the food that goes bad every week at his home. That way, when he goes to the supermarket, he has a better idea of how much food he actually eats in a week, and can adjust his shopping accordingly. He believes individual action like this is important to solve the problem of food waste, but he’s also got his sights set higher. In 2017 he founded Lumitics, a company that tracks food waste on a large scale—with the aim of helping hotels and airlines, which serve thousands of meals a day, figure out how much avoidable waste they’re producing. Equipped with weight sensors, cameras, and AI technology, Lumitics’ smart garbage cans (垃圾箱) can recognize and track the type and amount of food that gets thrown out—including whether it’s spoiled, uneaten or kitchen waste. As a result, its customers can use the data of the waste to adjust the amount of food they prepare or buy, leading to a great waste reduction. For instance, Lumitics has helped the hotels it works with reduce food waste considerably, keeping more than 300,000 meals out of landfills in 2019. The company is also beneficial for its customers’ economic outcomes. Hotel restaurants often operate on relatively thin profits, “so any savings for them actually is really significant for their business,” he says. Loi got the idea for Lumitics when, while working in Singapore, he saw kids go hungry. He sees food waste as one of the most overlooked problems facing the world. “I think my generation desperately long for meaning and purpose in our lives, so we want to work on challenging problems and create solutions that will bring about deep impact for the world,” he says, “what our group want to achieve is really clear in terms of the number of meals saved and the amount of carbon emissions (排放) avoided.” 50. How does Rayner Loi know how much food he eats in a week? ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 51. What benefits does Lumitics bring to its customers? ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 52. Please decide which part is false in the following statement then underline it and explain why. Rayner Loi was inspired to found Lumitics by his experience of food shortage in his own life. ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 53. Apart from Rayner Loi’s way of saving food, how do you avoid food waste in your daily life? (In about 40 words) ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】50. By keeping a note on his phone with details of the food that goes bad every week at his home. 51. The great waste reduction and better economic outcomes. 52. Rayner Loi was inspired to found Lumitics by his experience of food shortage in his own life. Rayner Loi got the idea for Lumitics when/while working in Singapore, he saw kids go hungry. 53. (1)To reduce food waste, I always encourage my family to finish our meals when we eat out, or to take away the leftovers for later use. I often use leftovers to make new dishes like soups or stir-fries. This not only helps reduce waste but also lets me get creative with cooking. (2)I usually store food properly, which is a good way to prevent wasting. For example, Iensure item s like fruit and vegetables are kept in the refrigerator, while dry goods are stored in airtight containers in a cool and dry place. By doing this, I can reduce food waste. (3)Gardening is my way to avoid food waste. Backyard composting is a great way to keep food waste out of the landfill and provide nutrition for my garden. For instance, in this way vegetable peels don’t have to go to waste but to my garden or my composting containers. 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要说明了Rayner Loi创立Lumitics来减少食物浪费。 【50题详解】 考查细节理解。根据第一段“He keeps a note on his phone with details of the food that goes bad every week at his home. That way, when he goes to the supermarket, he has a better idea of how much food he actually eats in a week, and can adjust his shopping accordingly.(他在手机上记录了家中每周变质食物的细节。这样，当他去超市时，他就能更好地了解自己一周实际吃了多少食物，并能相应地调整自己的购物计划)”可知，雷纳·洛伊通过在手机上记录他家里每周变质食物的细节知道他一周吃多少食物。故答案为By keeping a note on his phone with details of the food that goes bad every week at his home. 【51题详解】 考查细节理解。根据第三段“As a result, its customers can use the data of the waste to adjust the amount of food they prepare or buy, leading to a great waste reduction.(因此，它的客户可以使用废物的数据来调整他们准备或购买的食物数量，从而大大减少了浪费)”以及“The company is also beneficial for its customers’ economic outcomes.(该公司也有利于其客户的经济成果)”可知，Lumitics可以让客户大大减少浪费，取得更好的经济效益。故答案为The great waste reduction and better economic outcomes. 【52题详解】 考查细节理解。根据最后一段“Loi got the idea for Lumitics when, while working in Singapore, he saw kids go hungry.(Loi在新加坡工作时，看到孩子们在挨饿，于是萌生了创办Lumitics的想法)”可知，错误部分为“by his experience of food shortage in his own life”，因为Rayner Loi在新加坡工作时，看到孩子们在挨饿，于是萌生了制作Lumitics的想法。故答案为Rayner Loi was inspired to found Lumitics by his experience of food shortage in his own life. Rayner Loi got the idea for Lumitics when/while working in Singapore, he saw kids go hungry. 【53题详解】 考查开放题。根据“除了雷纳·罗的节约食物的方法，你在日常生活中如何避免食物浪费”可回答：(1)为了减少食物浪费，我总是鼓励我的家人在外出就餐时把饭吃完，或者把剩菜带走以后用。我经常用剩菜做汤或炒菜之类的新菜。这不仅有助于减少浪费，还能让我在烹饪上更有创意。(2)我通常妥善储存食物，这是防止浪费的好方法。例如，我确保像水果和蔬菜这样的物品存放在冰箱里，而干货则存放在阴凉干燥的密封容器中。通过这样做，我可以减少食物浪费。(3)园艺是我避免食物浪费的方法。后院堆肥是一个很好的方法，使食物垃圾远离垃圾填埋场，并为我的花园提供营养。例如，用这种方法，蔬菜皮不必浪费，而是要放在我的花园或堆肥容器里。故答案为(1)To reduce food waste, I always encourage my family to finish our meals when we eat out, or to take away the leftovers for later use. I often use leftovers to make new dishes like soups or stir-fries. This not only helps reduce waste but also lets me get creative with cooking. (2)I usually store food properly, which is a good way to prevent wasting. For example, Iensure item s like fruit and vegetables are kept in the refrigerator, while dry goods are stored in airtight containers in a cool and dry place. By doing this, I can reduce food waste. (3)Gardening is my way to avoid food waste. Backyard composting is a great way to keep food waste out of the landfill and provide nutrition for my garden. For instance, in this way vegetable peels don’t have to go to waste but to my garden or my composting containers. 第二节(20分) 54. 假设你是红星中学高一学生李华。你从外国好友Jim的来信中得知他在申请联合国志愿者项目（UN Volunteers），你也有意参加。请给他写一封英文邮件，内容包括： 1. 说明你感兴趣的志愿服务种类和原因； 2. 询问项目相关信息。 注意：1. 词数100左右； 2. 开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。 Dear Jim, ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Yours, Li Hua 【答案】Possible version 1 Dear Jim, Glad to hear from you! I’m also eager to participate in UN Volunteers you mentioned. I’m interested in the volunteer environmental protection program. Deeply concerned about the situation about our environment and the impact of climate change, I believe that each individual has a responsibility to contribute to protecting our planet. More importantly, I can’t wait to put my education in the field of environmental science into practice. Have you got specific information of the program? Could you please share with me the qualifications, selection criteria, any specific skills required and such like? Looking forward to your early reply! Yours, Li Hua Possible version 2 Dear Jim, I am thrilled to hear that you are applying for UN Volunteers. I am also interested and would like to know more about it. I want to join in the volunteer teaching program because I am passionate about teaching and believe that every child deserves access to quality education. Through this program, I hope to contribute to the development and improvement of education in underprivileged communities. To make the best of the project, I also want to learn about some relevant information. Do you know the duration and location of the program? I am also wondering if there are any specific qualifications or skills that are necessary for the volunteers. I look forward to hearing from you soon and hope that we can enjoy this meaningful journey together. Yours, Li Hua Possible version 3 Dear Jim, I am happy to receive your letter in which I know the UN Volunteers. To be honest, I want in with you. The volunteer rescue program is what I want to apply for. As you know, influenced by my father, a policeman, I have been dreaming to be one like him, saving people’s life. The opportunity to put my first-aid skills into practice and the chance of reducing suffering and the loss of life can certainly be another reason. But I am not sure if I am qualified enough. Do they accept Chinese teenagers under 18 years old? With no previous related experience, do I stand any chance? How can I apply for it? Can you share more information with me? Hope we can take part in the program together. Looking forward to your early reply! Yours, Li Hua 【解析】 【导语】本篇书面表达属于应用文。你从外国好友Jim的来信中得知他在申请联合国志愿者项目，你也有意参加。要求考生写一封英文邮件说明感兴趣的志愿服务种类和原因，并询问项目相关信息。 【详解】（范文一） 1. 词汇积累 高兴的：glad→delighted 参加：participate in→take part in 感兴趣：be interested in→take interest in 影响：impact→influence 2. 句式拓展 同义句转换 原句：Could you please share with me the qualifications, selection criteria, any specific skills required and such like? 拓展句：I would appreciate it if you could please share with me the qualifications, selection criteria, any specific skills required and such like. 【点睛】【高分句型1】Deeply concerned about the situation about our environment and the impact of climate change, I believe that each individual has a responsibility to contribute to protecting our planet. (运用了that引导宾语从句) 【高分句型2】I’m also eager to participate in UN Volunteers you mentioned. (运用了省略关系词的定语从句) 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 北京市朝阳区2023~2024学年度第二学期期末质量检测 高一英语试卷 (考试时间100分钟 满分100分) 本试卷共10页。考生务必在答题卡指定区域作答，在试卷上作答无效。 第一部分知识运用(共三节，30分) 第一节 完形填空(共10小题;每小题1分，共10分) 阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。 In 2022, Jeff and his son Johnny participated in the Ironman competition in Cambridge. However, they were not the ___1___competitors. Johnny had difficulty in walking, so Jeff acted as his arms and legs, ___2___ the weight of his son through the race. The competition is really ___3___. Participants have to finish a triathlon (铁人三项赛) with 140 miles of swimming, cycling, and running in under 17 hours. Jeff and Johnny had tried five times, but they had yet finished in time. To them, the Ironman was a way to improve themselves. Every failed ___4___ only fueled their desire to prove themselves to be more determined. So they entered the 2022 triathlon, hoping for a ___5___. The race began with a 2.4-mile swim. Jeff helped Johnny into a kayak (独木舟), and eased himself into the water,___6___ his son with a rope tied to the kayak. Even though it was hard, the pair finished the swim in 90 minutes. After completing the demanding cycling in nine hours, they set their sights on the final ___7___: a 26.2-mile marathon with Jeff pushing Johnny in a racing chair. Having been competing for 10.5 hours, at mile 19, Jeff started to worry, realizing they were going too slow, so they ___8___ the pace. With 200 feet to the finish line, Johnny began to walk on his own. He worried he couldn’t make the cutoff. After 16 hours, 55 minutes and 35 seconds — with just 4 minutes and 25 seconds to ___9___— father and son crossed the finish line together. As the crowd cheered on them, Jeff and Johnny looked back at the finish line. They knew this wasn’t the end of a race. It was the beginning of a new ____10____, filled with hope and courage. 1. A. typical B. serious C. qualified D. passionate 2. A. shifting B. testing C. carrying D. cutting 3. A. boring B. tough C. joyous D. relaxing 4. A. attempt B. reaction C. request D. arrangement 5. A. future B. reward C. survival D. breakthrough 6. A. striking B. pushing C. dragging D. wrapping 7. A. proposal B. choice C. solution D. challenge 8. A. picked up B. kept up C. went through D. slowed down 9. A. waste B. spare C. wait D. save 10. A. career B. attitude C. opportunity D. chapter 第二节 选词填空(共10小题;每小题1分，共10分) 阅读下面句子，根据句意，从方框中选择恰当的单词或词组，并使用其正确形式填空。 assume come across indicate admire on the edge of promote proceed with refer to run out (of) take charge of 11. Mary ________ patience waiting for the bus that was an hour late. 12. The problems have been fixed and we can ________ the work now. 13. John was ________ winning the game when he fell and broke his ankle. 14. If there is any question, please ________ our website for more information. 15. If the manager retires soon, Jack ________ the company and make changes. 16. The cultural festival aims to ________ friendship between the two countries. 17. A buyer always ________ the contents are wonderful if the package is wrapped well. 18. The soldiers have done a(n) ________ job in making sure that all the supplies got through. 19. While I was reading the newspaper, I ________ an interesting article about space exploration. 20. Lessons from history ________ that the most successful technologies are those that make their mark socially. 第三节 语法填空(共10小题;每小题1分，共10分) 阅读下面句子，根据句子内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。 21. I have a friend with ________ I share a passion for traveling. (用适当的词填空) 22. ________ concerns the rescuers most is the safety of the children. (用适当的词填空) 23. We should avoid ________(leave) the lights on when we go out. (所给词的适当形式填空) 24. I remember the year ________ we spent our summer vacation at the beach. (用适当的词填空) 25. The letter, ________(write) in elegant handwriting, was a pleasure to read. (所给词的适当形式填空) 26. ________(keep)themselves awake，they sat on the floor and told each other stories.（用单词的适当形式完成句子） 27. I think writing information down always ________(make) it easier for you to review it later. (所给词的适当形式填空) 28. Last July, it rained heavily in the south, ________(cause) serious flooding in several provinces. (所给词的适当形式填空) 29. Over the past ten years, he ________ (overcome) various difficulties in his career, achieving remarkable success and recognition. (所给词的适当形式填空) 30. Last year, the company’s CEO ________ (award) “Best of the Year” for his outstanding leadership and his great contribution to the company’s success. (所给词的适当形式填空) 第二部分 阅读理解(共两节，38分) 第一节(共14小题;每小题2分，共28分) 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。 A Do these look like skates? They’re Moonwalkers, battery-powered shoes with wheels. They are billed as “the world’s fastest shoes”. How do Moonwalkers work? Fix Moonwalkers to your shoes, power them on, and begin walking. The artificial intelligence software driving Moonwalkers measures and adjusts (调整) on-the-fly to both the terrain (地形) you’re on and the way you walk, providing safe and enjoyable walking experience. Moonwalkers move only when you do. They sense when you’re speeding up or slowing down. LOCK mode allows you to go up and down stairs confidently. Why do you choose Moonwalkers? ·Walk at the speed of a run: Get to where you’re going in less than half the time it normally takes. With a top speed of 7 mph, Moonwalkers improve every step. ·Expand (扩大) your footprint: Moonwalkers make walking many city blocks, even further, no sweat. ·Less stress: Less walking equals less stress on your body. Moonwalkers feature a user-friendly system that helps you naturally maintain mobility and balance. ·Freedom to go anywhere: Tested on dirt and much more, Moonwalkers can handle our current city and allow you to walk a hill like it’s nothing. Also, Moonwalkers can survive walking through rain. Despite their wide uses, they are not roller skates, so they do not freewheel, ever. What is the maximum user weight? Moonwalkers can support a maximum user weight of 220lbs (100kg). If you weigh more than 220lbs, you can still use Moonwalkers but will experience slightly reduced performance in certain edge cases. 31. What can we know about Moonwalkers? A. They are powered by walking. B. They help with stair climbing. C. They are assisted by technology. D. They can replace ordinary shoes. 32. With Moonwalkers, users may ________. A. walk as fast as they like B. practise their skating skills C. challenge their senses of balance D. travel further with less tiredness 33. According to the passage, which of the following might affect the Moonwalkers’ function? A. The hilly terrain. B. The rainy weather. C. The user weight. D. The walking distance. B Steph put some flowers “borrowed” from her neighbour Mrs Robinson’s garden next to her cold breakfast and costly plates, and took a photo. She wanted to brighten the colours on her picture. Choosing a filter (滤镜), she noticed TrueBeauty downloaded before. Her picture looked perfect with that filter. She posted it on the social media for her 15k followers, hoping they would wish to have the same life as she showed. Then she threw away the food now that it was cold. Steph was surprised to get so few likes and so many negative comments. She looked again at the picture she had posted. Her picture showed a horrible breakfast with flies all over them and the flowers were dead. She tried to delete (删除) the photo, but she couldn’t. Just then, she received a message. Steph read: Dear User, I know that each of you truly cares about showing yourself. Are you as beautiful on the inside as on the outside? If you want your pictures to show the real you, it’s time to be as beautiful in real life as on your social media. Love, True Beauty PS. You can’t remove the filter or delete the pictures you posted using it. After the first time you use TrueBeauty, it will change all your photos from that moment on! Steph made her account private to hide the ugly pictures. She didn’t want to do anything if she couldn’t post photos of her life. With nothing to do, she went downstairs, past Mrs Robinson’s garden. She noticed the smell of the flowers for the first time. Lovely! Then she saw Mrs Robinson watering the plants. She offered to help. A couple of hours later, they were done with the work. Steph had enjoyed herself a lot. They took a picture, standing together in front of the roses and smiling. Later that evening Steph looked at the picture on her phone. She changed the colours a little bit. The roses looked beautiful anyway, with or without any changes. Nothing could improve the smiles on her and Mrs Robinson’s faces. A really beautiful picture! She posted this picture. It looked exactly the same online! She made her account public again and added some text to the photo: Beauty in the garden. 34. Why did Steph post the filtered picture online? A. To show off her life. B. To try out a new filter. C. To share her tasty breakfast. D. To teach photography skills. 35. What can we learn about TrueBeauty? A. It improves the ugly pictures. B. It calls on us to behave honestly. C. It advises us to hide comments. D. It cares about its users’ feelings. 36. How did Steph feel about gardening with Mrs Robinson? A. Uplifted. B. Confused. C. Confident. D. Lucky. 37. What would the author most possibly write next? A. Steph no longer posted her life on social media. B. Steph successfully removed the TrueBeauty app. C. Steph learned to improve her appreciation of beauty. D. Steph inspired her followers to value their inner self. C Whether picturing your next vacation or an ideal mark for an important exam, it is enjoyable to let your mind wander into daydreaming. Also daydreaming allows us to move mentally in time and space, rehearsing (预演) different possible scenes of the future. However, while the benefits of daydreaming were coming to light, psychologist Eli Somer found that some of his patients’ fantasies were replacing real social interactions and, as a result, were undermining (逐渐削弱) their ability to maintain daily relationships. Psychologists call repetitive actions that hold back an individual’s ability to cope with daily life “maladaptive behaviours”. In recent years, Somer has teamed up with others to explore the behaviour. One of their studies compared 340 maladaptive daydreamers with the control group. The former reported that their daydreams were hard to control and disturbed their lives. They spent an average of 56 percent of their waking hours in fantasy worlds featuring imaginary characters and detailed plots (情节). Unlike regular daydreams, theirs often involved rocking from side to side or uncontrollable facial expressions. Other research suggests that maladaptive daydreams can take many forms, from amusing to serious, but they tend to be more emotionally intense than regular daydreams. Exploring this behaviour further, Somer’s team asked 77 people to keep a diary of the emotions associated with their maladaptive daydreaming. This revealed that it brought increases in negative emotions, along with signs of depression, social anxiety and general anxiety. The study also found that maladaptive daydreaming was a behavioural addiction. The scientists who first proposed this in 2018 pointed out that, like many addictive tendencies, it offers a momentary escape from stressful thoughts and unfavourable realities. “Many professionals object to treating maladaptive daydreaming as disease,” says Somer. As you would expect for a condition that isn’t yet widely recognised, treatment and management options are still being developed and tested. Monitoring the behaviour, its conditions and emotional consequences (后果) may help individuals control it. Also, practising mindfulness meditation may be helpful in staying in the present rather than escaping to fantasy worlds. Other techniques involve recording occurrences of maladaptive daydreaming and possible causes in a journal, and rewarding personal milestones in preventing these fantasies. Noam, an Israeli student who has been struggling with maladaptive daydreaming, is proof that maladaptive daydreaming can be managed. Just two months after starting treatment with Somer, his daily daydreaming has fallen from 16 hours to around 7 hours. “I really want to get better, to take pleasure in my life as it is and to love only the people who are part of my life and deserve my care,” he says. 38. What can we learn from the passage? A. Regular daydreams take a wider range of forms. B. Maladaptive daydreaming is more likely to be habitual. C. More detailed imaginary plots lead to better daydreaming. D. Fewer emotional changes are seen in maladaptive daydreams. 39. As for maladaptive daydreaming, which would Somer agree with? A. Experts should take it seriously. B. It can lead us to preview future events. C. It provides us with an access to relieving stress. D. Keeping a journal has proved to be its reliable cure. 40. What is the main purpose of the passage? A. To make a comparison between two kinds of daydreaming. B. To present the findings of studies on maladaptive daydreaming. C. To introduce approaches to managing maladaptive daydreaming. D. To attach importance to dealing with the dark side of daydreaming. D Being scooped (抢先) to a discovery is a scientist’s least desirable thing. “You get a meaningful advantage for being first, but being scooped may not be as damaging as people seem to fear,” says Carolyn Stein, an economist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge. The history of science is full of competition. Charles Darwin rushed out his book On the Origin of Species after receiving a manuscript (手稿) detailing similar ideas from Alfred Russel Wallace, and Isaac Newton, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and their supporters argued over who invented calculus. Despite the fame of these competitions, scientists know little about how credit is shared among competing discoveries. Theoretical models analysing patent (专利) races, for instance, often suppose that to the winner go all the advantages. In the real world, however, credit for scientific discoveries is unlikely to be winner-takes-all. The cost of being scooped was moderate. Structures that were made public second were only 2.5% less likely ever to be published, although they tended to appear in less famous journals than were structures published first. As a share of total citations out of a 100, the first paper would receive 58 and the second 42. But when questioned about the effects of being scooped, scientists were much more negative than those data show. They predicted that, out of 100 citations, a scooped paper would receive just 29. But not all scientists were put at a disadvantage equally for coming second. When research teams at leading universities were beaten by a team at a lower-profile college, the second-placed team got slightly more citations. And the teams at top departments took an even larger share of citations when they did the scooping. “But the psychological effects of being scooped cannot be ignored,” says Venki Ramakrishnan, a structural biologist in Cambridge. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, his group raced several teams to determine the structure of the ribosome, a cell machine that produces proteins. In September 2000, a team led by Ada Yonath at the Weizmann Institute in Rehovot, published the structure of a ribosome subunit in Cell that Ramakrishnan’s team had also characterized. Ramakrishnan’s study came out weeks later in Nature. “For that month, I and my lab were pretty depressing,” says Ramakrishnan. The researchers worried that they wouldn’t receive proper recognition for their work. That didn’t turn out to be the case. Ramakrishnan’s and Yonath’s teams are both credited with working out the ribosome and the scientists each shared one-third of the 2009 Nobel chemistry prize. Ramakrishnan’s paper has roughly twice as many citations as the one that scooped it. In the long run, it didn’t matter. 41. Why does the author mention the book On the Origin of Species? A. To stress the value of scooping. B. To show discovery races are common. C. To illustrate fame comes from discoveries. D. To explain why winners get the advantages. 42. What does the underlined word “moderate” in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A. Minor. B. High. C. Unclear. D. Controlled. 43. As for Ramakrishnan’s concerns on being scooped, the author considers it ________. A. understandable B. unacceptable C. unnecessary D. unexpected 44. Which would be the best title for the passage? A. Scooped in Science: Scientists’ Bad Dream B. Scientific Discoveries: Citations Matter or Not? C. Scientific Discoveries: Should Winners Take All? D. Scooped in Science: Credit Will Come Your Way 第二节(共5小题;每小题2分，共10分) 根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。选项中有两项为多余选项。 The moment any birdwatcher spots a striking and unfamiliar bird, the first thing they do is to pull out a phone and identify the species. This suggests curiosity is all about acting now. It drives us to find answers as soon as possible. The impatience for answers mirrors what psychologists think is a main function of curiosity: to reduce uncertainty. ____45____ In a recent study, scientists have found that it can also inspire more patience, setting people up for those moments of discovery. They asked more than 2,000 people aged 19 to 76 years to watch a series of short videos. Each video started with a blank(空白的) screen. ____46____ While the participants watched each video, the scientists would ask them how curious they were about what the drawing would become. They also made guesses about what the drawing was going to turn into and how much joy or annoyance they felt. Interestingly, when participants were more curious, they were more likely to continue watching. ____47____ The experiment also revealed that as people watched the video, curiosity would change across the journey. Yet regardless of how curiosity changed, people with greater curiosity tend to engage in the process. ____48____ First, it underlines the complexity of curiosity, opening new paths for research to explore its varieties. It also highlights the significance of engaging with uncertainty: Having to consider and predict answers can improve learning and memory, and curiosity can promote brain states that help us store new information. Learning new things can be challenging. ____49____ A. But this picture of curiosity is incomplete. B. However, curiosity makes people eager for knowledge. C. The possible effects of the research are really impressive. D. So when uncertainty was greatest, curiosity was experienced with joy. E. A line would then appear and move around, gradually taking a shape. F. In other words, higher curiosity motivated people to slow down and be patient. G. However, making good use of curiosity can help us enjoy the process of learning. 第三部分 书面表达(共两节，32分) 第一节(共4小题;第50、51题各2分，第52题3分，第53题5分，共12分) 阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。请在答题卡指定区域作答。 How can we avoid food waste in our daily life? Rayner Loi has got his own way. He keeps a note on his phone with details of the food that goes bad every week at his home. That way, when he goes to the supermarket, he has a better idea of how much food he actually eats in a week, and can adjust his shopping accordingly. He believes individual action like this is important to solve the problem of food waste, but he’s also got his sights set higher. In 2017 he founded Lumitics, a company that tracks food waste on a large scale—with the aim of helping hotels and airlines, which serve thousands of meals a day, figure out how much avoidable waste they’re producing. Equipped with weight sensors, cameras, and AI technology, Lumitics’ smart garbage cans (垃圾箱) can recognize and track the type and amount of food that gets thrown out—including whether it’s spoiled, uneaten or kitchen waste. As a result, its customers can use the data of the waste to adjust the amount of food they prepare or buy, leading to a great waste reduction. For instance, Lumitics has helped the hotels it works with reduce food waste considerably, keeping more than 300,000 meals out of landfills in 2019. The company is also beneficial for its customers’ economic outcomes. Hotel restaurants often operate on relatively thin profits, “so any savings for them actually is really significant for their business,” he says. Loi got the idea for Lumitics when, while working in Singapore, he saw kids go hungry. He sees food waste as one of the most overlooked problems facing the world. “I think my generation desperately long for meaning and purpose in our lives, so we want to work on challenging problems and create solutions that will bring about deep impact for the world,” he says, “what our group want to achieve is really clear in terms of the number of meals saved and the amount of carbon emissions (排放) avoided.” 50. How does Rayner Loi know how much food he eats in a week? ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 51. What benefits does Lumitics bring to its customers? ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 52. Please decide which part is false in the following statement then underline it and explain why. Rayner Loi was inspired to found Lumitics by his experience of food shortage in his own life. ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 53. Apart from Rayner Loi’s way of saving food, how do you avoid food waste in your daily life? (In about 40 words) ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 第二节(20分) 54. 假设你是红星中学高一学生李华。你从外国好友Jim的来信中得知他在申请联合国志愿者项目（UN Volunteers），你也有意参加。请给他写一封英文邮件，内容包括： 1. 说明你感兴趣的志愿服务种类和原因； 2. 询问项目相关信息。 注意：1. 词数100左右； 2. 开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。 Dear Jim, ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Yours, Li Hua 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $