2025届高考英语一轮复习独立主格结构讲义

高考英语语法复习 独立主格结构知识讲解 一、含义 独立主格结构是有自己逻辑主语的非谓语动词分句或无动词分句，结构上与主句无关系。通常在句中作状语和定语。独立主格结构可位于句首、句尾，用逗号和主句隔开。独立主格结可扩展为状语从句或独立句子。掌握独立主格结构能大大提高学生综合应试能力。 二、基本形式 名词普通格或代词主格+不定式/现在分词/过去分词/名词/形容词/副词/介词短语 三、独立主格结构的种类 A.不定式作独立主格结构　　　 动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构也可改为一个从句或并列分句。 1.动词不定式用主动的形式。 Such an able man to help you，you will surely succeed sooner or later. 有这么能干的人来帮你, 你迟早一定会成功的。 = Since such an able man will help you, you will surely succeed sooner or later. We shall assemble at ten forty-five, the procession to start moving at precisely eleven. 我们十点四十五分集合，队伍十一点准时出发。 Here are the first two volumes, the third one to come out next month. 这是前两卷，第三卷将于下月问世。 We divided the work, he to clean the windows and I to sweep the floor. 我们进行了分工，他擦窗户，我扫地。 The two boys said good-bye to each other,one to go home,the other to go to his friend’s. 两个男孩彼此道了别，一个回了家，另一个去了他朋友家。 His mother to come tonight，he is busy preparing the dinner. 他母亲今晚要来,他正在忙着准备饭菜。 = As his mother is to come tonight, he is busy preparing the dinner. ——will you go to the comcert tonight 你今晚去听音乐会吗？ ——sorry.So many exerise-books to check,I rially can't afford any time. 对不起，有这多的作业要批，我真的抽不出时间。 ＝Because I shall check so many exercise-books tonight,I really can't afford any time. The four of us agreed on a division of labour,each to translate a quarter of the book.我们四人同意分工干，每人翻译全书的四分之一。 ＝The four of us agreed on a division of labour and each is to translate a quarter of the book. 2.动词不定式用被动的形式。 Many trees,flowers,and grass to be planted,our newly-built school will look even more beautiful. 种上许多的树，花和草后，我们新建的学校将看上去更美。 =If many trees,flowers,and grass are planted,our newly-built school will look even more beautiful. B.-ing形式作独立主格结构 动词的-ing形式作状语时，其逻辑主语一般应与主句的主语保持一致。 Being ill, he went home. 由于生病,他回家了。 = As he was very ill, he went home. Seating himself at the desk, he began to read a magazine. 在课桌旁坐好后，他开始看杂志。 = When he had seated himself at the desk, he began to read a magazine. 1.表示时间的-ing形式作“独立主格结构” He seating himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story. 他在书桌旁坐好后，他母亲开始给他讲故事。 （seating himself at the desk有自己的逻辑主语he） = When he seated himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story. Winter coming, it gets colder and colder. 冬天来了，天气越来越冷了。 The rain having stopped, he went out for a walk. 雨停了，他出去散步。 The question being settled, we wound up the meeting. 问题解决之后，我们结束了会议。 Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class. 每个人都准备好后，老师开始上课。 （=When everyone was ready,) The chairman began the meeting , everyone being seated. 每个人坐好后，主席开始开会。 （=after everyone was seated,） 2.表示原因的-ing形式作“独立主格结构” The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave. 由那个男孩带路，我们没有困难就找到了那奇怪的洞。 （=Because the boy led the way） Many eyes watching him, he felt a bit nervous. 许多眼睛看着他，他感到有点儿紧张。 （=As many eyes were watching him） 注意： 含有being的独立主格结构。 It being National Day today，the streets are very crowded. 今天是国庆节,街上很拥挤。 = As it is National Day today, the streets are very crowded. There being no further business to discuss, we all went home. 没有别的事可讨论，我们都回家了。 = As there was no further business to discuss, we all went home. 3.表示条件的-ing形式作“独立主格结构” Time permitting, we will have a picnic next week. 时间允许的话，我们下星期将进行一次野炊。 （相当于一个条件状语从句If time permits) My health allowing, I will work far into the night. 我的健康许可的话，我愿工作到深夜。 （相当于一个条件状语从句If my health allows） 4.表示方式的-ing形式作“独立主格结构” The students are walking in the school happily, each wearing a card in front of his chest.学生们快乐地在学校里走着，每个人胸前都带着一张卡。 （相当于一个并列分句and each wears a card in front of his chest） The boy lay on the grass, his eyes looking at the sky. 男孩躺在草地上，眼睛看着天空。 （相当于一个并列分句and his eyes were looking at the sky） C.-ed形式作独立主格结构 与逻辑主语+动词的-ing形式一样，ed形式独立主格结构就是ed形式的逻辑主语和句子的主语不一致。 The key to the bike lost, he had to walk to school. 由于丢了自行车钥匙，他只好步行去学校。 （lost 的逻辑主语是the key，lost 也可以用完成式having been lost） = Because the key to the bike had been lost, he had to walk to school. The book written in simple English, English beginners were able to read it.该书是用简单英语写的，英语初学者也能看懂。 = As the book was written in simple English，English beginners were able to read it. The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved. 由于工人们的生活条件大大提高，他们工作得更起劲了。 = As their living conditions were greatly improved, the workers worked still harder. He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard. 他上课专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。 = He was listening attentively in class, and his eyes were fixed on the blackboard. “Marquis,” said the boy, turning to the man, his eyes opened wide, and his right hand raised. The task completed,he had two months' leave. 任务完成以后，他休了两个月的假。 =When the task had been completed,he had two months' leave. 比较： 动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生，动词-ing形式往往表示动作正在进行。动词-ed形式表示动作已经结束。 The manager looks worried，many things to settle. 经理看上去很着急, 有这么多的事情要处理。 （事情还没有处理，而且是由经理本人来处理，用不定式主动形式to settle） The manager looks relaxed, many things settled. 许多事情已经处理好了， 经理看上去很轻松。 （事情已经处理好了，用动词-ed形式settled表示动作已经结束） The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV. 小孩一边做饭，一边看电视。（两个动作同时进行） The food cooked, the boy went to bed. 饭做好了，小孩去睡了。（两个动作有先后，饭已做好，小孩才去睡觉的） D.无动词独立结构 逻辑主语+being+其他，是独立主格结构中逻辑主语+动词-ing形式的一种形式。在这种结构中，being往往可以被省去，这种省去being的结构，叫做无动词独立主格结构。 逻辑主语 + 名词/形容词/副词/介词短语，常用作状语，表示方式或伴随等。 1.逻辑主语+名词 He fought the wolf, a stick his only weapon. 他和狼搏斗着，唯一的武器是一根棍棒。 The children, many of them infants, were left with nothing to eat. Ten students entered for the competition, the youngest a boy of 12. 十个学生报名参加了这次竞赛，年纪最小的是个12岁的男孩。 （the youngest和a boy of 12之间省去了being） 注意：不能省略being情况 一是在“There being + 名词”结构中， 二是在It being +名词（代词） 如：　　 There being no bus, we had to walk home. 由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走回家。 There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做，我们就回家了 There being no further business, I declare the meeting close 没有再要讨论的事了，我宣布散会。　　 It being Sunday, all the offices are closed. 因为是星期日，所有办公室都关门。 It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘故，政府机关都休息 It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日，所有商店都关门了。　　 2.逻辑主语+形容词 The men moved slowly forward, neck deep in the water, with their officers guiding them. It stood silent in the noon sunlight, its door open. She sat down on the ground, her face pale with great pain. He turned to me, his eyes sleepy. 他睡眼惺忪地转向 = He turned to me, and his eyes were sleepy. He stood there, his mouth wide open. 他站在那里，嘴张得大大的。（his mouth和wide open之间省去了being） = He stood there, and his mouth was wide open. 3.逻辑主语+副词 The class over, the students made for the dining hall. Nobody in, the thief took a lot of things away. Lunch over, he left the house. But he was thinking. School over, we all went home. 放学了，我们都回家了。（school和over之间省去了being） = School was over, and we all went home. He sat at his desk, his shoes off. 他坐在课桌旁，没穿鞋子。（his shoes和off之间省去了being） = He sat at his desk and his shoes were off. 4.逻辑主语+介词短语 The teacher entered the classroom, a book in hand. I followed him here, climbed in, sword in hand. The huntsman entered the forest, gun in hand.那位猎人手里提着枪走进了树林。 （gun in hand 也可看成无动词的独立结构） He sat at the table, coat off, head down, and pen in hand. He is standing in front of the blackboard, his back towards us. 他站在黑板面前，背对着我们。 =He was standing in front of the blackboard, and his back was towards us. The new teacher came in, a smile on her face. 新老师面带微笑走了进来。 =The new teacher came in and she had a smile on her face. The teacher came into the classroom，a rule in his hand. 老师走进教室，手里拿着一把直尺。 =The teacher came in and a ruler was in his hand. 提示： 在“逻辑主语+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构里，如果名词用单数，可以不用冠词，同时介词短语里的限定词也可省略。 The music teacher stood at the door, violin in hand. 音乐老师站在门口,手里拿着一把小提琴。 = The music teacher stood at the door, a violin in his hand. Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand. 史密斯先生走进了课室，手里拿着一本书。 比较with的复合结构。如： Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in his hand.　 E、with/without 引导的独立主格结构 介词独立结构的形式为 “with/without + 逻辑主语 + 形容词/副词/介词短语/不定式/现在分词/过去分词”，常作状语，表示方式、伴随、原因等。 例如 ①. He left in a hurry, with the door open. ②. The boy entered the room, without shoes and socks on. ③. With all the work on hand, he shouldn’t have gone to the cinema last night. ④. With a lot of homework to do, I couldn’t go to bed. ⑤. Without anyone noticing, Tom slipped out of the classroom. ⑥. Without a word more spoken, she left. 　 1.with+名词或代词+形容词 He doesn't like to sleep with the windows open. 他不喜欢开着窗子睡觉。 = He doesn't like to sleep when the windows are open. He stood in the rain, with his clothes wet. 他站在雨中，衣服湿透了。 = He stood in the rain, and his clothes were wet. 注意： 在“with+名词或代词+形容词”构成的独立主格结构中，也可用已形容词化的-ing形式或-ed形式。 With his son so disappointing，the old man felt unhappy. 由于儿子如此令人失望,老人感到很不快乐。 With his father well-known, the boy didn't want to study. 父亲如此出名，儿子不想读书。 2.with+名词或代词+副词 Our school looks even more beautiful with all the lights on. 所有的灯都打开时，我们的学校看上去更美。 = Our school looks even more beautiful ifwhen all the lights are on. The boy was walking, with his father ahead. 父亲在前，小孩在后走着。 = The boy was walking and his father was ahead. 3.with+名词或代词+介词短语 He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand. 或 He stood at the door, computer in hand. 他站在门口，手里拿着一部电脑。 = He stood at the door, and a computer was in his hand. Vincent sat at the desk, with a pen in his mouth. 或 Vincent sat at the desk, pen in mouth. 文森特坐在课桌前，嘴里衔着一支笔。 = Vincent sat at the desk, and he had a pen in his mouth. 4.with+名词或代词+动词的-ed形式 With his homework done, Peter went out to play. 作业做好了，彼得出去玩了。 = When his homework was done, Peter went out to play. With the signal given, the train started. 信号发出了，火车开始起动了。 = After the signal was given, the train started. I wouldn't dare go home without the job finished. 工作还没完成，我不敢回家。 = I wouldn't dare go home because the job was not finished. 5.with+名词或代词+动词的-ing形式 The man felt very happy with so many children sitting around him. 有这么多的孩子坐在他周围，那男子感到很高兴。 = The man felt very happy when he found so many children sitting around him. The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was. 小女孩把盒子藏了起来，没有人知道它在哪里。 = The girl hid her box and no one knew where it was. Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window. 他趁没人注意的时候，从窗口溜走了。 = When no one was noticing, he slipped through the window. 6.with+名词或代词+动词不定式 The little boy looks sad, with so much homework to do. 有这么多的家庭作业要做，小男孩看上去很不开心。 = The little boy looks sad because he has so much homework to do. The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit. 有这么多的名胜可参观，小孩很激动。 The kid feels excited as there are so many places of interest to visit. 提示： 在with/without 的复合结构中，多数情况下with 能省略，但without 不能省略。 Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room. 她没再说什么话就离开了会议室。（without不能省略） 四、独立主格结构的作用 独立主格结构在句中除了能充当原因状语、时间状语、条件状语和伴随状语外，还能作定语。 A.作状语 独立主格结构作状语，其功能相当于一个状语从句或并列分句。 1表示时间 The meeting being over, all of us went home. 开完会后，我们都回家了。 Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她干完了活，坐下来喝茶。 Night coming on, we put ourselves up in a small hotel. 夜幕降临，我们在一家小旅馆住了下来。 = When night came on, we put ourselves up in a small hotel. All the guests seated, they began their dinner. 所有的客人就坐后，他们才开始吃饭。 = When all the guests were seated, they began their dinner. With everything she needed bought, Grace took a taxi home. 所需要的都买好后，格雷斯打的回家了。 After everything she needed was bought, Grace took a taxi home. 2表示原因 There being no taxis, we had to walk. 没有出租车，我们只好步行。 He wrapped her up with great care, the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷，所以他把她裹得严严实实的。 With a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard time. 有许多难题要解决，新当选的总统日子不好过。 = As he has a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard time. There being no means of transportation, he had to walk home at midnight. 由于在半夜没有交通工具了， 他只好步行回家。 = As there was no means of transportation, he had to walkhome at midnight.) 3 表示条件 The condition being favorable, he may succeed. 若条件有利，他或许能成功。 Such being the case，you have no grounds for dismissing him. ＝If such is the case，you have no grounds for dismissing him. （如果情况如此的话，你没有理由解聘他。） Weather permitting, we will hold our yearly sports meeting next week. 如果天气允许的话，我们下星期将举行每年一次的运动会。 = If weather permits，we will hold our yearly sports meeting next week. All the work done, you can have a rest. 所有工作做好后，你可以休息。 =As long as all the work is done, you can have a rest. 提示： 表示时间、原因、条件的独立主格结构一般放在句首，并且不能保留连词。 【误】When class being over, the students left their classroom. 【正】Class (being) over, the students left their classroom. 下课了，学生都离开了教室。 【误】The moon appearing and they continued their way. 【正】The moon appearing, they continued their way.月亮出来了，他们继续赶路。 4 表示伴随情况或补充说明 Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all. 几乎所有的金属都是良导体，而银则是最好的导体。 =Almost all metals are good conductors, and silver is thebest of all. The strange man was walking down the street, with a stick in his hand.那个奇怪的男人在街上走着,手里拿着根手杖。 = The strange man was walking down the street, and hecarried a stick in his hand. The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back. 杀人犯被带了进来，手被捆在背后。 =The murderer was brought in, and his hands were tied behind his back.） Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children. 有两百人在事故中丧生，其中许多是儿童。 Two hundred people died in the accident and many of them were children. B.作定语 独立主格结构作定语，其功能相当于一个定语从句。 He is the person with a lot of questions to be settled. (with 的复合结构作定语,修饰the student) 他就是有许多问题要解决的那个人。 = He is the person who has a lot of questions to be settled. You can use a large plastic bottle with its top cut off. (with 的复合结构作定语,修饰bottle) 你可以使用一个颈被砍掉的大塑料瓶。 = You can use a large plastic bottle whose top was cut off. He was walking along the road without any street lights on itsboth sides. 他走在一条两边没有路灯的马路上。 (without的复合结构作定语,修饰the road ) = He was walking along the road that didn’t have any street lights on its both sides. 提示：不是所有用连词的地方都可以改为独立主格结构。 If you stand on the top of the mountain，the park looks more beautiful. 如果你站在山顶上, 公园看上去更美。（不能改为独立主格结构） If you check your test paper carefully, some mistakes can be avoided. 如果你仔细检查试卷的话，有些错误是可以避免的。 （不能改为独立主格结构） 五、注意的一些问题 1.独立主格结构中分句和主句的主语不一致，比较下面两个句子， (1) Hearing the news, he was very excited. (2) Winter coming, it gets colder and colder. 在第一个句子，前后的主语是一致的，都是he, 因此它是一个现在分词短语作状语表示原因的句子；而第二个句子，有两个主语，第一个是逻辑主语winter, 第二个主语是句子真正的主语it，非谓语动词coming 和it 之间没有任何关系，因此它是一个独立主格结构。 2.在独立主格结构中，如果逻辑主语和动词之间是主谓关系，用现在分词。如果逻辑主语和动词之间是动宾关系，并且有被动的意思，用过去分词。如： Time permitting, we will go out to play. 句中，time 和 permit 之间是逻辑上的主谓关系－“时间允许”，因此用现在分词。 　　 More time given,we should have done it better. 句中，time 和give 之间的关系是动宾关系，有被动的意思,如果被给更多时间，因此用过去分词。 3.独立主格结构不是一个句子，相当于一个状语从句，可以表示时间、原因、条件、方式和伴随情况等。 例 Work done, John went home. 相当于一个表示时间的状语从句： When the work has been done, John went home. There being no buses, we had to walk home. 相当于一个表示原因的状语从句： Because there are no buses, we had to walk home. 4.完成时态的运用 如果强调分词的时间发生在主句动作时间之前，常用现在分词的完成时态having done， 根据情况确定是用主动还是被动。 The last bus having gone, we had to walk home. His wallet having been stolen, he didn’t know what to do next. 5. 独立主格结构没有所有格形式 六、独立主格结构作状语与分词短语作状语及状语从句的比较 1.独立主格结构作状语与分词短语作状语的区别 独立主格结构作为句子中的一个语言单位，其逻辑主语与句子的主语并不一致。如： The day being fine, we decided to go swimming. They’ll send you the book for $10, postage included. We explored the caves, Peter acting as the guide. 但分词短语作状语时，其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致。也就是说，分词短语的逻辑主语就是主句谓语动词的主语。如： Given more practice, the students could have made still greater progress. Driving along an almost deserted country road, they run out of gas. 2. 独立主格结构作状语和状语从句的区别 1) 前者是一个短语，有逻辑主语但没有句子结构，后者是一个从句，有主谓结构； 2) 前者的逻辑主语与主句不同，后者的主语与主句的主语不一定相异； 3) 前者不需用从属连词，后者必须用从属连词。试比较： It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. As it was a holiday, all the shops were shut. 七、不定式独立结构和分词独立结构功能的区别 1. 不定式独立结构的形式为 “逻辑主语 + 不定式”，常作状语， 表示说明或伴随，偶尔也作主语。例如： ①. We divided the work, she to clean the window and I to sweep the floor. ②. I to bear this is some burden. 我担负此物颇不轻松。 2. 分词独立结构的形式为 “逻辑主语 + 现在分词/过去分词”， 常用作状语，用来表示时间、原因、条件、方式、伴随等；　　 1) 表示时间　　 The meeting being over, all of us went home. 开完会后我们都回家了。　　 Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她干完了活，坐下来喝茶。　　 2）表示条件　　 The condition being favourable, he may succeed. 若条件有利，他或许能成功。　　 3）表示原因 There being no taxis, we had to walk. 没有出租车，我们只好步行。　　He wrapped her up with great care, the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷，所以他把她裹得严严实实的。　　 4）表示伴随情况 Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all best of all. =Almost all metals are good conductors, and silver is the best of all best of all. 几乎所有的金属都是良导体，而银则是最好的导体。 10 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$