2024年全国甲卷高中英语真题阅读理解变式题-哲理感悟

“I didn’t like the ending,” I said to my favorite college professor. It was my junior year of undergraduate, and I was doing an independent study on Victorian literature. I had just finished reading The Mill on the Floss by George Eliot, and I was heartbroken with the ending. Prof. Gracie, with all his patience, asked me to think about it beyond whether I liked it or not. He suggested I think about the difference between endings that I wanted for the characters and endings that were right for the characters, endings that satisfied the story even if they didn’t have a traditionally positive outcome. Of course, I would have preferred a different ending for Tom and Maggie Tulliver, but the ending they got did make the most sense for them. This was an aha moment for me, and I never thought about endings the same way again. From then on, if I wanted to read an ending guaranteed to be happy, I’d pick up a love romance. If I wanted an ending I couldn’t guess, I’d pick up a mystery (悬疑小说). One where I kind of knew what was going to happen, historical fiction. Choosing what to read became easier. But writing the end — that’s hard. It’s hard for writers because endings carry so much weight with readers. You have to balance creating an ending that's unpredictable, but doesn’t seem to come from nowhere, one that fits what’s right for the characters. That’s why this issue (期) of Writer’s Digest aims to help you figure out how to write the best ending for whatever kind of writing you’re doing. If it’s short stories, Peter Mountford breaks down six techniques you can try to see which one helps you stick the landing. Elizabeth Sims analyzes the final chapters of five great novels to see what key points they include and how you can adapt them for your work. This issue won’t tell you what your ending should be — that’s up to you and the story you’re telling — but it might provide what you need to get there. 1．Why did the author go to Prof. Gracie? A．To discuss a novel. B．To submit a book report. C．To argue for a writer. D．To ask for a reading list. 2．What did the author realize after seeing Gracie? A．Writing is a matter of personal preferences. B．Readers are often carried away by character. C．Each type of literature has its unique end. D．A story which begins well will end well. 3．What is expected of a good ending? A．It satisfies readers’ taste. B．It fits with the story development. C．It is usually positive. D．It is open for imagination. 4．Why does the author mention Peter Mountford and Elizabeth Sims? A．To give examples of great novelists. B．To stress the theme of this issue. C．To encourage writing for the magazine. D．To recommend their new books. Think of the last time you disagreed with another person. Maybe you argued with a sibling (兄弟，姊妹) over what to watch on TV. Or perhaps you tried to convince grown-ups that ice cream makes a better dinner than vegetables. How did your disagreement end? Were you able to see the issue from the other person’s viewpoint? In many situations, disagreements are unavoidable. They’re part of life. After all, everyone has different opinions. We all have past experiences that shape how we see the world. Still, not all disagreements are bad. In fact, many people look at them as opportunities to learn. They do so by trying to understand where both sides are coming from. How can you understand both sides of an issue? Often, it’s best to start by asking questions. Questions help us learn about the world around us. The right questions can also help us learn about other people. In a disagreement, asking for more information can help you learn about a person’s viewpoint. It can also lead you to gather more facts. This can paint a better picture of the entire issue. When seeking to understand both sides of an issue, it’s important to know the difference between facts and opinions. Remember, facts are based on true information. Opinions can change from person to person. Paying attention to facts can stop biases (偏见) from taking over in a disagreement. This can help everyone involved see both sides of the issue. Maybe you’re wondering why it’s important to understand both sides of an issue, anyway. After all, don’t most people just want to prove that their side is right? Often, that’s true. However, understanding the whole issue can lead to both sides working together. Disagreements may be uncomfortable at first. However, when both sides truly try to understand each other, they often find they have more in common than they thought. The next time you disagree with other people, try asking them questions about their viewpoints. You never know what you might learn. 5．What does the underlined word “so” refer to in Paragraph 2? A．Ignoring chances to learn. B．Knowing more about themselves. C．Shaping a right way to see the world. D．Making the disagreements a chance to learn. 6．According to the passage, how can we solve a disagreement? A．By changing the other’s opinion. B．By making both sides comfortable. C．By trying to stand in the other’s shoes. D．By telling facts and opinions apart. 7．How does the author support his view? A．By reasoning. B．By making comparison. C．By debating. D．By giving examples. 8．What’s the author’s attitude to people’s arguments? A．Indifferent. B．Pessimistic. C．Positive. D．Skeptical. Is comprehension the same whether a person reads a text onscreen or on paper? And are listening to and viewing content as effective as reading the written word when covering the same material? The answers to both questions are often “no”. The reasons relate to a variety of factors, including reduced concentration, an entertainment mindset (心态) and a tendency to multitask while consuming digital content. When reading texts of several hundred words or more, learning is generally more successful when it’s on paper than onscreen. A large amount of research confirms this finding. The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks — like identifying the main idea in a reading passage — to ones that require mental abstraction — such as drawing inferences from a text. The differences between print and digital reading results are partly related to paper’s physical properties. With paper, there is a literal laying on of hands, along with the visual geography of distinct pages. People often link their memory of what they’ve read to how far into the book it was or where it was on the page. But equally important is the mental aspect. Reading researchers have proposed a theory called “shallowing hypothesis (假说)”. According to this theory, people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media, which are often not so serious, and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print. Audio (音频) and video can feel more engaging than text, and so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies — say, assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person. However, psychologists have demonstrated that when adults read news stories, they remember more of the content than if they listen to or view identical pieces. Digital texts, audio and video all have educational roles, especially when providing resources not available in print. However, for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for, educators shouldn’t assume all media are the same, even when they contain identical words. 9．What does the underlined phrase “shine through” in paragraph 2 mean? A．Seem unlikely to last. B．Seem hard to explain. C．Become ready to use. D．Become easy to notice. 10．What does the shallowing hypothesis assume? A．Readers treat digital texts lightly. B．Digital texts are simpler to understand. C．People select digital texts randomly. D．Digital texts are suitable for social media. 11．Why are audio and video increasingly used by university teachers? A．They can hold students' attention. B．They are more convenient to prepare. C．They help develop advanced skills. D．They are more informative than text. 12．What does the author imply in the last paragraph? A．Students should apply multiple learning techniques. B．Teachers should produce their own teaching material. C．Print texts cannot be entirely replaced in education. D．Education outside the classroom cannot be ignored. The printed book is back. Recent studies have shown that students remember more information when they read a paper book compared to reading an e-book. One school responded to these findings by ditching its e-readers. The students found that “the ease of navigation (导航)” was greater when using a traditional book. I love the way we now judge printed books using the language of the digital world. E-books may come with “navigational tools,” but it turns out the best navigational tools are the “devices” at the ends of your arms. You can use them to flip the pages forward and backward.   Fans of digital books may point out that e-readers have a handy “search” tool. Old-fashioned books also have a search function, in which you turn back to the opening part to help you remember the hero’s name. They even have a “bookmark system,” which uses something called a “bookmark.” Can a traditional book offer all the features of an e-book? Alas, no. It has no “progress bar (进度条)” indicating how much of the book has been read. Luckily, a clever tip is available: turn your book so that it can be viewed from the side or top. It will naturally form two parts joined in the middle. If the left part is thicker than the right one, you are more than halfway through. Admittedly, e-books are lighter than paper books, but one must question whether this is really an advantage. In secondary school my body figure was actually transformed by the daily need to carry textbooks. For me and my fellow students, these weighty books would draw our shoulders back and our chests forward. Educational fashions come and go, so maybe the return of traditional books won’t last. But for the moment, I find myself welcoming their wonderful return. 13．Which can best replace the underlined “ditching” in paragraph 1? A．Referring to. B．Getting rid of. C．Getting used to. D．Making use of. 14．What can serve as the “navigational tool” of printed books? A．Bookmarks. B．Fingers. C．The progress bar. D．The opening part. 15．What purpose does the example in paragraph 5 serve? A．To explain an opposing idea. B．To provide additional information. C．To support the author’s argument. D．To connect paragraph five and paragraph six. 16．What might be the best title? A．Why the Printed Book Is Back? B．How the Printed Book Benefits us? C．What Future the Printed Book Faces? D．Which Is Better, Printed Book or E-book? Other people may have their own ideas about our lives. We can value their advice, but we don’t have to take it to heart. Our parents have dreams for us. They want us to do well in school and to do whatever is necessary to reach our highest potential. Later in life, friends may try to set us up with their ideas of the perfect partner or the perfect job. People close to us may have ideas about how we should live our lives, ideas that usually come from love and the desire for us to be happy. Other times, they come from a place of need within them whether it is a parent who wants us to live out his or her dreams or a friend who wants us to play a good role. Whatever the case, we can appreciate and consider those people’s advice, but ultimately we must follow our own guidance. There may come a time when all the suggestions can become overbearing (专横的). We may feel that the people we love don’t agree on our judgment, which can hurt our feelings. It can affect the choices we make for our lives by making us doubt ourselves before we’ve had a chance to decide what we want. We can tell our loved ones how much we appreciate their thoughts and ideas, but that we need to live our own lives and make our own decisions. We can explain that they need to let us learn from our own experiences. When they see that we are happy with our lives and the path we are taking to reach our goals, they can make sure that all we need them to do is to share in our joy. 17．What do people close to us show by often telling us ideas? A．Their power. B．Their concern. C．Their potential. D．Their happiness. 18．How may we feel when a friend’s advice is overbearing? A．Determined. B．Frightened. C．Doubtful. D．Grateful. 19．What should we do if we don’t accept our friends’ advice? A．Tell them our choices directly. B．Let them experience our ways of life. C．Share our own experiences with them. D．Let them know we should make our own decisions. 20．What is the best title for the passage? A．Appreciating Suggestions B．Avoiding Making Suggestions C．Accepting Suggestions D．Offering Suggestions You are given many opportunities in life to choose to be a victim or creator. When you choose to be a victim, the world is a cold and difficult place. “They” did things to you which caused all of your pain and suffering. “They” are wrong and bad, and life is terrible as long as “they” are around. Or you may blame yourself for all your problems, thus internalizing (内化) your victimization. The truth is, your life is likely to stay that way as long as you feel a need to blame yourself or others. Those who choose to be creators look at life quite differently. They know there are individuals who might like to control their lives, but they don’t let this get in the way. They know they have their weaknesses, yet they don’t blame themselves when they fail. Whatever happens, they have choice in the matter. They believe their dance with each sacred (神圣的) moment of life is a gift and that storms are a natural part of life which can bring the rain needed for emotional and spiritual growth. Victims and creators live in the same physical world and deal with many of the same physical realities, yet their experience of life is worlds apart. Victims relish (沉溺) in anger, guilt, and other emotions that cause others- -and even themselves--to feel like victims, too. Creators consciously choose love, inspiration, and other qualities which inspire not only themselves, but all around them. Both victims and creators always have choice to determine the direction of their lives. In reality, all of us play the victim or the creator at various points in our lives. One person, on losing a job or a special relationship, may feel as if it is the end of the world and sink into terrible suffering for months, years, or even a lifetime. Another with the same experience may choose to first experience the grief, then accept the loss and soon move on to be a powerful creative force in his life. In every moment and every circumstance, you can choose to have filler, richer life by setting a clear intention to transform the victim within, and by inviting into your life the powerful creator that you are. 21．What does the word “They” in paragraph 1 probably refer to? A．People and things around you. B．Opportunities and problems. C．Creators and their choices. D．Victims and their sufferings. 22．According to Paragraph 2, creators ________. A．seem willing to experience failures in life B．possess the ability to predict future life C．handle ups and downs of life wisely D．have potential to create something new 23．The examples mentioned in Paragraph 4 show that ________. A．different reactions to sufferings lead to different life paths. B．people need family support to deal with challengers in life. C．it takes creators quite a long time to get rid of their pains. D．one’s experiences determine his attitude toward life. 24．What is the author’s purpose in writing this passage? A．To define victims and creators. B．To evaluate victims against creators. C．To explain the relationship between victims and creators. D．To suggest the transformation from victims to creators. In today’s motivational literature, failure is often viewed as something to be celebrated. Inspirational speakers are fond of quoting the words of the novelist Samuel Beckett-“Fail again. Fail better.” It seems that disappointments are an essential stepping stone to success, a turning point in our life story that will ultimately end in victory. However, psychological researches find most of us struggle to handle failure constructively. In other words, we fail to “fail forward”. We find ways to devalue the task at which we failed, and become less motivated to persevere and reach our goals. This phenomenon is known as the “sour-grape effect”, which was discovered by Professor Hallgeir Sjastad. Sjastad explains that “sour-grape effect” is a self-protective mechanism. “Most of us picture ourselves as competent people, so when external feedback (反馈) suggests otherwise, it poses a serious threat to that self-image,” he says. “The easiest way out is to deny or explain away the external signal, so we can reduce the inconsistency and preserve a positive sense of self. We do this even without noticing.” If you have one bad interview for your dream job, you might convince yourself that you don’t really want it at all, and stop applying for similar positions. The same goes if you fail to impress at a sports trial, or if a publisher rejects the first submission of your manuscript (手稿).“We tend to explain away our shortcomings and convince ourselves our ‘Plan C’ is actually our ‘Plan A’,” Sjastad says. It doesn’t mean we should persevere in goals all the time. It can be healthy to change ambitions if the process is no longer making us happy. But the “sour-grape effect”may lead us to come to this decision prematurely, rather than hanging on a little and seeing whether we might learn and improve. Failures are unavoidable. By learning to face the disappointment instead of devaluing its importance and pretending nothing happened, you may find it easier to achieve your goals. 25．Why does the author mention the speech of inspirational speakers in paragraph 1? A．To offer an example to handle failure. B．To describe a shallow understanding of failure. C．To introduce a common attitude towards failure. D．To emphasize the importance of experiencing failure. 26．What can we learn from the paragraph 3 about the “sour-grape effect”? A．It protects us from false feedback. B．It pictures us as competitive people. C．It poses a severe threat to self-image. D．It denies negative feedback to ourselves. 27．What does the underlined word “prematurely” in paragraph 5 mean? A．Unhappily. B．Mistakenly. C．Hurriedly. D．Carelessly. 28．Which statement would the author most probably agree with? A．Don’t escape when our self-image is broken. B．Don’t quit when goals no longer make you happy. C．Never hesitate to replace “Plan A” with “Plan C”. D．Never forget to maintain a positive sense of self. For years, people had been warned that New Orleans was vulnerable (脆弱的). The FEMA had stated that a hurricane hitting the city would be one of the deadliest disasters in the history of U.S. But then, in September 2004, New Orleans had been spared by Hurricane Ivan. However, it had provided the city with a clear warning. It had showed the need to prepare for the next hurricane. But the authorities did not act quickly or decisively enough. Eleven months later, Hurricane Katrina destroyed the city. In 2003, the Harvard Business Review published an article titled Predictable Surprises: The Disasters You Should Have Seen Coming. The authors, Max Bazerman and Michael Watkins, argued that while the world is changeable, unpredictability is often not the problem. The problem is that we still fail to act, even if faced with clear risks. Psychologists describe this inaction as normalcy bias (偏见). In the face of disaster, people have often been slow to recognize the danger and do nothing until it is too late. Part of the problem may simply be that we get our clues from others. In a famous experiment conducted in the late 1960s, psychologists filled smoke into a room in which the participants were filling in a questionnaire. When the subject was sitting alone, he or she tended to note the smoke and calmly leave to report it. But when in a group of three, they were much less likely to react: each person remained passive, ensured by the passivity of the others. Another cognitive (认知的) shortcut is optimism bias. In an experiment, psychologists Neil Weinstein asked more than 250 students to predict pleasant future such as good jobs and clear risks such as an early heart attack. To their surprise, the students felt that good things were likely to happen to themselves, while unpleasant things waited for other students, although they didn’t have any evidence to support that idea. 29．What contributed to the destruction of the city when the hurricane came? A．Absence of warnings. B．Inaction of the authorities. C．Shortage of supplies. D．Unpredictability of the disaster. 30．Which of the following action can be described as normalcy bias? A．People didn’t go to hospital due to the confidence in physical condition. B．Americans followed others to buy toilet paper crazily during the pandemic. C．Few people got prepared for the pandemic at first because others didn’t do so. D．Residents in New Orleans worked together to build shelters facing a hurricane. 31．How does the author introduce the two cognitive shortcuts? A．By telling stories. B．By listing facts. C．By making definition. D．By giving examples. 32．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．Are Disasters Predictable? B．Are We Ready for the Next Disaster? C．Why Do We Fail to Prepare for Disasters? D．What Is the Common Bias in Face of Disasters? “Your mind is a garden; your thoughts are the seeds. The harvest can either be flowers or weeds,” wrote William Wordsworth, who suggested that the process of gardening mirrors human life. Depending on what we “plant” in our lives, we bloom (茁壮成长) or don’t. Before you start to work in your garden, it is necessary to have an idea for it. Thinking of what you want to grow in your garden and how to arrange it is a good first step in making your idea a fruitful reality. In life, you should consider what you want to create and what you want to achieve, because your mind garden is like a piece of white paper and the possibilities are endless. No matter what plants you choose, poor soil isn’t suitable for growth. This is why gardeners take the time and energy to improve the soil before planting. So, creating right soil is important to the realization of your goals and dreams. Luckily, there are countless ways to make your personal bedrock (基石) better. Getting an education is one of the most effective ways, which can help you enrich your life’s soil. You don’t have to be an expert gardener to understand the meaning of “You harvest what you sow”. When a gardener wants tomatoes, they just need to plant tomato seeds. It is a very clear act that produces an expected result. Each of us has the power to decide which “life seeds” to plant. For example, if you plant ill seeds, it’s likely that you’ll experience pain in return; however, if you plant seeds of kindness and understanding, your life will bloom with happiness and love. A gardener’s truly hard work begins after the seeds are in the ground because a garden requires a lot of care and attention. Regular watering and weeding are required for a healthy garden. So, to ensure your dreams take root, you should be devoted, aware, and present. After countless hours and energy spent, the crops will grow well and be finally ready to be harvested. 33．Why does the author quote William Wordsworth in paragraph 1? A．To sing the praises of gardening. B．To stress the importance of results. C．To encourage everyone to plant seeds. D．To compare people’s life to gardening. 34．What is important before gardeners start to work in their gardens? A．Receiving some training in planting. B．Drawing up a good plan for their gardens. C．Having the courage to accept the worst result. D．Doing research on the common local garden plants. 35．What does the author want to express in paragraph 4? A．Your quality of life depends on your action. B．Your experience can help you understand plants better. C．Your knowledge of planting will make you a successful gardener. D．Your choice of soil is the most important part in your gardening. 36．Where can you read this article? A．In a science magazine. B．In a book on life advice. C．From a daily newspaper. D．From a website on agriculture. In daily life, we see many people who despite their best efforts are not able to achieve what they want in life. They feel frustrated, helpless, and in despair. They usually question their fate, luck , and stars. However, the most important reason for our failure or success is our beliefs and thoughts. It is the invisible power of beliefs that drives our lives. They are buried at some level of the mind, constantly sending out the message. Much of the violent or crazy behavior in the world is associated with a deeply held belief. The problem becomes threatening when people get trapped in their beliefs and don't review them from time to time. So if you are not happy or satisfied in life and you feel lost, or confused, then you are advised to check your belief system. Because it is the belief system that create s perceptions, emotions, values, habits and reactions to stimuli. You should be very honest with yourself while analyzing. If you feel that something isn't quite right, and if it stays that way for a long period of time, then certainly seek out professional help. Your core beliefs do not remain isolated. They tend to interact with each other. A change in one belief will affect the system as a whole. If it is a core belief, it can lead to the change of the system. If a set of beliefs changes, other parts of the system will have to rearrange themselves in order to rebuild the coherence of the system. Belief systems have the power to dictate the direction of our lives. It is scientifically proven that when we change our beliefs, we send totally different messages to our cells and reprogram their expression. You can reprogram your pessimistic cells to be more optimistic by adopting positive thinking practices, like mindfulness and gratitude, for long results. So our belief system has to be changed in order to change the course of our life. 37．What is the crucial reason for our failure or success? A．Fate. B．Luck. C．Stars. D．Opinions. 38．What is Paragraph 2 mainly about? A．How to review our thoughts. B．How to rid the world of violence. C．How to rebuild our belief systems. D．How to deal with the negative beliefs. 39．What does the underlined word “dictate” in Paragraph 4 mean? A．Dominate. B．Clear. C．Provide. D．Follow. 40．Which of the following may the author agree with? A．Beliefs are the seeds of life. B．Our belief systems are independent. C．Beliefs can accelerate the renewal of cells. D．Positive beliefs are the only key to success. 试卷第1页，共3页 试卷第1页，共3页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 参考答案： 1．A 2．C 3．B 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章首先通过作者与教授关于小说结局的讨论引发了对结局的思考，接着阐述了不同类型的文学作品结局的特点，最后提出了写作好的结局的重要性并介绍了《Writer’s Digest》杂志如何帮助作家写出更好的结尾。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段““I didn’t like the ending,” I said to my favorite college professor. It was my junior year of undergraduate, and I was doing an independent study on Victorian literature. I had just finished reading The Mill on the Floss by George Eliot, and I was heartbroken with the ending. Prof. Gracie, with all his patience, asked me to think about it beyond whether I liked it or not.( “我不喜欢这个结局，”我对我最喜欢的大学教授说。那是我大三的时候，我正在做一项关于维多利亚文学的独立研究。我刚刚读完乔治·艾略特的《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》，读到结尾我很伤心。格雷西教授耐心地让我考虑一下，不要只看我喜不喜欢)”可知，作者去找格雷西教授是为了讨论小说。故选A项。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段“This was an aha moment for me, and I never thought about endings the same way again. From then on, if I wanted to read an ending guaranteed to be happy, I’d pick up a love romance. If I wanted an ending I couldn’t guess, I’d pick up a mystery (悬疑小说). One where I kind of knew what was going to happen, historical fiction. Choosing what to read became easier.( 这对我来说是一个顿悟的时刻，我再也没有想过同样的结局。从那时起，如果我想读一个保证幸福的结局，我就会选一部爱情小说。如果我想要一个我猜不到的结局，我会选一本神秘小说。一种是我知道会发生什么，历史小说。选择读什么变得更容易了)”可知，见过格雷西教授后，作者意识到了每种类型的文学都有其独特的结局。故选C项。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段“But writing the end—that’s hard. It’s hard for writers because endings carry so much weight with readers. You have to balance creating an ending that’s unpredictable, but doesn’t seem to come from nowhere, one that fits what’s right for the characters.(但是写出结局——那很难。对作家来说很难，因为结局对读者来说意义重大。你必须平衡创造一个不可预测的结局，但这个结局又不能显得凭空而来，要适合角色的设定)”可知，人们对一个好结局的期望是结局又不能显得凭空而来，要适合角色的设定，也就是符合故事的发展。故选B项。 4．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“That’s why this issue (期) of Writer’s Digest aims to help you figure out how to write the best ending for whatever kind of writing you’re doing. If it’s short stories, Peter Mountford breaks down six techniques you can try to see which one helps you stick the landing. Elizabeth Sims analyzes the final chapters of five great novels to see what key points they include and how you can adapt them for your work.( 这就是为什么这期《Writer’s Digest》旨在帮助你找出如何为你正在写的任何类型的作品写出最好的结局。如果是短篇小说，彼得·蒙特福德分解了六种技巧，你可以尝试看看哪一种能帮助你完美着陆。伊丽莎白·西姆斯分析了五部伟大小说的最后几章，看看它们包含了哪些关键点，以及你如何将它们应用到你的作品中)”可知，作者提到彼得·蒙福德和伊丽莎白·西姆斯是为了强调这期《Writer’s Digest》的主题，即帮助读者写出更好的结尾。故选B项。 【点睛】 5．D 6．C 7．A 8．C 【导语】本文是议论文。在日常生活中人们难免和别人意见不一， 这是很正常的，我们应看到事情的两面性，把分歧当作学习的机会。 5．词义猜测题。so通常指上文提到的内容；由文章第二段中“Still, not all disagreements are bad. In fact, many people look at them as opportunities to learn. (不过，并非所有分歧都是坏事。事实上，很多人把它们看作是学习的机会。)”可知， 此处so指的“很多人把分歧看作是学习的机会”。A. Ignoring chances to learn忽视学习的机会；B. Knowing more about themselves更多地了解自己；C. Shaping a right way to see the world塑；造正确的世界观D. Making the disagreements a chance to learn让分歧成为学习的机会。故选D。 6．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“How did your disagreement end? Were you able to see the issue from the other person’s viewpoint? (你们的分歧是如何结束的？你能从别人的角度看问题吗？)”和最后一段中的“when both sides truly try to understand each other, they often find they have more in common than they thought. (当双方真正试图理解对方时，他们往往会发现他们的共同点比他们想象的要多。)”可知，我们可以通过试着站在对方的立场上(思考问题)来解决分歧。故选C。 7．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是本文第一段中“Were you able to see the issue from the other person’s viewpoint? (你们的分歧是如何结束的？你能从别人的角度看问题吗？)”引入话题，提出了问题“你能否从对方的角度看待问题”，在第二段中作者提出自己的观点“In many situations, disagreements are unavoidable. (在许多情况下，分歧是不可避免的。)”，接着作者通过推论逐步讲到分歧不可避免，我们可以把分歧看作是学习的机会，看到事情的两面性，故作者通过推理来支持自己的观点。故选A。 8．推理判断题。根据第二段中“In many situations, disagreements are unavoidable. (在许多情况下，分歧是不可避免的。)”和最后一段中的“However, when both sides truly try to understand each other, they often find they have more in common than they thought. The next time you disagree with other people, try asking them questions about their viewpoints. You never know what you might learn. (分歧一开始可能会让人不舒服。然而，当双方真正试图理解对方时，他们往往会发现他们的共同点比他们想象的要多。下次当你不同意别人的观点时，试着问他们一些关于他们观点的问题。你永远不知道你会学到什么。)”可知，作者认为分歧是学习的机会，因此对分歧持积极的态度。故选C。 9．D 10．A 11．A 12．C 【导语】本文是议论文。主要讨论了纸质阅读与数字阅读、音频和视频学习方式的差异和效果。 9．词句猜测题。根据前文“When reading texts of several hundred words or more, learning is generally more successful when it’s on paper than onscreen. A large amount of research confirms this finding.(当阅读几百字或更多的文本时，在纸上学习通常比在屏幕上学习更成功。大量的研究证实了这一发现)”可知，在纸上学习更有成效，以及后文“when experimenters move from posing simple tasks — like identifying the main idea in a reading passage — to ones that require mental abstraction — such as drawing inferences from a text.(当实验人员从提出简单的任务(如识别阅读文章的主旨)转移到需要思维抽象的任务(如从文本中推断)时)”推知，此处应是表达“当实验者从简单的任务转向需要精神抽象的任务时，纸质阅读的益处就变得显而易见”之意，所以shine through应是“显而易见”之意，和D项意思相近。故选D项。 10．推理判断题。根据第四段“But equally important is the mental aspect. Reading researchers have proposed a theory called “shallowing hypothesis (假说)”. According to this theory, people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media, which are often not so serious, and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print.(但同样重要的是精神层面。阅读研究人员提出了一个名为“shallowing hypothesis”的理论。根据这一理论，人们以适合社交媒体的心态接触数字文本，这些文本通常不那么严肃，与阅读印刷品时相比，投入的精神努力也更少)”可知，shallowing hypothesis假设读者在阅读数字文本时会持有一种轻松的心态，不会像阅读纸质书籍那样投入太多的心理努力。故选A项。 11．细节理解题。根据第五段“Audio (音频) and video can feel more engaging than text, and so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies — say, assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person.(音频和视频可能比文本更具吸引力，因此大学教师越来越多地转向这些技术，例如分配在线讲座而不是同一作者的文章)”可知，音频和视频比文本更能吸引学生的注意力，所以大学教师越来越多地使用这些技术。故选A项。 12．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Digital texts, audio and video all have educational roles, especially when providing resources not available in print. However, for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for, educators shouldn’t assume all media are the same, even when they contain identical words.(数字文本、音频和视频都具有教育作用，尤其是在提供印刷品中无法获得的资源时。然而，为了在需要精神集中和反思的情况下最大限度地学习，教育工作者不应假定所有媒体都是相同的，即使它们包含相同的单词)”可知，尽管数字文本、音频和视频在教育中有一定作用，但当需要精神集中和反思以最大化学习时，教育者不应假定所有媒体都是相同的，即使它们包含相同的单词。这表明作者认为纸质文本在教育中的作用仍然不可替代，因此暗示纸质文本在教育中的重要性。故选C项。 【点睛】 13．B 14．B 15．C 16．A 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要论述了纸质书的时代又回来了并阐述了纸质书优于电子书的原因。 13．词句猜测题。由文章第一段“Recent studies have shown that students remember more information when they read a paper book compared to reading an e-book. One school responded to these findings by ditching its e-readers.(最近的研究表明，与阅读电子书相比，学生在阅读纸质书时记住的信息更多。一所学校对这些发现做出了回应，ditching电子阅读器)”可知，最新调查说明电子书不如纸质书，所以这里指一个学校“放弃”电子书，从而推测 ditching为“放弃”的意思。故选B项。 14．推理判断题。由文章第二段“E-books may come with ‘navigational tools,’ but it turns out the best navigational tools are the ‘devices’ at the ends of your arms. You can use them to flip the pages forward and backward. (电子书可能会附带‘导航工具’，但事实证明，最好的导航工具是你手臂末端的‘设备’。你可以使用它们向前和向后翻页)”可推知，这里手臂末端的“设备”应指的是手指。故选B项。 15．推理判断题。由文章第五段“Admittedly, e-books are lighter than paper books, but one must question whether this is really an advantage. In secondary school my body figure was actually transformed by the daily need to carry textbooks. For me and my fellow students, these weighty books would draw our shoulders back and our chests forward.(诚然，电子书比纸质书更轻，但人们必须质疑这是否真的是一种优势。在中学时，我的身材实际上因每天需要背课本而发生了变化。对我和我的同学们来说，这些沉重的书会把我们的肩膀向后拉，把我们的胸部向前拉)”可推知，作者用本段中的例子来支持作者的论点——纸质书比电子书更好些。故选C项。 16．主旨大意题。由文章第一段“The printed book is back. Recent studies have shown that students remember more information when they read a paper book compared to reading an e-book. One school responded to these findings by ditching its e-readers. The students found that ‘the ease of navigation (导航)’ was greater when using a traditional book.(印刷好的书回来了。最近的研究表明，与阅读电子书相比，学生在阅读纸质书时记住的信息更多。一所学校对这些发现做出了回应，放弃了电子阅读器。学生们发现，当使用传统书籍时，‘导航的便利性’更高)”以及下文可知，文章主要论述了纸质书的时代又回来了并阐述了纸质书优于电子书的原因。故选A项。 17．B 18．C 19．D 20．A 【导语】本文是一篇议论文，主要讲的是虽然其他人可能对我们的人生规划有帮助，我们也可以考虑他们的建议，但是我们没必要全部放在心上，最后做决定的还是自己。 17．细节理解题。根据第二段“People close to us may have ideas about how we should live our lives, ideas that usually come from love and the desire for us to be happy.(我们身边的人可能会对我们应该如何生活有一些想法，这些想法通常来自于爱和对我们幸福的渴望。)”可知，我们身边的人经常告诉我们一些想法，来表达他们关心的事情，故选B。 18．推理判断题。根据最后一段“There may come a time when all the suggestions can become overbearing (专横的). We may feel that the people we love don’t agree on our judgment, which can hurt our feelings. It can affect the choices we make for our lives by making us doubt ourselves before we’ve had a chance to decide what we want.(总有一天，所有的建议都会变得专横。我们可能会觉得我们爱的人不同意我们的判断，这可能会伤害我们的感情。在我们有机会决定自己想要什么之前，它会让我们怀疑自己，从而影响我们为生活做出的选择。)”可知，当朋友的建议过于专横时，我们可能会怀疑自己。故选C。 19．细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“We can tell our loved ones how much we appreciate their thoughts and ideas, but that we need to live our own lives and make our own decisions.(我们可以告诉我们所爱的人，我们是多么感激他们的想法和想法，但我们需要过自己的生活，做自己的决定。)”可知，如果我们不接受朋友的建议，我们应该让他们知道我们要自己做决定。故选D。 20．主旨大意题。第一段中的“We can value their advice, but we don’t have to take it to heart.(我们可以重视他们的建议，但不必放在心上。)”是全文的主旨句；结合全文内容，尤其是第二段“Whatever the case, we can appreciate and consider those people’s advice, but ultimately we must follow our own guidance.(无论如何，我们可以欣赏和考虑那些人的建议，但最终我们必须遵循自己的指导。)”可知，文章主要讲的是虽然其他人可能对我们的人生规划有帮助，我们可以考虑他们的建议，但是我们没必要全部放在心上。所以最适合这篇文章的题目是A选项“Appreciating Suggestions(欣赏建议)”。故选A。 21．A 22．C 23．A 24．D 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章通过对比选择成为生活的受害者或创造者对生活产生的不同影响来告诫我们要改变我们看待事情的观念，使自己从受害者的角色变为创造者。 21．词义猜测题。根据第一段前四句“You are given many opportunities in life to choose to be a victim or creator. When you choose to be a victim, the world is a cold and difficult place. “They” did things to you which caused all of your pain and suffering. “They” are wrong and bad, and life is terrible as long as “they” are around.”（在生活中，你有很多机会选择成为受害者或创造者。当你选择成为受害者时，这个世界是一个冷酷而艰难的地方。“他们”对你做了一些事，造成了你所有的痛苦和折磨。“他们”是错误的，坏的，只要“他们”在身边，生活就很可怕。）可知，当自己选择成为受害者时，对周围的人和物会持消极否定的态度，认为他们造成了自己的痛苦，使自己的生活苦不堪言，故这里“They”指代周围的人和物。故选A项。 22．细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句“They believe their dance with each sacred (神圣的) moment of life is a gift and that storms are a natural part of life which can bring the rain needed for emotional and spiritual growth.”（他们相信他们与生命中每一个神圣时刻的舞蹈都是一份礼物，暴风雨是生命中自然的一部分，可以带来情感和精神成长所需的雨水。）可知，创造者对待生命中的福与祸都持积极乐观的态度。故选C项。 23．推理判断题。根据第四段后两句“One person, on losing a job or a special relationship, may feel as if it is the end of the world and sink into terrible suffering for months, years, or even a lifetime. Another with the same experience may choose to first experience the grief, then accept the loss and soon move on to be a powerful creative force in his life.”（一个人，在失去一份工作或结束一段特殊的关系时，可能会觉得好像是世界末日，陷入几个月、几年甚至一生的可怕痛苦中。另一个有同样经历的人可能会选择先经历悲伤，然后接受损失，很快就会爆发他生命中强大的创造力。）可知，面对痛苦，有的人可能从此一蹶不振，但有的人能够克服痛苦，成为更强大的自己，故而对痛苦的不同反应导致了不同的人生道路。故选A项。 24．推理判断题。根据最后一段“In every moment and every circumstance, you can choose to have filler, richer life by setting a clear intention to transform the victim within, and by inviting into your life the powerful creator that you are”（在任何时刻、任何情况下，你都可以通过设定一个清晰的意图来改变内心受害者的角色，并邀请你这个强大的创造者的角色进入你的生活，从而选择充实、丰富的生活。）并结合上文对受害者和创造者对待生活不同态度的论述可知，作者写这篇文章的目的是为了改变我们看待事情的观念，使自己从受害者的角色变为创造者。故选D项。 25．B 26．D 27．C 28．A 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章讨论了正确的失败观——相比于仅仅把失败当作一种幸运，更多地是要有建设性地“失败”，勇敢面对失望，并从中学习到经验。作者警示我们要警惕“酸葡萄效应”，不要企图通过逃避失败的方式，来避免失败和失望。 25．推理判断题。根据第二段“However, psychological researches find most of us struggle to handle failure constructively. In other words, we fail to “fail forward”. We find ways to devalue the task at which we failed, and become less motivated to persevere and reach our goals. (然而，心理学研究发现，我们大多数人都难以做到建设性地处理失败。换句话说，我们没有“向前失败”。我们想办法贬低我们失败的任务，降低坚持和实现目标的动力。)”可知，第一段提出了一个看似正确但实则肤浅的观点，以便后文提出作者自己的见解：仅仅把失败当作一种幸运是肤浅的，而要有建设性地“失败”，从中学习经验。故选B。 26．细节理解题。根据第三段“Sjastad explains that “sour-grape effect” is a self-protective mechanism. “Most of us picture ourselves as competent people, so when external feedback (反馈) suggests otherwise, it poses a serious threat to that self-image,” he says. (Sjastad解释说，“酸葡萄效应”是一种自我保护机制。“我们大多数人都认为自己是有能力的人，所以当外部反馈不是这样时，它会对自我形象构成严重威胁，”他说。)”可知，“酸葡萄效应”是一种自我保护机制，会否认外界对于我们的负面反馈。故选D。 27．词义猜测题。根据画线词后的“rather than hanging on a little and seeing whether we might learn and improve (而不是坚持一小会，再看看是否可以从中学习和提高)”可推知，prematurely意思与“hanging on a little”相反，意为“提前地，过早地”。故选C。 28．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Failures are unavoidable. By learning to face the disappointment instead of devaluing its importance and pretending nothing happened, you may find it easier to achieve your goals. (失败是不可避免的。学会面对失望，而不是贬低失望的重要性，假装什么都没发生，你可能会发现实现目标更容易。)”可知，作者通过全文的讨论，呼吁大家树立正确的失败观，警惕“酸葡萄效应”。当我们完美的自我形象受外界负面反馈的影响时，不要逃避，不要贬低失败的价值，而是要勇敢的面对，并从中得到学习和提高。故选A。 29．B 30．C 31．D 32．C 【导语】本文是一篇议论文，主要论述的是为什么我们总是无法在灾难来临前做好准备。 29．细节理解题。根据第一段的“But the authorities did not act quickly or decisively enough. Eleven months later, Hurricane Katrina destroyed the city.(但当局的行动不够迅速和果断。11个月后，飓风Katrina摧毁了这座城市。)”可知，飓风来袭时，当局不作为导致了这座城市的毁灭。故选B。 30．推理判断题。根据第二段的“The problem is that we still fail to act, even if faced with clear risks. Psychologists describe this inaction as normalcy bias (偏见). In the face of disaster, people have often been slow to recognize the danger and do nothing until it is too late.(问题是，即使面临明显的风险，我们仍然没有采取行动。心理学家将这种不作为描述为正常偏见。面对灾难，人们往往迟迟没有意识到危险，直到为时已晚才采取行动。)”可知，C选项“Few people got prepared for the pandemic at first because others didn’t do so.(一开始很少有人为大流行做好准备，因为其他人没有这样做。)”说明了人们没有意识到危险，直到为时已晚才采取行动是一种正常偏见，故选C。 31．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段的“Part of the problem may simply be that we get our clues from others. In a famous experiment conducted in the late 1960s, psychologists filled smoke into a room in which the participants were filling in a questionnaire.(部分问题可能仅仅是我们从别人那里获得线索。在20世纪60年代末进行的一项著名实验中，心理学家向一间正在填写问卷的房间里注入烟雾。)”和最后一段的“Another cognitive (认知的) shortcut is optimism bias. In an experiment, psychologists Neil Weinstein asked more than 250 students to predict pleasant future such as good jobs and clear risks such as an early heart attack.(另一个认知捷径是乐观偏见。在一项实验中，心理学家Neil Weinstein要求250多名学生预测美好的未来，比如好工作，以及明确的风险，比如心脏病发作。)”可知，作者是通过举例介绍这两种认知捷径的，故选D。 32．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第二段的“The problem is that we still fail to act, even if faced with clear risks. Psychologists describe this inaction as normalcy bias (偏见). In the face of disaster, people have often been slow to recognize the danger and do nothing until it is too late.(问题是，即使面临明显的风险，我们仍然没有采取行动。心理学家将这种不作为描述为正常偏见。面对灾难，人们往往迟迟没有意识到危险，直到为时已晚才采取行动。)”，倒数第二段的“Part of the problem may simply be that we get our clues from others.(部分问题可能仅仅是我们从别人那里获得线索。)”和最后一段的“Another cognitive (认知的) shortcut is optimism bias.(另一个认知捷径是乐观偏见。)”可知，本文主要论述的是为什么我们总是无法在灾难来临前做好准备，因此最好的题目是C选项“Why Do We Fail to Prepare for Disasters?(为什么我们没有为灾难做好准备？)”。故选C。 33．D 34．B 35．A 36．B 【导语】这是一篇议论文。作者把人生比作种植花园，告诉我们人生就像做园艺，要做出好的规划，准备肥沃的土壤，选择正确的种子，精心培育，最后才有好的收获。 33．推理判断题。根据第一段““Your mind is a garden; your thoughts are the seeds. The harvest can either be flowers or weeds,” wrote William Wordsworth, who suggested that the process of gardening mirrors human life. Depending on what we “plant” in our lives, we bloom (茁壮成长) or don’t. (“你的头脑是一座花园；你的思想就是种子。收获的要么是花朵，要么是杂草，”威廉·华兹华斯写道，他认为园艺的过程反映了人类的生活。取决于我们在生活中“种”了什么，我们会茁壮成长还是不会茁壮成长。)”可知，园艺的过程与人类的生活相似，我们是否茁壮成长取决于我们在生活中“种”了什么。由此可推断，作者引用William Wordsworth的话是为了引入话题，即把人类的生活比作园艺。故选D项。 34．细节理解题。根据第二段“Before you start to work in your garden, it is necessary to have an idea for it. Thinking of what you want to grow in your garden and how to arrange it is a good first step in making your idea a fruitful reality. (在你开始你的花园工作之前，有必要对它有一个想法。想想你想在花园里种什么，如何安排，这是让你的想法成为富有成效的现实的第一步。)”可知，作者认为在开始打理花园之前，有必要对花园有一个设想，想一想希望在花园里种些什么，即有个好的规划很重要。故选B项。 35．推理判断题。根据第四段的“if you plant ill seeds, it’s likely that you’ll experience pain in return; however, if you plant seeds of kindness and understanding, your life will bloom with happiness and love. (如果你种下了不好的种子，你很可能会经历痛苦的回报；然而，如果你种下善良和理解的种子，你的生活就会绽放出幸福和爱的花朵。)”由此可推断，作者想告诉我们，生活质量取决于我们的行动。故选A项。 36．推理判断题。根据全文内容可知，作者以种植花园为喻，形象地论述了一个人生哲理：人生就像做园艺，要做出好的规划，准备肥沃的土壤，选择正确的种子，精心培育，最后才有好的收获。结合选项可推断，这篇文章可能来自一本关于人生建议的书。故选B项。 37．D 38．D 39．A 40．A 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。如果你对生活不满意，感到伤心、迷茫或困惑，建议你检查你的信念体系。信念体系塑造了感知、情感、价值观、习惯和对刺激的反应。如果我们想要改善自己的现状，我们必须改变我们的信念体系。 37．细节理解题。根据第一段“However, the most important reason for our failure or success is our beliefs and thoughts. (然而，我们成败的最重要原因是我们的信念和思想。)” 可知，我们的信念和思想决定了成败。故选D。 38．主旨大意题。根据第二段“Much of the violent or crazy behavior in the world is associated with a deeply held belief. The problem becomes threatening when people get trapped in their beliefs and don't review them from time to time. So if you are not happy or satisfied in life and you feel lost, or confused, then you are advised to check your belief system. Because it is the belief system that create s perceptions, emotions, values, habits and reactions to stimuli. You should be very honest with yourself while analyzing. If you feel that something isn't quite right, and if it stays that way for a long period of time, then certainly seek out professional help. (世界上许多暴力或疯狂的行为都与人们根深蒂固的信念密切相关。当人们陷入自己的信念之中而未能时常审视它们时，问题就变得具有威胁性。因此，如果你在生活中感到不快乐、不满意，甚至迷茫或困惑，那么建议检查自己的信念体系。因为正是信念体系塑造了感知、情绪、价值观、习惯以及对刺激的反应。在分析过程中，你应该对自己非常坦诚。如果你感到有什么地方不太对劲，并且这种情况持续了很长一段时间，那么一定要寻求专业的帮助。)”可知，本段主要介绍了当我们产生负面的情绪或想法时应该怎么办，即如何处理消极信念。故选D。 39．词句猜测题。根据第四段划线词后文“It is scientifically proven that when we change our beliefs, we send totally different messages to our cells and reprogram their expression. You can reprogram your pessimistic cells to be more optimistic by adopting positive thinking practices, like mindfulness and gratitude, for long results. So our belief system has to be changed in order to change the course of our life. (科学已经证实，我们改变信念时会向身体细胞发送完全不同的信息，并重新编程它们的表达模式。你可以通过采用积极的思维方式，例如正念冥想和感恩练习，将悲观的细胞重新编程为更乐观的状态，以获得长期的结果。因此，为了改变我们的人生轨迹，我们必须改变自己的信念体系。)”可知，本段主要讲述信念体系可以影响我们的人生轨迹。由此可推知，画线词应意为“决定，支配”，与 A项意思相近。故选A。 40．细推理判断题。根据第四段“It is scientifically proven that when we change our beliefs, we send totally different messages to our cells and reprogram their expression. You can reprogram your pessimistic cells to be more optimistic by adopting positive thinking practices, like mindfulness and gratitude, for long results. So our belief system has to be changed in order to change the course of our life.So our belief system has to be changed in order to change the course of our life. (科学已经证实，我们改变信念时会向身体细胞发送完全不同的信息，并重新编程它们的表达模式。你可以通过采用积极的思维方式，例如正念冥想和感恩练习，将悲观的细胞重新编程为更乐观的状态，以获得长期的结果。因此，为了改变我们的人生轨迹，我们必须改变自己的信念体系。)”可知，作者提到信念体系具有影响我们生活轨迹的力量，这表明信念对我们的生活有着深远的影响。同时，作者提倡采用积极思维方式（如正念冥想和感恩练习）将悲观的细胞重新编程为更乐观的状态，进一步强调了信念在改变生活轨迹中的重要作用。根据作者的论述，可以推断出作者认同“信念是生命的种子”这一观点。故选A。 答案第1页，共2页 答案第1页，共2页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$