2024年全国甲卷高中英语真题阅读理解变式题-医疗 (1)

The Saint Lukas train doesn’t accept passengers — it accepts only the sick. The Saint Lukas is one of five government-sponsored medical trains that travel to remote towns in central and eastern Russia. Each stop lasts an average of two days, and during that time the doctors and nurses on board provide rural (乡村) populations with basic medical care, X-ray scans and prescriptions. “People started queuing to make an appointment early in the morning,” says Emile Ducke, a German photographer who traveled with the staff of the Saint Lukas for a two-week trip in November through the vast regions (区域) of Krasnoyarsk and Khakassia. Russia’s public health care service has been in serious need of modernization. The government has struggled to come up with measures to address the problem, particularly in the poorer, rural areas east of the Volga River, including arranging doctor’s appointments by video chat and expanding financial aid programs to motivate doctors to practice medicine in remote parts of the country like Krasnoyarsk. The annual arrival of the Saint Lukas is another attempt to improve the situation. For 10 months every year, the train stops at about eight stations over two weeks, before returning to the regional capital to refuel and restock (补给). Then it starts all over again the next month. Most stations wait about a year between visits. Doctors see up to 150 patients every day. The train’s equipment allows for basic checkups. “I was very impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in such little space but still staying focused and very concerned,” says Ducke. “They were the best chance for many rural people to get the treatment they want. ” 1．How is the Saint Lukas different from other trains? A．It runs across countries. B．It reserves seats for the seniors. C．It functions as a hospital. D．It travels along a river. 2．What can we infer from paragraph 3 about Krasnoyarsk? A．It is heavily populated. B．It offers training for doctors. C．It is a modern city. D．It needs medical aid. 3．How long can the Saint Lukas work with one supply? A．About a year. B．About ten months. C．About two months. D．About two weeks. 4．What is Ducke’s attitude toward the Saint Lukas’ services? A．Appreciative. B．Doubtful C．Ambiguous. D．Cautious. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration(FDA) has approved a new class of hearing aid devices, which do not require a medical exam. That means Americans will be able to buy hearing aids later this year without seeing a doctor or receiving a medical examination. The devices are designed for adults with mild to moderate hearing problems. The FDA estimates that the hearing aids could help nearly 30 million adults in the United States, but only about one-fifth of people with hearing problems use the devices currently. “Today’s action by the FDA represents a significant milestone in making hearing aids more cost-effective and accessible,” Health and Human Services Secretary Xavier Becerra, told reporters on Tuesday. The FDA first proposed the rule change for hearing aids last year and the new rules will take effect in the middle of October. The move follows years of pressure from medical experts and others to make the devices less costly and easier to get. However, cost is still a barrier right now. Americans can pay more than $5,000 for hearing aids, which is for the device itself and fitting services. Private insurance coverage is also limited for the devices. And government insurance for older people, known as Medicare, does not pay for them. Medicare only pays for hearing tests. “The requirement to see a specialist was not only a burden and an annoyance for many consumers but also it actually created a competitive barrier to entry,” said Brian Deese, a White House economic adviser. Deese added that the government estimates that Americans could save as much as $2,800 for a set of hearing aids if they want to buy them. But FDA officials noted that the savings will depend on when producers launch products and how much they cost. “It’s very hard to predict exactly what we’ll see and when,” said Dr. Jeffrey Shuren, the FDA’s medical device chief. Shuren added officials expected to see increased competition from new producers and new products from existing hearing aid makers. 5．Who probably use the new hearing aid devices? A．The people who cannot afford medical fee. B．The 20 percent of people who can pay for them. C．The people who needn’t be examined by doctors. D．The adults whose hearing problems are not serious. 6．What might the rule change bring? A．Hearing tests for free. B．More pressure from medical experts. C．Lower cost of the hearing devices. D．More private insurance coverage. 7．What may Deese agree with? A．Seeing a specialist was unaccessible. B．Seeing a specialist was a troublesome experience. C．The government will save much medical expense. D．Americans will pay more money for medical care. 8．What can we learn from the last paragraph? A．When the cost will be reduced is uncertain. B．Existing hearing aid makers can benefit most. C．Officials will decide the price of the hearing aids. D．New producers will succeed in the competition. It has now been more than six months since healthcare experienced a mass transition to telehealth, at least in wealthy countries. In less well-off places, medical care came to a standstill along with employment and education. Australian authorities rightly noted that changes that would have taken a decade happened more or less overnight. Last year, I had protested when asked to try just one video consultation. It took weeks to organize and then the patient cancelled anyway. Now, within days, clinics jammed with patients halved and then fell silent. Instead of noise and anticipation, what greeted me was a sheet of paper listing when my patients would “meet” me online. The adjustment was hard. Many of my patients, who are often very elderly, non-English speaking and socioeconomically disadvantaged, were so perturbed by the concept of telehealth that they opted to wait until “this passed”. This made sense initially but as the lockdown continued, we acknowledged that health concerns couldn’t be ignored, and telehealth was the way forward. In medicine, the line between “must see” and “should see” is not always clear. An 80-year-old widow says that my appointments are her greatest comfort, not least because our nurse always checks in too. Together we save her mental health from sliding but on paper, she is a “routine visit” now relegated to telehealth, which is just not the same. Another patient can chat a bit, but better than any test, serial visits help me track his cognitive decline and plan ahead. When I mention telehealth, he explains that his VCR is broken. While elderly patients with travel barriers or needing a quick consult may be considered ideal for telehealth, the situation is subtle. Physicians like me feel the poverty of body language. Surgeons find it harder to share sketches. Nurses find patients are distracted. More tragically, a school teacher died at a rural hospital where the only available doctor was via a video link. Yet, there’s no denying that telehealth has changed the face of healthcare. And nostalgia aside, it has forced a conservative profession to rethink how it can better serve all patients. In taking stock of the last few months, we must give credit to the people who made telehealth happen. “Tech support” falls into the invisible but indispensable category of help, without which frontline workers would be nowhere. 9．The underlined word “perturbed” most probably means “________”. A．pleased B．calm C．bothered D．composed 10．According to Paragraph 1, which statement is NOT TRUE? A．Healthcare all over the world has gone through a mass transition to telehealth. B．Healthcare has experienced a mass transition to telehealth for at least half a year. C．Last year, the writer objected when asked to try just one video consultation. D．Patients consulting doctors online are in good order. 11．What’s the main idea of Paragraph 4? A．Elderly patients with travel barriers may be considered ideal for telehealth. B．Nurses are not fond of telehealth because they find patients are distracted. C．There are still a lot of drawbacks and challenges faced by telehealth. D．A school teacher died at a rural hospital due to the use of telehealth. 12．What’s the author’s overall attitude towards “telehealth”? A．Pessimistic. B．Positive. C．Indifferent. D．Critical. For much of human history, ethical (道德的) behavior has been guided by the Golden Rule: do to others as you would have them do to you. But the rule is imperfect. What you want in a given situation may not be what another person desires at all. In the medical field, making or influencing choices for others can make all the difference. Such choices impact people’s quality of life and even their chances of survival. As health care becomes more individualized, the time seems right for a new ethical guideline—the “platinum (白金) rule” proposed by professor Harvey Max Chochinov: do to others as they would want done to themselves. Chochinov describes this principle in his essay published last year. He begins with a story about a health crisis affecting his sister Ellen, who was severely disabled. The care doctor, after seeing her twisted (扭曲的) body, was weighing whether to insert a breathing tube when he asked Chochinov a strange question: Did Ellen read magazines? “The question was frightening.” Chochinov writes, “this was not an attempt to get to know Ellen … but rather a way to decide if hers was a life worth saving.” Ellen read widely and enjoyed many simple pleasures of life, but the gap between her life as a person who uses a wheelchair and the doctor’s sense of what he would want in her situation was too vast to be bridged by the Golden Rule. “That’s when judging from where you stand what another might need or want begins to break down,” Chochinov explained. Time is a limited resource in the health-care system, and there’s no denying that getting to know a patient as an individual means investing additional minutes or hours. Still, Chochinov believes such investment is cost-effective. There are benefits for doctors as well. “When they emotionally connect to their patients, they do a better job.” In certain cases, doctors may find it hard to apply the platinum rule. But there is value in the effort: at the very least, their trying to work through it will ensure that they have sufficient modesty about the wisdom of their choices. 13．Why is the platinum rule introduced to the medical field? A．To strengthen ethical behavior in treatment. B．To help doctors acquire accurate information. C．To increase chances of survival for patients. D．To make person-centered care accessible to patients. 14．What can we learn from Ellen’s story? A．A health crisis caused her disability. B．The doctor was curious about her hobby. C．The doctor gave little thought to her needs. D．Her brother sang high praises for the treatment. 15．Which statement might Chochinov agree with? A．Health care system needs investing. B．Time put into knowing a patient is rewarding. C．Trust between doctors and patients is important. D．Emotional connection to patients brings job burnout. 16．What is the author’s attitude towards the platinum rule? A．Objective. B．Favorable. C．Careful. D．Unclear. When Philip Santini noticed an infection, he contacted his primary care physician, Jane Chargot, M. D., and she gave him some medicine. However, test results showed that he wasn’t recovering. Over the phone, Santini was told he would need to go to the hospital to get infusions (输液) three times a day for a week. He was packed and ready to head out to the hospital when he received another phone call. An alternative plan was suggested instead — Hospital Care at Home. Care at Home, a Michigan Medicine program which improves the patient experience while freeing up hospital beds, has already admitted and transferred more than 50 patients from the emergency department and inpatient hospital to receive hospital level care from the comfort of their own homes. Santini was the first direct registration patient for this program, meaning he never presented to the hospital initially. It was no surprise that there was a celebration for this milestone. “I was ready to head out to the emergency department,” said Santini, who even had a list of things to take when he got a call from Stephanie Paran, R. N., a nurse at U-M Briarwood Family Medicine. “Hearing Paran’s words, I sprang to my feet and didn’t hesitate to accept the advice.” Although he initially didn’t know what to expect, he later said what the care team did was far beyond his expectations, especially the caregivers. The staff gave him infusions three times a day for six days. They took his regular medications away, just like how they would in a hospital. They checked the infection, drew blood and even brought in an ultrasound machine. “I didn’t know that was possible,” Santini said. After discharge, a Michigan Visiting Nurse visited once a week until he completely recovered. Santini believed treatment at home has helped the healing process. “I’ve never felt really comfortable in the hospital,” he said. “It’s hard to get good sleep there. At home I had my own food, my own bed, plus my wife is here. No one has to go out of their way to visit me. It’s a healthier experience. I would encourage anyone to consider it.” 17．What is the advantage of Care at Home? A．It can reduce the patients’ expenses. B．It can lessen the pressure on hospitals. C．It can avoid the waste of medical resources. D．It can improve the doctor-patient relationship. 18．How did Santini feel when hearing of Care at Home? A．Hesitant. B．Upset. C．Excited. D．Curious. 19．What can we infer about Care at Home from Paragraph 6? A．It offers professional service. B．It is much better than hospital. C．It can make impossible possible. D．It only provides one-week treatment. 20．What can be the best title for the text? A．A Cure for Common Infection B．A Tendency in Family Health C．The Popularity of Medical Care D．Hospital Level Care at Home The purpose of the home was to rehabilitate patients as far as possible, so that they could face the harsh realities of life outside hospital. Most of them not only suffered from some form of nervous disease but had other handicaps as well. For most of them, the hospital had been their refuge for some time and the idea of being rehabilitated was somewhat frightening. They doubted their own capabilities, and were nervous about the effort which would be required from them. The home contains within it a research unit mainly concerned with overcoming the technical problems which arise from the patient’s physical disabilities. Full rehabilitation involves a need for a patient to be as independent as possible physically. In it, all types of electronic equipment are pioneered, much of it exceedingly delicate and complex. One of the things I found astonishing as I watched was the ease with which the patients became accustomed to the equipment. This has the dual effect of both making them physically independent and giving them the psychological satisfaction of having mastered a difficult problem. While I was there, I was fortunate enough to talk to a couple of patients who had been fully rehabilitated. A former teacher who suffered from paralysis from the waist down, was now teaching general studies in a school. After his accident, he had had a complete nervous breakdown and had indeed tried to commit suicide several times. “But when I got here, I realized that there were still some things I could do, and that there were people worse off than me,” he said. “Yes, I expect I shall get depressions again. You can’t completely cure that thing. But they’ll pull me out of it, at least I know that now.” I asked him if he felt that everyone in the home could be rehabilitated. “Well, of course, one can’t really tell. But I should say that about 70% of them will have been fully rehabilitated by this time next year.” And that is a wild dream that, from my observation of what is going on, may be realized. 21．Patients in the “home” mainly have difficulty in __________. A．concentrating their mind on study and work B．being accustomed to medical treatment and diagnosis C．taking up a hobby and showing any interest in life D．moving around freely and living their own life independently 22．The underlined word “dual” in Paragraph 2 is the closest in meaning to “__________”. A．combined with two parts B．enhancing well-being C．unexpected or accidental D．one-size-fits-all 23．A patient identified as “fully rehabilitated” should meet the standard that __________. A．he is free of either nervous breakdown or emotional breakdown B．he has been cured of the illness despite emotional disorders C．he can support his living with a positive life attitude D．he wears different medical devices and requires a wheelchair 24．Which of the following might be the best title of the passage? A．Effective Electronic Equipment in Sight B．A Research Center for the Handicapped C．A Government-Sponsored Programme for Patients D．A New Hope to the Handicapped Deveza’s mother was on the waiting list for a kidney transplant (肾移植). Deveza wanted to donate one of her own kidneys, but she was turned down because she might develop the same health problems as her mother in later life. Deveza came up with a different plan. In 2017, she started the world’s first paired exchange of different organs between living donors, exchanging half her liver (肝) for someone else’s kidney. A case study of the organ exchange has now been published. And the surgeons who were involved are calling for more exchanges like this. “You can imagine the enormous impact for mixed organ extended chains,” says John Roberts, a surgeon at University of California, San Francisco. Most organ transplants come from people who have died, but there are never enough organs. As most people can manage with just one of their kidneys, people with kidney failure are increasingly receiving donated organs from relatives or friends. If someone wants to donate but their immune (免疫的) system is unsuited, doctors may be able to find pairs of would-be donors who can each give a kidney to the other’s relative. When Deveza was looking into such chains, she came across research describing the idea of trading a kidney with the only other organ generally taken from a living donor—the liver. She suggested the idea to many hospitals before she finally contacted Roberts, who saw the idea’s potential. Deveza was assessed to be in good enough health to donate part of her liver. It then took 18 months to find Annie Simmons, in Idaho, whose liver was unsuitable to use as a transplant for her sister with severe liver disease. They drew up a plan: Simmons would donate a kidney to Deveza’s mother, and in return, Deveza would give half her liver to Simmons’ sister. The hospital gave the go-ahead and the four operations took place on the same day successfully. The team hopes that the ground-breaking case will inspire more people to consider doing the same. Roberts says that direct exchanges involving two donors could enable up to thirty extra living donor liver transplants a year—a ten per cent increase. 25．What did Deveza do to save her mother? A．Carrying out a case study. B．Calling for kidney donations. C．Launching a medical experiment. D．Trading half her liver for a kidney. 26．What does Paragraph 3 mainly talk about? A．Patients’ hopelessness to survive. B．Several sources of organ donation. C．Current situation of organ transplants. D．Doctors’ efforts to improve organ transplants. 27．What can be inferred about the organ exchange between Deveza and Simmons? A．It discouraged organ donation. B．It brought two families together. C．It met with widespread approval. D．It produced a desirable outcome. 28．What is the best title for the text? A．My Liver, Your Kidney B．Mother’s Love, Our Happiness C．Organ Transplant: Blessing for Patients D．Organ Exchange: Major Medical Advances It is easy to be doubtful about announcements of drugs that claim to slow the progress of Alzheimers, the most common form of dementia (痴呆). A new drug called Lecanemab, however, may be the real deal. Results of a clinical trial, conducted by its makers, Eisai, of Tokyo, and Biogen, of Cambridge Massachusetts, have just been announced in the New England Journal of Medicine (November; 2022). After18 months, it had slowed the progress of symptoms by a quarter. The trial involved 1795 participants who were in the early stages of the illness. Half received the drug. The others, a placebo (安慰剂). It showed two things. One was the modest but measurable slowing of progression. The other was that an explanation of Alzheimers called the Amyloid Hypothesis seems correct. Amyloid is a protein which accumulates (积累) in parts of the brains of those with Alzheimers, which is an established sign of the illness. Lecanemab, containing a special antibody, is found to be able to attach itself to amyloid and then attracts immune-system cells to clear the protein away (and measurably did so in those receiving the drug).That suggests amyloid does indeed directly create problems associated with dementia and that Lecanemab can slow down the development of the disease. This is a small first step. Some experts question whether the test used to show an improvement in symptoms is clinically meaningful because amyloid can be detected only with the help of a piece of expensive equipment, which is not something that can easily be turned into a routine program. Moreover, Lecanemab also caused swelling and bleeding of the brain in a number of participants. Now that the new drug has been shown to work, it can be followed up with further tests. Hope for more good news soon. 29．What can be learned from the first two paragraphs? A．The public shows confidence in new drugs for Alzheimers. B．The new drug had an obvious effect on the participants. C．All participants didn’t receive the new drug. D．It took 18 months to make the new drug. 30．The author explains the effectiveness of the new drug by ____. A．illustrating how the drug interacts with amyloid in body B．making comparisons between two groups of participants C．describing how immune-system works in detail D．quoting the comments of other scientists 31．Which of the following is a drawback of the new drug? A．It can’t be accessed easily in daily treatment. B．It needs to be further tested before its launch. C．It costs too much for ordinary families. D．It can cause some side-effects. 32．What does the author think of Lecanemab? A．Reliable. B．Groundbreaking C．Promising D．Risky. HANGZHOU — A human blood protein has been found to be associated with the H7N9 death rate, according to a study by Chinese medical scientists. The study, published in Nature Communications on May 13, showed that blood plasma levels of angiotensin Ⅱ are higher in H7N9 patients and could be used to predict their physical worsening. Angiotensin Ⅱ is a human protein contained in plasma, the vascular (血管的) wall, heart and kidney to regulate blood pressure. It is closely linked to serious lung injury. H7N9 patients with higher levels of angiotensin Ⅱ carry more viral load (病毒载量), said Li Lanjuan, researcher at the Chinese Academy of Engineering and a specialist in H7N9 prevention. “It is particularly obvious in the second week of human infection. The angiotensin Ⅱ level of patients in critical condition keeps going up, while that of mild cases tends to drop,” Li said. Li added the new finding could help in clinical practice. Medical personnel could adopt more effective and reliable treatment measures for patients suffering different conditions. “This study will provide a new perspective to H7N9 pathology (病理学) and potential treatment for future cases,” said Ed Gerstner, executive editor of Nature Communications. The study was led by researchers of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. They collected plasma from 47 H7N9 patients in cities of Hangzhou, Shanghai and Nanjing and analyzed the connection between angiotensin Ⅱ and viral load. H7N9 was first reported in China in March 2013. The virus causes severe disease in humans, including acute and often fatal breathing failure. The country has reported more than 200 human H7N9 cases. 33．What does the passage mainly talk about? A．Chinese scientists found a human blood protein associated with the H7N9 death rate. B．Chinese scientists have made a new medical discovery. C．A new perspective to H7N9 pathology provided by a medical study. D．A report of H7N9 death rate. 34．The underlined word “critical” in the third paragraph most likely means __________. A．unimportant B．mistaken C．urgent D．successful 35．According to the passage, which of the following statements is NOT true? A．H7N9 patients with higher levels of angiotensin Ⅱ carry more viral load. B．Angiotensin Ⅱ is a human protein to regulate blood pressure. C．H7N9 vims may cause human breathing failure. D．The researchers collected plasma from 47 H7N9 patients in the city of Hangzhou and made the discovery. 36．You can probably find this article in _________. A．a booklet B．a newspaper C．a guide book D．an advertisement When delivering medications to patients, one of the most effective methods is direct injection into the bloodstream using a needle. Now, researchers from China and Switzerland have designed a needle-free alternative: a tiny, drug-filled cup that sticks to the inside of the cheek like an octopus sucker (章鱼吸盘). The device is easily accessible, can be removed at any time and prevents saliva (唾液) from dissolving the drug, which gets absorbed through the lining of the inner cheek. “Oral delivery is really kind of a holy grail,” says Arturo Vegas, a chemist at Boston University. “It’s still the preferred form of administration for patients… which means higher compliance, better outcomes for the patient, less adverse effects overall.” Usually, delivering drugs through the dense, inner cheek tissue is not very effective. But the suction cup stretches the cheek, creating a larger surface area for the drug to pass through. To test the design, the team 3D printed their rubber, 1.1-by 0.6-centimeter suckers. They loaded each with the diabetes drug desmopressin and stuck them inside the cheeks of three beagles (小猎兔犬), which have similar inner cheeks to humans. For comparison, they also delivered the drug to beagles via a pill and via injection. After three hours, the team found that drug plasma concentrations in dogs with the patch were more than 150 times higher than in the dogs that took a tablet. “We were really impressed by the level of absorption that we would get with such a simple system,” said Jean-Christophe Leroux, a co-author of the study. However, the oral patches were less effective than drugs delivered via injection. The team further tested the patches by filling them with the drug semaglutide, which has molecules (分子) four times larger than desmopressin does. After 30 minutes, they found that beagles with the patch had a similar amount of semaglutide absorbed by the bloodstream as those that took a tablet. Though the patches need further testing to determine how repeated use affects patients, the researchers conclude that their technique is “non-invasive, simple and readily self-applicable by patients”. 37．Which of the following is the advantage of the device? A．It is organic. B．It is easy to use. C．It is inexpensive. D．It is free of side effects. 38．How does the suction cup work effectively? A．It is made from a special rubber. B．It softens the dense, inner cheek tissue. C．It prevents saliva from dissolving the drug. D．It expands the area for the drug to be absorbed. 39．What can be inferred from the two tests? A．Drug plasma concentrations increase as time goes by. B．The three beagles have similar inner cheeks to each other. C．The device may work better for drugs with small molecules. D．Researchers injected different drugs to beagles in the first test. 40．What is the unsolved problem for the device? A．Whether it can be used repeatedly. B．How it can help patients recover sooner. C．When it can be put into wide application. D．What can be done to improve its efficiency. 试卷第1页，共3页 试卷第1页，共3页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 参考答案： 1．C 2．D 3．D 4．A 【导语】本文是说明文。文章主要讲述政府赞助了五辆名为圣卢卡斯的医疗列车为俄罗斯中部和东部偏远地区每年提供为期10个月的巡回医疗服务，为乡村居民提供基本医疗检查和治疗，改善当地医疗条件。 1．细节理解题，根据文章第一段“The Saint Lukas is one of five government-sponsored medical trains that travel to remote towns in central and eastern Russia. Each stop lasts an average of two days, and during that time the doctors and nurses on board provide rural(乡村)populations with basic medical care, X-ray scans and prescriptions. (圣卢卡斯号是五列政府资助的医疗列车之一，前往俄罗斯中部和东部的偏远城镇。每一站平均停留两天，在此期间，船上的医生和护士为农村人口提供基本医疗服务、X光扫描和处方。)”可知，圣卢卡斯号与其他火车的不同之处在于它是政府资助的医疗火车，充当医院。故选C。 2．推理判断题，第三段提到“Russia’s public health care service has been in serious need of modernization. The government has struggled to come up with measures to address the problem, particularly in the poorer, rural areas east of the Volga River, including arranging doctor's appointments by video chat and expanding financial aid programs to motivate doctors to practice medicine in remote parts of the country like Krasnoyarsk. (俄罗斯的公共卫生保健服务迫切需要现代化。政府一直在努力提出解决这一问题的措施，特别是在伏尔加河以东较贫穷的农村地区，包括通过视频聊天安排医生预约，扩大财政援助计划，激励医生到克拉斯诺亚尔斯克等偏远地区行医。) ”可以推断，Krasnoyarsk需要医疗援助，故选D。 3．细节理解题，根据第四段“For 10 months every year, the train stops at about eight stations over two weeks, before returning to the regional capital to refuel and restock (补给). ”(每年有10个月，火车在两周内停靠大约八个车站，然后返回地区首府进行补给和重新装货。) ”可知，圣卢卡斯号一份补给可以工作大约两周，故选D。 4．推断判断题。根据最后一段的““I was very impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in such little space but still staying focused and very concerned, ” says Ducke. “They were the best chance for many rural people to get the treatment they want. ”(“医生和他们的助手在这么小的空间里工作和生活，但仍然保持专注和非常关注，这给我留下了深刻的印象，”Ducke说。这是许多农村人获得他们想要的治疗的最好机会。”)”可知，Ducke对Saint Lukas的服务持赞赏的态度，故选A。 【点睛】 5．D 6．C 7．B 8．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了美国食品和药物管理局批准了一种不需要体检的新型助听器。这意味着，今年晚些时候，美国人将无需看医生或接受体检就能购买助听器。 5．细节理解题。根据第二段“The devices are designed for adults with mild to moderate hearing problems.(这种设备是为有轻度到中度听力问题的成年人设计的)”可知，听力问题不严重的成年人可能会使用新的助听器。故选D。 6．细节理解题。根据第三段“The move follows years of pressure from medical experts and others to make the devices less costly and easier to get.(多年来，医疗专家和其他人一直在施压，要求降低这种设备的成本，使其更容易获得)”可知，规则的改变会带来低成本的助听器。故选C。 7．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段““The requirement to see a specialist was not only a burden and an annoyance for many consumers but also it actually created a competitive barrier to entry,” said Brian Deese, a White House economic adviser.(白宫经济顾问Brian Deese表示：“对许多消费者来说，看专家的要求不仅是一种负担和烦恼，而且实际上还制造了进入市场的竞争壁垒。”)”可知，看专家是件麻烦事。故选B。 8．细节理解题。根据最后一段“But FDA officials noted that the savings will depend on when producers launch products and how much they cost. “It’s very hard to predict exactly what we’ll see and when,” said Dr. Jeffrey Shuren, the FDA’s medical device chief.(但FDA官员指出，节省的费用将取决于生产商推出产品的时间和成本。“很难准确预测我们会看到什么，什么时候会看到，”FDA医疗设备主管杰弗里·舒伦博士说)”可知，成本何时会降低是不确定的。故选A。 9．C 10．A 11．C 12．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了医疗保健过渡到远程医疗，作者认为远程医疗已经改变了医疗保健的面貌，它迫使这个保守的职业重新思考如何更好地为所有患者服务。 9．词句猜测题。根据划线单词上文“Many of my patients, who are often very elderly, non-English speaking and socioeconomically disadvantaged(我的许多病人往往年纪很大，不会说英语，在社会经济上处于不利地位)”可知，作者的许多病人年纪很大，不会说英语，经济情况不佳，由此可推断，这些人对于远程医疗的概念感到烦恼不安。所以perturbed为“烦躁不安的”之意。选项A“pleased (满意的)”；选项B“calm (镇定的)”；选项C“bothered (烦恼的)”；选项D“composed (镇静的)”。故选C。 10．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“It has now been more than six months since healthcare experienced a mass transition to telehealth, at least in wealthy countries. In less well-off places, medical care came to a standstill along with employment and education.(至少在富裕国家，医疗保健大规模过渡到远程医疗已经过去了六个多月。在不太富裕的地方，医疗保健与就业和教育一样陷入停滞。)”可知，不是所有国家的医疗保健都经历了向远程医疗的过渡，所以选项A“Healthcare all over the world has gone through a mass transition to telehealth.”的表述是错误的。故选A。 11．主旨大意题。根据文章第四段“While elderly patients with travel barriers or needing a quick consult may be considered ideal for telehealth, the situation is subtle. Physicians like me feel the poverty of body language. Surgeons find it harder to share sketches. Nurses find patients are distracted. More tragically, a school teacher died at a rural hospital where the only available doctor was via a video link.(虽然有旅行障碍或需要快速咨询的老年患者可能被认为是远程医疗的理想选择，但情况很微妙。像我这样的医生感到身体语言的贫乏。外科医生很难分享草图。护士发现病人分心了。更悲惨的是，一名学校老师在一家乡村医院死亡，那里唯一的医生是通过视频连接。)”可知，第四段主要讲述的是远程医疗存在的缺陷和面临的挑战。故选C。 12．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“In taking stock of the last few months, we must give credit to the people who made telehealth happen. “Tech support” falls into the invisible but indispensable category of help, without which frontline workers would be nowhere.(在回顾过去几个月的情况时，我们必须赞扬使远程医疗成为现实的人们。“技术支持”属于无形但不可或缺的帮助类别，没有它，一线员工将无处可去。)”可知，作者对于“技术支持”是抱有支持的态度的。故选B。 13．D 14．C 15．B 16．B 【导语】本文是说明文。文章讲述了医学领域实施的“白金法则”，作者认为实施这种法则的努力是有价值的，可以确保医生们努力解决问题。 13．细节理解题。根据第二段的“As health care becomes more individualized, the time seems right for a new ethical guideline—the “platinum (白金) rule” proposed by professor Harvey Max Chochinov: do to others as they would want done to themselves.(随着医疗保健变得更加个性化，似乎是时候制定一项新的道德准则了——哈维·马克斯·乔契诺夫教授提出的“白金法则”：己所不欲，勿施于人)”可知，将“白金法则”引入医学领域是为了使病人能够获得以人为本的护理。故选D。 14．细节理解题。根据第三段内容“The care doctor, after seeing her twisted (扭曲的) body, was weighing whether to insert a breathing tube when he asked Chochinov a strange question: Did Ellen read magazines? “The question was frightening.” Chochinov writes, “this was not an attempt to get to know Ellen … but rather a way to decide if hers was a life worth saving.” Ellen read widely and enjoyed many simple pleasures of life, but the gap between her life as a person who uses a wheelchair and the doctor’s sense of what he would want in her situation was too vast to be bridged by the Golden Rule. “That’s when judging from where you stand what another might need or want begins to break down,” Chochinov explained.(护理医生在看到她扭曲的身体后，正在考虑是否要插入呼吸管，这时他问了乔奇诺夫一个奇怪的问题：艾伦看杂志吗?“这个问题很可怕。”乔奇诺夫写道：“这不是为了了解艾伦，而是为了判断她的生命是否值得拯救。”艾伦博览群书，享受生活中许多简单的乐趣，但她作为一个轮椅使用者的生活与医生对她的情况的理解之间的差距太大，无法用黄金法则来弥合。乔奇诺夫解释说:“这时，从你的立场来判断别人可能需要或想要什么就开始失效了。”)”可知，从艾伦的故事我们可以知道医生很少考虑到她的需要。故选C。 15．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段内容“Time is a limited resource in the health-care system, and there’s no denying that getting to know a patient as an individual means investing additional minutes or hours. Still, Chochinov believes such investment is cost-effective. There are benefits for doctors as well. “When they emotionally connect to their patients, they do a better job.”(在医疗保健系统中，时间是一种有限的资源，不可否认，要了解一个病人的个人情况意味着要投入额外的时间或时间。不过，乔奇诺夫认为这样的投资是划算的。这对医生也有好处。“当他们在情感上与病人建立联系时，他们会做得更好。”)”可推断，乔奇诺夫认为花时间了解病人是值得的。故选B。 16．推理判断题。根据最后一段“In certain cases, doctors may find it hard to apply the platinum rule. But there is value in the effort: at the very least, their trying to work through it will ensure that they have sufficient modesty about the wisdom of their choices.( 在某些情况下，医生可能会发现很难应用“白金法则”。但这种努力是有价值的：至少，他们努力完成这项工作将确保他们对自己的选择是否明智有足够的谦逊)”可知，作者认为“白金法则”虽然难以应用，但是努力是值得的，因为医生努力解决问题将确保他们对自己选择的智慧有足够的谦虚。因此推断作者支持“白金法则”。故选B。 17．B 18．C 19．A 20．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章通过讲述桑蒂尼的“居家护理”治疗体验介绍了密歇根医学院的“居家护理”项目的专业服务和优势。 17．细节理解题。根据第三段“Care at Home, a Michigan Medicine program which improves the patient experience while freeing up hospital beds, has already admitted and transferred more than 50 patients from the emergency department and inpatient hospital to receive hospital level care from the comfort of their own homes.(密歇根医学院的“居家护理”项目改善了患者体验，同时腾出了医院床位。该项目已经接收并转移了50多名急诊科和住院医院的患者，让他们在舒适的家中接受医院级别的护理。)”可知，“居家护理”的优势是它可以减轻医院的压力。故选B。 18．推理判断题。根据第五段最后一句“Hearing Paran’s words, I sprang to my feet and didn’t hesitate to accept the advice.(听到帕兰的话，我一跃而起，毫不犹豫地接受了他的建议。)”可知，桑蒂尼听到“居家护理”的时候感到很兴奋。故选C。 19．推理判断题。根据第六段第二句到第四句“The staff gave him infusions three times a day for six days. They took his regular medications away, just like how they would in a hospital. They checked the infection, drew blood and even brought in an ultrasound machine.(工作人员每天给他注射三次，持续六天。他们把他的常规药物拿走了，就像在医院里一样。他们检查了感染情况，抽血，甚至带来了超声波仪。)”可知，“居家护理”提供了专业的服务。故选A。 20．主旨大意题。根据第二段最后一句“An alternative plan was suggested instead — Hospital Care at Home.(有人提出了一个替代方案——在家接受医院护理。)”，第三段“Care at Home, a Michigan Medicine program which improves the patient experience while freeing up hospital beds, has already admitted and transferred more than 50 patients from the emergency department and inpatient hospital to receive hospital level care from the comfort of their own homes.(密歇根医学院的“居家护理”项目改善了患者体验，同时腾出了医院床位。该项目已经接收并转移了50多名急诊科和住院医院的患者，让他们在舒适的家中接受医院级别的护理。)”和最后一段第一句“Santini believed treatment at home has helped the healing process.(桑蒂尼认为在家治疗有助于康复过程。)”可知，文章主要是介绍密歇根医学院的“居家护理”项目的专业服务和优势。故选D。 21．D 22．A 23．C 24．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一家为有神经疾病和残疾的病人提供服务的疗养院，它帮助病人克服身体和心理上的双重困难，实现完全康复的希望。 21．推理判断题。根据第一段中“Most of them not only suffered from some form of nervous disease but had other handicaps as well. For most of them, the hospital had been their refuge for some time and the idea of being rehabilitated was somewhat frightening. They doubted their own capabilities, and were nervous about the effort which would be required from them.（他们中的大多数人不仅患有某种形式的神经疾病，而且还有其他残疾。对他们中的大多数人来说，医院在一段时间里一直是他们的避难所，康复的想法有点可怕。他们怀疑自己的能力，对自己需要付出的努力感到紧张。）”可知，住在疗养院中的病人患有神经疾病，而且身体残疾，暂时地在疗养院里寻求庇护，同时担心自己能否康复。由此推知，他们在自由活动和独立生活方面有困难。故选D项。 22．词义猜测题。根据第二段中“This has the dual effect of both making them physically independent and giving them the psychological satisfaction of having mastered a difficult problem.（这有……效果，既使他们在身体上独立，又给他们掌握了难题的心理满足。）”可知，这既让病人在身体上独立，又让病人获得掌握了难题的心理满足，因此是具有双重的效果。由此推知，dual意为“双重的”，与A项“由两部分组成”意思一致。故选A项。 23．细节理解题。根据第一段中“The purpose of the home was to rehabilitate patients as far as possible, so that they could face the harsh realities of life outside hospital.（疗养院的目的是尽可能使病人康复，使他们能够面对医院外生活的严酷现实。）”和第二段中“Full rehabilitation involves a need for a patient to be as independent as possible physically.（完全康复需要病人在身体上尽可能独立。）”可知，完全康复意味着病人可以做到身上的独立，并且能够面对实际生活中的严酷现实，因此完全康复的标准是病人能自食其力，并且具有积极的生活态度。故选C项。 24．标题判断题。通读全文可知，并结合全文最后一句话“And that is a wild dream that, from my observation of what is going on, may be realized.（这是一个疯狂的梦想，根据我对正在发生的事情的观察，这个梦想可能会实现。）”可知，文章介绍了一家为有神经疾病和残疾的病人提供服务的疗养院，它帮助病人克服身体和心理上的双重困难，实现完全康复的希望。因此，D项“残疾者的新希望”可以概括文章大意，适合作为标题。故选D项。 25．D 26．C 27．D 28．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了世界上第一次活体捐赠者之间不同器官的配对交换手术及手术的意义。 25．细节理解题。根据第二段关键句“Deveza came up with a different plan. In 2017, she started the world’s first paired exchange of different organs between living donors, exchanging half her liver (肝) for someone else’s kidney.(Deveza想出了一个不同的计划。2017年，她开始了世界上第一次活体捐赠者之间不同器官的配对交换，用一半的肝脏换别人的肾脏)”可知，为了救自己的母亲，Deveza打算用自己一半的肝脏换别的捐赠者的肾脏。由此可知，为了救她的母亲，Deveza决定用半个肝脏换一个肾脏。故选D项。 26．主旨大意题。通读第三段内容，结合关键句“Most organ transplants come from people who have died, but there are never enough organs.(大多数器官移植来自已经去世的人，但器官永远不够)”和“If someone wants to donate but their immune (免疫的) system is unsuited, doctors may be able to find pairs of would-be donors who can each give a kidney to the other’s relative.(如果有人想捐献，但他们的免疫系统不适合，医生可能会找到两对潜在的捐赠者，他们可以各自给对方的亲属一个肾)”可知，第三段主要介绍了器官移植的现状，对需要接受器官移植的人来说，器官永远不够，医生为此想出了捐赠者之间的配对交换。由此可知，第三段主要介绍了器官移植的现状。故选C项。 27．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段关键句“They drew up a plan: Simmons would donate a kidney to Deveza’s mother, and in return, Deveza would give half her liver to Simmons’ sister. The hospital gave the go-ahead and the four operations took place on the same day successfully.(他们制定了一个计划：Simmons将把一个肾脏捐给Deveza的母亲，作为回报，Deveza将把她的一半肝脏捐给Simmons的妹妹。医院批准了手术，四次手术在同一天成功进行)”可知，Deveza和Simmons之间的器官交换得到了医院的批准，手术成功进行，Deveza的母亲和Simmons的妹妹都得救了。由此可知，Deveza和Simmons之间的器官交换产生了令人满意的结果。故选D项。 28．主旨大意题。通读全文，结合倒数第二段关键句“They drew up a plan: Simmons would donate a kidney to Deveza’s mother, and in return, Deveza would give half her liver to Simmons’ sister. The hospital gave the go-ahead and the four operations took place on the same day successfully.(他们制定了一个计划：Simmons将把一个肾脏捐给Deveza的母亲，作为回报，Deveza将把她的一半肝脏捐给Simmons的妹妹。医院批准了手术，四次手术在同一天成功进行)”可知，本文主要介绍了世界上第一次活体捐赠者之间不同器官的配对交换手术，Simmons把一个肾脏捐给Deveza的母亲，Deveza把她的一半肝脏捐给Simmons的妹妹，这让两个病人获救。由此可知，My Liver, Your Kidney(我的肝脏，你的肾脏)适合作本文最佳标题。故选A项。 29．C 30．A 31．D 32．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了人们很容易对那些宣称可以减缓阿尔茨海默氏症（老年痴呆症中最常见的一种）病情发展的药物表示怀疑。然而，一种名为Lecanemab的新药可能是真正的药物。 29．细节理解题。根据第二段“The trial involved 1795 participants who were in the early stages of the illness. Half received the drug The others, a placebo. It showed two things. One was the modest but measurable slowing of progression. The other was that an explanation of Alzheimers called the Amyloid Hypothesis seems correct.”（该试验涉及1795名处于疾病早期阶段的参与者。一半人服用药物，另一半人服用安慰剂。这说明了两件事。其中之一是缓慢但可测量的进展。另一个是对阿尔茨海默症的一种解释叫做淀粉样蛋白假说似乎是正确的。）可知，我们可以从前两段中了解到并非所有参与者都服用了这种新药。故选C。 30．细节理解题。根据第三段“Amyloid is a protein which accumulates in parts of the brains of those with Alzheimers, which is an established sign of the illness. Lecanemab, containing a special antibody, is found to be able to attach itself to amyloid and then attracts immune-system cells to clear the protein away (and measurably did so in those receiving the drug). That suggests amyloid does indeed directly create problems associated with dementia and that Lecanemab can slow down the development of the disease.”（淀粉样蛋白是阿尔茨海默氏症患者大脑中积聚的一种蛋白质，这是该疾病的一个明确迹象。Lecanemab含有一种特殊的抗体，被发现能够附着在淀粉样蛋白上，然后吸引免疫系统细胞将蛋白质清除掉(在接受该药物的患者中确实如此)。这表明淀粉样蛋白确实会直接导致与痴呆症相关的问题，而Lecanemab可以减缓疾病的发展。）可知，作者通过说明药物与体内淀粉样蛋白的相互作用来说明新药的有效性。故选A。 31．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Moreover, Lecanemab also caused swelling and bleeding of the brain in a number of participants.”（此外，Lecanemab还导致一些参与者大脑肿胀和出血。）可知，会引起一些副作用是新药的缺点。故选D。 32．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Now that the new drug has been shown to work, it can be followed up with further tests. Hope for more good news soon.”（既然这种新药已被证明有效，就可以进行进一步的试验了。希望很快会有更多的好消息。）可推知，作者认为Lecanemab是有希望的。故选C。 33．A 34．C 35．D 36．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲了中国科学家发现了一种人体的血浆蛋白与H7N9病死率有关系的医学研究。 33．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“A human blood protein has been found to be associated with the H7N9 death rate, according to a study by Chinese medical scientists.（根据中国医学科学家的一项研究，一种人类血液蛋白已被发现与H7N9的死亡率有关。）”及全文可知，本文讲解的是中国科学家发现了一种人体的血浆蛋白与H7N9病死率有关系，故选A。 34．词句猜测题。根据文章第三段最后一句“The angiotensin Ⅱ level of patients in critical condition keeps going up, while that of mild cases tends to drop,（血管紧张素Ⅱ级生命垂危的患者不断增加，而温和的情况下往往会下降，）”可知，critical condition和mild case进行对比，故critical与mild的意思相反，表示“危急的”，故选C。 35．细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段最后一句“They collected plasma from 47 H7N9 patients in cities of Hangzhou, Shanghai and Nanjing and analyzed the connection between angiotensin Ⅱ and viral load.（他们收集了杭州、上海和南京等城市47名H7N9患者的血浆，分析了血管紧张素Ⅱ与病毒载量之间的关系。）”可知，患者血浆来自杭州，上海和南京等城市，不止杭州，故选D。 36．推理判断题。根据文章内容可知，本文是一则关于医学研究的新闻报道，最有可能来自报纸，故选B。 37．B 38．D 39．C 40．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。当为病人给药时，最有效的方法之一是用针头直接注入血液。现在，研究人员设计了一种无针替代品：一个小小的、装满药物的杯子，它可以像章鱼吸盘一样吸在脸颊内侧，从而进行给药。 37．细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句“The device is easily accessible, can be removed at any time and prevents saliva from dissolving the drug, which gets absorbed through the lining of the inner cheek. ”（该装置易于使用，可以随时取出，并防止唾液溶解药物，药物通过内颊的内壁被吸收。）可知，该设备很容易使用，可以随时取出，可以防止唾液溶解药物，使药物通过脸颊内壁被吸收。故选B项。 38．细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句“But the suction cup stretches the cheek, creating a larger surface area for the drug to pass through.”（但吸盘会拉伸脸颊，为药物通过创造更大的表面积） 可知，吸盘会拉伸脸颊，为药物通过创造了一个更大的表面积。故选D项。 39．推理判断题。根据第四段最后一句“After three hours, the team found that drug plasma concentrations in dogs with the patch were more than 150 times higher than in the dogs that took a tablet.”（三个小时后，研究小组发现，服用贴片的狗的药物血浆浓度是服用药片的狗的150多倍。）可知，3小时后，研究小组发现，利用吸盘的狗体内药物血浆浓度比口服药物的狗的高出150倍以上。再结合倒数第二段“The team further tested the patches by filling them with the drug semaglutide, which has molecules (分子) four times larger than desmopressin does. After 30 minutes, they found that beagles with the patch had a similar amount of semaglutide absorbed by the bloodstream as those that took a tablet.”（该小组进一步测试了药物索玛鲁肽，它的分子是去氨加压素的4倍大。30分钟后，他们发现带有吸盘的小猎兔犬体内被血液吸收的索玛鲁肽量与口服药物的狗相似）可知，用吸盘给小分子药物时狗狗吸收得更好，由此可推知，该吸盘可能更适用于小分子药物。故选C项。 40．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Though the patches need further testing to determine how repeated use affects patients”（尽管贴片需要进一步测试以确定重复使用对患者的影响）可知，这些吸盘需要进一步的测试来确定重复使用对患者的影响。故选A项。 答案第1页，共2页 答案第1页，共2页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$