2024年全国甲卷高中英语真题阅读理解变式题-科普知识 (2)

Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways. For instance, almost all animals have distinct vocals (声音) that they rely on to either ask for help,  scare away any dangerous animals or look for shelter. But cats are special creatures who possess amazing vocalization skills. They are able to have entire conversations with humans using meows and you're able to interpret it. If a pet cat is hungry, it will keep meowing to attract attention and find food. However, when a cat is looking for affection, they tend to produce stretched and soft meows. Meowing starts as soon as a baby cat is brought to life and uses it to get the mother's attention and be fed. Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense of smell is quite impressive. They use their noses to assess their environment and look out for any signs of danger. They will sniff out specific areas before they choose a place to relax. However, another way the cats are able to distinguish between situations is by looking for familiar smells. Your cat will likely smell your face and store the smell in its memory and use it to recognize you in the future. That's why most pet cats are able to tell immediately if their owners were around any other cats, which they don't usually like. Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit, but cats take this behavior up a notch. Many cats will find random objects outside and bring them to their owners. This is a very old habit that's been present in all kinds of predators (食肉动物). Cats bring gifts for their owners to show they love you. These adorable little hunters are just doing something that it's been in their nature since the beginning of time. So just go along with it! 1．What can be learned about cats' meowing from the first paragraph? A．It's a survival skill. B．It's taught by mother cats. C．It's hard to interpret. D．It's getting louder with age. 2．How does a pet cat assess different situations? A．By listening for sounds. B．By touching familiar objects. C．By checking on smells. D．By communicating with other cats. 3．Which best explains the phrase "take. . . up notch" in paragraph 3? A．Perform appropriately. B．Move faster. C．Act strangely. D．Do better. 4．What is a suitable title for the text? A．Tips on Finding a Smart Cat B．Understanding Your Cat's Behavior C．Have Fun with Your Cat D．How to Keep Your Cat Healthy Smells are complex and often have changeable structures, and can show meaningful information about an animal’s surroundings, like the location of food sources. But it was previously assumed that mammalian (哺乳动物的) brains can’t fully process these changes in smells because they happen so rapidly, much faster than an animal can smell. Using behavioral experiments, researchers at the Francis Crick Institute and University College London found mice can, in fact, be trained to detect very rapid variations in smells, at rates previously not thought possible and that mice can use this information to distinguish whether smells are coming from the same or different sources, even if they are very close to each other. The mice were able to correctly distinguish this difference. This suggests that the mammalian olfactory (嗅觉的) system is also key in processing the awareness of physical space and guiding decisions important to survival. Andreas Schaefer, group leader of the Sensory Circuits and Neurotechnology Laboratory at University College London, says, “From an evolutionary point of view our findings make sense as they help to explain why there is a lot of computational power within the olfactory bulb (嗅球), the part of the brain to which the nose sends signals. It’s not only processing chemicals from smells but also calculating information about physical distance and sources. It would have been strange for evolution to create such processing power in this part of the brain if it were not being used to help the species survive.” As part of the study, the researchers designed new technologies including a piece of high-speed smell delivery equipment that can measure several smells at the same time with extremely high precision. These innovations will enable more complex work on the ol factory bulb, increasing our knowledge of how this brain region processes information about the environment and influences behavior. Finally, the team aim to build understanding of how sensory circuits link the external world with internal thought and action. 5．What was believed impossible for mammalian brains? A．Understanding all the information in smells. B．Responding properly to different smells. C．Distinguishing between the similar smells. D．Realizing the complex structures of smells. 6．What does the study find? A．Mice might possess a truly unique olfactory system. B．Rapid changing smells help mice learn about space. C．Mice are born with the ability to detect smells fast. D．Mammalian brains have great computational power. 7．What does Schaefer say about the olfactory bulb? A．It is sensitive to chemicals. B．It sends signals to the nose. C．It works multi-dimensionally. D．It is vital to species’ survival. 8．Why did the researchers create those new technologies? A．To measure smells with precision. B．To gather several smells all at once. C．To explore the brain-behavior relationship. D．To gain deep insights into the olfactory bulb. Each year, the discovery of new shark species underlines how little we know about ocean biodiversity. In a recent report conducted by Sibert and Rubin, they reported an unexpected finding: a large-scale extinction of sharks in the pelagic ocean, the largest ecosystem on Earth, about 19 million years ago. Their discovery suggests that some extinctions in the open sea of the past may have been mysterious. The study of Sibert and Rubin takes advantage of a system by using tiny, hard bits of shark skin and bony fish teeth that naturally fall from their bodies to the seafloor. These extremely small fossils provide a rich record of ancient oceanic sharks and their abundance for thousands of years. By studying fossils from many regions, the diversity patterns can give major insights into evolution (进化) of the open sea that would be otherwise unknown. Sibert and Rubin quantified(量化)a past extinction of sharks, reporting a 90% decline in number and >70% drop in diversity. They found that nearer-shore sharks appear to survive, but migratory ones go extinct. The finding of this study is that sharks had undergone a widespread extinction that reorganized their communities from 16 million to 20 million years ago. Sibert and Rubin narrowed the disappearance of sharks to a window of time under 100,000 years around 19 million years ago, but the causes of this event remain unclear. Because this time period does not stand out as a period of major climatic change, the authors do not attribute(归因于) environmental factors as an extinction driver. As for other causes, the loss of shark diversity is directly linked to overfishing. The loss of sharks from the oceans has profound, complex, and unavoidable ecological consequences because their presence reflects the stability of marine ecosystems. Yet, one-quarter of the global diversity of sharks is currently threatened with extinction. Despite recent improvements in conservation actions, shark communities never recovered from a mysterious extinction event 19 million years ago; the ecological fate of what remains is now in our hands. 9．What did Sibert and Rubin find? A．The negative impact of the extinction of sharks. B．The mysterious reasons behind the disappearance of sharks. C．The most recent advances in the study of the largest ecosystem. D．The large-scale decline in the number of sharks about 19 million years ago. 10．How did Sibert and Rubin conduct their study? A．By collecting and analyzing shark fossils worldwide. B．By quantifying the movement of near-shore sharks. C．By using a system to study the naturally fallen bits from sharks. D．By keeping track of ancient oceanic sharks and their activities. 11．According to the passage, which of the following statement is true? A．Overfishing is partly to blame for the loss of shark diversity. B．The number of sharks has recovered to its previous level. C．Scientist have figured out the exact causes of sharks’ extinction. D．Sharks had undergone a widespread extinction due to the climate change. 12．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．Sharks: The Stories behind Them B．Sharks: The Marine Masters C．Sharks: Killers or Misunderstood? D．Sharks: The Mysterious Extinction African penguins live on the rocky coasts of South Africa, Namibia and nearby islands. Like other types of penguins, the birds have white feathers covering their chests and black feathers covering their backs. They form lifelong pair bonds with mates, but they nest in huge colonies — so, scientists wondered how the birds were able to identify their partners among the sea of black-and-white birds. They wondered if their chest spots had something to do with it. To test this theory, they studied 12 African penguins at a zoo and marine park near Rome called Zoomarine Italia. In one test, they hung two life-size photographs of the African penguins. One showed a random member of the colony, while the other showed the test subject’s mate. The scientists recorded the birds’ interactions with the photos: How long did they spend looking at each one, as well as how much time did they spend standing near each photograph? The penguins spent more time gazing at the photo of their partners — about 23 seconds longer, on average — than looking at the other photo. They also stood next to the image of their beau s for twice as long. Then, the researchers covered up the heads of the birds in the photographs, leaving only their speckled bodies visible, and the penguins still lingered near their partners’ portraits. In another experiment, the researchers hung up two photos of a bird’s mate — but, in one, they had digitally removed its spots. In this case, the penguin again spent more time looking at the photo with the dots. Finally, the researchers posted two photographs of penguins with digitally removed spots — one of the test subject’s mate and the other of a random penguin from the colony. In this scenario, the penguins did not appear to recognize their partners. They spent roughly the same amount of time gazing at or standing near both photos. Together, the results of these experiments suggest African penguins are zeroing in on their partners’ spots and using them like name tags, scientists say. “Our results provide the first evidence of a specific visual cue responsible for spontaneous individual recognition by a bird and highlight the importance of considering all sensory modalities in the study of animal communication,” the researchers write in the paper. 13．What can we learn from Paragraph 1? A．African penguins live on the rocky coasts of North Africa. B．Scientists are curious about the African penguins. C．African penguins have white feathers covering their backs. D．Scientists studied 12 African penguins only at a zoo near Rome. 14．What plays a key role in African penguins’ identifying their partners? A．Their partners’ voice. B．Their partners’ heads. C．Their partners’ back feathers. D．Their partners’ speckled bodies. 15．What does the underlined phrase “zeroing in on” in Paragraph 5 mean? A．Losing sight of. B．Taking delight in. C．Paying attention to. D．Speaking highly of. 16．Where might you find the passage? A．In a science report. B．In a travel brochure. C．In a biology textbook. D．In a fashion magazine. Baleen whales (须鲸), such as the blue whale, are huge sea animals. “Baleen” describes a filter-feeding (滤食的) system in their mouths through which they can eat huge numbers of very small ocean animals. But it appears now that whales are not the first sea animals to filter-feed. Scientists recently reported their findings about the ancient remains of a sea animal called Hupehsuchus nanchangensis that lived 248 million years ago, during the Triassic Period. They say its fossil (化石), which was unearthed in China’s Hubei Province, presents evidence of a filter-feeding system similar to that of baleen whales. Unlike blue whales, Hupehsuchus was not large. The animal measured about one meter long. Its mouth was narrow and toothless. Its lower jaw was loosely connected to the rest of the head bone. This permitted the animal to open its mouth wide to take in a large amount of water and the animals it carried. The structure traps little sea animals but lets the seawater flow out. From two new fossils with well-kept head bones the scientists found evidence along the jaws suggesting the presence of soft tissues that could have served as baleen. “We were amazed to discover the adaptation in such an early sea animal,” said Fang Zichen of the Wuhan Center of China Geological Survey. Paleontologist Mike Benton said, “Altogether, this points to a soft pocket of skin around the mouth and throat, as in modern baleen whales, and some kind of filtering device hanging from the jaws, like baleen.” But, he added, the baleen and skin were not fossilized. According to scientists, Hupehsuchus’ feeding style would match that used by baleen whales. This feeding structure is an example of a phenomenon in which distinct organisms independently evolve similar features—like the wings of birds and bats—to adapt to similar environments. 17．Why are baleen whales mentioned in the first paragraph? A．To present another sea animal. B．To awaken curiosity about huge whales. C．To draw attention to their current state. D．To introduce their unique feeding pattern. 18．Which aspect of Hupehsuchus is mainly discussed in paragraph 3? A．How it filter-fed. B．Its lower jaw's function. C．Why it grew toothless. D．Its physical characteristics. 19．What surprised the scientists about Hupehsuchus? A．Baleen surrounded the jaws. B．It could feed and live in the sea. C．It developed a filter-feeding system. D．Two undamaged head bones were found. 20．Which can be a suitable title for the text? A．Hupehsuchus Proving to Be a Filter-feeder B．Hupehsuchus Appearing Earlier than Whales C．Scientists Unlocking the Secrets of Hupehsuchus D．New Evidence Telling Hupehsuchus' Evolution Some penguins(企鹅)adapt their calls to become more similar to their partners over time，an ability that was previously known in only a few species, including humans. Luigi Baciadonna at the University of Turin, Italy, and his coworkers recorded African penguins from three different colonies(群体)over three years, and also observed the behavioral patterns of one of the colonies to see which penguins were partners or friendly. They then analyzed specific vocal(嗓音的)calls, which the penguins made when they were alone or trying to keep track of their friends.They compared four distinct vocal signatures such as the frequency of the calls. The signatures became more similar over time for penguins that were partners or in the same colony, and for penguins that heard more of each other’s calls. This adaptation could make it easier for penguins to find their partners and friends in a colony. “Imagine that you are in a pub, you are with your friends and your environment is quite noisy,” says Baciadonna. “What you do is try to talk in a certain way so that your communication is more effective.” The ability to adapt calls in response to the environment, known as vocal accommodation, is a key part of vocal learning, a more complex set of skills such as producing new sounds through learning. Identifying which species display vocal accommodation could provide clues to how vocal learning developed. Baciadonna and his team also propose that this accommodation could help with group harmony and social bonds between individual penguins. The distance of penguins from humans on the evolutionary tree suggests that vocal accommodation could be common to many species, but a lot more data needs gathering first. “There could be a huge variety of different species that are able to adapt their calls slightly, but we don’t know that yet,” says Sara Torres Ortiz at the Max Planck Institute for Ornithology. 21．What does the underlined word “signatures” mean in paragraph 3? A．Effects. B．Characteristics. C．Sources. D．Adjustments. 22．What is the intention of the quotes from Baciadonna in paragraph 4? A．To explain the reason why penguins adapt their calls. B．To highlight the role communication plays in social life. C．To prove humans’ ability to recognize each other's voices. D．To stress the difference between human and animal sounds. 23．What remains to be explored according to Sara Torres Ortiz? A．Whether penguins can promote group harmony. B．Whether all species can adapt to the environment. C．Whether more species display vocal accommodation. D．Whether penguins and humans are similar in vocal learning. 24．What is the main idea of the text? A．Vocal learning involves a complex set of skills. B．Vocal accommodation helps build up social bonds. C．Penguins produce similar sounds even in different colonies. D．Penguins adapt their accents to sound more like their partners. A new study by the University of Liverpool provides the first evidence that wandering albatrosses (信天翁), one of the widest-ranging seabirds, may use infrasound (次声) to help them navigate long and featureless trips covering thousands of miles when they look for food. Infrasound is a form of low-frequency sound that is inaudible to humans but is common in the marine environment. Microbaroms are a type of infrasound associated with colliding ocean waves. Such way areas are also associated with strong winds, which albatrosses depend on to help them fly efficiently. The researchers from the University’s School of Environmental Sciences used GPS trackers to determine the flight paths of 89 wandering albatrosses breeding in the Crozet Islands, over the course of their foraging (搜寻食物) trips to sea, which can last up to a month. They then compared these flight paths to modeled acoustic maps that the team had developed to represent the distribution of microbarom infrasound. This revealed that wandering albatrosses orientate toward areas of “loud” microbarom infrasound when departing on bout s of directed flight, suggesting that they may perceive and respond to microbarom infrasound propagated (传播) over long distances. Dr. Natasha Gillies, a seabird ecologist with the University’s School of Environmental Sciences who jointly led the study said, “How animals navigate and search for resources over large spatial scales exceeding 100s—1,000s km is a fundamental question in ecology. For marine animals, such as seabirds, this question is especially intriguing (有趣的) due to the limited availability of visual information, meaning that other cues must be involved in movement.” The study forms part of a Human Frontier Science Program grant, which brings together a team of international collaborators (Stellenbosch University, South Africa; University of Florida, U. S. A.; Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute, the Netherlands). Dr. Samantha Patrick, who led the grant, said, “It is only through interdisciplinary science like this, which brings together scientists across diverse fields, that we can achieve such new and exciting insights.” 25．What can be learned from Paragraph 2? A．All animals can hear infrasound. B．Infrasound helps albatrosses fly efficiently. C．Microbaroms may be caused by strong winds. D．Microbaroms are common in our surroundings. 26．What is Paragraph 3 mainly about? A．The process of the study. B．The purpose of the study. C．The discovery of the study. D．The tools used in the study. 27．Why does Dr. Natasha Gillies consider the way seabirds navigate interesting? A．Their flights often cover large spatial scales. B．Some information of them is hard to obtain. C．Their movements are unfamiliar to ecologists. D．They have unique ways to search for resources. 28．What is Dr. Samantha Patrick’s attitude toward the discovery? A．Approving. B．Unclear. C．Dismissive. D．Doubtful. The world of underwater slumber is unlike what we see on the surface. For mammals (哺乳动物), a good night’s sleep sends an animal into a state of unconsciousness (无知觉) during hours of restorative sleeping that helps heal the body and solidify memories firmly in the mind. For fish, however, sleep isn’t such a well-defined process. Instead, many fish species have taken to spending short periods in a state of reduced activity or rest while keeping their eyes open to scan the water for potential threats. During these periods of reduced activity, a fish’s bodily functions slow down and its watchfulness drops. The breadth of animals in the ocean that exhibit this type of reduced activity is wide-reaching. Among the hundreds of thousands of creatures in the sea, some merely ride along with the current, such as jellyfish. Others find rocky bedrooms for the night, while those such as stingrays bury themselves in the sand to rest. However, it must be really hard to get a good night’s sleep when you breathe air but live in water. This is something that the world’s underwater mammals have to deal with. To prevent themselves from drowning (溺死) in their sleep, underwater mammals such as dolphins and manatees have developed the ability to “turn off” one side of their brain to rest, known as unihemispheric sleep. While one side is fast asleep, the other keeps all the animal’s vital functions running, such as breathing. Manatees, for example, love to sleep, spending up to 12 hours a day in a deep slumber. However, as air-breathing animals, manatees need to surface every 20 minutes or so for oxygen. To achieve this, the half of the brain that’s still awake sends the sleeping manatee to the surface to get some air. 29．What does the underlined word “slumber” in paragraph 1 mean? A．Rest. B．Sleep. C．Danger. D．Activity. 30．Why is it hard to define sleep for fish? A．Because fish remain partially awake. B．Because fish need short resting time. C．Because fish possess no consciousness. D．Because fish pretend not to be sleeping. 31．What is a challenge faced by underwater mammals? A．Hiding in sand. B．Riding the current. C．Finding spots to rest. D．Breathing while sleeping. 32．How do manatees ensure their oxygen supply during sleep? A．By sleeping less. B．By adapting to the sea. C．By surfacing periodically. D．By controlling their breath. Not all birds sing, but several thousand species do. They sing to defend their territory and croon (柔声唱) to impress potential mates. “Why birds sing is relatively well-answered,” says Iris Adam, a behavioral neuroscientist. However, the big question for her was why birds sing so much. “As soon as you sing, you reveal yourself,” Adam says. “Like, where you are and where your territory is.” In a new study published in the journal Nature Communications, Adam and her co-workers offer a new explanation for why birds take that risk. They may have to sing a lot every day to give their vocal (发声的) muscles the regular exercise they need to produce top-quality songs. To figure out whether the muscles that produce birdsongs require daily exercise, Adam designed an experiment on zebra finches-the little Australian songbirds. She prevented them from singing for a week by keeping them in the dark cage almost around the clock. Light is what galvanizes the birds to sing, so she had to work to keep them from warbling (鸣叫). “The first two or three days, it’s quite easy,” she says. “But the longer the experiment goes, the more they are like, ‘I need to sing.’” At that point, she’d tap the cage and tell them to stop singing. After a week, the birds’ singing muscles lost half their strength. But Adam wondered whether that impacted the quality of songs. When she played a male’s song before and after the seven days of darkness, she couldn’t hear a difference. But when Adam played it to a group of female birds, six out of nine preferred the song that came from a male who’d been using his singing muscles daily. Adam’s conclusion shows that “songbirds need to exercise their vocal muscles to produce top-performance songs. If they don’t sing, they lose performance, and their songs get less attractive to  females.” This may help explain songbirds’ continuous singing. It’s a good rule to live by, whether you’re a bird or a human-practice makes perfect, at least when it comes to singing one’s heart out. 33．According to Iris Adam, birds sing so much to ______. A．warn other birds of risks B．produce more songs C．perform perfectly in singing D．defend their territory 34．What does the underlined word “galvanizes” in Paragraph 3 mean? A．Prepares. B．Stimulates. C．Forbids. D．Frightens. 35．What do we know about the caged birds in the experiment? A．They lost the ability to sing. B．They strengthened their muscles. C．Their songs showed no difference. D．Their songs became less appealing. 36．What may Iris Adam agree with? A．The songbirds live on music. B．The songbirds are born singers. C．Daily exercise keeps birds healthy. D．Practice makes birds perfect singers. If you think of a game of fetch, you might picture a dog running back and forth, eagerly recovering a ball. But a new study shows that they’re not the only pets that like the game: Cats play fetch, too, just on their own unique terms. The researchers discovered almost 1,000 owners of 1,154 cats to find out if and why. According to their findings, nearly 95% of the cat owners reported that their cats fetched items naturally. One respondent said his cat returned the toy completely for no reason. Fetching was mainly first noticed when cats were under I year old. What’s more, “cats who fetch largely determine when they engage in fetching activities and actively influence the play behavior of their owners,” according to the study. “So, it can say a bit about cats being in control of their interactions and being in control of their environments, even being in control of us. You might even go so far to say,” says Jemma Forman, the co-author of the study. But the motivation for cats to fetch objects seems to be different from that for dogs. Cats are more likely to play on their own with objects similar to prey (猎物). For dogs, play is more social, involving either another dog or human. In general, play has major advantages for both the pet and the owner, as it not only helps to prevent attack towards, the owner, but also models the act of preying on real animals, an important kind of play behavior. “So even if your cat doesn’t play fetch, obviously it’s a really good idea to try and engage them in any sort of play. Play does have a lot of benefits,” says Forman. “It’s about owner acceptance to your fur baby,” she says. 37．Why does the author mention dogs in Paragraph 1? A．To offer basic information of dogs. B．To make an outline for the passage. C．To introduce the topic of the passage. D．To conclude the meaning of the topic. 38．How does the author develop Paragraph 2? A．By raising questions. B．By listing data. C．By making a comparison. D．By offering an example. 39．What does a cat think of playing with an object? A．A social action. B．A learning process. C．A serious task. D．A preying activity. 40．What would be the best title for this passage? A．Cats Play Fetch, Too B．Train Cats to Fetch C．New Findings on Dogs D．Dogs Play Fetch, Too 试卷第1页，共3页 试卷第1页，共3页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 参考答案： 1．A 2．C 3．D 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了猫通过叫声、嗅觉和带回礼物来表达需求、评估环境和展示爱意。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways. For instance, almost all animals have distinct vocals (声音) that they rely on to either ask for help, scare away any dangerous animals or look for shelter. (动物可以用很多方式来表达他们的需求。例如，几乎所有的动物都有独特的声音，它们依靠这些声音来寻求帮助，吓跑危险的动物或寻找庇护。)”和“Meowing starts as soon as a baby cat is brought to life and uses it to get the mother’s attention and be fed. (猫宝宝一出生就开始喵喵叫，喵喵叫是为了引起妈妈的注意和被喂食。)”可知，猫叫声是一种生存技能。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense of smell is quite impressive. They use their noses to assess their environment and look out for any signs of danger. (猫有许多敏锐的感官，但它们的嗅觉令人印象深刻。它们用鼻子来评估周围的环境，寻找任何危险的迹象。)”可知，宠物猫通过检查气味来评估不同情况。故选C。 3．词句猜测题。根据第三段划线词前半句“Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit, (狗以其令人印象深刻的抓取习惯而闻名)”和后句“Many cats will find random objects outside and bring them to their owners. (许多猫会在外面随意找到一些东西，并把它们带给主人。)”可知，狗以取回东西而闻名，但猫可以从外边找到东西带回来，因此在这一行为上更上一层楼。短语take ... up a notch是用来形容猫在带回东西这一行为上做得更好或更出色。故选D。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways.( 动物可以用很多方式来表达他们的需求。)”及全文可知，文章都在介绍和解释猫的各种行为方式，包括叫声、嗅觉和带回礼物的习惯，以及这些行为背后的原因和意义。所以“Understanding Your Cat’s Behavior(了解你的猫的行为)”作为文章标题最为合适。故选B。 5．A 6．B 7．C 8．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了研究人员发现，老鼠可以感知气味快速和微妙的变化，并以此来进行空间判断。 5．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Smells are complex and often  have changeable structures, and can show meaningful information about  an animal’s surroundings, like the location of food sources.(气味是复杂的，通常具有可变的结构，可以显示动物周围环境的有意义的信息，比如食物来源的位置)”和“But it was previously assumed that mammalian (哺乳动物的) brains can’t fully process these changes in smells because they happen so rapidly, much faster than an animal can smell.(但此前人们认为，哺乳动物的大脑不能完全处理这些气味的变化，因为它们发生得太快了，比动物闻到气味的速度快得多)”可知，人们曾认为哺乳动物的大脑不能完全解读或者了解气味中蕴含的信息。故选A。 6．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Using  behavioral experiments, researchers at the Francis Crick Institute and  University College London found mice can, in fact, be trained to detect  very rapid variations in smells, at rates previously not thought  possible and that mice can use this information to distinguish whether  smells are coming from the same or different sources, even if they are  very close to each other. The mice were able to correctly distinguish  this difference. This suggests that the mammalian olfactory (嗅觉的) system is also key in processing the awareness of physical space and guiding decisions important to survival.(弗朗西斯克里克研究所和伦敦大学学院的研究人员通过行为实验发现，事实上，老鼠可以经过训练，以以前认为不可能的速度检测到气味的快速变化，而且老鼠可以利用这些信息来区分气味是来自同一还是不同的来源，即使它们彼此非常接近。小鼠能够正确区分这种差异。这表明，哺乳动物的嗅觉系统在处理物理空间意识和指导对生存至关重要的决策方面也起着关键作用)”可推知，该研究发现，老鼠可以感知气味中快速和微妙的变化，并以此来进行空间判断。故选B。 7．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“It’s not only processing chemicals from smells but also calculating information about physical distance and sources.(它不仅从气味中处理化学物质，还计算物理距离和来源的信息)”可知，嗅球不仅要处理气味中的化学物质，而且还要计算有关物理距离和来源的信息。由此推知，嗅球的工作是多层面、多维度的。故选C。 8．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“These innovations will enable more complex work on the olfactory bulb, increasing our knowledge of how this brain region processes information about the environment and influences behavior.(这些新技术设备将使研究人员能够对嗅球进行更复杂的研究，增加研究人员对这个大脑区域如何处理环境信息并影响行为的认识)”可推知，研究人员设计那些新技术设备是为了更深入地了解嗅球。故选D。 9．D 10．C 11．A 12．D 【分析】这是一篇说明文。本文主要阐述了西伯特和鲁宾利用了一个系统研究了海洋中的鲨鱼大规模灭绝的原因。 9．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“In a recent report conducted by Sibert and Rubin, they reported an unexpected finding: a large-scale extinction of sharks in the pelagic ocean, the largest ecosystem on Earth, about 19 million years ago. (在西伯特和鲁宾最近的一份报告中，他们报告了一个意想不到的发现：大约1900万年前，地球上最大的生态系统，中上层海洋中的鲨鱼大规模灭绝)”可知，西伯特和鲁宾发现大约1900万年前，中上层海洋中的鲨鱼大规模灭绝。因此，西伯特和鲁宾发现了大约1900万年前鲨鱼数量的大规模下降，D项“The large-scale decline in the number of sharks about 19 million years ago. (大约1900万年前鲨鱼数量的大规模下降)”符合题意。故选D项。 10．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“The study of Sibert and Rubin takes advantage of a system by using tiny, hard bits of shark skin and bony fish teeth that naturally fall from their bodies to the seafloor. (西伯特和鲁宾的研究利用了一种利用鲨鱼皮和硬骨鱼牙齿的微小硬块的系统，这些碎片自然地从它们的身体上掉到海底)”可知，西伯特和鲁宾的研究利用了利用了鲨鱼皮肤和硬骨鱼牙齿的微小、坚硬的碎片，这些碎片自然地从它们的身体上掉到海底，因此， C项“By using a system to study the naturally fallen bits from sharks. (通过使用一种系统来研究鲨鱼自然掉落的碎片)”是西伯特和鲁宾进行他们的研究的方式，C项符合题意。故选C项。 11．细节理解题。根据第四段中的最后一句“As for other causes, the loss of shark diversity is directly linked to overfishing. (至于其他原因，鲨鱼多样性的丧失与过度捕捞直接相关。)”可知，鲨鱼多样性的丧失与过度捕捞直接相关，因此， A项“Overfishing is partly to blame for the loss of shark diversity. (过度捕捞是鲨鱼多样性丧失的部分原因)”是正确的陈述，A项符合题意。故选A项。 12．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是根据第一段“In a recent report conducted by Sibert and Rubin, they reported an unexpected finding: a large-scale extinction of sharks in the pelagic ocean, the largest ecosystem on Earth, about 19 million years ago. Their discovery suggests that some extinctions in the open sea of the past may have been mysterious. (在西伯特和鲁宾最近的一份报告中，他们报告了一个意想不到的发现：大约1900万年前，地球上最大的生态系统，中上层海洋中的鲨鱼大规模灭绝。他们的发现表明，过去公海上的一些物种灭绝可能是神秘的。)”可知，本文主要阐述了西伯特和鲁宾利用了一个系统研究了海洋中的鲨鱼大规模灭绝的原因。因此，本文最好的标题是D项“Sharks: The Mysterious Extinction (鲨鱼:神秘的灭绝)”符合题意。故选D项。 13．B 14．D 15．C 16．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了非洲企鹅与它们的配偶是终身伴侣关系。科学家们进行了一系列实验来研究它们是如何在众多企鹅中识别出自己的伴侣的。 13．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“scientists wondered how the birds were able to identify their partners among the sea of black-and-white birds(科学家们想知道这些鸟是如何在黑白相间的鸟类中识别出自己的伴侣的)”可知，科学家们想知道非洲企鹅是如何在众多企鹅中识别自己的伴侣的，即科学家们对非洲企鹅很好奇。故选B。 14．细节理解题。根据文章第五段“Together, the results of these experiments suggest African penguins are zeroing in on their partners’ spots and using them like name tags, scientists say.(科学家们说，这些实验的结果表明，非洲企鹅正在瞄准伴侣身上的斑点，并把它们当作标签来使用。)”可知，本段在总结一系列实验，得出的结论是：非洲企鹅根据伴侣身上的斑点来识别自己的伴侣。故选D。 15．词句猜测题。根据前文提到的实验过程和画线词组后的“and using them like name tags(把它们当作标签来使用)”可知，非洲企鹅非常关注它们伴侣身上的斑点，并把它们当作名字标签一样。由此可知，zeroing in on意为“关注”，pay attention to意为“关注”，符合题意。故选C。 16．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“To test this theory, they studied 12 African penguins at a zoo and marine park near Rome called Zoomarine Italia.(为了验证这一理论，他们在罗马附近的动物园和海洋公园研究了12只非洲企鹅。)”、文章第二段“In one test, they hung two life-size photographs of the African penguins.(在一项测试中，他们悬挂了两张真人大小的非洲企鹅照片。)”和文章第三段“In another experiment, the researchers hung up two photos of a bird’s mate—but, in one, they had digitally removed its spots.(在另一个实验中，研究人员挂起了两张鸟类配偶的照片——但是，在其中一张照片中，他们用数字技术删除了它的斑点。)”可知，本文着重在介绍实验过程，由此可推知，该文章来自一篇科学报告。故选A。 17．A 18．D 19．C 20．A 【导语】本文是说明文。在中国发现的化石表明约2.5亿年前，海洋动物湖北鳄已经进化出了和须鲸类似的滤食系统。 17．推理判断题。根据第一段“Baleen whales (须鲸), such as the blue whale, are huge sea animals. “Baleen” describes a filter-feeding (滤食的) system in their mouths through which they can eat huge numbers of very small ocean animals. But it appears now that whales are not the first sea animals to filter-feed.(须鲸，如蓝鲸，是巨大的海洋动物。“鲸须”描述的是它们嘴里的一个过滤进食系统，通过这个系统，它们可以吃掉大量非常小的海洋动物。但现在看来，鲸鱼并不是第一个滤食的海洋动物)”结合下文对海洋动物湖北鳄的介绍可知，第一段提及须鲸是为了引出下文有关湖北鳄的话题，也就是展示另一种海洋动物。故选A项。 18．推理判断题。根据第三段“Unlike blue whales, Hupehsuchus was not large. The animal measured about one meter long. Its mouth was narrow and toothless. Its lower jaw was loosely connected to the rest of the head bone. This permitted the animal to open its mouth wide to take in a large amount of water and the animals it carried. The structure traps little sea animals but lets the seawater flow out.(与蓝鲸不同，Hupehsuchus体型不大。这只动物大约有一米长。它的嘴很窄，没有牙齿。它的下颚松散地与头骨的其余部分相连。这使得这种动物可以张大嘴巴，吸收大量的水和它所携带的动物。这种结构困住了一些海洋动物，但让海水流出)”可知，本段主要介绍了湖北鳄的身体结构或者身体特征。故选D项。 19．推理判断题。根据第四段“From two new fossils with well-kept head bones the scientists found evidence along the jaws suggesting the presence of soft tissue s that could have served as baleen. “We were amazed to discover the adaptation in such an early sea animal,” said Fang Zichen of the Wuhan Center of China Geological Survey.(从两个保存完好的头骨新化石中，科学家们发现了沿颚部存在可能充当鲸须的软组织的证据。中国地质调查武汉中心的方子晨说：“我们很惊讶地发现，这样一种早期海洋动物的适应能力。”)”可知，从两个保存完好的新的头骨化石中，科学家发现了沿颌骨存在软组织的证据，它们可能和鲸须有着相同的作用。再结合上文对鲸须的滤食作用的介绍可知，湖北鳄进化出了和须鲸相似的滤食系统让研究人员感到惊讶。故选C项。 20．主旨大意题。根据第二段“Scientists recently reported their findings about the ancient remains of a sea animal called Hupehsuchus nanchangensis that lived 248 million years ago, during the Triassic Period. They say its fossil (化石), which was unearthed in China’s Hubei Province, presents evidence of a filter-feeding system similar to that of baleen whales.(科学家们最近报道了他们的发现，关于一种生活在2.48亿年前三叠纪时期的古代海洋动物，名为Hupehsuchus nanchangensis。他们认为，这种在中国湖北省出土的化石证明了该生物存在一种与须鲸相似的滤食系统)”以及通读全文可知，须鲸通过嘴里的滤食系统捕食海洋动物，然而，科学家通过分析两个保存完好的头骨化石发现约2.5亿年前，海洋动物湖北鳄已经进化出了滤食系统。所以A项“Hupehsuchus Proving to Be a Filter-feeder(湖北鳄被证明是滤食动物)”是本文最好标题。故选A项。 21．B 22．A 23．C 24．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。研究发现随着时间的推移，一些企鹅会调整它们的叫声，使之与它们的伴侣更加相似，这种能力有助于建立社会关系。 21．词义猜测题。根据第三段中的“They then analyzed specific vocal calls, which the penguins made when they were alone or trying to keep track of their friends.They compared four distinct vocal signatures such as the frequency of the calls.The signatures became more similar over time for penguins that were partners or in the same colony, and for penguins that heard more of each other’s calls.(然后，他们分析了企鹅在独处或试图追踪朋友时发出的特定叫声。他们比较了四种不同的声音……，比如叫声的频率。随着时间的推移，伴侣企鹅或在同一群体中的企鹅，以及听到更多对方叫声的企鹅，这些……变得更加相似。)”可知，关键词“specific vocal calls”和“frequency of the calls”以及“the frequency of the calls”体现出研究人员要弄清楚企鹅叫声的特征，characteristics与划线词意思最为接近。故选B。 22．推理判断题。根据第四段的“This adaptation could make it easier for penguins to find their partners and friends in a colony. “Imagine that you are in a pub, you are with your friends and your environment is quite noisy,” says Baciadonna. “What you do is try to talk in a certain way so that your communication is more effective.”(这种调整可以使企鹅更容易在群体中找到伴侣和朋友。Baciadonna说：“想象一下，你在酒吧里，和你的朋友在一起，你的环境相当嘈杂。”。“你所做的就是试着用某种方式说话，这样你的沟通才能更有效。”)”可知，Baciadonna 举例子指出你需要调整说话的方式才能在嘈杂的环境中和人交流，同样地企鹅也需要调整自己的叫声才能更容易地在一个群体中找到它们的伴侣和朋友。故选A。 23．细节理解题。根据最后一段的“There could be a huge variety of different species that are able to adapt their calls slightly, but we don’t know that yet.(可能有很多不同的物种能够稍微调整它们的叫声，但我们还不知道。)”可知，是否有更多的物种能够表现出声音调节能力还有待于探索。故选C。 24．主旨大意题。通读全文并结合第一段的“Some penguins adapt their calls to become more similar to their partners over time, an ability that was previously known in only a few species, including humans. (一些企鹅随着时间的推移，它们会调整叫声，使其与伴侣更加相似，这一能力以前只在包括人类在内的少数物种中为人所知。)”和第四段的“This adaptation could make it easier for penguins to find their partners and friends in a colony.(这种调整可以使企鹅更容易在群体中找到伴侣和朋友。)”可知，企鹅调整自己的叫声是为了更容易地在一个群体中找到它们的伴侣和朋友，即通过对企鹅改变声音的研究发现了声音上的调整能够帮助它们建立社会关系。故选B。 25．C 26．A 27．B 28．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了利物浦大学的一项新研究。该研究表明：信天翁在寻找食物时进行数千英里的长途飞行依靠的是次声。 25．细节理解题。根据第二段“Microbaroms are a type of infrasound associated with colliding ocean waves. Such wavy areas are also associated with strong winds, which albatrosses depend on to help them fly efficiently. (Microbaroms是一种与海浪碰撞有关的次声。这种波浪形区域也与强风有关，信天翁依靠强风来帮助它们高效飞行。)”可知，microbarom可能由强风引发。故选C项。 26．主旨大意题。根据第三段“The researchers from the University’s School of Environmental Sciences used GPS trackers to determine the flight paths of 89 wandering albatrosses breeding in the Crozet Islands(该大学环境科学学院的研究人员使用GPS跟踪器确定了在克罗泽群岛繁殖的89只流浪信天翁的飞行路径)”以及最后一句“They then compared these flight paths to modeled acoustic maps that the team had developed to represent the distribution of microbarom infrasound.( 然后，他们将这些飞行路径与该团队开发的用于表示microbarom次声分布的模拟声学图进行了比较)”可知，本段主要在介绍研究过程。故选A项。 27．推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“For marine animals, such as seabirds, this question is especially intriguing due to the limited availability of visual information, meaning that other cues must be involved in movement. (对于海鸟等海洋动物来说，这个问题尤其有趣，因为视觉信息的可用性有限，这意味着运动中必须涉及其他线索)”可知，Natasha Gillies博士认为海鸟的航行方式很有趣，是因为海鸟视觉信息的可用性有限，它们的一些信息难以获取。故选B项。 28．推理判断题。根据最后一段“It is only through interdisciplinary science like this, which brings together scientists across diverse fields, that we can achieve such new and exciting insights. (有通过这样的跨学科科学，将不同领域的科学家聚集在一起，我们才能获得如此新的、令人兴奋的见解)”可知，只有通过这样的跨学科科学，将不同领域的科学家聚集在一起，才能得到这样新奇和令人兴奋的认识。由此可推知，萨曼莎·帕特里克博士是赞成这一发现的。故选A项。 29．B 30．A 31．D 32．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了海洋动物不同于陆地动物的睡眠方式，鱼类保持部分警觉，眼睛睁着休息，很多动物也会减少活动达到休息的目的，而海豚、海牛等哺乳动物在水下睡觉时仅会关闭大脑的一侧，以保持呼吸。 29．词义猜测题。根据画线词所在句的下文“For mammals (哺乳动物), a good night’s sleep sends an animal into a state of unconsciousness (无知觉) during hours of restorative sleeping that helps heal the body and solidify memories firmly in the mind. For fish, however, sleep isn’t such a well-defined process. (对于哺乳动物来说，晚上睡个好觉会让它们在恢复性睡眠的几个小时内进入无意识状态，这有助于治愈身体，并在大脑中牢固地巩固记忆。然而，对于鱼类来说，睡眠并不是一个定义明确的过程)”可知，此处是对比海洋生物和陆地上哺乳动物的睡眠情况，画线词所在句的意思应该是“水下睡眠的世界与我们在水面上看到的不同”，slumber意思应该是“睡眠”，与sleep意思相近。故选B项。 30．细节理解题。根据第一段中“For fish, however, sleep isn’t such a well-defined process. Instead, many fish species have taken to spending short periods in a state of reduced activity or rest while keeping their eyes open to scan the water for potential threats. (然而，对于鱼类来说，睡眠并不是一个定义明确的过程。相反，许多鱼类会在短时间内减少活动或休息，同时睁大眼睛扫视水中潜在的威胁)”可知，鱼类很难定义睡眠的原因是它们会保持部分清醒。故选A项。 31．细节理解题。根据第二段中“However, it must be really hard to get a good night’s sleep when you breathe air but live in water. This is something that the world’s underwater mammals have to deal with. (然而，当你呼吸空气却生活在水中时，你一定很难睡个好觉。这是世界上的水下哺乳动物不得不面对的问题)”可知，水下哺乳动物面对的挑战是在睡觉的同时进行呼吸。故选D项。 32．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“However, as air-breathing animals, manatees need to surface every 20 minutes or so for oxygen. To achieve this, the half of the brain that’s still awake sends the sleeping manatee to the surface to get some air. (然而，作为呼吸空气的动物，海牛需要每20分钟左右浮出水面吸氧。为了达到这个目的，仍然清醒的那一半大脑会把睡着的海牛送到水面上呼吸一些空气)”可知，海牛通过定期浮出水面来证睡眠时的氧气供应。故选C项。 33．C 34．B 35．D 36．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了神经学家艾瑞斯·亚当对于为什么鸟唱得这么多歌的研究。 33．细节理解题。由文章第二段中“They may have to sing a lot every day to give their vocal (发声的) muscles the regular exercise they need to produce top-quality songs. (它们可能每天都要唱很多歌，让它们的声带肌肉得到定期锻炼，从而创作出高质量的歌曲)”可知，亚当认为鸟儿每天都要唱很多歌，是为了更加完美地演唱。故选C。 34．词句猜测题。由划线词上文“She prevented them from singing for a week by keeping them in the dark cage almost around the clock. (她把它们关在黑暗的笼子里，整整一个星期不让它们唱歌)”和下文“so she had to work to keep them from warbling”可知，光是刺激鸟儿歌唱的东西，所以她必须努力不让它们鸣叫，她把它们关在黑暗的笼子里。由此可知，划线词的含义为“刺激”。A. Prepares准备；B. Stimulates刺激；C. Forbids禁止；D. Frightens使惊吓。故选B。 35．细节理解题。由文章第四段“After a week, the birds’ singing muscles lost half their strength. But Adam wondered whether that impacted the quality of songs. When she played a male’s song before and after the seven days of darkness, she couldn’t hear a difference. But when Adam played it to a group of female birds, six out of nine preferred the song that came from a male who’d been using his singing muscles daily. (一周后，鸟儿唱歌的肌肉失去了一半的力量。但亚当想知道这是否会影响歌曲的质量。当她在七天的黑暗之前和之后播放雄性的歌曲时，她听不出有什么不同。但是当亚当把这首歌放给一群雌鸟听时，九只雌鸟中有六只更喜欢每天都在使用唱歌肌肉的雄鸟发出的歌)”和第五段“Adam’s conclusion shows that “songbirds need to exercise their vocal muscles to produce top-performance songs. If they don’t sing, they lose performance, and their songs get less attractive to females.” This may help explain songbirds’ continuous singing. (亚当的结论表明，“鸣禽需要锻炼发声肌肉，才能唱出最好的歌曲。”如果它们不唱歌，就会失去表演能力，它们的歌声对雌性的吸引力也会降低。“这可能有助于解释鸣禽的持续歌唱)”可知，实验中关在笼子里的鸟的歌曲变得不那么有吸引力了。故选D。 36．推理判断题。由文章第五段“Adam’s conclusion shows that “songbirds need to exercise their vocal muscles to produce top-performance songs. If they don’t sing, they lose performance, and their songs get less attractive to females.” This may help explain songbirds’ continuous singing. (亚当的结论表明，“鸣禽需要锻炼发声肌肉，才能唱出最好的歌曲。”如果它们不唱歌，就会失去表演能力，它们的歌声对雌性的吸引力也会降低。“这可能有助于解释鸣禽的持续歌唱)”可推知，亚当认为练习使鸟成为完美的歌手。故选D。 37．C 38．B 39．D 40．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是一项新的研究表明猫也会玩接球游戏，只是它们有自己独特的方式。 37．推理判断题。根据第一段“If you think of a game of fetch, you might picture a dog running back and forth, eagerly recovering a ball. But a new study shows that they’re not the only pets that like the game: Cats play fetch, too, just on their own unique terms.(如果你想到捡球游戏，你可能会想到一只狗跑来跑去，急切地捡回一个球。但一项新的研究表明，它们并不是唯一喜欢这个游戏的宠物:猫也会玩接球游戏，只是它们有自己独特的方式。)”可知，作者在第一段提到狗是为了介绍文章的主题：猫也喜欢接球游戏。故选C。 38．推理判断题。根据第二段“The researchers discovered almost 1,000 owners of 1,154 cats to find out if and why. According to their findings, nearly 95% of the cat owners reported that their cats fetched items naturally.(研究人员找到了1154只猫的近1000名主人，以找出原因。根据他们的发现，近95%的猫主人报告说，他们的猫自然地拿东西。)”可知，第二段主要是通过列出数据来展开的，故选B。 39．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“But the motivation for cats to fetch objects seems to be different from that for dogs. Cats are more likely to play on their own with objects similar to prey (猎物).(但是猫拿东西的动机似乎与狗不同。猫更有可能自己玩类似猎物的东西。)”可知，猫在玩东西时会以为这是一个捕猎活动，故选D。 40．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“But a new study shows that they’re not the only pets that like the game: Cats play fetch, too, just on their own unique terms.(但一项新的研究表明，它们并不是唯一喜欢这个游戏的宠物：猫也会玩接球游戏，只是它们有自己独特的方式。)”可知，本文主要讲的是猫也会玩接球游戏，只是它们有自己独特的方式，因此最好的题目是A选项“Cats Play Fetch, Too(猫也玩接球游戏)”。故选A。 答案第1页，共2页 答案第1页，共2页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$