2024年北京卷高中英语真题阅读理解变式题-科普知识 (3)

Franz Boas’s description of Inuit (因纽特人) life in the 19th century illustrates the probable moral code of early humans. Here, norms (规范) were unwritten and rarely expressed clearly, but were well understood and taken to heart. Dishonest and violent behaviours were disapproved of; leadership, marriage and interactions with other groups were loosely governed by traditions. Conflict was often resolved in musical battles. Because arguing angrily leads to chaos, it was strongly discouraged. With life in the unforgiving Northern Canada being so demanding, the Inuit’s practical approach to morality made good sense. The similarity of moral virtues across cultures is striking, even though the relative ranking of the virtues may vary with a social group’s history and environment. Typically, cruelty and cheating are discouraged, while cooperation, humbleness and courage are praised. These universal norms far pre-date the concept of any moralising religion or written law. Instead, they are rooted in the similarity of basic human needs and our shared mechanisms for learning and problem solving. Our social instincts (本能) include the intense desire to belong. The approval of others is rewarding, while their disapproval is strongly disliked. These social emotions prepare our brains to shape our behaviour according to the norms and values of our family and our community. More generally, social instincts motivate us to learn how to behave in a socially complex world. The mechanism involves a repurposed reward system originally used to develop habits important for self-care. Our brains use the system to acquire behavioural patterns regarding safe routes home, efficient food gathering and dangers to avoid. Good habits save time, energy and sometimes your life. Good social habits do something similar in a social context. We learn to tell the truth, even when lying is self-serving; we help a grandparent even when it is inconvenient. We acquire what we call a sense of right and wrong. Social benefits are accompanied by social demands: we must get along, but not put up with too much. Hence self-discipline is advantageous. In humans, a greatly enlarged brain boosts self-control, just as it boosts problem-solving skills in the social as well as the physical world. These abilities are strengthened by our capacity for language, which allows social practices to develop in extremely unobvious ways. 1．What can be inferred about the forming of the Inuit’s moral code? A．Living conditions were the drive. B．Unwritten rules were the target. C．Social tradition was the basis. D．Honesty was the key. 2．What can we learn from this passage? A．Inconveniences are the cause of telling lies. B．Basic human needs lead to universal norms. C．Language capacity is limited by self-control. D．Written laws have great influence on virtues. 3．Which would be the best title for this passage? A．Virtues: Bridges Across Cultures B．The Values of Self-discipline C．Brains: Walls Against Chaos D．The Roots of Morality The idea that you can use humor, laughter, and play to make you healthier probably seems too simple to be true. However, it is really true and simple. The sense of humor, laughter and play plays an important role in keeping you healthy. Treat the blues with a sense of humor, which is closely tied to laughter. Laughter is infectious. Have you ever heard a big laugh of a young child and been able to keep yourself from smiling? When laughter is shared between people, it makes them closer to each other and increases their happiness. Smiling is the beginning of laughter and a smile is also just as infectious as laughter is. You can experience something by smiling at everyone around you, and you will feel happier just by sharing a smile, even with a stranger. Play is an important part of making sure that we stay healthy. We are often encouraged to make sure our children play, and are told of the benefits of being out playing. However, what we often forget is that it is just as important for old people to make play be part of their life as it’s for children. Physical play is important for the old and it certainly helps prevent illness. While the studies are still in the early stages, the studies that have been done have shown that physical play certainly plays a part in preventing cognitive (认知的) falling. Anyway, adding humor, laughter, and play to our life will influence us mentally, physically and socially and bring us many advantages. So we should make full use of humor, laughter and play to make our life more active, more interesting and happier. 4．What does the underlined word “infectious” in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A．Quickly influencing other people. B．Preventing illness from spreading. C．Keeping people in high spirits. D．Playing an important role. 5．What can laughter increase according to the author? A．Happiness and confidence B．A sense of humor. C．Cognitive ability. D．Good relationships. 6．What does the author think the old should do? A．They should have a good rest. B．They should prevent cognitive falling. C．They should take part in physical play. D．They should play like children. 7．Which of the following would be the best title for the text? A．Always Keep Our Body Healthy B．Let Our Body and Mind Relax C．Have an Active and Happy Life D．Humor, Laughter and Play for Health A group of blue-faced birds step through the grass shoulder to shoulder, red eyes looking around. They look like middle schoolers seeking a cafeteria table at lunchtime. Perhaps they’re not so different. A new study, led by Damien Farine, an ornithologist who studies collective behaviour, shows that the vulturine guineafowl of eastern Africa, like humans, have multilevel societies. In the past, scientists assumed such social structures required a lot of brainpower. But the pea-brained guineafowl are revealing the faults in that assumption. These large birds wander across the landscape in packs, often walking so closely that their bodies touch. They may fight each other to maintain their strict hierarchies (等级制度), but at other times they engage in friendly behaviours like sharing food. Suspecting the guineafowl might have a social structure, Dr. Farine and his colleagues began a thorough study of their society. For a whole year, they made daily observations of 441 birds. Coloured leg bands in unique combinations let researchers tell the black-and-blue birds apart. They also attached GPS devices to the backs of 58 birds, which let them see exactly where every group went, 24 hours a day. The findings of the research suggest that the vulturine guineafowl have a multilevel society. There are groups within groups within the population as a whole. There even seem to be groups of friends within the small groups. This is the first time anyone has observed such a society in a bird. And Dr. Farine emphasizes this particular bird’s tiny brain size: “They don’t only have small brains relative to mammals (哺乳动物), they also have quite small brains relative to other birds,” he said. According to him, living in this kind of society might actually make it easier to keep track of the social order. For example, if groups are stable and a bird can identify just one or two individuals within a group, it knows which group it’s looking at — no need for a brain that can recognize every single animal. Multilevel societies also let animals adjust their group sizes based on whatever challenges they’re facing. Depending on what enemies or resources are around, it might make sense to travel in a combined group rather than a smaller one. “Having a multilevel structure may not require having a large brain,” Dr. Farine said. There may be more birds and other animals out there that, although small-brained, have societies as many-leveled as our own. 8．According to the passage, what inspired Dr. Farine to carry out the study? A．The guineafowl’s social behaviour. B．Previous assumptions about birds. C．His interest in animal brainpower. D．The faults in earlier research. 9．What can be learned from the passage? A．Complex social systems can be a disadvantage to the guineafowl. B．The guineafowl are good at recognizing individuals in a group. C．Birds maintain social order by travelling in combined groups. D．Small-brained animals can form multilevel societies. 10．What is the main purpose of the passage? A．To present the findings of a study of the guineafowl. B．To explain the interaction patterns in multilevel societies. C．To introduce a new approach to observing the guineafowl. D．To uncover clues about how complex societies are formed. If you live in a region where winter weather is a regular risk, you are likely used to pouring salt on your sidewalks. But how does it work? And how much salt do humans pour onto our planet’s surface? The second question is easier to answer: a lot. Salt doesn’t directly melt ice, nor does it make snow simply disappear. Instead it makes water less likely to freeze in a phenomenon called freezing point depression. In the case of simple rock salt, which is a rawer, less pure version of table salt, each molecule (分子) splits into smaller elements. Normally, when water freezes into ice, its molecules line up to form a stable, orderly structure. Salt interrupts the process, however, and temperatures must drop lower to overcome that interruption and for freezing to occur. But if salt needs to interact with liquid water, how does it do anything when temperatures are stubbornly below freezing, and water should already be in the form of ice? That’s where cars help clear their own way by creating friction and, in turn, heat. The friction allows for the ice that has already frozen to melt a little bit, making it unlikely to freeze. Beyond rock salt’s ability to clear icy streets, it can also be destructive. Chloride ions (氯离子) can cause wear and tear on vehicles and facilities. Increasing chloride densities in North American lakes could begin to upset local ecology and degrade sources of drinking water. Many local governments are looking for alternatives to rock salt. Other salts such as magnesium chloride and calcium chloride work in the same way as rock salt, and they’re perhaps even more efficient. Some experiments are testing other ice-preventing solutions, including those that contain sugars instead of or in addition to salts. Another approach relies more heavily on sand, which can mechanically make roads safer. All of this experimentation is aimed at ensuring people can travel in any weather condition — a Herculean task when winter brings its worst. 11．What’s the purpose of the first sentence in Paragraph 2? A．To introduce the topic. B．To give some evidence. C．To define the phenomenon. D．To reveal the misconception. 12．How does salt work to disturb the process of freezing? A．By lowering the temperature. B．By melting and splitting itself. C．By lining up to form a solid structure. D．By stopping the formation of the structure. 13．What does the underlined word “densities” in Paragraph 4 mean? A．Concentrations. B．Weights. C．Qualities. D．Salts. 14．What’s the last paragraph mainly talking about? A．Other salts won’t disturb local ecology. B．Efforts are being made to guarantee safe travels. C．Many alternatives are available to solve the problem. D．Bitter winter make it impossible to secure road safety. Outdoor lighting in general poses a deadly threat to insects. That’s according to a study published online in November 2019 in the journal Biological Conservation, entitled “Light Pollution Is a Driver of Insect Declines”. The article notes that sudden drops in insect numbers around the world have happened over the past couple of decades in what amounts to an insect destruction. The blame is usually assigned to “habitat loss, chemical pollution, invasive species, and climate change”. But the authors argue that the forces of lightness have not gotten their due. A longtime preference among ecologists for studying daytime phenomena, and a preference for sleeping at night has led insect conservationists to overlook another widespread habitat disturbance, pollutant, and method of insect control: artificial light at night(ALAN). ALAN’s influence occurs through its interference with the development, movement, foraging, and reproductive success of diverse insect species. Another factor is light’s positive effect on insectivore predation. That is, birds, bats, amphibians and arachnids aren’t stupid-if a lot of insects start swirling around lights in the night, predators will also show up. Sadly, ALAN increases sharply after Thanksgiving, as many people add festive illumination(照明) to the exterior of their houses to celebrate the approach of Christmas. Many neighborhoods have a particular house that embraces the spirit of the season in such an outsized way as to produce a radiant haze perhaps visible to hunters in other star systems. The task then must be to lessen the ecological consequences of ALAN on insects while still maintaining sufficient levels of nighttime illumination for human safety and enjoyment. “Monochromatic LEDs can be engineered to produce light of any desired spectral composition,” the investigators write. “Therefore, once we know the specific wavelength affinities of insects, we can in theory design lights with minimal output in the wavelengths that most affect insect fitness.” Turning some of the lights off might also help. In many cases, it is far easier, quicker, and cheaper to block, dim, or turn off a light source than it is to find the particular bulb type or narrow bandpass filter(滤波器) that makes its emissions visible to humans alone. Help end the war on insects. It is better to blow out one candle than to curse the planet. 15．We can know from Paragraph 2 that ________. A．lights are to blame for insect decrease B．lightness hasn’t got the attention it deserves C．lightness hasn’t caused environmental problems D．the dying out of insects is too slow to be noticed 16．What can we learn from the passage? A．Most insects enjoy the lights at night. B．Birds and bats cannot hunt without light. C．Lights in the night make insects easily caught. D．Lights in the night has positive effect on insects. 17．What solution is proposed in the passage? A．To make lights only visible to human. B．To use candles instead of light bulbs at night. C．To reduce light resource by turning off some lights. D．To change the light bulbs into ones with special light. 18．What might be the best title for the passage? A．The importance of light to insects B．The main causes of insects’ decrease C．To light, or to candle, that is the question D．Too much illumination is killing vital insects Many of us may experience dinner-table debates. One common scene plays out as follows. You want to convince a friend or a family member of something you know they may disagree, and you share information and walk through your reasoning with them. Still, they reject your case. How do you react when your powers of persuasion fail? You might dismiss the person who doesn’t agree with your arguments as narrow-minded, foolish or otherwise out of touch with reality. The whole experience may feel like trying to guide someone on a journey when they refuse to follow. Psychologists have created a term, persuasion fatigue, to describe this form of frustration (懊恼). Persuasion fatigue may make it harder to successfully keep challenging conversations. Past research demonstrates that feeling frustrated can make you more resistant to changing your mind. It also shows that frustration may reduce your ability to recognize why your arguments don’t succeed. Persuasion fatigue also explains why, when debates break down, people tend to blame their conversational opponent. As Mark Twain once wrote, “In all matters of opinion, our opponents are insane (愚蠢的).” In past findings, people generally reported three times as many reasons why others’ faults led to failed debates rather than their own shortcomings. It is true that others are not always open to your ideas. Ending the discussion can therefore be the right thing to do. But in an overheated debate, your fatigue may lead you to misinterpret the situation and believe that your opponent is too stupid to see the truth. Fortunately, psychologists suggest some sound approaches to managing these situations and protecting your relationships. To reach your audience, it may be essential to express your message in terms of their values, not yours. Psychologists call this “moral reframing.” In fact, researches suggest that the simple act of acknowledging values of the people you’re talking to — telling them you understand where they’re coming from, even if you don’t agree—may lead them to lower their defenses and open up a little to new arguments. Your fatigue may be even worse by thinking or assuming that debate is a zero-sum struggle — that you win if, and only if, your opponent loses. But sometimes you’re better off seeing an argument as a cooperative effort to find the truth — less like angry neighbours fighting over their property line. The neighbours map land together by viewing it from multiple angles. Similarly, debates can help you triangulate a view between your opinion and the other person’s. The tendency to blame others for exhausting debates has real consequences. In our exhaustion, we may fail to see when our frustrations stem from a deep desire for connection. Recognizing persuasion fatigue—and how we contribute to it—may help us pass through heated debates without leaving those we love behind. 19．People may experience persuasion fatigue when they _________. A．try in vain to convince others B．misinterpret others’ reasoning C．adopt others’ views unwillingly D．try to persuade narrow-minded people 20．Which is the possible consequence of persuasion fatigue? A．One can’t stick to his point of view. B．One admits his limits and weaknesses. C．One can’t get to the root of failed debates. D．One feels incompetent for further arguments. 21．Why does the author quote Mark Twain in the passage? A．To stress the effect of changing others’ mind. B．To confirm the difficulty of winning an argument. C．To explain the reason for one’s ending an argument. D．To support the idea of one’s tendency to blame others. 22．Which is the recommended solution to managing persuasion fatigue? A．Seeing a debate as a zero-sum game. B．Making an effort for common ground. C．Shifting the topic to lower others’ defenses. D．Reframing points based on one’s own values. Extraverts(外向型的人) are hugely sociable—they really care about their relationships, and possess outstanding social skills. Well, that’s how extraverts are generally described. But, according to new work, that’s not exactly how other people see them. In a series of studies reported in Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Francis J. Flynn at Stanford University, US and colleagues consistently found that more extraverted people are considered to be poorer listeners. Their research also reveals a likely reason why. There is no academic agreement on what constitutes “good” listening. But, in line with some other researchers, the team conceptualises it as involving emotion-related processes, cognitive processes and also behavioural processes. In everyday life, it’s not necessarily easy to ascertain whether the person we’re talking to is really listening, however. They might be making plenty of eye contact, for example, but it’s always possible that they’re just pretending to be listening well. In this research, the team focused on only the participants’ perceptions of others’ listening skills. In an earlier study, 147 first-year business students, who met weekly in groups of six to work on leadership skills, rated the listening skills of everyone else in their group. The participants then completed a scale that assessed their own extraversion. The team found that those with higher self-reported extraversion got poorer marks for listening. However, in this study, people’s perceptions could have been influenced by the actual social relationships they had with other members of their group. So in almost all of the subsequent studies, fresh groups of participants rated the listening skills of fictional people who were described as falling at various points on the intraversion-extraversion spectrum (范围). Results from these studies supported the previous finding. Time and again, extraverted people were rated as being poorer listeners in social situations. As the team writes: “That is, despite the tendency for people to see extraverts as highly sociable, they tend to see this sociability as highly one-sided.” An online study of 337 US-based adults suggested why this might be. Fictional people who were described as highly extraverted were also perceived to be better at controlling and modifying how they come across to others. “To observers, this signal of malleable self-presentation suggests that extraverts are more interested in ‘looking the part’ than attending to what others have to say,” the team writes. It would be really interesting, though, to see work on the real-world implications of this particular belief. “For example, listening has been identified as the key to successful sales,” the team notes—so perhaps it would be wise for highly extraverted sales people to try to modify their behaviour with clients. A vast amount of research has been done on extraversion itself. “Our findings contribute to the study of extraversion by examining how people think about extraversion,” the researchers write. And for understanding conversations and relationships, which of course are two-way, that’s clearly important, too. 23．What is Paragraph 2 mainly about? A．Some reasons for poor listening ability. B．The participants’ perception of listening. C．A common understanding of good listening. D．Some practical skills in improving listening. 24．What can we learn from the passage? A．Being extraverted might be an unpleasant personality. B．Some people are afraid to assess their group members. C．Fictional people decrease the reliability of the research. D．Actual social relationship determines the scores of rating. 25．What does the underlined word “malleable” in Paragraph 5 probably mean? A．Smart. B．Flexible. C．Consistent. D．Stable. 26．What message does the author probably convey to extroverted people? A．It is wise to listen more when communicating. B．Focusing on people’s eyes makes a good speaker. C．Rating oneself honestly helps one in social situations. D．It is necessary to change one’s self-presentation style. As Frans de Waal, a primatologist (灵长动物学家), recognizes, a better way to think about other creatures would be to ask ourselves how different species have developed different kinds of minds to solve different adaptive problems. Surely the important question is not whether animals can do the same things humans can, but how those animals solve the cognitive (认知的) problems they face, like how to imitate the sea floor. Children and some animals are so interesting not because they are smart like us, but because they are smart in ways we haven’t even considered. Sometimes studying children’s ways of knowing can cast light on adult-human cognition. Children’s pretend play may help us understand our adult taste for fiction. De Waal’s research provides another interesting example. We human beings tend to think that our social relationships are rooted in our perceptions, beliefs, and desires, and our understanding of the perceptions, beliefs, and desires of others — what psychologists call our “theory of mind.” In the 80s and 90s, developmental psychologists showed that pre-schoolers and even infants understand minds apart from their own. But it was hard to show that other animals did the same. “Theory of mind” became a candidate for the special, uniquely human trick. Yet de Waal’s studies show that chimps (黑猩猩) possess a remarkably developed political intelligence — they are much interested in figuring out social relationships. It turns out, as de Waal describes, that chimps do infer something about what other chimps see. But experimental studies also suggest that this happens only in a competitive political context. The evolutionary anthropologist (人类学家) Brain Hare and his colleagues gave a junior chimp a choice between pieces of food that a dominant chimp had seen hidden and other pieces it had not seen hidden. The junior chimp, who watched all the hiding, stayed away from the food the dominant chimp had seen, but took the food it hadn’t seen. Anyone who has gone to an academic conference will recognize that we may be in the same situation. We may say that we sign up because we’re eager to find out what other human beings think, but we’re just as interested in who’s on top. Many of the political judgments we make there don’t have much to do with our theory of mind. We may show our respect to a famous professor even if we have no respect for his ideas. Until recently, however, there wasn’t much research into how humans develop and employ this kind of political knowledge. It may be that we understand the social world in terms of dominance, like chimps, but we’re just not usually as politically motivated as they are. Instead of asking whether we have a better everyday theory of mind, we might wonder whether they have a better everyday theory of politics. 27．According to the first paragraph, which of the following shows that an animal is smart? A．It can behave like a human kid. B．It can imitate what human beings do. C．It can find a solution to its own problem. D．It can figure out those adaptive problems. 28．Which of the following statements best illustrates our “theory of mind”? A．We talk with infants in a way that they can fully understand. B．We make guesses at what others think while interacting with them. C．We hide our emotions when we try establishing contact with a stranger. D．We try to understand how kids’ pretend play affects our taste for fiction. 29．What can be inferred from the passage? A．Neither human nor animals display their preference for dominance. B．Animals living in a competitive political context are smarter. C．Both humans and some animals have political intelligence. D．Humans are more interested in who’s on top than animals. 30．By the underlined sentence in the last paragraph, the writer means that ________. A．we know little about how chimps are politically motivated B．our political knowledge doesn’t always determine how we behave C．our theory of mind might enable us to understand our theory of politics D．more research should be conducted to understand animals’ social world When I teach research methods, a major focus is peer review. As a process, peer review evaluates academic papers for their quality, integrity and impact on a field, largely shaping what scientists accept as “knowledge”- By instinct, any academic follows up a new idea with the question, “Was that peer reviewed?” Although I believe in the importance of peer review and I help do peer reviews for several academic journals-I know how vulnerable the process can be. I had my first encounter with peer review during my first year as a Ph. D student. One day, my adviser handed me an essay and told me to have my -written review back to him in a week. But at the time, I certainly was not a “peer”-I was too new in my field. Manipulated data (不实的数据) or substandard methods could easily have gone undetected. Knowledge is not self-evident. Only experts would be able to notice them, and even then, experts do not always agree on what they notice. Let’s say in my life I only see white swans. Maybe I write an essay, concluding that all swans are white. And a “peer” says, “Wait a minute, I’ve seen black swans.” I would have to refine my knowledge. The peer plays a key role evaluating observations with the overall goal of advancing knowledge. For example, if the above story were reversed, and peer reviewers who all believed that all swans were white came across the first study observing a black swan, the study would receive a lot of attention. So why was a first-year graduate student getting to stand in for an expert? Why would my review count the same as an expert’s review? One answer: The process relies almost entirely on unpaid labor. Despite the fact that peers are professionals, peer review is not a profession. As a result, the same over-worked scholars often receive masses of the peer review requests. Besides the labor inequity, a small pool of experts can lead to a narrowed process of what is publishable or what counts as knowledge, directly threatening diversity of perspectives and scholars. Without a large enough reviewer pool, the process can easily fall victim to biases, arising from a small community recognizing each other’s work and compromising conflicts of interest. Despite these challenges, I still tell my students that peer review offers the best method for evaluating studies aird advancing knowledge. As a process, peer review theoretically works. The question is whether the issues with peer review can be addressed by professionalizing the field. 31．What can we learn about peer review in the first paragraph? A．It generates knowledge. B．It is commonly practiced. C．It is a major research method. D．It is questioned by some scientists. 32．What can be inferred about the example of swans? A．Complexity of peer review ensures its reliability. B．Contradictions between scientists may be balanced. C．Individuals can be limited by personal experiences. D．Experts should detect unscientific observation methods. 33．What is the author’s major concern about peer review? A．Workload for scholars. B．Toughness of the process. C．Diversification of publications. D．Financial support to reviewers. 34．The passage is mainly about ______. A．what fuels peer review B．why peer review is imperfect C．how new hands advance peer review D．whether peer reviewers are underrated Have you ever thought about what determines the way we are when we grow up? Remember the TV program Seven Up? It started following the lives of a group of children in 1963. We first meet them as wide­ eyed seven­ year­ olds and then catch up with them at seven ­year intervals (间隔): nervous 14­ year­ olds, serious 21 year ­olds and then grown ­ups. Some of the stories are inspiring, others sad, but what is interesting in almost all the cases is the way in which the children’s early hopes and dreams are shown in their future lives. For example, at seven, Tony is a lively child who says he wants to become a sportsman or a taxi driver. When he grows up, he goes on to do both. How about Nicki? She says, “I’d like to find out about the moon.” And she goes on to become a space scientist. As a child, soft­ spoken Bruce says he wants to help “poor children” and ends up teaching in India. But if the lives of all the children had followed this pattern, the program would be far less interesting than it actually was. It was the children whose childhood did not prepare them for what was to come that made the program so interesting. Where did their ideas come from about what they wanted to do when they grew up?Are the children influenced by what their parents do, by what they see on television, or by what their teachers say?How great is the effect of a single important event? Many film directors, including Stephen Spielberg, say that an early visit to the cinema was the turning point in their lives. Dr Margaret McAllister, who has done a lot of research in this area, thinks that the major factors are parents, friends, and the wider society. 35．What does the text mainly discuss? A．New ways to make a TV program interesting. B．The importance of television programs to children. C．Different ways to make childhood dreams come true. D．The influence of childhood experiences on future lives. 36．In the TV program Seven Up, we can meet  . A．different groups of people at different periods of their lives B．different groups of people at the same period of their lives C．the same group of people at different periods of their lives D．the same group of people at the same period of their lives 37．What are the examples in Paragraph 2 meant to show? A．Many people’s childhood hopes are related to their future jobs. B．There are many poor children in India who need help. C．Children have different dreams about their future. D．A lot of people are very sad in their childhood. 38．Spielberg’s story is meant to show that  . A．going to a movie at an early age helps a child learn about society B．a single childhood event may decide what one does as a grown ­up C．parents and friends can help a child grow up properly D．films have more influence on a child than teachers do 试卷第1页，共3页 试卷第1页，共3页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 参考答案： 1．C 2．B 3．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要围绕人类道德规范的起源进行讨论，介绍了早期人类道德准则的形成过程及其如何根植于人类基本需求及共同的社会学习和问题解决机制中。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“Here, norms (规范) were unwritten and rarely expressed clearly, but were well understood and taken to heart. Dishonest and violent behaviours were disapproved of; leadership, marriage and interactions with other groups were loosely governed by traditions. Conflict was often resolved in musical battles. Because arguing angrily leads to chaos, it was strongly discouraged. With life in the unforgiving Northern Canada being so demanding, the Inuit’s practical approach to morality made good sense. (在这里，规范是不成文的，很少明确表达，但被很好地理解和铭记。不赞成不诚实和暴力行为；领导、婚姻以及与其他群体的互动都受到传统的松散控制。冲突往往通过音乐斗争来解决。因为愤怒的争论会导致混乱，所以强烈反对。在无情的加拿大北部，生活的要求如此之高，因纽特人对待道德的务实态度很有道理)”可知，因纽特人的生活中，规范是不成文的，因纽特人的道德准则的形成是以社会传统为基础的。故选C项。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“These universal norms far pre-date the concept of any moralising religion or written law. Instead, they are rooted in the similarity of basic human needs and our shared mechanisms for learning and problem solving.(这些普遍规范远远早于任何道德化宗教或成文法律的概念。相反，它们植根于人类基本需求的相似性以及我们学习和解决问题的共同机制)”可知，普遍的道德规范植根于人类基本需求的相似性以及我们学习和解决问题的共同机制，即人类的基本需求导致普遍的道德规范形成。故选B项。 3．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Franz Boas’s description of Inuit (因纽特人) life in the 19th century illustrates the probable moral code of early humans.(弗朗兹·博厄斯对19世纪因纽特人生活的描述说明了早期人类可能的道德准则)”以及文章内容可知，本文围绕人类道德规范的起源进行讨论，主要介绍了早期人类道德准则的形成过程及其如何根植于人类基本需求及共同的社会学习和问题解决机制中，所以“道德的起源”适合作为文章标题。故选D项。 4．A 5．D 6．C 7．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要论述了笑给人带来的好处和积极作用。 4．词句猜测题。根据第二段“Have you ever heard a big laugh of a young child and been able to keep yourself from smiling?  When laughter is shared between people, it makes them closer to each other and increases their happiness.(你有没有听过一个小孩的大笑，并且能让自己不笑？当人们之间分享笑声时，它使他们彼此更加亲密，并增加他们的幸福感。)”可知，别人大笑，你也会忍不住笑，人们之间分享笑声，这说明笑具有感染力，故画线词意为“迅速影响他人的”。故选A。 5．细节理解题。根据第二段“When laughter is shared between people, it makes them closer to each other and increases their happiness.(当人与人之间共享笑声时，会使他们彼此更亲近，增加他们的幸福感)”可知，根据作者的说法，笑能使人们彼此更亲近，即能增进人际关系。故选D。 6．细节理解题。根据第三段“However, what we often forget is that it is just as important for old people to make play be part of their life as it’s for children. Physical play is important for the old and it certainly helps prevent illness.(然而，我们经常忘记的是，对于老人来说，让游戏成为他们生活的一部分就像对孩子一样重要。体育运动对老年人来说很重要，它当然有助于预防疾病)”可知，作者认为老年人应该参加体育活动。故选C。 7．主旨大意题。根据第一段“The idea that you can use humor, laughter, and play to make you healthier probably seems too simple to be true. However, it is really true and simple. The sense of humor, laughter and play plays an important role in keeping you healthy.(你可以用幽默、笑声和玩耍来让你更健康，这个想法似乎太过简单，不真实。然而，这是真实和简单的。幽默感、笑声和玩乐在保持你的健康中起着重要的作用)”结合文章主要论述了笑给人带来的好处和积极作用。故D选项“幽默、欢笑和玩耍有益于健康”最符合文章标题。故选D。 8．A 9．D 10．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲了鸟类学家Damien Farine团队在非洲东部的一项新的研究发现：小脑动物也有多层次的社会结构。 8．细节理解题。根据第四段“Suspecting the guineafowl might have a social structure, Dr. Farine and his colleagues began a thorough study of their society.(由于怀疑珍珠鸡可能有社会结构，法林博士和他的同事们开始对它们的社会进行深入研究)”可知，根据这篇文章，珍珠鸡的社交行为激发了法林博士进行这项研究。故选A项。 9．推理判断题。根据最后一段““Having a multilevel structure may not require having a large brain,” Dr. Farine said. There may be more birds and other animals out there that, although small-brained, have societies as many-leveled as our own.( 法林博士说：“拥有多级结构可能不需要有一个大的大脑。”可能会有更多的鸟类和其他动物，尽管它们的大脑很小，但它们的社会与我们的社会一样平等。)”可推知，即使大脑很小的物种，也可能拥有多层次的社会结构。故选D项。 10．推理判断题。根据第二段中“A new study, led by Damien Farine, an ornithologist who studies collective behaviour, shows that the vulturine guineafowl of eastern Africa, like humans, have multilevel societies.(研究集体行为的鸟类学家达米安·法林(Damien Farine)领导的一项新研究表明，非洲东部的秃鹫珍珠鸡和人类一样，也有多层次的社会。)”可知，本文主要介绍了一项关于珍珠鸡的研究的发现，故选A项。 11．D 12．D 13．A 14．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了人们在冬天通过在路面撒盐来缓解雪后因道路结冰而造成的交通安全问题，并就此问题所带来的环境问题进行科普。 11．推理判断题。根据第二段第一句“Salt doesn’t directly melt ice, nor does it make snow simply disappear.”（盐不会直接融化冰，也不会让雪消失。）以及第二句“Instead it makes water less likely to freeze in a phenomenon called freezing point depression.”（相反，它使水更不容易冻结，这种现象被称为冰点降低。）可知，第二段第一句的目的是揭示一个错误认知，纠正盐直接使雪和冰融化的错误想法。故选D项。 12．细节理解题。根据第二段“Normally, when water freezes into ice, its molecules line up to form a stable, orderly structure. Salt interrupts the process, however, and temperatures must drop lower to overcome that interruption and for freezing to occur.”（正常情况下，当水结冰时，它的分子会排成一行，形成一个稳定有序的结构。然而，盐会打断这一过程，而温度必须降得更低，才能克服这种干扰，从而发生冻结。）可知，盐会干扰水分子在结冰时形成稳定、有序的结构。故选D项。 13．词句猜测题。根据划线词所在的句子“Increasing chloride densities in North American lakes could begin to upset local ecology and degrade sources of drinking water.”（北美湖泊中氯化物densities的增加可能会扰乱当地生态，并使饮用水源退化。）可知，氯离子的浓度增加会是当地生态系统受到干扰，并使饮用水源退化。所以划线词的意思是“浓度”。故选A项。 14．主旨大意题。根据最后一段，尤其是“All of this experimentation is aimed at ensuring people can travel in any weather condition…”（所有这些试验都是为了确保人们在任何天气条件下都能出行。）可知，本段主要阐述地方政府正在努力确保冰雪天气人们出行安全。故选B项。 15．B 16．C 17．C 18．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了过多的光照会使重要的昆虫数量下降。 15．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“But the authors argue that the forces of lightness have not gotten their due. (但作者认为，光亮度的影响力没有得到应有的重视。)”可知，光亮度没有得到应有的重视。故选B。 16．推理判断题。根据文章第四段“That is, birds, bats, amphibians and arachnids aren’t stupid-if a lot of insects start swirling around lights in the night, predators will also show up. (也就是说，鸟类、蝙蝠、两栖动物和蛛形纲动物并不愚蠢——如果很多昆虫在夜间开始在灯光周围打转，捕食者也会出现。)”可推断，夜间的灯光使昆虫很容易被捕捉。故选C。 17．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“Turning some of the lights off might also help. In many cases, it is far easier, quicker, and cheaper to block, dim, or turn off a light source than it is to find the particular bulb type or narrow bandpass filter(滤波器) that makes its emissions visible to humans alone. Help end the war on insects. It is better to blow out one candle than to curse the planet. (关掉一些灯可能也会有帮助。在许多情况下，屏蔽、调暗或关闭光源要比寻找特定类型的灯泡或窄带通滤波器更容易、更快、更便宜，从而使其辐射只对人类可见。帮助结束对昆虫的战争。与其诅咒地球，不如吹灭一根蜡烛。)”可知，通过关闭一些灯来减少光源，从而保护昆虫。故选C。 18．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Outdoor lighting in general poses a deadly threat to insects. That’s according to a study published online in November 2019 in the journal Biological Conservation, entitled “Light Pollution Is a Driver of Insect Declines”.(户外照明通常对昆虫构成致命威胁。这是根据2019年11月在《生物保护》杂志在线发表的一项题为“光污染是昆虫数量下降的驱动因素”的研究得出的结论。)”及全文可知，文章主要介绍了过多的光照会使重要的昆虫数量下降。所以“Too much illumination is killing vital insects(过多的光照会杀死重要的昆虫)”作为文章标题最为合适。故选D。 19．A 20．C 21．D 22．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一种现象——说服疲劳，分析了其产生的原因，并介绍了解决的方法。 19．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“You want to convince a friend or a family member of something you know they may disagree, and you share information and walk through your reasoning with them. Still, they reject your case. How do you react when your powers of persuasion fail? You might dismiss the person who doesn’t agree with your arguments as narrow-minded, foolish or otherwise out of touch with reality. The whole experience may feel like trying to guide someone on a journey when they refuse to follow. Psychologists have created a term, persuasion fatigue, to describe this form of frustration(懊恼).(你想说服你的朋友或家人，你知道他们可能不同意，你分享信息，并与他们解释你的理由。尽管如此，他们还是拒绝了你的申请。当你的说服力失效时，你会作何反应？你可能会认为不同意你观点的人心胸狭窄、愚蠢或与现实脱节。整个经历可能就像在别人拒绝跟随的时候试图引导他们旅行。心理学家创造了一个术语，说服疲劳，来描述这种形式的懊恼。)”可知，说服疲劳指的是当你尽力说服对方，却发现一切努力都是徒劳的时候所产生的懊恼感。故选A。 20．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Past research demonstrates that feeling frustrated can make you more resistant to changing your mind. It also shows that frustration may reduce your ability to recognize why your arguments don’t succeed.(过去的研究表明，感到沮丧会让你更不愿意改变主意。它还表明，沮丧可能会降低你认识到为什么你的论点不成功的能力。)”可知，这种沮丧感会让你不愿意改变主意，也会让你无法认清自己的说服不成功的真实的原因。故选C。 21．推理判断题。根据文中所引用的马克·吐温所说的话的前一句“Persuasion fatigue also explains why, when debates break down, people tend to blame their conversational opponent.(说服疲劳也解释了为什么当辩论破裂时，人们倾向于指责他们的对话对手。)”以及马克·吐温所说的话“In all matters of opinion, our opponents are insane(愚蠢的).(在所有的观点问题上，我们的对手都是愚蠢的)”可知，作者引用马克·吐温所说的话是为了论证自己的观点，也就是当辩论不成功时，人们倾向于指责自己的谈话对方。故选D。 22．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“But sometimes you’re better off seeing an argument as a cooperative effort to find the truth—less like angry neighbours fighting over their property line.  (但有时，你最好把争论看作是一种寻找真相的合作努力，而不是像愤怒的邻居为他们的财产线而争吵一样。)”可知，在处理说服疲劳时，我们可以把争论视作寻找共同点。故选B。 23．C 24．A 25．B 26．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了研究发现越外向的人越不善于倾听。 23．主旨大意题。根据第二段的主要内容，结合“There is no academic agreement on what constitutes “good” listening. But, in line with some other researchers, the team conceptualises it as involving emotion-related processes, cognitive processes and also behavioural processes. (对于什么是“好的”倾听，学术界还没有达成一致。但是，与其他一些研究人员一致，该团队将其概念化，包括与情绪相关的过程、认知过程和行为过程)”可知，本段主要介绍善于倾听的共同理解。故选C。 24．推理判断题。根据第三段“The team found that those with higher self-reported extraversion got poorer marks for listening. (研究小组发现，那些自我报告外向性较高的人在倾听方面得分较低)”和第四段“However, in this study, people’s perceptions could have been influenced by the actual social relationships they had with other members of their group. So in almost all of the subsequent studies, fresh groups of participants rated the listening skills of fictional people who were described as falling at various points on the intraversion-extraversion spectrum(范围). Results from these studies supported the previous finding. Time and again, extraverted people were rated as being poorer listeners in social situations (然而，在这项研究中，人们的看法可能会受到他们与团队其他成员的实际社会关系的影响。因此，在随后的几乎所有研究中，新加入的一组参与者都对虚构人物的听力能力进行了评分，这些虚构人物被描述为内向型和外向型的不同类型。这些研究的结果支持了之前的发现。一次又一次地，外向的人被认为是社交场合中糟糕的倾听者)”可推断，外向可能是一种不讨人喜欢的性格。故选A。 25．词句猜测题。根据划线词后半句“extraverts are more interested in ‘looking the part’ than attending to what others have to say," the team writes. (外向者更感兴趣的是‘看起来像个参与者’，而不是关注别人说什么)”可知，外向者具有易改变的自我表现。所以malleable为“易改变的，灵活的”之意，故选B。 26．推理判断题。根据全文可知，文章主要介绍越外向的人越不善于倾听，并结合倒数第二段的““For example, listening has been identified as the key to successful sales,” the team notes—so perhaps it would be wise for highly extraverted sales people to try to modify their behaviour with clients.(“例如，倾听已被确定为成功销售的关键，”该团队指出，因此，高度外向的销售人员尝试改变他们与客户的行为可能是明智的)”推断，作者可能向外向的人传达了交流时多听是明智的信息。故选A。 27．C 28．B 29．C 30．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了我们人类的心智理论，同时说明了黑猩猩虽和人类一样有政治才能，但是不一样的是，人类的政治知识不总是决定我们的行为。 27．细节理解题。根据第一段“Surely the important question is not whether animals can do the same things humans can, but how those animals solve the cognitive (认知的) problems they face, like how to imitate the sea floor. (当然，重要的问题不在于动物是否能做与人类相同的事情，而在于这些动物如何解决它们面临的认知问题，比如如何模仿海底)”可知，根据第一段，C项“动物可以找到自己问题的解决方案”表明动物很聪明。故选C。 28．推理判断题。文章第二段讲到“We human beings tend to think that our social relationships are rooted in our perceptions, beliefs, and desires, and our understanding of the perceptions, beliefs, and desires of others — what psychologists call our “theory of mind.”(我们人类倾向于认为，我们的社会关系植根于我们的感知、信念和欲望，以及我们对他人感知、信仰和欲望的理解——心理学家称之为我们的“心理理论”)”可知，“心理理论”即我们对我们的感知、信仰和欲望，以及我们对他人的感知、信仰和欲望的理解。由此推知，B项“我们在与他人互动时猜测他人的想法”最能说明我们的“心理理论”。故选B。 29．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Yet de Waal’s studies show that chimps (黑猩猩) possess a remarkably developed political intelligence — they are much interested in figuring out social relationships.(然而，德瓦尔的研究表明，黑猩猩拥有非常发达的政治智力——它们对弄清社会关系非常感兴趣)”和最后一段中的“Until recently, however, there wasn’t much research into how humans develop and employ this kind of political knowledge.(然而，直到最近，对于人类如何发展和运用这种政治知识，还没有太多的研究)”可推知，人类和一些动物都有政治智慧。故选C。 30．词句猜测题。根据划线句子下文“Instead of asking whether we have a better everyday theory of mind, we might wonder whether they have a better everyday theory of politics.(与其问我们是否有更好的日常心智理论，不如问他们是否有更好的日常政治理论)”和第三段中的第一句话“Yet de Waal’s studies show that chimps (黑猩猩) possess a remarkably developed political intelligence — they are much interested in figuring out social relationships.(然而，德瓦尔的研究表明，黑猩猩拥有非常发达的政治智力——它们对弄清社会关系非常感兴趣)”可知，黑猩猩的政治智力会决定它们的行为，但是人类不一样，结合划线句子“It may be that we understand the social world in terms of dominance, like chimps, but we’re just not usually as politically motivated as they are.(也许我们像黑猩猩一样，从支配地位的角度来理解社会世界，但我们通常不像它们那样有政治动机)”可知，人类不像黑猩猩一样有政治动机，黑猩猩的政治智力会决定它们的行为，但是人类不一样。由此可知，划线句子所表达的意思是“人类的政治知识不总是决定我们的表现”。故选B。 31．B 32．C 33．D 34．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是作者对于同行评议不完美的原因的分析。 31．推理判断题。根据第一段“By instinct, any academic follows up a new idea with the question, “Was that peer reviewed?”(出于本能，任何学者在提出新想法后都会问：“这个想法经过同行评议了吗？”)”可知，从第一段中我们可以了解到同行评议是普遍的做法。故选B。 32．推理判断题。根据第四段“Let’s say in my life I only see white swans. Maybe I write an essay, concluding that all swans are white. And a “peer” says, “Wait a minute, I’ve seen black swans.” I would have to refine my knowledge.(比方说，在我的生活中，我只看到白天鹅。也许我可以写一篇文章，总结说所有的天鹅都是白色的。一个“同伴”说，“等一下，我见过黑天鹅。”我得完善我的知识。)”可知，从天鹅的例子可以推断出个人可能会受到个人经历的限制。故选C。 33．推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“The process relies almost entirely on unpaid labor.(这个过程几乎完全依赖于无偿劳动力。)”和倒数第二段“As a result, the same over-worked scholars often receive masses of the peer review requests.(结果，同样是那些过度劳累的学者经常收到大量的同行评审请求。)”可知，作者对同行评议的主要担忧是对评审的财政支持。故选D。 34．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第二段“Although I believe in the importance of peer review and I help do peer reviews for several academic journals-I know how vulnerable the process can be.(虽然我相信同行评议的重要性，我也为几家学术期刊做同行评议，但我知道这个过程有多脆弱。)”可知，本文主要讲的是作者对于同行评议不完美的原因的分析，因此B选项“why peer review is imperfect(为什么同行评议是不完美的)”是本文的主旨。故选B。 35．D 36．C 37．A 38．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了我们在孩提时的经历对我们长大以后成为什么样的人的影响。 35．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Have you ever thought about what determines the way we are when we grow up?Remember the TV program Seven Up? It started following the lives of a group of children in 1963.We first meet them as wide ­eyed seven­ year­ olds and then catch up with them at seven­ year intervals (间隔): nervous 14­ year ­olds, serious 21­ year­ olds and then grown ­ups. (你有没有想过，是什么决定了我们长大后的样子？还记得电视节目《Seven Up》吗？它开始追踪 1963 年一群孩子的生活。我们首先见到他们是睁大眼睛的 7 岁孩子，然后以七年的间隔追上他们：紧张的 14 岁孩子，严肃的 21 岁孩子，然后是成年人。)”以及最后一段“Many film directors, including Stephen Spielberg, say that an early visit to the cinema was the turning point in their lives. (包括斯蒂芬·斯皮尔伯格在内的许多电影导演都说，早年去电影院是他们人生的转折点。)”从文章所举的电视节目Seven Up及斯皮尔伯格的小时候去影院后来终成导演的例子来看，文章全是围绕着“童年经历对未来生活有很大影响”来展开的，故选D。 36．细节理解题。由第一段“Have you ever thought about what determines the way we are when we grow up?Remember the TV program Seven Up? It started following the lives of a group of children in 1963.We first meet them as wide ­eyed seven­ year­ olds and then catch up with them at seven ­year intervals (间隔): nervous 14­ year ­olds, serious 21­year ­olds and then grown ­ups. (你有没有想过，是什么决定了我们长大后的样子？还记得电视节目《Seven Up》吗？它开始追踪 1963 年一群孩子的生活。我们首先见到他们是睁大眼睛的 7 岁孩子，然后以七年的间隔追上他们：紧张的 14 岁孩子，严肃的 21 岁孩子，然后是成年人。)”可知，这个节目是追寻同一群人的人生足迹。故选C。 37． 推理判断题。根据第二段“Some of the stories are inspiring, others sad, but what is interesting in almost all the cases is the way in which the children’s early hopes and dreams are shown in their future lives. For example, at seven, Tony is a lively child who says he wants to become a sportsman or a taxi driver. When he grows up, he goes on to do both. How about Nicki?She says, “I’d like to find out about the moon.”And she goes on to become a space scientist. As a child, soft ­spoken Bruce says he wants to help “poor children” and ends up teaching in India. (有些故事很鼓舞人心，有些故事很悲伤，但几乎所有案例的有趣之处在于孩子们早期的希望和梦想在未来生活中的表现方式。例如，七岁时，托尼是一个活泼的孩子，他说他想成为一名运动员或出租车司机。当他长大后，他继续做这两件事。尼基怎么样？她说，“我想了解月球。”她后来成为一名太空科学家。小时候，说话轻声细语的布鲁斯说他想帮助“贫穷的孩子”，最终在印度教书。)”可知，列举的三个人物的事例可以知道，这些人小时候的梦想跟他们后来的人生相一致。故选A。 38．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Many film directors，including Stephen Spielberg，say that an early visit to the cinema was the turning point in their lives. (包括斯蒂芬·斯皮尔伯格在内的许多电影导演都说，早年去电影院是他们人生的转折点。)”斯皮尔伯格讲的是他小时候去看电影的一次经历成了他人生的转折点。由此可见，小时候的某一次事件可能就决定了我们的人生。故选B。 答案第1页，共2页 答案第1页，共2页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$