2024年北京卷高中英语真题七选五变式题 (3)

If you want to develop maximum credibility (可信性), is it better to be a hedgehog (刺猬) or a fox? According to Isaiah Berlin, the hedgehog knows one thing very well, and the fox knows a lot of things. Is there a clear advantage of one style over the other? Hedgehog thinkers tend to answer yes. 1 And they are usually very credible in doing so. According to Jim Hart, the “hedgehog concept” is one of the factors that lead companies to greatness. They focus on one thing and do it really well. They figure out what they are good at. 2 The hedgehog concept makes perfect sense for companies. 3 Philip Tate has studied the track records of those folks on the Sunday talk shows who make predictions about what will happen. He has found that hedgehogs are not only wrong more often than foxes, but that they are less likely to recognise or admit that they are wrong when events do not match their predictions. The advantage that foxes have is that they are more likely to seek out new information from a broader range of sources, and are comfortable with uncertainty and new information. 4 They try to include it in their viewpoint rather than to exclude it from their thinking. They also have a clearer estimation of what they know and don’t know. So, which is better? The question can be answered in a foxy hedgehog style. 5 The choice between being a hedgehog or a fox is a false trade-off. The most effective way to go through life is to try to be that rare mixture known as foxy hedgehog. A．In other words, there are clear advantages for each. B．They are more likely to remember people’s mistakes. C．Hence, they have the advantage of clarity and confidence. D．But there can be a downside to concentration on one big thing. E．However, hedgehogs remain open to others’ reactions and inputs. F．When something is contradictory to their view, they don’t treat it as exceptional. G．They come down squarely on one side or the other and fully support their position. Wildfires are common nowadays. Lightning, campfires, power lines or other sources may lead to big wildfires. 6 But when they break out on populated places, wildfires can endanger human lives and property. Still, wildfires have always been a part of some forest ecosystems. 7 For one thing, wildfires can get rid of trespassers(入侵者). The native animals often know how to escape a wildfire. But harmful species may not, so they could get wiped out. Fires can prevent trees from overcrowding each other, which allows smaller plants and animals that need sunlight to grow below. Plus, wildfires burn up a lot of leaf litter, pine needles and other dead matter on the ground. This clears out junk that may stop new plants from growing and releases nutrition back into the soil. 8 There are also species that have evolved (进化) to depend on regular wildfires. Banksia trees in Australia, for instance, only release their seeds in the heat of a wildfire. 9 And birds such as the black-backed woodpecker prefer to live in recently burned areas, because newly burnt trees may offer easy access to a feast of insects. 10 They set these fires only in areas and under weather conditions where they're sure they can control the flames. Specific burns are meant to provide the benefits of natural, low-intensity fires. So, one important way to protect against fires is professionals setting them. A．The leaf litter can fuel more dangerous wildfires. B．These trees need fires if they are to produce more trees. C．They might cause more fires that could threaten wildlife. D．As a result, fire experts start fires in certain places regularly. E．They mainly destroy natural areas, such as forests and grasslands. F．And regular burns can be vital for keeping those ecosystems healthy. G．Importantly, it also prevents the buildup of dead matter that catches fire easily. Does your dog always want to go wherever you’re going and most of the time, this behavior is welcomed? 11 However, if you find your dog doing this too often or if it’s accompanied by other troubling behavior like eating less, going outside less often or interacting less with other family members, there could be potential issues. 12 Usually, it’s simply out of loyalty and the close relationship that’s been created with its owner, because he or she is the one that provides care and comfort and keeps it safe. However, sometimes, your dog wants to follow you possibly due to something negative. 13 Dogs are emotional animals and may feel anxious for some reason sometimes. It may take much time and training to help your dog work through what’s causing the problem 14 You’ll have to work with your dog consistently or hire a professional trainer. One way to stop your dog from following you might be putting it in a secure and reliable area. 15 If your dog spends all of its time with you and you alone, it may express a dislike for being away from you or interacting with other humans or dogs. A．You and your dog must have a similar lifestyle. B．You may think it’s because it loves and trusts you. C．There are many reasons why dogs follow their owners. D．For example, it could be ill, bored, nervous or stressed. E．Keep in mind that the behavior won’t be cured overnight. F．Another trick might be to make sure your dog socializes enough. G．This could be especially true if dogs can take care of themselves. A famous health tip says you’d better drink eight glasses of water (about two liters) a day. 16 An international group led by scientists at the Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology in China found that the average daily water intake of a man in his 20s should be 1.5 to 1.8 liters, 17 The study published recently in the journal Science described, for the first time, a set of equations (方程式) to predict human water turnover (周转率), an indicator reflecting the amount of water used by the body each day. The researchers investigated 5,604 participants from the ages of 8 days to 96 years, and from more than 20 countries, using special tracking methods. They have found that a man aged 20 to 35 consumes 4.2 liters of water each day, but a woman aged 30 to 60 consumes 3.3 liters, 18 Since the metabolism (新陈代谢) and water exchange on skin can provide 15 percent, while food and drinking respectively contributing half of the remaining 85 percent, 19 , according to the researchers. “The majority of people perhaps don’t have to drink eight glasses of water a day,” says Zhang Xueying, co-first author of the paper and an assistant research fellow at the SIAT. 20 , including body size, physical activity, air temperature, humidity and altitude, according to the study. “it can be applied to individuals around the world,” says Zhang. A．people are encouraged to drink less than 45 percent of the total daily turnover, B．as the water requirements drop with he or she becoming older. C．However, the results of a new study suggest that fewer are needed. D．people living in developed countries have higher water turnover. E．while it should be 1.3 to 1.4 liters for a female in the same age group. F．The total water input and output vary according to multiple factors G．But why do we need so much water? Benefits of Personality Tests Can identifying one’s personality type using the MBTI and other personality assessments really help? They may. 21 Better understand others After taking a personality test and seeing our results, we can gain a better understanding of all the different perceptions and reactions that others might have to the same situation. 22 . No personality type is “better” than any other — just different. Each perspective brings something new and interesting to the table.Identify our likes and dislikes Maybe we’ve always hated talking on the phone but never really understood why. 23 . By using personality tests like the MBTI, we can learn more about where we lie on the extroversion/introversion and thinking/feeling continuum (连续性). This helps us better understand why we prefer certain things and dislike others. 24 . Learning more about our personality type can also help us discover new ways to approach challenges. Knowing what might work best for our personality type can give us new ideas on how to solve problems, deal with stress, cope with conflict, and manage our work habits.Recognize our strengths and weaknesses Knowing what we are good at can be important in a wide variety of situations, whether we are picking a college major or thinking about running for a seat on our local school board. For example, if we know that we are an ISTJ (introverted, sensing, thinking, and judging) on the MBTI, we might recognize that certain aspects of our personality might qualify as strengths in some situations and weaknesses in others. 25 , it can sometimes trip us up in situations where we need to let other people take control. A．Hold on to ideas about who we are B．Know which situations are ideal for us C．Here’s an overview of the many benefits of personality tests D．While they reveal truth that showcases different aspects of personality E．While our organizational skills and carefulness can be a major strength in our work F．This is important because we all have different ways of seeing and interacting with the world G．Or perhaps we’ve always needed much time to think about a problem before making a decision What motivates you to work or study harder? Is it the thought of success and all the amazing things that you can achieve, or is it the fear of failure and worry about all the things that can go wrong for you? Leaders, managers, and teachers have often used one of these ideas to inspire people to work harder and achieve more. 26 A recent study looked at the effect of fear-based strategies on British secondary school students. They found that if a test is seen as important, and students are optimistic that they can succeed, then the fear of failure can be used successfully by teachers to motivate these learners. However, if students are not confident, fear-based approaches could cause feelings of anxiety. 27 The study also found that if students don’t care about the test, then, unsurprisingly, the fear of failure is not likely to motivate them. 28 It’s a fact that most new companies will fail. But does this motivate or prevent business people? Again, it’s not straightforward. The personal consequences of failure can be significant, and so founders may be motivated to work harder to avoid them. A study carried out on British and Canadian businessmen found that fear of failure can improve problem solving, as people are motivated to anticipate and resolve potential issues. 29 So it will help their business in the long run. 30 It can drive confident people to do better, but it can also increase our doubts and turn them into barriers. A．It may motivate them more. B．But is one better than the other? C．Fear-based motivation is complicated. D．Then it can in turn lead them to do worse. E．Businessmen often run the risk of failure. F．They may also be inspired to learn new things. G．Is this idea beneficial for you to succeed? How Gratitude Makes You Happier Choosing to be thankful may well be an easy and accessible way to boost your happiness. We usually think of happiness as a subjective sense of well-being, a feeling of joy and satisfaction. But more than just an emotion or fleeting (短暂的) feeling, happiness also includes a deep sense of meaning, worth and purpose in life. 31 Research has shown gratitude has far-reaching effects on our physical health. When people are thankful, they’re more likely to exercise, eat better, and take care of their health. Much evidence points to lower stress, reduced pain and improved immune systems as a result of being thankful. 32 Gratitude has a strong positive impact on psychological well-being as well. It increases self-esteem, enhances positive emotions and makes us more optimistic. 33 Keller explains more specifically how rewarding it is for our body. “Experiencing gratitude activates neurotransmitters like dopamine, which we associate with pleasure, and serotonin, which regulates our mood. It also causes the brain to release oxytocin, a hormone which induces feelings like trust and generosity which promotes social bonding, and feeling connected.” 34 One way is to learn from the Scandinavians, who, the UN’s World Happiness Report suggests, are the happiest people in the world. It’s worth pausing to think about why. Scandinavians themselves are determining their levels of happiness. They are appreciative of a functioning society where they have economic security and social institutions support everyone. Yet, there is something else. They value “moderation”, a just enoughness. 35 They remain grateful for a healthy work-life balance. As a result of this satisfaction and contentment, they feel their lives have value. So, take some time to be thankful. It can impact your happiness and enhance many aspects of your life. A．Scandinavians may spend a lot of the winter in darkness. B．Gratitude supports happiness in ways related to all of these. C．They don’t chase happiness or work overtime for months at a time. D．Gratitude is the feeling of being grateful and wanting to express your thanks. E．Just like a muscle, thankfulness is something we need to exercise more often. F．When we feel deep happiness, our bodies are producing all sorts of wonderful chemicals. G．Even better blood pressure and positive effects on the heart have been linked to gratitude. Studies about sleep and employee behavior typically focus on various activities that occur within the body during sleep, and their impact on daytime cognition. New research adopts a different method. 36 The researchers conducted three studies involving thousands of dreams recalled by employees. The first study asked participants upon awakening to rate the degree of awe (敬畏) and wonder brought by their dreams and to write down their biggest work problem. 37 Another one they answered was whether they envisioned anything good arising from the difficult work situation—a measure of resilience, which meant the ability to become strong and happy again after toughness. Those who found positive meaning in dreams reported higher levels of awe. 38 In the second study, participants who recalled a dream likewise reported its positive or negative meaning, and then wrote descriptions of the dream and what they took to be its causes and meaning. After work they answered questions about their resilience and progress on the day’s tasks. 39 The third study tracked similar measures among employees who participated daily for two weeks, and it looked at how naturally curious each person was. It found similar results about awe and showed that it raised resilience and productivity far more in the naturally curious. 40 Awe can help people deal more effectively with challenges and progress toward goals. “Our research reveals how awe can be brought about at a time that has a critical impact on daily work outcomes,” the researchers write. “Employees could use dream journals and simple practices to ‘guide’ their nighttime visions, thus increasing their odds of having meaningful, awe-inspiring dreams.” A．A positive dream brings a sense of sudden insight, giving rise to awe. B．The increased awe was also proved to be associated with greater resilience. C．In fact, dreaming may help improve problem-solving skills in daily routine. D．Here, too, good dreams boosted awe and resilience, fueling progress on work goals. E．Researchers acknowledge that dreams may involve content related to waking experiences. F．It finds that remembering a good dream can help people make progress in the day’s tasks. G．They then answered the question about whether they thought the dream was positive or negative. Some people say house dust is mostly human skin cells, but it’s only a little bit true. 41 , but there are many other components(成分)on top of your ceiling fans. These include paint, hair, building materials, bacteria, viruses, insect body parts, etc. That list is based on the Canadian House Dust Study, in which researchers collected dust samples from 1,025 Canadian homes. The proportions(比例)of the components vary from household to household. A house near a busy road, for example, is likely to harbor a high level of outdoor pollutants from car exhaust(废气). 42 . The commonly-cited statement that 70% to 80% of house dust is human skin cells is likely not true for most houses. 43 , and 40%came from dirt and other materials from outside. That indoor 60%included everything from organic fibers to building materials, not just dead skin cells. People do drop lots of skin cells as they go about their business. 44 . Not all dead skin flakes(剥落)off onto your home’s floors. Many run down the drain(下水道)in the shower, and others are contained by clothing and end up being washed out in the washing machine. 45 . One study found that higher levels of cholesterol and squalene (oils found in dead skin) in dust were associated with lower levels of ozone(臭氧)indoors. Ozone is a pollutant that can cause lung discomfort. Ozone reacts with these oils, thus reducing indoor ozone by between 2% and 15%. A．But our body needs all kinds of nutrients B．Skin cells are part of the makeup(组成)of house dust C．The skin helps people maintain the right internal temperature D．A newly-built house might have much dust from construction E．The average adult loses about 500 million skin cells each day F．It may not be a bad thing to have some dead skin in your home G．According to a study of house dust, 60% of the components of the dust were from inside A few years ago, the scientists Claudia Townsend at the University of Miami and Suzanne Shu at UCLA Anderson School of Management conducted a simple investigation into how aesthetics (美学) influence our investment decisions. They randomly assigned 255 students to receive an annual corporate report. One of these reports was aesthetically pleasing — 46 . The other report was far less attractive. After leafing through these two reports — both of which contained the exact same factual information — the subjects were asked to estimate the lowest acceptable selling price for shares of the company. 47 . If investors were rational agents, then the look of the report shouldn’t have mattered —they should be responding only to its content. 48 Townsend and Shu found that subjects given the prettier document insisted on an average selling price of $327.01 per share. Those shown less pretty document, meanwhile, concluded that the company’s shares were worth only $162.41. This research suggests that the design of the annual report can significantly influence our sense of value. 49 . In recent years, scientists have also looked at how aesthetics impacts our perceptions of trust. Do we find prettier Web sites more trustworthy? There’s no logical reason why that would be the case, of course, but the human mind is full of illogical peculiarity. So far, the evidence suggests that the look of a site is highly correlated with our ratings of trust, 50 . In a paper, researchers showed that our first impressions of a Web site —they showed subjects screen shots for fifty milliseconds, which is too fast for conscious awareness —shaped our subsequent sense of trustworthiness. A．But it is not true. B．it had high-quality images and a clear layout. C．And this pattern doesn’t apply to other aspects. D．a phenomenon often referred to as “the halo effect”. (光环效应) E．When it comes to user assessments of design, function follow s form. F．While Townsend and Shu looked at paper reports, the same logic applies to Web sites. G．Actually, they are required to value the company based on the information in the annual report 试卷第1页，共3页 试卷第1页，共3页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 参考答案： 1．G 2．C 3．D 4．F 5．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了拥有“刺猬”型思维方式和“狐狸”型思维方式的两类人对于个人和企业建立信誉度的优劣势。 1．根据上文“Hedgehog thinkers tend to answer yes.(拥有“刺猬”型思维方式的人倾向于给出肯定的答案)” 可知，拥有“刺猬”型思维方式的人倾向于给出肯定的答案，G项中They 指代上文中的Hedgehog，G项“他们明确地站在一边或另一边，并全力支持自己的立场”说明拥有“刺猬”型思维方式的人往往有明确的立场，承接上文，符合语境。故选G。 2．根据上文“They focus on one thing and do it really well. They figure out what they are good at. (他们专注于一件事并把它做得很好。他们知道自己擅长什么)”可知，拥有“刺猬”型思维方式的人具备优点，他们可以专注于一件事并知道自己擅长什么。C项“因此，他们的优势是（头脑）清楚和自信”进一步说明拥有“刺猬”型思维方式的人的优点，承接上文，符合语境。故选C。 3．根据下文“He has found that hedgehogs are not only wrong more often than foxes, but that they are less likely to recognise or admit that they are wrong when events do not match their predictions. (他发现，拥有“刺猬”型思维方式的人不仅比拥有“狐狸”型思维方式的人更容易出错，而且当事情与他们的预测不相符时他们不太可能意识到，也不太可能承认自己错了)”可知，此处介绍拥有“刺猬”型思维方式的人的缺点。D项“但是，把注意力集中在一件大事上可能会有不利的一面” 引出下文，介绍拥有“刺猬”型思维方式的人具备缺点，符合语境。故选D。 4．根据上文“The advantage that foxes have is that they are more likely to seek out new information from a broader range of sources, and are comfortable with uncertainty and new information. (“狐狸”型思维方式的人的优势在于，他们更有可能从更广泛的来源中寻找新信息，并且对不确定性和新信息感到舒适)”和下文“They try to include it in their viewpoint rather than to exclude it from their thinking. (他们试图将其纳入自己的观点，而不是将其排除在自己的思维之外)”可知，此处介绍拥有“狐狸”型思维方式的人处理事情的方式。F项“当某件事与他们的观点相矛盾时，他们不会把它当作例外”承上启下，符合语境。故选F。 5．根据上文“The question can be answered in a foxy hedgehog style. (这个问题可以用“像狐狸的刺猬”风格来回答)”和下文“The choice between being a hedgehog or a fox is a false trade-off. (成为拥有“刺猬”型思维方式的人还是拥有“狐狸”型思维方式的人的选择是一种错误的权衡)”可知，拥有“刺猬”型思维方式的人和拥有“狐狸”型思维方式的人各有优势。A项“换句话说，两者都有其明显的优势”承上启下，符合语境。故选A。 6．E 7．F 8．G 9．B 10．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了野火的一些益处。 6．根据上文“Lightning, campfires, power lines or other sources may lead to big wildfires.”（闪电、营火、电线或其他来源都可能导致大规模野火）可知，选项承接上文说明野火的破坏性。故E选项“它们主要破坏自然区域，如森林和草原”切题。故选E项。 7．根据上文“Still, wildfires have always been a part of some forest ecosystems.”（尽管如此，野火一直是一些森林生态系统的一部分。）可知，选项承接上文说明野火对生态系统是用益处的。故F选项“定期燃烧对保持这些生态系统的健康至关重要。”切题。而下文“For one thing, wildfires can get rid of trespassers（入侵者）”(首先，野火可以赶走入侵者)是对上文的具体说明。故选F项。 8．根据上文“This clears out junk that may stop new plants from growing and releases nutrition back into the soil.”（这样可以清除可能阻止新植物生长的垃圾，并将营养释放回土壤中。）可知，选项与上文为递进关系说明野火的作用。故G选项“重要的是，它还可以防止容易着火的死物质的堆积。”切题。故选G项。 9．根据上文“Banksia trees in Australia, for instance, only release their seeds in the heat of a wildfire.”（例如，澳大利亚的Banksia树只有在野火的高温下才会释放它们的种子）可知，选项承接上文继续说明野火与树生长之间的关系。故B选项“如果这些树要长出更多的树，它们就需要火”切题。故选B项。 10．根据下文“They set these fires only in areas and under weather conditions where they're sure they can control the flames.”（他们只在他们确定可以控制火势的地区和天气条件下放火）可知，空处承接下文说的是消防专家经常在某些地方放火。start fires 呼应set these fires。故D选项“因此，消防专家经常在某些地方纵火”切题。故选D项。 11．B 12．C 13．D 14．E 15．F 【导语】本是一篇说明文。主要介绍了狗喜欢追随主人的原因以及如何阻止狗一直跟着主人的方法。 11．根据上文“Does your dog always want to go wherever you’re going and most of the time, this behavior is welcomed? (你的狗总是想去你要去的地方吗？大多数时候，这种行为是受欢迎的)”说明狗的这种行为时受欢迎的，引出与空格处“受欢迎的原因”，因此B项“你可能认为这是因为它爱你，信任你”符合语境，故选B。 12．根据下文“Usually, it’s simply out of loyalty and the close relationship that’s been created with its owner, because he or she is the one that provides care and comfort and keeps it safe.  (通常，这只是出于对主人的忠诚和与主人建立的亲密关系，因为他或她是提供照顾和安慰并保持其安全的人)”说明狗追随主人的原因，与空格处是本段主旨句，因此C项“狗追随主人的原因有很多”能够概括本段大意，故选C。 13．根据上文“However, sometimes, your dog wants to follow you possibly due to something negative (然而，有时，你的狗想要跟随你，可能是因为一些消极的事情)”说明的是狗追随的不好的原因，空格处举例说明有哪些不好的事情，因此D项“例如，它可能是疲倦、无聊、紧张或压力”与上文一致，故选D。 14．根据上文“It may take much time and training to help your dog work through what’s causing the problem (可能需要很多时间和训练来帮助您的狗解决问题的原因。)”说明处理狗的负面情绪需要大量的时间和训练，空格处对上文进一步强调，因此E项“请记住，这种行为不会在一夜之间得到治愈”与上文一致，故选E。 15．根据上文“One way to stop your dog from following you might be putting it in a secure and reliable area. (阻止你的狗跟着你的一种方法可能是把它放在一个安全可靠的地方)”说明阻止你的狗跟着方法之一，空格处是是介绍阻止你的狗跟着方法另外的犯法，因此F项“另一个技巧可能是确保你的狗足够社交”符合语境，故选F。 16．C 17．E 18．B 19．A 20．F 【导语】这是一篇说明文。一个著名的健康提示说你最好每天喝八杯水（大约两升），然而一项新的研究结果表明人体所需要的水实际少于八杯水（大约两升）。 16．上一句“A famous health tip says you’d better drink eight glasses of water (about two liters) a day.(一个著名的健康提示说你最好每天喝八杯水（大约两升）)”以及后文“An international group led by scientists at the Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology in China found that the average daily water intake of a man in his 20s should be 1.5 to 1.8 liters(由中国深圳先进技术研究院的科学家领导的一个国际研究小组发现，20多岁的男性平均每天的饮水量应该是1.5到1.8升)”可知，上下文语意间为转折关系，实际上并不需要摄入那么多的水。故C选项“然而，一项新的研究结果表明，需要的更少”符合语境，故选C。 17．上一句“An international group led by scientists at the Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology in China found that the average daily water intake of a man in his 20s should be 1.5 to 1.8 liters(由中国深圳先进技术研究院的科学家领导的一个国际研究小组发现，20多岁的男性平均每天的饮水量应该是1.5到1.8升)”与E项“while it should be 1.3 to 1.4 liters for a female in the same age group(而同一年龄组的女性应该是1.3到1.4升)”同为研究对象中的两种不同人群的摄入水量的对比。故E选项“而同一年龄段的女性应该是1.3到1.4升”符合语境，故选E。 18．根据上文“The researchers investigated 5,604 participants from the ages of 8 days to 96 years, and from more than 20 countries, using special tracking methods. They have found that a man aged 20 to 35 consumes 4.2 liters of water each day, but a woman aged 30 to 60 consumes 3.3 liters(研究人员使用特殊的跟踪方法调查了来自20多个国家的5604名年龄在8天到96岁之间的参与者。他们发现，20至35岁的男性每天消耗4.2升水，而30至60岁的女性每天消耗3.3升水)”可知，调查结果表明，30-60岁的女性比年龄比她们小的男性消耗的水量少。故B选项“随着他或她年龄的增长，对水的需求减少”符合语境，故选B。 19．根据上一句“Since the metabolism (新陈代谢) and water exchange on skin can provide 15 percent, while food and drinking respectively contributing half of the remaining 85 percent (由于皮肤上的新陈代谢和水交换可以提供15%，而食物和饮水分别贡献了其余85%的一半)”可知，本句与上文构成因果关系，指出我们皮肤的新陈代谢和我们所摄入的水和食物已经给我们提供了一部分水，故A选项“建议人们饮水量不超过每日总量的45%”符合语境，故选A。 20．根据后文“including body size, physical activity, air temperature, humidity and altitude, according to the study(包括身体大小、身体活动、空气温度、湿度和海拔高度)”可知，这些都是影响摄入水量的因素，故F选项“总水量的输入和输出根据多种因素而变化”符合语境，故选F。 21．C 22．F 23．G 24．B 25．E 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了性格测试的好处。 21．根据上文“Can identifying one’s personality type using the MBTI and other personality assessments really help? They may.(用MBTI和其他人格评估来识别一个人的人格类型真的有帮助吗？他们可能有帮助。)”可知，上文讲述的是性格测试有好处。选项C“Here’s an overview of the many benefits of personality tests(以下是性格测试诸多好处的概述)”承接上文指出性格测试有好处，同时引出下文具体的好处。故选C。 22．根据空前内容“After taking a personality test and seeing our results, we can gain a better understanding of all the different perceptions and reactions that others might have to the same situation.(在进行性格测试并看到我们的结果后，我们可以更好地理解其他人对相同情况的不同看法和反应。)”可知，得知自己的性格后，我们可以更好地理解其他人对相同情况的不同看法和反应。选项F“This is important because we all have different ways of seeing and interacting with the world(这一点很重要，因为我们都有不同的看待世界和与世界互动的方式)”延续上文内容，指出理解不同的人对相同情况有着不一样的看法很重要。故选F。 23．根据空前“Maybe we’ve always hated talking on the phone but never really understood why.(也许我们总是讨厌打电话，但从来没有真正明白为什么。)”可知，我们并不明白自己讨厌某件事的原因。选项G“Or perhaps we’ve always needed much time to think about a problem before making a decision(或者也许我们在做决定之前总是需要很多时间来思考问题)”与上文内容一致，指的是我们也不明白为什么自己在做决定之前总是需要很多时间来思考问题。故选G。 24．空处为小标题，为本段主要内容。根据下文内容“Learning more about our personality type can also help us discover new ways to approach challenges. Knowing what might work best for our personality type can give us new ideas on how to solve problems, deal with stress, cope with conflict, and manage our work habits.(更多地了解我们的性格类型也可以帮助我们找到应对挑战的新方法。知道什么最适合我们的性格类型，可以给我们解决问题、处理压力、处理冲突和管理工作习惯的新思路。)”可知，本段讲述的是了解自己的性格类型可以帮助我们找到应对挑战的新方法，从而了解什么是最适合我们的。选项B“Know which situations are ideal for us(知道哪些情况对我们来说是最理想的)”正是本段内容的综述。故选B。 25．根据空前内容“For example, if we know that we are an ISTJ (introverted, sensing, thinking, and judging) on the MBTI, we might recognize that certain aspects of our personality might qualify as strengths in some situations and weaknesses in others.(例如，如果我们知道自己在MBTI测试中属于ISTJ型(内向、敏感、思考和判断)，我们可能会意识到我们性格的某些方面在某些情况下可能是优势，而在另一些情况下可能是劣势。)”可知，上文讲述的是我们性格的某些方面在某些情况下可能是优势，而在其他情况下则可能是劣势。而空后内容“it can sometimes trip us up in situations where we need to let other people take control.(它有时会在我们需要让别人控制的情况下绊倒我们。)”指的是劣势，由此可推断，空处指的应该是优势。选项E“While our organizational skills and carefulness can be a major strength in our work(虽然我们的组织能力和细心是我们工作中的一大优势)”指出组织能力和细心是我们工作中的一大优势，与下文内容逻辑一致，指出这样的优势在某些情况下会成为劣势。故选E。 26．B 27．D 28．E 29．F 30．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，探讨了对失败的恐惧在工作、学习及创业中对人们积极性的影响。 26．根据“What motivates you to work or study harder? Is it the thought of success and all the amazing things that you can achieve, or is it the fear of failure and worry about all the things that can go wrong for you? Leaders, managers, and teachers have often used one of these ideas to inspire people to work harder and achieve more.”（是什么激励你更加努力地工作或学习?是对成功的憧憬和你能实现的所有惊人的事情，还是对失败的恐惧和对所有可能出错的事情的担忧?领导者、经理和老师经常使用这些想法来激励人们更加努力地工作，取得更多的成就。）可知，人们往往利用其中的一个来激励人们，再结合下文对于这两种动机的研究分析，B选项“一个比另一个好吗”符合语境。故选B项。 27．根据上文的“However, if students are not confident, fear-based approaches could cause feelings of anxiety”（然而，如果学生不自信，基于恐惧的方法可能会引起焦虑）可知，如果学生不自信，这种恐惧动机可能会产生相反的效果，故D选项“然后反过来会导致他们做得更糟”切题。故选D。 28．根据下文“It’s a fact that most new companies will fail.”（大多数新公司都会失败，这是一个事实）可知，商人会冒着失败的风险。故E选项“商人常冒失败的风险。”切题。companies和businessmen相对应。故选E项。 29．根据上文的“people are motivated to anticipate and resolve potential issues.”（人们有动力预测和解决潜在的问题。）和下文的“So it will help their business in the long run”（因此，从长远来看，这将有助于他们的业务）可知，与前面的企业家们有解决问题呼应，说明他们也有学习新事物的动机。因此从长远来看，有助于他们的生意。故F选项“他们也可能受到启发去学习新事物”切题。故选F。 30．根据后文“It can drive confident people to do better, but it can also increase our doubts and turn them into barriers”（它可以驱使自信的人做得更好，但也会增加我们的疑虑，并将其转化为障碍）可知，恐惧动机是比较复杂的，可能有益处也可能成为障碍。故C选项“基于恐惧的动机很复杂”切题。故选C。 31．B 32．E 33．F 34．G 35．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了感恩如何让你更快乐。 31．根据上文“Choosing to be thankful may well be an easy and accessible way to boost your happiness. We usually think of happiness as a subjective sense of well-being, a feeling of joy and satisfaction. But more than just an emotion or fleeting (短暂的) feeling, happiness also includes a deep sense of meaning, worth and purpose in life.(选择感恩可能是一种简单易行的方式来提升你的幸福感。我们通常认为幸福是一种主观的幸福感，一种快乐和满足的感觉。但幸福不仅仅是一种情感或短暂的感觉，它还包括一种深刻的意义、价值和生活目的)”可知，上文提到了幸运包含深刻的意义、价值和生活目的，且提到感恩可以提升幸福感，说明感恩可以有助于幸福，从上述方面支持着幸福。故B选项“感恩在所有这些方面都支持着幸福”符合语境，故选B。 32．根据上文“Research has shown gratitude has far-reaching effects on our physical health. When people are thankful, they’re more likely to exercise, eat better, and take care of their health. Much evidence points to lower stress, reduced pain and improved immune systems as a result of being thankful.(研究表明，感恩对我们的身体健康有深远的影响。当人们心存感激时，他们更有可能锻炼身体，吃得更好，照顾好自己的健康。许多证据表明，感恩的结果是压力减轻，疼痛减轻，免疫系统改善)”可知，上文提到了感恩对健康的好处，且把感恩和锻炼作比较，本句为本段最后一句，故承接上文，说明两者的相似性。故E选项“就像肌肉一样，感恩是我们需要经常锻炼的东西”符合语境，故选E。 33．根据后文“Keller explains more specifically how rewarding it is for our body. “Experiencing gratitude activates neurotransmitters like dopamine, which we associate with pleasure, and serotonin, which regulates our mood. It also causes the brain to release oxytocin, a hormone which induces feelings like trust and generosity which promotes social bonding, and feeling connected.”(凯勒更具体地解释了这对我们的身体是多么有益。“感恩会激活多巴胺和血清素等神经递质，多巴胺与快乐有关，血清素调节我们的情绪。它还会导致大脑释放催产素，这种激素会产生信任和慷慨等感觉，从而促进社会联系和联系感。”)”可知，后文凯勒的话表明，感恩会促使身体产生一些化学物质。故F选项“当我们感到深深的快乐时，我们的身体会产生各种奇妙的化学物质”符合语境，故选F。 34．根据后文“One way is to learn from the Scandinavians, who, the UN’s World Happiness Report suggests, are the happiest people in the world. It’s worth pausing to think about why.(一种方法是向斯堪的纳维亚人学习，联合国的世界幸福报告显示，斯堪的纳维亚人是世界上最幸福的人。值得停下来想想为什么)”可知，后文提到了“一种方法是向斯堪的纳维亚人学习”，可推测本句说明向他们学习的原因，故G选项“更好的血压和对心脏的积极影响都与感恩有关”符合语境，故选G。 35．根据上文“Scandinavians themselves are determining their levels of happiness. They are appreciative of a functioning society where they have economic security and social institutions support everyone. Yet, there is something else. They value “moderation”, a just enoughness. (斯堪的纳维亚人自己决定着他们的幸福水平。他们欣赏一个运转良好的社会，在那里他们有经济保障，社会机构支持每个人。然而，还有其他一些事情。他们重视“适度”，即恰到好处)”可知，上文提到斯堪的纳维亚人重视“适度”原则，本句为本段最后一句，故就“适度”展开说明。C选项中They对应上文Scandinavians。故C选项“他们不会追求幸福，也不会一次加班好几个月”符合语境，故选C。 36．F 37．G 38．B 39．D 40．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了研究发现，记住一个好梦可以帮助人们在一天的工作中取得进展，解释了研究开展的经过和发现。 36．根据上文“Studies about sleep and employee behavior typically focus on various activities that occur within the body during sleep, and their impact on daytime cognition. New research adopts a different method.(关于睡眠和员工行为的研究通常集中在睡眠期间身体内发生的各种活动，以及它们对白天认知的影响。新的研究采用了不同的方法)”可知，本句为过渡句，呈上说明新的研究的不同之处，同时启示后文研究的具体发现。故F选项“研究发现，记住一个好梦可以帮助人们在一天的工作中取得进展”符合语境，故选F。 37．根据上文“The researchers conducted three studies involving thousands of dreams recalled by employees. The first study asked participants upon awakening to rate the degree of awe (敬畏) and wonder brought by their dreams and to write down their biggest work problem.(研究人员进行了三项研究，涉及数千名员工回忆的梦境。第一项研究要求参与者在醒来时对梦境带来的敬畏和惊奇程度进行评分，并写下他们最大的工作问题)”可知，上文提到要求写下最大的工作问题，以及对梦境进行评分，可推测本句继续说明研究的进展，G选项中They 指代上文employees。故G选项“然后他们回答了关于他们认为这个梦是积极的还是消极的问题”符合语境，故选G。 38．根据上文“Another one they answered was whether they envisioned anything good arising from the difficult work situation—a measure of resilience, which meant the ability to become strong and happy again after toughness. Those who found positive meaning in dreams reported higher levels of awe.(他们回答的另一个问题是，他们是否设想从困难的工作环境中产生任何好处——这是一种衡量韧性的方法，它意味着在经历磨难后再次变得强大和快乐的能力。那些在梦中发现积极意义的人报告了更高程度的敬畏)”可知，上文提到“在梦中发现积极意义的人报告了更高程度的敬畏”，本句为本段最后一句，故承接上文，说明增强的敬畏感的作用。故B选项“增强的敬畏感也被证明与更强的适应力有关”符合语境，故选B。 39．根据上文“In the second study, participants who recalled a dream likewise reported its positive or negative meaning, and then wrote descriptions of the dream and what they took to be its causes and meaning. After work they answered questions about their resilience and progress on the day’s tasks.(在第二项研究中，回忆梦境的参与者同样报告了梦境的积极或消极意义，然后写下对梦境的描述，以及他们认为梦境的原因和意义。下班后，他们回答了关于他们的适应能力和完成一天任务的进度的问题)”以及后文“The third study tracked similar measures among employees who participated daily for two weeks, and it looked at how naturally curious each person was. It found similar results about awe and showed that it raised resilience and productivity far more in the naturally curious.(第三项研究对每天参与的员工进行了为期两周的跟踪调查，观察每个人天生的好奇心有多强。研究发现，敬畏也有类似的结果，并表明，在天生好奇的人身上，敬畏更能提高适应力和生产力)”可知，上文提到回答关于适应能力和完成一天任务的进度的问题，且后文提到了第三项研究有相似的结果，指出在天生好奇的人身上，敬畏更能提高适应力和生产力，推测本句与做梦与增强个人能力相关，故D选项“在这里，好梦也能增强敬畏和韧性，促进工作目标的实现”符合语境，故选D。 40．根据后文“Awe can help people deal more effectively with challenges and progress toward goals. “Our research reveals how awe can be brought about at a time that has a critical impact on daily work outcomes,” the researchers write. “Employees could use dream journals and simple practices to ‘guide’ their nighttime visions, thus increasing their odds of having meaningful, awe-inspiring dreams.”(敬畏可以帮助人们更有效地应对挑战，朝着目标前进。研究人员写道:“我们的研究揭示了敬畏是如何在对日常工作结果产生关键影响的时候产生的。员工可以用梦境日记和简单的练习来‘引导’他们的夜间梦境，从而增加他们做有意义的、令人敬畏的梦的几率。”)”可知，后文解释了敬畏的作用，以及建议练习梦境，本句为本段首句，主要引出产生敬畏的来源是积极的梦境。故A选项“一个积极的梦带来一种突然的洞察力，产生敬畏”符合语境，故选A。 41．B 42．D 43．G 44．E 45．F 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了室内灰尘的主要组成部分，其中人体皮肤是其中之一，并详细介绍了人体皮肤细胞。 41．根据上文“Some people say house dust is mostly human skin cells, but it’s only a little bit true.（有人说，室内灰尘主要是人体皮肤细胞，但这只对了一点点）”以及下文“but there are many other components(成分)on top of your ceiling fans.（但在吊扇上还有许多其他成分）”可知，此空设于段中，起承上启下的作用，根据下文“but there are many other components(成分)on top of your ceiling fans.（但在吊扇上还有许多其他成分）”因此，此处表示“皮肤细胞是室内灰尘的组成部分”，选项B“Skin cells are part of the makeup(组成)of house dust（皮肤细胞是室内灰尘的组成部分）”符合语意，故选B。 42．根据上文“A house near a busy road, for example, is likely to harbor a high level of outdoor pollutants from car exhaust(废气).（例如，靠近繁忙道路的房子很可能含有大量来自汽车尾气废气）”可知，此句在举例说明室内灰尘的由来，即路边房子的灰尘来自汽车尾气，因此下一句会进一步举例说明另一种室内灰尘的由来，选项D “A newly-built house might have much dust from construction（新建的房子在施工过程中可能会有很多灰尘）”解释了室内灰尘也有可能来自新建的房屋，符合语意，故选D。 43．根据下文“and 40%came from dirt and other materials from outside.（40%来自室外的灰尘和其他物质）”可知，本句在陈述一项研究的结果，即40%来自室外的灰尘和其他物质，并通过and构成并列关系，因此设空处为引出该项研究其他的数据结果—来自室内的灰尘。选项G“According to a study of house dust, 60% of the components of the dust were from inside（根据一项对室内灰尘的研究，60%的灰尘成分来自室内）”符合语意，故选G。 44．根据上一句“People do drop lots of skin cells as they go about their business.（人们在忙自己的事情时确实会掉很多皮肤细胞）”可知，本句为段落主旨，因此设空句为进一步解释这一观点，选项E“The average adult loses about 500 million skin cells each day（成年人平均每天会失去大约5亿个皮肤细胞）”进一步说明了成年人人体细胞的脱落。符合语意，故选E。 45．根据下文“One study found that higher levels of cholesterol and squalene (oils found in dead skin) in dust were associated with lower levels of ozone(臭氧)indoors. Ozone is a pollutant that can cause lung discomfort. Ozone reacts with these oils, thus reducing indoor ozone by between 2% and 15%.（一项研究发现，灰尘中胆固醇和角鲨烯(死皮中发现的油脂)含量较高，室内臭氧水平较低(臭氧)。臭氧是一种会引起肺部不适的污染物。臭氧与这些油发生反应，从而使室内臭氧减少2%至15%）”可知，本段在具体描述室内灰尘中的部分死皮能有效的降低室臭氧含量，即本段主要描述室内灰尘中的死皮益处。选项F“It may not be a bad thing to have some dead skin in your home（家里有些死皮也许不是件坏事）”符合语意，故选F。 46．B 47．G 48．A 49．F 50．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。研究者发现美学影响我们的投资决策，公司年度报告的外观会影响受试者对公司股价的估计，相同的逻辑也适用于网页。 46．根据前文“They randomly assigned 255 students to receive an annual corporate report. One of these reports was aesthetically pleasing(他们随机分配了255名学生，让他们听取公司的年度报告。其中一份报告很美观)”和下文“The other report was far less attractive.( 另一份报告远没有那么吸引人。)”可知，这份报告很美观，有吸引力，因此推断B项“它有高质量的图像和清晰的布局。”符合语境，解释了有吸引力的原因，故选B。 47．根据前文“the subjects were asked to estimate the lowest acceptable selling price for shares of the company(受试者被要求估计该公司股票的最低可接受售价)”可知，此处是指对公司股票的估价，所以选项G“实际上，他们被要求根据年报中的信息对公司进行估值。”承接上文，符合语境。故选G。 48．根据前文“If investors were rational agents, then the look of the report shouldn’t have mattered — they should be responding only to its content.(如果投资者是理性的代理人，那么报告的外观就不重要了——他们应该只对报告的内容做出回应。)”和后文“Townsend and Shu found that subjects given the prettier document insisted on an average selling price of $327.01 per share. Those shown less pretty document, meanwhile, concluded that the company’s shares were worth only $162.41. This research suggests that the design of the annual report can significantly influence our sense of value. (Townsend和Shu发现，给了更漂亮文件的受试者坚持每股327.01美元的平均售价。与此同时，那些显示的文件并不那么漂亮，他们得出的结论是，该公司的股票价值仅为162.41美元。这项研究表明，年度报告的设计可以显著影响我们的价值感。)”可知，此处是指事实并不像前文中提到的那样，所以选项A“但事实并非如此。”切合文意。故选A。 49．根据后文“In recent years, scientists have also looked at how aesthetics impacts our perceptions of trust. Do we find prettier Web sites more trustworthy?(近年来，科学家还研究了美学如何影响我们的信任感。我们是否发现更漂亮的网站更值得信赖？)”可知，此处是指相同的逻辑也适用于网页，所以选项F“尽管汤森和舒研究的是纸质报告，同样的逻辑也适用于网站。”切合文意。故选F。 50．根据前文“So far, the evidence suggests that the look of a site is highly correlated with our ratings of trust(到目前为止，有证据表明，网站的外观与我们的信任度高度相关)”和后文“In a paper, researchers showed that our first impressions of a Web site — they showed subjects screen shots for fifty milliseconds, which is too fast for conscious awareness — shaped our subsequent sense of trustworthiness.(在一篇论文中，研究人员表明，我们对网站的第一印象——他们向受试者展示了50毫秒的屏幕截图，这对于有意识的意识来说太快了——塑造了我们随后的可信度。)”可知，到目前为止，有证据表明，网站的外观与我们的信任度高度相关，我们对网站的第一印象塑造了我们随后的可信度。选项D“这一现象通常被称为“光环效应”。”符合语境。故选D。 答案第1页，共2页 答案第1页，共2页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$