06. 阅读理解说明文+议论文专题（4） 2022-2024年高考英语三年真题分类汇编 （全文翻译+解析）

06. 【全文翻译+解析】——阅读理解说明文+议论文（4） 2022-2024年高考英语三年真题分类汇编 【内容导航】 【整体说明】 【习题精做 全文翻译和解析】 1. （2024年新高考浙江卷1月高考真题C篇） 2. （2024年新高考浙江卷1月高考真题D篇） 3. （2023年新高考乙卷高考真题C篇） 4. （2023年新高考乙卷高考真题D篇） 5. （2022年新高考乙卷高考真题B篇） 6. （2022年新高考乙卷高考真题C篇） 7. （2022年新高考乙卷高考真题D篇） 【整体说明】 年份 卷别 细节理解题 词义猜测题 主旨大意题 推理判断题 体裁分布 命题趋势 2024 浙江卷1月 5 1 2 C/D说明文 1. 近三年说明文阅读理解主要考查以下题型：细节理解题、推理判断题、词义猜测题、主旨大意题。 2. 从命题上看，议论文阅读理解以考查细节理解、推理判断和主旨大意题为主，但不排除对观点态度的考查。 3. 说明文和议论文中的长词、长难句结构划分和拆解成为阅读的难点。 2023 全国乙卷 2 1 1 4 C说明文；D议论文 2022 全国乙卷 5 3 B/C说明文；D议论文 【习题精做 全文翻译和解析】 1. （2022年浙江卷1月C篇阅读理解） The United States rose to global power on the strength of its technology, and the lifeblood that technology has long been electricity. By providing long-distance communication and energy, electricity created the modem world. Yet properly understood, the age of electricity is merely the second stage in the age of steam, which began a century earlier. "It is curious that no one has put together a history of both the steam and electric revolutions." writes Maury Klein in his book The Power Makers, Steam, Electricity, and the Men Invented Modern America. Klein, a noted historian of technology, spins a narrative so lively that at times it reads like a novel. The story begins in the last years of the 18th century in Scotland, where Watt perfected "the machine that changed the world". Klein writes, "America did not invent the steam engine, but once they grasped its passwords they put it to more uses than anyone else. " Meanwhile, over the course of 19th century, electricity went from mere curiosity to a basic necessity. Morse invented a code for sending messages over an electromagnetic circuit. Bell then gave the telegraph a voice. Edison perfected an incandescent bulls that brought electric light into the American home. Most importantly, Edison realized that success depended on mass electrification, which he showed in New York City. With help from Tesla, Westinghouse's firm developed a system using alternating current, which soon became the major forms of power delivery. To frame his story, Klein creates the character of Ned, a fictional witness to the progress brought about by the steams and electric revolutions in America during one man's lifetime. It's a technique that helps turn a long narrative into an interesting one. 24. What is Klein's understanding of the age of electricity? A. It is closely linked to the steam age. B. It began earlier than proper thought. C. It is a little-studied period of history. D. It will come to an end sooner or later. 25. What can be inferred about Ned? A. He was born in New York City. B. He wrote many increasing stories, C. He created an electricity company. D. He lived mainly in the 19th century. 26. What is the text? A. A biography. B. A book review. C. A short story. D. A science report. 2. （2022年浙江卷1月D篇阅读理解） The benefits of regular exercise are well documented but there’s a new bonus to add to the ever-growing list. New researchers found that middle-aged women who were physically fit could be nearly 90 percent less likely to develop dementia in later life, and as they did, it came on a decade later than less sporty women. Lead researcher Dr. Helena Horder, of the University of Gothenburg in Sweden, said : "These findings are exciting because it’s possible that improving people's cardiovascular （心血管的）fitness in middle age could delay or even prevent them from developing dementia. " For the study, 191 women with an average age of 50 took a bicycle exercise test until they were exhausted to measure their peak （最大值的） cardiovascular capacity. The average peak workload was measured at 103 watts. A total of 40 women met the criteria for a high fitness level, or 120 watts or higher. A total of 92 women were in the medium fitness category; and 59 women were in the low fitness category, defined as a peak workload of 80 watts or less, or having their exercise tests stopped because of high blood pressure, chest pain or other cardiovascular problems. These women were then tested for dementia six times over the following four decades. During that time, 44 of the women developed dementia. Five percent of the highly fit women developed dementia, compared to 25 percent of the women with medium fitness and 32 percent of the women with low fitness. "However, this study does not show cause and effect between cardiovascular fitness and dementia, it only shows an association. More research is needed to see if improved fitness could have a positive effect on the risk of dementia and also to look at when during a lifetime a high fitness level is most important. " She also admitted that a relatively small number of women were studied, all of whom were form Sweden, so the results might not be applicable to other groups. 27. What is on the ever-growing list mentioned in the first paragraph? A. Positive effects of doing exercises. B. Exercises suitable for the middle-aged. C. Experimental studies on diseases. D. Advantages of sporty woman over man 28. Why did the researchers ask the women to do bicycle exercise? A. To predict their maximum heart rate. B. To assess their cardiovascular capacity C. To change their habits of working out D. To detect their potential health problems 29. What do we know about Dr Horder's study? A. It aimed to find a cure for dementia. B. Data collection was a lengthy process. C. Some participants withdrew from it. D. The results were far from satisfactory. 30. Which of the following is the best title for the text? A. More Women Are Exercising to Prevent Dementia B. Middle-Aged Women Need to Do More Exercise C. Fit Women Are Less Likely to Develop Dementia D. Biking Improves Women's Cardiovascular Fitness 3. （2023年全国乙卷C篇阅读理解） What comes into your mind when you think of British food? Probably fish and chips, or a Sunday dinner of meat and two vegetables. But is British food really so uninteresting? Even though Britain has a reputation for less-than-impressive cuisine, it is producing more top class chefs who appear frequently on our television screens and whose recipe books frequently top the best seller lists. It’s thanks to these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign that Britons are turning away from meat-and-two-veg and ready-made meals and becoming more adventurous in their cooking habits. It is recently reported that the number of those sticking to a traditional diet is slowly declining and around half of Britain’s consumers would like to change or improve their cooking in some way. There has been a rise in the number of students applying for food courses at UK universities and colleges. It seems that TV programmes have helped change what people think about cooking. According to a new study from market analysts, 1 in 5 Britons say that watching cookery programmes on TV has encouraged them to try different food. Almost one third say they now use a wider variety of ingredients (配料) than they used to, and just under 1 in 4 say they now buy better quality ingredients than before. One in four adults say that TV chefs have made them much more confident about expanding their cookery knowledge and skills, and young people are also getting more interested in cooking. The UK’s obsession (痴迷) with food is reflected through television scheduling. Cookery shows and documentaries about food are broadcast more often than before. With an increasing number of male chefs on TV, it’s no longer “uncool” for boys to like cooking. 28. What do people usually think of British food? A. It is simple and plain. B. It is rich in nutrition. C. It lacks authentic tastes. D. It deserves a high reputation. 29. Which best describes cookery programme on British TV? A. Authoritative. B. Creative. C. Profitable. D. Influential. 20. Which is the percentage of the people using more diverse ingredients now? A. 20%. B. 24%. C. 25%. D. 33%. 31. What might the author continue talking about? A. The art of cooking in other countries. B. Male chefs on TV programmes. C. Table manners in the UK. D. Studies of big eaters. 4. （2023年全国乙卷D篇阅读理解） If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things. Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do just that, but in many cases we simply can’t. The clearest example of this between literate and non-literate history is perhaps the first conflict, at Botany Bay, between Captain Cook’s voyage and the Australian Aboriginals. From the English side, we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day. From the Australian side, we have only a wooden shield (盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot. If we want to reconstruct what was actually going on that day, the shield must be questioned and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written reports. In addition to the problem of miscomprehension from both sides, there are victories accidentally or deliberately twisted, especially when only the victors know how to write. Those who are on the losing side often have only their things to tell their stories. The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider contact (联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue. If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects. 32. What is the first paragraph mainly about? A. How past events should be presented. B. What humanity is concerned about. C. Whether facts speak louder than words. D. Why written language is reliable. 33. What does the author indicate by mentioning Captain Cook in paragraph 2? A. His report was scientific. B. He represented the local people. C. He ruled over Botany Bay. D. His record was one-sided. 34. What does the underlined word “conversation” in paragraph 3 refer to? A. Problem. B. History. C. Voice. D. Society. 35. Which of the following books is the text most likely selected from? A. How Maps Tell Stories of the World B. A Short History of Australia C. A History of the World in 100 Objects D. How Art Works Tell Stories 5. (2022年全国B篇阅读理解) In 1916, two girls of wealthy families, best friends from Auburn, N. Y. — Dorothy Woodruff and Rosamond Underwood — traveled to a settlement in the Rocky Mountains to teach in a one-room schoolhouse. The girls had gone to Smith College. They wore expensive clothes. So for them to move to Elkhead, Colo. to instruct the children whose shoes were held together with string was a surprise. Their stay in Elkhead is the subject of Nothing Daunted: The Unexpected Education of Two Society Girls in the West by Dorothy Wickenden, who is a magazine editor and Dorothy Woodruff’s granddaughter. Why did they go then? Well, they wanted to do something useful. Soon, however, they realized what they had undertaken. They moved in with a local family, the Harrisons, and, like them, had little privacy, rare baths, and a blanket of snow on their quilt when they woke up in the morning. Some mornings, Rosamond and Dorothy would arrive at the schoolhouse to find the children weeping from the cold. In spring, the snow was replaced by mud over ice. In Wickenden’s book, she expanded on the history of the West and also on feminism, which of course influenced the girls’ decision to go to Elkhead. A hair-raising section concerns the building of the railroads, which entailed (牵涉) drilling through the Rockies, often in blinding snowstorms. The book ends with Rosamond and Dorothy’s return to Auburn. Wickenden is a very good storyteller. The sweep of the land and the stoicism (坚忍) of the people move her to some beautiful writing. Here is a picture of Dorothy Woodruff, on her horse, looking down from a hill top: “When the sun slipped behind the mountains, it shed a rosy glow all around them. Then a full moon rose. The snow was marked only by small animals: foxes, coyotes, mice, and varying hares, which turned white in the winter.” 24． Why did Dorothy and Rosamond go to the Rocky Mountains? A． To teach in a school. B. To study American history. B． To write a book. D. To do sightseeing. 25． What can we learn about the girls from paragraph 3? A． They enjoyed much respect. B. They had a room with a bathtub. B． They lived with the local kids. D. They suffered severe hardships. 26． Which part of Wickenden’s writing is hair-raising? A． The extreme climate of Auburn. B. The living conditions in Elkhead. C. The railroad building in the Rockies. D. The natural beauty of the West. 27. What is the text? A. A news report. B. A book review. C. A children’s story. D. A diary entry. 6. （2022年全国乙卷C篇阅读理解） Can a small group of drones (无人机) guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and, at the same time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year? That is the very likely future of applying today’s “eyes in the sky” technology to make sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and infrastructure (基础设施) worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis. Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks and switching points. The more regularly they can be inspected, the more railway safety, reliability and on-time performance will be improved. Costs would be cut and operations would be more efficient (高效) across the board. That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety. It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews’ efforts. By using the latest technologies, drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways, detecting faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems. To perform these tasks, drones for rail don’t need to be flying overhead. Engineers are now working on a new concept: the rail drones of the future. They will be moving on the track ahead of the train, and programmed to run autonomously. Very small drones with advanced sensors and AI and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co-pilot. With their ability to see ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time. 28. What makes the application of drones to rail lines possible? A. The use of drones in checking on power lines. B. Drones’ ability to work at high altitudes. C. The reduction of cost in designing drones. D. Drones’ reliable performance in remote areas. 29. What does “maintenance” underlined in paragraph 3 refer to? A. Personnel safety. B. Assistance from drones. C. Inspection and repair. D. Construction of infrastructure. 30. What function is expected of the rail drones? A. To provide early warning. B. To make trains run automatically. C. To earn profits for the crews. D. To accelerate transportation. 31. Which is the most suitable title for the text? A. What Faults Can Be Detected with Drones B. How Production of Drones Can Be Expanded C. What Difficulty Drone Development Will Face D. How Drones Will Change the Future of Railways 7. （2022年全国乙卷D篇阅读理解） The Government’s sugar tax on soft drinks has brought in half as much money as Ministers first predicted it would generate, the first official data on the policy has shown. First announced in April, 2016, the tax which applies to soft drinks containing more than 5g of sugar per 100ml, was introduced to help reduce childhood obesity (肥胖). It is believed that today’s children and teenagers are consuming three times the recommended level of sugar, putting them at a higher risk of the disease. Initially the sugar tax was expected to make £520m a year for the Treasury. However, data of the first six months showed it would make less than half this amount. At present it is expected to generate £240m for the year ending in April 2019, which will go to school sports. It comes after more than half of soft drinks sold in shops have had their sugar levels cut by manufacturers (制造商) so they can avoid paying the tax. Drinks now contain 45 million fewer kilos of sugar as a result of manufacturers’ efforts to avoid the charge, according to Treasury figures. Since April drinks companies have been forced to pay between 18p and 24p for every litre of sugary drink they produce or import, depending on the sugar content. However, some high sugar brands, like Classic Coca Cola, have accepted the sugar tax and are refusing to change for fear of upsetting consumers. Fruit juices, milk-based drinks and most alcoholic drinks are free of the tax, as are small companies manufacturing fewer than 1m litres per year. Today’s figures, according to one government official, show the positive influence the sugar tax is having by raising millions of pounds for sports facilities (设施) and healthier eating in schools. Helping the next generation to have a healthy and active childhood is of great importance, and the industry is playing its part. 32． Why was the sugar tax introduced? A． To collect money for schools. B. To improve the quality of drinks. C. To protect children’s health. D. To encourage research in education. 33． How did some drinks companies respond to the sugar tax? A. They turned to overseas markets. B. They raised the prices of their products. C. They cut down on their production. D. They reduced their products’ sugar content. 34. From which of the following is the sugar tax collected? A. Most alcoholic drinks. B. Milk-based drinks. C. Fruit juices. D. Classic Coke. 35. What can be inferred about the adoption of the sugar tax policy? A. It is a short-sighted decision. B. It is a success story. C. It benefits manufacturers. D. It upsets customers. 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！6 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 06. 【全文翻译+解析】——阅读理解说明文+议论文（4） 2022-2024年高考英语三年真题分类汇编 【内容导航】 【整体说明】 【习题精做 全文翻译和解析】 1. （2024年新高考浙江卷1月高考真题C篇） 2. （2024年新高考浙江卷1月高考真题D篇） 3. （2023年新高考乙卷高考真题C篇） 4. （2023年新高考乙卷高考真题D篇） 5. （2022年新高考乙卷高考真题B篇） 6. （2022年新高考乙卷高考真题C篇） 7. （2022年新高考乙卷高考真题D篇） 【整体说明】 年份 卷别 细节理解题 词义猜测题 主旨大意题 推理判断题 体裁分布 命题趋势 2024 浙江卷1月 5 1 2 C/D说明文 1. 近三年说明文阅读理解主要考查以下题型：细节理解题、推理判断题、词义猜测题、主旨大意题。 2. 从命题上看，议论文阅读理解以考查细节理解、推理判断和主旨大意题为主，但不排除对观点态度的考查。 3. 说明文和议论文中的长词、长难句结构划分和拆解成为阅读的难点。 2023 全国乙卷 2 1 1 4 C说明文；D议论文 2022 全国乙卷 5 3 B/C说明文；D议论文 【习题精做 全文翻译和解析】 1. （2022年浙江卷1月C篇阅读理解） The United States rose to global power on the strength of its technology, and the lifeblood that technology has long been electricity. By providing long-distance communication and energy, electricity created the modem world. Yet properly understood, the age of electricity is merely the second stage in the age of steam, which began a century earlier. "It is curious that no one has put together a history of both the steam and electric revolutions." writes Maury Klein in his book The Power Makers, Steam, Electricity, and the Men Invented Modern America. Klein, a noted historian of technology, spins a narrative so lively that at times it reads like a novel. The story begins in the last years of the 18th century in Scotland, where Watt perfected "the machine that changed the world". Klein writes, "America did not invent the steam engine, but once they grasped its passwords they put it to more uses than anyone else. " Meanwhile, over the course of 19th century, electricity went from mere curiosity to a basic necessity. Morse invented a code for sending messages over an electromagnetic circuit. Bell then gave the telegraph a voice. Edison perfected an incandescent bulls that brought electric light into the American home. Most importantly, Edison realized that success depended on mass electrification, which he showed in New York City. With help from Tesla, Westinghouse's firm developed a system using alternating current, which soon became the major forms of power delivery. To frame his story, Klein creates the character of Ned, a fictional witness to the progress brought about by the steams and electric revolutions in America during one man's lifetime. It's a technique that helps turn a long narrative into an interesting one. 24. What is Klein's understanding of the age of electricity? A. It is closely linked to the steam age. B. It began earlier than proper thought. C. It is a little-studied period of history. D. It will come to an end sooner or later. 25. What can be inferred about Ned? A. He was born in New York City. B. He wrote many increasing stories, C. He created an electricity company. D. He lived mainly in the 19th century. 26. What is the text? A. A biography. B. A book review. C. A short story. D. A science report. 【译文】 美国凭借其技术成为全球强国，而技术长期以来的命脉是电力。通过提供远程通信和能源，电力创造了现代世界。然而，正确的理解是，电力时代只是蒸汽时代的第二个阶段，这开始于一个世纪前。 “奇怪的是，没有人把蒸汽革命和电力革命的历史整理起来。”莫里·克莱因在他的《制造商、蒸汽、电力和发明现代美国的人》一书中写道。克莱因是一位著名的技术历史学家，他的叙述如此生动，有时读起来就像一部小说。 故事开始于18世纪的最后几年的苏格兰，在那里瓦特完善了“改变世界的机器”。克莱因写道：“美国并没有发明蒸汽机，但一旦他们掌握了它的密码，它就比任何人使用得更多。” 与此同时，在19世纪期间，电力从仅仅是好奇心变成了一种基本的必需品。莫尔斯发明了一种通过电磁电路发送信息的代码。然后，贝尔给了电报一个声音。爱迪生完善了一种能为美国家庭提供电灯的白炽灯。 最重要的是，爱迪生意识到成功取决于大规模电气化，他在纽约市展示了这一点。在特斯拉的帮助下，西屋公司开发了一种使用交流电的系统，这很快成为了主要的电力输送形式。 为了塑造他的故事，克莱因创造了奈德这个角色，一个虚构的人物，见证了一个人一生中美国的蒸汽和电力革命所带来的进步。这是一种有助于把一个长篇叙述变成一个有趣的叙述的技巧。 24. 克莱因对电力时代的理解如何？ A. 它与蒸汽时代密切相关。 B. 有点比正确的想法要早。 C. CIt是一个很少被研究的历史时期。 D. 它迟早会结束的。 25. 关于奈德，我们能推断出些什么呢？ A. 阿赫出生在纽约市。 B. 但他写了许多越来越多的故事， C. 他创建了一家电力公司。 D. 他主要生活在19世纪。 26文本是什么？ A.传记。 B.书评。 C. 短篇小说。 D. 科学报告。 【说明】 本文是说明文。文章按照时间顺序讲述了蒸汽时代和电力时代的联系。 【答案】24. A 25. D 26. B 【解析】 24. 推理判断题。根据第二段“It is curious that no one has put together a history of both the steam and electric revolutions.”（我很好奇，竟然没有人把蒸汽和电力革命的历史放在一起。）可知，在Klein看来，电力时代和蒸汽时代是有很紧密的联系的。故选A。 25. 推理判断题。根据最后一段“To frame his story, Klein creates the character of Ned, a fictional witness to the progress brought about by the steams and electric revolutions in America during one man's lifetime.”（为了编织他的故事，Klein创造了一个人物Ned，它是对美国蒸汽和电力革命在一个人的整个人生中的进程的神奇的见证。）和第四段“Meanwhile, over the course of 19th century, electricity went from mere curiosity to a basic necessity.”（同时，在19世纪，电力从好奇变成了根需。）可知，Ned见证了蒸汽时代和电力革命，所以他应该是生活在19世纪。故选D。 26. 推理判断题。根据最后一段“To frame his story, Klein creates the character of Ned, a fictional witness to the progress brought about by the steams and electric revolutions in America during one man's lifetime. It's a technique that helps turn a long narrative into an interesting one.”（为了构建他的故事，克莱因创造了奈德这个角色，一个虚构的人物，在一个人的一生中见证了蒸汽和电力革命给美国带来的进步。这是一种有助于将长篇故事变得有趣的技巧。）可知，这篇文章是一篇书评。故选B。 2. （2022年浙江卷1月D篇阅读理解） The benefits of regular exercise are well documented but there’s a new bonus to add to the ever-growing list. New researchers found that middle-aged women who were physically fit could be nearly 90 percent less likely to develop dementia in later life, and as they did, it came on a decade later than less sporty women. Lead researcher Dr. Helena Horder, of the University of Gothenburg in Sweden, said : "These findings are exciting because it’s possible that improving people's cardiovascular （心血管的）fitness in middle age could delay or even prevent them from developing dementia. " For the study, 191 women with an average age of 50 took a bicycle exercise test until they were exhausted to measure their peak （最大值的） cardiovascular capacity. The average peak workload was measured at 103 watts. A total of 40 women met the criteria for a high fitness level, or 120 watts or higher. A total of 92 women were in the medium fitness category; and 59 women were in the low fitness category, defined as a peak workload of 80 watts or less, or having their exercise tests stopped because of high blood pressure, chest pain or other cardiovascular problems. These women were then tested for dementia six times over the following four decades. During that time, 44 of the women developed dementia. Five percent of the highly fit women developed dementia, compared to 25 percent of the women with medium fitness and 32 percent of the women with low fitness. "However, this study does not show cause and effect between cardiovascular fitness and dementia, it only shows an association. More research is needed to see if improved fitness could have a positive effect on the risk of dementia and also to look at when during a lifetime a high fitness level is most important. " She also admitted that a relatively small number of women were studied, all of whom were form Sweden, so the results might not be applicable to other groups. 27. What is on the ever-growing list mentioned in the first paragraph? A. Positive effects of doing exercises. B. Exercises suitable for the middle-aged. C. Experimental studies on diseases. D. Advantages of sporty woman over man 28. Why did the researchers ask the women to do bicycle exercise? A. To predict their maximum heart rate. B. To assess their cardiovascular capacity C. To change their habits of working out D. To detect their potential health problems 29. What do we know about Dr Horder's study? A. It aimed to find a cure for dementia. B. Data collection was a lengthy process. C. Some participants withdrew from it. D. The results were far from satisfactory. 30. Which of the following is the best title for the text? A. More Women Are Exercising to Prevent Dementia B. Middle-Aged Women Need to Do More Exercise C. Fit Women Are Less Likely to Develop Dementia D. Biking Improves Women's Cardiovascular Fitness 【译文】 定期锻炼的好处是有很好的，但在不断增长的清单中还有一个新的好处。新的研究人员发现，身体健康的中年女性在晚年患痴呆症的可能性要低近90%，而且正如她们所做的那样，这比不那么运动的女性晚了10年。 瑞典哥德堡大学的首席研究员海伦娜·霍德博士说：“这些发现令人兴奋，因为改善中年的心血管（心血管的）健康可能会延缓甚至防止他们患痴呆症。” 在这项研究中，191名平均年龄为50岁的女性参加了自行车运动测试，直到她们筋疲力尽，以测量自己的心血管容量峰值（最大值的）。平均峰值工作量为103瓦。 共有40名女性符合高健康水平，或120瓦或更高的标准。共有92名女性属于中等健康类别；有59名女性属于低健康类别，定义为峰值负荷为80瓦或更少，或因高血压、胸痛或其他心血管问题而停止运动测试。 在接下来的40年里，这些女性接受了6次痴呆症测试。在此期间，有44名女性患上了痴呆症。高度健康的女性中有5%患有痴呆症，相比之下，中等健康水平的女性有25%，低健康水平的女性有32%。 “然而，这项研究并没有显示心血管健康和痴呆症之间的因果关系，它只是显示了一种关联。”需要更多的研究来确定提高健康水平是否会对痴呆症的风险产生积极的影响，也需要看看在一生中什么时候高健康水平是最重要的。”她还承认，被研究的女性数量相对较少，她们都来自瑞典，所以研究结果可能不适用于其他群体。 27. 在第一段中提到的不断增长的清单上是什么？ A. 做锻炼的积极效果。 B.适合中年人参加的练习。 c. 对疾病的实验性研究。 D. 运动型的女人比男人的优势 28. 为什么研究人员要要求这些女性做自行车运动？ A. 来预测他们的最大心率。 B. 评估他们的心血管能力 C. 来改变他们的锻炼习惯 D. 来检测他们潜在的健康问题 29. 我们对霍德博士的研究了解多少？ A. 它旨在找到一种治疗痴呆症的方法。 B. 数据收集是一个漫长的过程。 C. 有一些参与者退出了它。 D. 结果远不令人满意。 30. 下面哪一个是文本中最好的标题？ A. 更多的妇女正在锻炼以预防痴呆症 B. 中年妇女需要做更多的锻炼 C. 女性患痴呆症的可能性较小 D. 骑自行车运动改善了女性的心血管健康 【说明】 这是一篇说明文。主要说明了经常锻炼的中年女性在老年时罹患失智症的几率会大大降低。 【答案】27. A 28. B 29. B 30. C 【解析】 27. 细节理解题。根据文章第一段“New researchers found that middle-aged women who were physically fit could be nearly 90 percent less likely to develop dementia （失智症） in later life, and as they did, it came on a decade later than less sporty women.”（新的研究人员发现，身体健康的中年女性在晚年患痴呆症的可能性要低近90%，而且确实如此，与不太喜欢运动的女性相比，她们患痴呆症的时间要晚十年。）可知，第一段提到了健身锻炼的好处。故选A项。 28. 细节理解题。根据上文“These findings are exciting because it’s possible that improving people's cardiovascular fitness in middle age could delay or even prevent them from developing dementia.”（这些发现令人兴奋，因为在中年时改善人们的心血管健康可能会延缓甚至防止他们患上痴呆症。）以及本段“For the study, 191 women with an average age of 50 took a bicycle exercise test until they were exhausted to measure their peak cardiovascular capacity.”（在这项研究中，191名平均年龄为50岁的女性进行了自行车运动测试，直到她们精疲力竭，以测量她们的心血管峰值能力。）可知，做这项实验的目的是为了测试女性的心血管峰值能力。故选B项。 29. 细节理解题。根据文章第五段“These women were then tested for dementia six times over the following four decades.”（这些女性在随后的四十年里测试了六次失智症状况。）可知，此次实验的数据收集是一个长期的过程。故选B项。 30. 推理判断题。根据文章第一段“New researchers found that middle-aged women who were physically fit could be nearly 90 percent less likely to develop dementia （失智症） in later life, and as they did, it came on a decade later than less sporty women.”（新的研究人员发现，身体健康的中年女性在晚年患痴呆症的可能性要低近90%，而且确实如此，与不太喜欢运动的女性相比，她们患痴呆症的时间要晚十年。）以及文章后面几段通过列举实验目的、过程、方式、结果等，说明了身体健康的中年女性在老年时患失智症的几率会大大降低。故选C项。 3. （2023年全国乙卷C篇阅读理解） What comes into your mind when you think of British food? Probably fish and chips, or a Sunday dinner of meat and two vegetables. But is British food really so uninteresting? Even though Britain has a reputation for less-than-impressive cuisine, it is producing more top class chefs who appear frequently on our television screens and whose recipe books frequently top the best seller lists. It’s thanks to these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign that Britons are turning away from meat-and-two-veg and ready-made meals and becoming more adventurous in their cooking habits. It is recently reported that the number of those sticking to a traditional diet is slowly declining and around half of Britain’s consumers would like to change or improve their cooking in some way. There has been a rise in the number of students applying for food courses at UK universities and colleges. It seems that TV programmes have helped change what people think about cooking. According to a new study from market analysts, 1 in 5 Britons say that watching cookery programmes on TV has encouraged them to try different food. Almost one third say they now use a wider variety of ingredients (配料) than they used to, and just under 1 in 4 say they now buy better quality ingredients than before. One in four adults say that TV chefs have made them much more confident about expanding their cookery knowledge and skills, and young people are also getting more interested in cooking. The UK’s obsession (痴迷) with food is reflected through television scheduling. Cookery shows and documentaries about food are broadcast more often than before. With an increasing number of male chefs on TV, it’s no longer “uncool” for boys to like cooking. 28. What do people usually think of British food? A. It is simple and plain. B. It is rich in nutrition. C. It lacks authentic tastes. D. It deserves a high reputation. 29. Which best describes cookery programme on British TV? A. Authoritative. B. Creative. C. Profitable. D. Influential. 20. Which is the percentage of the people using more diverse ingredients now? A. 20%. B. 24%. C. 25%. D. 33%. 31. What might the author continue talking about? A. The art of cooking in other countries. B. Male chefs on TV programmes. C. Table manners in the UK. D. Studies of big eaters. 【译文】 当你想到英国的食物时，你会在想什么？可能是炸鱼薯条，或者周日的肉和两种蔬菜。但是英国的食物真的那么无趣吗？尽管英国以不那么令人印象深刻的美食而闻名，但它正在培养出更多的顶级厨师，他们经常出现在我们的电视屏幕上，他们的食谱也经常荣登畅销书排行榜榜首。 正是多亏了这些电视厨师，而不是任何广告活动，英国人开始了肉类和现成食品，在烹饪习惯上变得更加冒险。最近有报道称，坚持传统饮食的人数正在缓慢下降，大约一半的英国消费者希望以某种方式改变或改善他们的烹饪习惯。在英国大学和学院申请食品课程的学生数量有所增加。电视节目似乎帮助改变了人们对烹饪的看法。 根据市场分析师的一项新研究，五分之一的英国人表示，在电视上看烹饪节目会鼓励他们尝试不同的食物。近三分之一的人说，他们现在使用的原料种类比以前更广泛（配料），只有不到四分之一的人说，他们现在购买的是比以前质量更好的原料。四分之一的成年人说，电视厨师让他们对扩大自己的烹饪知识和技能更有信心，年轻人也对烹饪越来越感兴趣。英国对食物的痴迷（痴迷）就反映在电视日程安排上。关于食物的烹饪节目和纪录片比以前播出得更频繁了。随着电视上越来越多的男厨师，男孩喜欢烹饪不再“不酷”。 28.人们通常会怎么看待英国的食物呢？ A.它简单而简单。 B.它的营养成分很丰富。 C. 它缺乏正宗的味道。 D. 它值得享有很高的声誉。 29.哪个最能描述英国电视台上的烹饪节目？ A.权威。 B.有创造力的 C. 有利可图。 D. 有影响力的。 20.现在使用更多不同成分的人的比例是多少？ A. 20%. B. 24%. C.25%. D.33%. 31.作者可能会继续谈论什么呢？ A.其他国家的烹饪艺术。 B.电视节目中的男厨师。 C. 在英国的餐桌礼仪。 D. 对大食者的研究。 【说明】 本篇是一篇说明文，介绍英国人在英国烹饪节目的影响下改变对烹饪的看法，并尝试新的烹饪习惯。 【答案】28. A 29. D 30. D 31. B 【解析】 28题：细节理解题。根据第一段的“What comes into your mind when you think of British food? Probably fish and chips, or a Sunday dinner of meat and two vegetables. But is British food really so uninteresting?”（当你想到英国食物时，你会想到什么？你可能想到的是炸鱼薯条，或是一肉两菜的周日晚餐。但是，英国食物真的如此无趣吗？）可知，提及英国食物，大家往往只是想到炸鱼薯条和周日烤肉，所以人们通常会觉得英国食物平平无奇。故选A项。 29题：推理判断题。根据第二段的“It’s thanks to these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign that Britons are turning away from meat-and-two-veg and ready-made meals and becoming more adventurous in their cooking habits.”（正是由于电视上的这些大厨，而不是凭借广告宣传活动，英国人正在远离“一肉两菜”和速食餐，而变得更加愿意探索新的烹饪习惯。）和“It seems that TV programmes have helped change what people think about cooking.”（似乎电视节目帮助改变了人们对烹饪的看法。）可知，英国的烹饪节目能够改变英国人对烹饪的看法，尝试从传统的英式饮食走出来，尝试新的烹饪习惯，由此推知英国的烹饪节目具有很大的影响力。故选D项。 30题：细节理解题。根据第三段的“Almost one third say they now use a wider variety of ingredients (配料) than they used to, and just under 1 in 4 say they now buy better quality ingredients than before.”（几乎三分之一的人表示他们现在使用的配料比以前更多，将近四分之一的人表示他们现在购买的配料质量比以前更好。）可知，三分之一左右的人，也就是33%左右的人，使用的配料比以前更多。故选D项。 31题：推理判断题。根据第三段的最后一句“With an increasing number of male chefs on TV, it’s no longer “uncool” for boys to like cooking.”（随着电视上出现越来越多男性厨师，男孩子喜欢烹饪不再是一件“不酷”的事了。）可知，接下来，文章应该具体介绍电视上的男性厨师，从而与上文形成语义连贯。故选B项。 4. （2023年全国乙卷D篇阅读理解） If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things. Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do just that, but in many cases we simply can’t. The clearest example of this between literate and non-literate history is perhaps the first conflict, at Botany Bay, between Captain Cook’s voyage and the Australian Aboriginals. From the English side, we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day. From the Australian side, we have only a wooden shield (盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot. If we want to reconstruct what was actually going on that day, the shield must be questioned and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written reports. In addition to the problem of miscomprehension from both sides, there are victories accidentally or deliberately twisted, especially when only the victors know how to write. Those who are on the losing side often have only their things to tell their stories. The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider contact (联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue. If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects. 32. What is the first paragraph mainly about? A. How past events should be presented. B. What humanity is concerned about. C. Whether facts speak louder than words. D. Why written language is reliable. 33. What does the author indicate by mentioning Captain Cook in paragraph 2? A. His report was scientific. B. He represented the local people. C. He ruled over Botany Bay. D. His record was one-sided. 34. What does the underlined word “conversation” in paragraph 3 refer to? A. Problem. B. History. C. Voice. D. Society. 35. Which of the following books is the text most likely selected from? A. How Maps Tell Stories of the World B. A Short History of Australia C. A History of the World in 100 Objects D. How Art Works Tell Stories 【译文】 如果你想讲述整个世界的历史，一段不赋予人类一部分特权的历史，你就不能仅仅通过文本来做，因为世界上只有一些人曾经有过文本，而世界上的大多数人，在大部分时间里，都没有。写作是人类后来的成就之一，直到最近，甚至许多文学（有文字的）社会也记录了他们的关注，不仅在写作上，而且在事物上。 理想情况下，一段历史会把文本和对象结合在一起，而这本书的一些章节能够做到这一点，但在很多情况下，我们根本不能。在文化和非文化历史之间最明显的例子可能是在植物学湾，库克船长的航行和澳大利亚土著人之间的第一次冲突。从英国方面，我们有科学报告和船长那可怕一天的记录。从澳大利亚方面，我们只有一个木盾（盾）是在他第一次被枪击后投掷的。如果我们想重建那天实际发生的事情，盾牌必须像书面报告一样深入和严格地被质疑和解释。 除了双方误解的问题外，还有一些意外或故意扭曲的胜利，特别是当只有胜利者知道如何写作的时候。那些处于失败的一方往往只有他们的东西来讲述他们的故事。加勒比泰诺人，澳大利亚土著，贝宁和印加人，都出现在这本书中，现在可以通过他们创造的物品最有力地向我们讲述他们过去的成就：通过事物讲述的历史给他们一个声音。当我们考虑诸如这样的文化和非识字社会之间的接触（联系）时，我们所有的第一手资料都必然是扭曲的，只有对话的一半。如果我们要找到对话的另一半，我们不仅要阅读文本，还要阅读对象。 32.第一段主要是关于什么的？ A.过去的事件应该如何被呈现出来。 B.人类所关心的是什么。 C. 事实是否比语言更响亮。 D. 为什么书面语言是可靠的。 33.作者在第2段中提到了库克船长，这说明了什么？ A.他的报告是科学的。 B.他代表了当地的人民。 C. 他统治着植物学湾。 D. 他的记录是片面的。 34.第3段中带下划线的单词“谈话”指的是什么？ A.问题。 B.历史 C. 嗓音 D. 社会 35.下面哪本书是最有可能选择的文本？ A.地图是如何讲述世界上的故事的 B.澳大利亚的短篇历史 C. 一个由100个物体组成的世界历史 D. 艺术是如何讲述故事的 【说明】 本文是一篇议论文。本文讨论了仅仅依靠书面文本来讲述世界历史的局限性，并强调了将物品纳入历史叙事以更好地理解无文字社会的重要性。 【答案】32. A 33. D 34. B 35. C 【解析】 32题：主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things. (如果你想讲述整个世界的历史，一段不以人类某一部分为特权的历史，你不能仅仅通过文本来讲述，因为世界上只有一部分人曾经有过文本，而世界上大多数人，在大多数时间里，都没有。写作是人类较晚的成就之一，直到最近，甚至许多有文字的社会也不仅用文字，而且用物件来记录他们所关心的事情。)”可推知，第一段主要讲述的是历史应该如何呈现给我们。故选A。 33题：推理判断题。根据文章第二段首句“Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do just that, but in many cases we simply can’t. (理想情况下，历史应该将文本和物品结合在一起，本书的某些章节能够做到这一点，但在许多情况下，我们根本做不到。)”可推断，作者认为历史应该是文本和物品相结合的产物，但是很多情况下，我们做不到。再根据所举例子的下文“From the English side, we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day. From the Australian side, we have only a wooden shield (盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot. (在英国方面，我们有科学报告和船长对那可怕的一天的记录。从澳大利亚方面来看，我们只有一个木制盾牌，这是一名男子在第一次经历枪击后在飞行中扔下的。)”可知，作者举这个例子是为了说明船长的记录是片面的，只从自己的角度描述了问题。故选D。 34题：词句猜测题。根据划线单词上文“The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider contact (联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue. (加勒比海的泰诺人、澳大利亚的土著人、贝宁的非洲人以及印加人，所有这些人都出现在这本书中，他们现在都可以通过他们制造的物品向我们讲述他们过去最强大的成就：通过物品讲述的历史给了他们一个声音。当我们考虑诸如此类的有文化社会和无文化社会之间的接触时，我们所有的第一手资料都必然是扭曲的，只有对话的一半。)”结合划线句“If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects. (如果我们要找到对话的另一半，我们不仅要读文本，还要读物体。)”可知，我们对过去历史的了解，只是书写历史的人所想要让我们了解的历史，如果我们想要了解历史的另一半，我们不仅仅要读文本也要读对象。所以conversation指的是“历史”。故选B。 35题：推理判断题。根据文章第一段“If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not.(如果你想讲述整个世界的历史，一段不以人类某一部分为特权的历史，你不能仅仅通过文本来讲述，因为世界上只有一部分人的历史曾经被文字记录过，而世界上大多数人，在大多数时间里，都没有。)”结合最后一段的“ If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects. (如果我们要找到对话的另一半，我们不仅要读文本，还要读物体。)”可知，本文讲述仅仅依靠书面文本来讲述世界历史有局限性，想要更好的了解历史就要将文本和物品结合在一起。从而推断文章最有可能选自《100件物品中的世界史》。故选C。 5. (2022年全国B篇阅读理解) In 1916, two girls of wealthy families, best friends from Auburn, N. Y. — Dorothy Woodruff and Rosamond Underwood — traveled to a settlement in the Rocky Mountains to teach in a one-room schoolhouse. The girls had gone to Smith College. They wore expensive clothes. So for them to move to Elkhead, Colo. to instruct the children whose shoes were held together with string was a surprise. Their stay in Elkhead is the subject of Nothing Daunted: The Unexpected Education of Two Society Girls in the West by Dorothy Wickenden, who is a magazine editor and Dorothy Woodruff’s granddaughter. Why did they go then? Well, they wanted to do something useful. Soon, however, they realized what they had undertaken. They moved in with a local family, the Harrisons, and, like them, had little privacy, rare baths, and a blanket of snow on their quilt when they woke up in the morning. Some mornings, Rosamond and Dorothy would arrive at the schoolhouse to find the children weeping from the cold. In spring, the snow was replaced by mud over ice. In Wickenden’s book, she expanded on the history of the West and also on feminism, which of course influenced the girls’ decision to go to Elkhead. A hair-raising section concerns the building of the railroads, which entailed (牵涉) drilling through the Rockies, often in blinding snowstorms. The book ends with Rosamond and Dorothy’s return to Auburn. Wickenden is a very good storyteller. The sweep of the land and the stoicism (坚忍) of the people move her to some beautiful writing. Here is a picture of Dorothy Woodruff, on her horse, looking down from a hill top: “When the sun slipped behind the mountains, it shed a rosy glow all around them. Then a full moon rose. The snow was marked only by small animals: foxes, coyotes, mice, and varying hares, which turned white in the winter.” 24． Why did Dorothy and Rosamond go to the Rocky Mountains? A． To teach in a school. B. To study American history. B． To write a book. D. To do sightseeing. 25． What can we learn about the girls from paragraph 3? A． They enjoyed much respect. B. They had a room with a bathtub. B． They lived with the local kids. D. They suffered severe hardships. 26． Which part of Wickenden’s writing is hair-raising? A． The extreme climate of Auburn. B. The living conditions in Elkhead. C. The railroad building in the Rockies. D. The natural beauty of the West. 27. What is the text? A. A news report. B. A book review. C. A children’s story. D. A diary entry. 【译文】 1916年，两个来自富裕家庭的女孩，来自纽约州奥本市的最好的朋友。—多萝西·伍德拉夫和罗莎蒙德·安德伍德前往落基山脉的一个定居点，在一间教室的学校里教书。女孩们上的是史密斯学院。他们穿昂贵的衣服。所以，他们搬到科罗拉多州的埃尔克海德，指导用绳子绑在一起的孩子们，这是一个惊喜。他们在埃尔克海德的逗留是《无畏的东西：对西方两个社会女孩的意外教育》的主题，她是多萝西·伍德拉夫的孙女。 他们为什么要去？他们想做一些有用的事情。然而，他们很快就意识到了自己所承担的一切。 他们搬到当地的哈里森一家住，和他们一样，他们很少有隐私，难得洗澡，被子上有一层雪。有些早晨，罗莎蒙德和多萝西会来到校舍，发现孩子们在寒冷中哭泣。在春天，雪被冰上的泥所取代。 在威肯登的书中，她扩展了西方的历史和女权主义，这当然影响了女孩们去埃尔克海德的决定。一个令人毛骨悚然的部分涉及铁路的建设，这需要（牵涉）在落基山脉钻探，经常在令人眩的暴风雪中。书以罗莎蒙德和多萝西回到奥本庄园的故事结尾。 威肯登是一个非常会讲故事的人。土地的横扫和人们的禁欲主义（坚忍）使她转向了一些美丽的作品。这是多萝西·伍德拉夫骑着马从山顶向下看的照片：“当太阳滑到山后时，山的周围散发出玫瑰色的光芒。然后，一轮满月升起了。雪上只有小动物：狐狸、郊狼、老鼠和不同的野兔，它们在冬天会变白。” 27． 为什么多萝西和罗莎蒙德要去落基山脉？ A. 在学校教书。 B. 研究美国历史。 C. 写一本书。 D. 去观光吧。 28． 我们能从第三段中了解到关于这些女孩的什么呢？ A. 他们非常尊重。 B. 他们有一个带浴缸的房间。 C.他们和当地的孩子们住在一起。 D. 他们遭受了严重的困难。 29． 威肯登的作品中有哪一部分令人毛骨悚然？ A.奥本市的极端气候。 B. 麋鹿头的生活条件。 C. 在落基山脉的铁路建筑。 D. 去看看西方的自然美景吧。 27. 文本是什么？ A. 新闻报道。 . B.书评。 C. 儿童的故事。 D. 日记条目。 【说明】 这是一篇说明文。文章是一则书评，简要介绍了Dorothy Wickenden的书籍并对其进行了评价。 【答案】24. A 25. D 26. C 27. B 【解析】 24. 细节理解题。根据第一段“In 1916, two girls of wealthy families, best friends from Auburn, N.Y.-Dorothy Woodruff and Rosamond Underwood -traveled to a settlement in the Rocky Mountains to teach in a one-room schoolhouse. (1916年，来自纽约奥本市的两个富裕家庭的女孩——Dorothy Woodruff和Rosamond Underwood——来到落基山脉的一个定居点，在一间只有一个房间的学校教书)”可知，Dorothy和Rosamond去落基山脉是为了去学校里教书。故选A项。 25. 推理判断题。根据第三段“They moved in with a local family, the Harrisons, and like them, had little privacy, rare baths, and a blanket of snow on their quilt when they woke up in the morning.(他们和一个当地家庭，哈里森一家一起搬进去，和他们一样，几乎没有隐私，很少洗澡，早上醒来时被子上覆盖着一层雪)”以及“In spring, the snow was replaced by mud over ice.(在春天，雪被泥替代覆盖在冰上)”可推知，女孩们的生活条件非常艰苦，她们的生活饱受磨难。故选D项。 26. 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“A hair-raising section concerns the building of the railroads, which entailed drilling through the Rockies, often in blinding snowstorms.(令人毛骨悚然的一段与铁路建设有关，这涉及到在令人眩目的暴风雪中钻穿落基山脉)”可知，Wickenden的作品中涉及落基山脉的铁路建设这一部分是令人毛骨悚然的。故选C项。 27. 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“The book ends with Rosamond and Dorothy’s return to Auburn.(这本书以Rosamond和Dorothy回到奥本结束)”以及最后一段“Wickenden is a very good storyteller. The sweep of the land and the stoicism of the people move her to some beautiful writing.( Wickenden是个很好的讲故事的人。大地的辽阔和人们的坚忍使她创作出了一些美丽的作品)”可知，本文简要介绍了Wickenden的书籍内容，并对其进行了评价，所以文本是一篇书评。故选B项。 6. （2022年全国乙卷C篇阅读理解） Can a small group of drones (无人机) guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and, at the same time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year? That is the very likely future of applying today’s “eyes in the sky” technology to make sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and infrastructure (基础设施) worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis. Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks and switching points. The more regularly they can be inspected, the more railway safety, reliability and on-time performance will be improved. Costs would be cut and operations would be more efficient (高效) across the board. That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety. It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews’ efforts. By using the latest technologies, drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways, detecting faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems. To perform these tasks, drones for rail don’t need to be flying overhead. Engineers are now working on a new concept: the rail drones of the future. They will be moving on the track ahead of the train, and programmed to run autonomously. Very small drones with advanced sensors and AI and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co-pilot. With their ability to see ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time. 28. What makes the application of drones to rail lines possible? A. The use of drones in checking on power lines. B. Drones’ ability to work at high altitudes. C. The reduction of cost in designing drones. D. Drones’ reliable performance in remote areas. 29. What does “maintenance” underlined in paragraph 3 refer to? A. Personnel safety. B. Assistance from drones. C. Inspection and repair. D. Construction of infrastructure. 30. What function is expected of the rail drones? A. To provide early warning. B. To make trains run automatically. C. To earn profits for the crews. D. To accelerate transportation. 31. Which is the most suitable title for the text? A. What Faults Can Be Detected with Drones B. How Production of Drones Can Be Expanded C. What Difficulty Drone Development Will Face D. How Drones Will Change the Future of Railways 【译文】 一小群无人机（无人机）能否保证铁路的安全性和可靠性，同时又能帮助铁路运营商每年节省数十亿欧元？这是未来很有可能应用今天的“天空之眼”技术，以确保全球数百万公里的铁轨和基础设施（基础设施）在火车上全天候是安全的。 无人机已经被用于检查高压电线。他们也可以做同样的事情来检查铁路线和铁路基础设施的其他重要方面，如铁路轨道的正确位置和开关点。检查次数越高，铁路的安全性、可靠性和准时性就越提高。成本将被削减，运营效率也将更加高效（高效）。 这包括大量节省维护成本和更好地保护铁路人员安全。据计算，仅欧洲铁路公司每年在维护上花费约200亿欧元，包括派遣维修人员，通常是在夜间，来检查和维修铁路基础设施。这可能是一种危险的工作，通过无人机协助机组人员的工作就可以避免。 通过使用最新的技术，无人机还可以开始为铁路提供更高价值的服务，在造成任何安全问题之前，检测铁路或开关的故障。为了完成这些任务，轨道用的无人机不需要在头顶上飞行。工程师们现在正在研究一个新的概念：未来的铁路无人机。它们将在火车前面的轨道上行驶，并按编程进行自动运行。拥有先进传感器和人工智能的小型无人机在火车前面行驶，可以像副驾驶一样引导它。有了他们看到前方的能力，他们就可以发出任何问题的信号，这样快速行驶的列车就能够及时做出反应。 28. 是什么使无人机在铁路线路上的应用成为可能？ A. 使用无人机检查电线。 B. 无人机在高海拔地区工作的能力。 C.降低设计无人机的成本。 D. dddrones在偏远地区的可靠性能。 29. 第3段中划线的“维护”是什么？ A. 人员安全。 C. 来自无人机的援助。 C. 检查和维修。 D.基础设施建设。 30. 铁路无人机的预期功能是什么？ A. 提供预警。 B. 使火车自动运行。 C. 为船员人员取利润。 D. 加快运输速度。 31. 这个文本最适合用哪个标题？ A. 用无人机可以检测到什么故障 B. 无论如何，无人机都可以扩大生产 C.无人机的开发将面临什么困难 D. 独桅帆船无人机将改变铁路的未来 【说明】 本文是一篇说明文。应用今天的“空中之眼”的技术，无人机能在保证铁路安全可靠的同时又能帮助铁路运营商每年节省数十亿欧元。 【答案】28. A 29. C 30. A 31. D 【解析】 28. 推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks and switching points.(无人机已经被用于检查高压电线。他们完全可以做同样的事情来检查铁路线路和铁路基础设施的其他重要方面，如铁路轨道和换乘点的正确位置)”可推知，使用无人机检查电力线使无人机应用于铁路线路成为可能。故选A。 29. 词义猜测题。根据后文“It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. (据统计，仅欧洲铁路公司每年在铁路维护上的花费就约为200亿欧元，其中包括经常在夜间派遣维修人员检查和维修铁路基础设施)”可知花在maintenance上的费用是用于“inspect and repair the rail infrastructure （检查和维修铁路基础设施”，由此可知“That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety”是指大幅节省检修成本和更好地保护铁路人员安全，画线词和 C项：Inspection and repair(检修)含义相近。故选C。 30. 推理判断题。根据最后一段 “Very small drones with advanced sensors and AI and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co-pilot. With their ability to see ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time.(带有先进传感器和人工智能的非常小的无人机可以像副驾驶一样在火车前面行驶。凭借他们的预见能力，他们可以发出任何问题的信号，以便快速行驶的火车能够及时做出反应)”可知，对于无人机期待的功能是提前发现问题。故选A。 31. 主旨大意题。根据第一段“Can a small group of drones(无人机)guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and, at the same time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year? That is the very likely future of applying today’s “eyes in the sky” technology to make sure that the millions of kilometers of rail tracks and infrastructure(基础设施)worldwide are safe for trains on a24/7 basis.(一小群无人机能否在保证铁路安全可靠的同时，帮助铁路运营商每年节省数十亿欧元？这很可能是应用今天的“空中之眼”技术的未来，以确保全球数百万公里的铁路轨道和基础设施全天候安全运行。)”以及后文第二段讲到了使用无人机检查电力线路使无人机应用于铁路线路成为可能;第三段讲到了使用无人机大幅节省维护成本和更好地保护铁路人员安全；第四段讲到了通过使用最新的技术，无人机还可以开始为铁路提供更高的价值，可知文章主要讲述了无人机将如何改变铁路的未来，所以D项“无人机将如何改变铁路的未来。”符合文章中心思想，适合作为本文的最佳标题。故选D。 7. （2022年全国乙卷D篇阅读理解） The Government’s sugar tax on soft drinks has brought in half as much money as Ministers first predicted it would generate, the first official data on the policy has shown. First announced in April, 2016, the tax which applies to soft drinks containing more than 5g of sugar per 100ml, was introduced to help reduce childhood obesity (肥胖). It is believed that today’s children and teenagers are consuming three times the recommended level of sugar, putting them at a higher risk of the disease. Initially the sugar tax was expected to make £520m a year for the Treasury. However, data of the first six months showed it would make less than half this amount. At present it is expected to generate £240m for the year ending in April 2019, which will go to school sports. It comes after more than half of soft drinks sold in shops have had their sugar levels cut by manufacturers (制造商) so they can avoid paying the tax. Drinks now contain 45 million fewer kilos of sugar as a result of manufacturers’ efforts to avoid the charge, according to Treasury figures. Since April drinks companies have been forced to pay between 18p and 24p for every litre of sugary drink they produce or import, depending on the sugar content. However, some high sugar brands, like Classic Coca Cola, have accepted the sugar tax and are refusing to change for fear of upsetting consumers. Fruit juices, milk-based drinks and most alcoholic drinks are free of the tax, as are small companies manufacturing fewer than 1m litres per year. Today’s figures, according to one government official, show the positive influence the sugar tax is having by raising millions of pounds for sports facilities (设施) and healthier eating in schools. Helping the next generation to have a healthy and active childhood is of great importance, and the industry is playing its part. 32． Why was the sugar tax introduced? A． To collect money for schools. B. To improve the quality of drinks. C. To protect children’s health. D. To encourage research in education. 33． How did some drinks companies respond to the sugar tax? A. They turned to overseas markets. B. They raised the prices of their products. C. They cut down on their production. D. They reduced their products’ sugar content. 34. From which of the following is the sugar tax collected? A. Most alcoholic drinks. B. Milk-based drinks. C. Fruit juices. D. Classic Coke. 35. What can be inferred about the adoption of the sugar tax policy? A. It is a short-sighted decision. B. It is a success story. C. I t benefits manufacturers. D. It upsets customers. 【译文】 关于软饮料的第一个官方数据显示，政府对软饮料征收的糖税带来的收入是部长们最初预测的一半。 2016年4月首次宣布，该税收适用于每100毫升含糖量超过5克的软饮料，以帮助减少儿童肥胖（肥胖）。据信，今天的儿童和青少年摄入的糖是推荐水平的三倍，这使他们患糖的风险更高。 最初，含糖税预计每年将为财政部赚取5.2亿英镑。然而，前六个月的数据显示，它的收入还不到这个数字的一半。目前，在截至2019年4月的财年中，它预计将产生2.4亿英镑的收入，用于学校体育活动。 此前，超过一半的软饮料被制造商（制造商）降低了含糖量，以避免纳税。根据财政部的数据，由于制造商努力避免收费，饮料现在的含糖量减少了4500万公斤。自4月份以来，饮料公司被迫为生产或进口的每升含糖饮料支付18至24便士，这取决于含糖量。 然而，一些高糖品牌，如经典可口可乐，已经接受了含糖税，并因害怕扰乱消费者而拒绝改变。果汁、牛奶饮料和大多数酒精饮料都是免税的，每年生产不到100万升的小公司也是如此。 据一位政府官员称，今天的数据显示，糖税通过为体育设施（设施）和学校健康饮食筹集数百万英镑而产生的积极影响。帮助下一代拥有一个健康和活跃的童年是非常重要的，而这个行业正在发挥自己的作用。 32． 为什么要引入糖税？ A.为学校收钱。 B是为了提高饮料的质量。 C.保护儿童健康。 D：鼓励教育研究。 33． 一些饮料公司是如何应对糖税的？ A.他们转向了海外市场。 B. 他们提高了他们的产品的价格。 C. 他们减少了产量。 D. 他们确实降低了他们的产品的含糖量。 34. 糖税是从以下哪一个地方征收的？ A. 最酒精饮料。 B. 牛奶饮料。 C. 水果汁。 D. 经典可乐。 35. 关于糖税政策的采用，我们可以推断出什么呢？ A. 这是一个目光短视的决定。 B. 这是一个成功的故事。 C. 它使制造商受益。 D. 它让客户感到不安。 【说明】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了英国政府对软饮料征收的糖税来解决儿童以及青少年的健康问题，同时该收入用于学校体育。 【答案】32. C 33. D 34. D 35. B 【解析】 32. 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“First announced in April, 2016, the tax which applies to soft drinks containing more than 5g of sugar per 100ml, was introduced to help reduce childhood obesity.(该税于2016年4月首次宣布，适用于每100毫升含糖超过5g的软饮料，旨在帮助减少儿童肥胖)”可知，征收糖税的目的是帮助儿童减少肥胖，保护儿童健康。故选C项。 33. 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“It comes after more than half of soft drinks sold in shops have had their sugar levels cut by manufacturers so they can avoid paying the tax.(此前，制造商已经降低了商店中销售的超过一半的软饮料的含糖量，以避免纳税)”可知，一些饮料公司通过降低了产品的含糖量来避税。故选D项。 34. 细节理解题。根据第五段中的“However, some high sugar brands, like Classic Coca Cola, have accepted the sugar tax and are refusing to change for fear of upsetting consumers. Fruit juices, milk-based drinks and most alcoholic drinks are free of the tax, as are small companies manufacturing fewer than 1m litres per year.(然而，一些高糖品牌，如经典可口可乐，已经接受了糖税，并拒绝改变，因为担心会惹恼消费者。果汁、以牛奶为原料的饮料和大多数酒精饮料是免税的，每年生产不到100万升的小公司也是免税的)”可知，糖税主要来自经典可口可乐这些高糖品牌。故选D项。 35. 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Today’s figures, according to one government official, show the positive influence the sugar tax is having by raising millions of pounds for sports facilities and healthier eating in schools.(根据一位政府官员的说法，今天的数据显示了糖税的积极影响，它为学校的体育设施和健康饮食筹集了数百万英镑)”可知，糖税政策带来了积极影响。由此推知，糖税政策的实施是一个成功的政策。故选B项。 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！6 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$