03 阅读理解说明文+议论文专题（1）-2022-2024年高考英语三年真题分类汇编

03.【全文翻译+解析】——阅读理解说明文+议论文（1） 2022-2024年高考英语三年真题分类汇编 【内容导航】 【整体说明】 【习题精做 全文翻译和解析】 1. （2024年新高考I卷高考真题C篇） 2. （2024年新高考I卷高考真题D篇） 3. （2023年新高考I卷高考真题C篇） 4. （2023年新高考I卷高考真题D篇） 5. （2022年新高考I卷高考真题B篇） 6. （2022年新高考I卷高考真题C篇） 7. （2022年新高考I卷高考真题D篇） 【整体说明】 年份 卷别 细节理解题 词义猜测题 主旨大意题 推理判断题 体裁分布 命题趋势 2024 新高考I卷 4 1 3 C议论文；D说明文 1. 近三年说明文和议论文阅读理解主要考查以下题型：细节理解题、推理判断题、词义猜测题、主旨大意题。 2. 其中的长词、长难句结构划分和拆解成为阅读的难点。 2023 新高考I卷 2 1 1 4 C/D说明文 2022 新高考I卷 6 1 1 4 B/C/D说明文 【习题精做 全文翻译和解析】 1. （2024年新高考I卷C篇阅读理解） Is comprehension the same whether a person reads a text onscreen or on paper? And are listening to and viewing content as effective as reading the written word when covering the same material? The answers to both questions are often “no”. The reasons relate to a variety of factors, including reduced concentration, an entertainment mindset (心态) and a tendency to multitask while consuming digital content. When reading texts of several hundred words or more, learning is generally more successful when it’s on paper than onscreen. A large amount of research confirms this finding. The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks — like identifying the main idea in a reading passage — to ones that require mental abstraction — such as drawing inferences from a text. The differences between print and digital reading results are partly related to paper’s physical properties. With paper, there is a literal laying on of hands, along with the visual geography of distinct pages. People often link their memory of what they’ve read to how far into the book it was or where it was on the page. But equally important is the mental aspect. Reading researchers have proposed a theory called “shallowing hypothesis (假说)”. According to this theory, people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media, which are often not so serious, and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print. Audio (音频) and video can feel more engaging than text, and so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies — say, assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person. However, psychologists have demonstrated that when adults read news stories, they remember more of the content than if they listen to or view identical pieces. Digital texts, audio and video all have educational roles, especially when providing resources not available in print. However, for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for, educators shouldn’t assume all media are the same, even when they contain identical words. 28. What does the underlined phrase “shine through” in paragraph 2 mean? A. Seem unlikely to last. B. Seem hard to explain. C. Become ready to use. D. Become easy to notice. 29. What does the shallowing hypothesis assume? A. Readers treat digital texts lightly. B. Digital texts are simpler to understand. C. People select digital texts randomly. D. Digital texts are suitable for social media. 30. Why are audio and video increasingly used by university teachers? A. They can hold students' attention. B. They are more convenient to prepare. C. They help develop advanced skills. D. They are more informative than text. 31. What does the author imply in the last paragraph? A. Students should apply multiple learning techniques. B. Teachers should produce their own teaching material. C. Print texts cannot be entirely replaced in education. D. Education outside the classroom cannot be ignored. 2. （2024年新高考I卷D篇阅读理解） In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect. “With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable?” Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns. “We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru. Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features. What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity? “Quite a lot,” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places — and even species — that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.” 32. What do we know about the records of species collected now? A. They are becoming outdated. B. They are mostly in electronic form. C. They are limited in number. D. They are used for public exhibition. 33. What does Daru’s study focus on? A. Threatened species. B. Physical specimens. C. Observational data. D. Mobile applications. 34. What has led to the biases according to the study? A. Mistakes in data analysis. B. Poor quality of uploaded pictures. C. Improper way of sampling. D. Unreliable data collection devices. 35. What is Daru’s suggestion for biodiversity apps? A. Review data from certain areas. B. Hire experts to check the records. C. Confirm the identity of the users. D. Give guidance to citizen scientists. 3. （2023年新高卷I卷C篇阅读理解） The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you. To do so, I divided the book into two parts. In part one, I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism, starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly intolerable, before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy. Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter. This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value. In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. You’ll hear these participants’ stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you should avoid. The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you cultivate (培养) a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters, I examine issues such as the importance of solitude (独处) and the necessity of cultivating high-quality leisure to replace the time most now spend on mindless device use. Each chapter concludes with a collection of practices, which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter. You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that words for your particular circumstances. 28. What is the book aimed at? A. Teaching critical thinking skills. B. Advocating a simple digital lifestyle. C. Solving philosophical problems. D. Promoting the use of a digital device. 29. What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean? A. Clear-up. B. Add-on. C. Check-in. D. Take-over. 30. What is presented in the final chapter of part one? A. Theoretical models. B. Statistical methods. C. Practical examples. D. Historical analyses. 31. What does the author suggest readers do with the practices offered in part two? A. Use them as needed. B. Recommend them to friends. C. Evaluate their effects. D. Identify the ideas behind them. 4. （2023年新高卷I卷D篇阅读理解） On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate. This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down. But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals. In a follow-up study with 100 university students the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous. 32. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about? A. The methods of estimation. B. The underlying logic of the effect. C. The causes of people’s errors. D. The design of Galton’s experiment. 33. Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ________. A. the crowds were relatively small B. there were occasional underestimates C. individuals did not communicate D. estimates were not fully independent 34. What did the follow-up study focus on? A. The size of the groups. B. The dominant members. C. The discussion process. D. The individual estimates. 35. What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies? A. Unclear. B. Dismissive. C. Doubtful. D. Approving. 5. （2022年新高考I卷B篇阅读理解） Like most of us, I try to be mindful of food that goes to waste. The arugula (芝麻菜)was to make a nice green salad, rounding out a roast chicken dinner. But I ended up working late. Then friends called with a dinner invitation. I stuck the chicken in the freezer. But as days passed, the arugula went bad. Even worse, I had unthinkingly bought way too much; I could have made six salads with what I threw out. In a world where nearly 800 million people a year go hungry, “food waste goes against the moral grain,” as Elizabeth Royte writes in this month’s cover story. It’s jaw-dropping how much perfectly good food is thrown away — from “ugly” (but quite eatable) vegetables rejected by grocers to large amounts of uneaten dishes thrown into restaurant garbage cans. Producing food that no one eats wastes the water, fuel, and other resources used to grow it. That makes food waste an environmental problem. In fact, Royte writes, “if food waste were a country, it would be the third largest producer of greenhouse gases in the world.” If that’s hard to understand, let’s keep it as simple as the arugula at the back of my refrigerator. Mike Curtin sees my arugula story all the time — but for him, it's more like 12 bones of donated strawberries nearing their last days. Curtin is CEO of DC Central Kitchen in Washington, D. C. , which recovers food and turns it into healthy meals. Last year it recovered more than 807,500 pounds of food by taking donations and collecting blemished (有瑕疵的) produce that otherwise would have rotted in fields. And the strawberries? Volunteers will wash, cut, and freeze or dry them for use in meals down the road. Such methods seem obvious, yet so often we just don’t think. “Everyone can play a part in reducing waste, whether by not purchasing more food than necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not include the side dish you won’t eat,” Curtin says. 24. What does the author want to show by telling the arugula story? A. We pay little attention to food waste. B. We waste food unintentionally at times. C. We waste more vegetables than meat. D. We have good reasons for wasting food. 25. What is a consequence of food waste according to the test? A. Moral decline. B. Environmental harm. C. Energy shortage. D. Worldwide starvation. 26. What does Curtin’s company do? A. It produces kitchen equipment. B. It turns rotten arugula into clean fuel. C. It helps local farmers grow fruits. D. It makes meals out of unwanted food. 27. What does Curtin suggest people do? A. Buy only what is needed. B. Reduce food consumption. C. Go shopping once a week. D. Eat in restaurants less often. 6. （2022年新高考I卷C篇阅读理解） The elderly residents (居民) in care homes in London are being given hens to look after to stop them feeling lonely. The project was dreamed up by a local charity (慈善组织) to reduce loneliness and improve elderly people’s wellbeing. It is also being used to help patients suffering dementia, a serious illness of the mind. Staff in care homes have reported a reduction in the use of medicine where hens are in use. Among those taking part in the project is 80-year-old Ruth Xavier. She said: “I used to keep hens when I was younger and had to prepare their breakfast each morning before I went to school. ” “I like the project a lot. I am down there in my wheelchair in the morning letting the hens out and down there again at night to see they’ve gone to bed.” “It’s good to have a different focus. People have been bringing their children in to see the hens and residents come and sit outside to watch them. I’m enjoying the creative activities, and it feels great to have done something useful.” There are now 700 elderly people looking after hens in 20 care homes in the North East, and the charity has been given financial support to roll it out countrywide. Wendy Wilson, extra care manager at 60 Penfold Street, one of the first to embark on the project, said: “Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions. We are looking forward to the benefits and fun the project can bring to people here.” Lynn Lewis, director of Notting Hill Pathways, said: “We are happy to be taking part in the project. It will really help connect our residents through a shared interest and creative activities.” 28. What is the purpose of the project? A. To ensure harmony in care homes. B. To provide part-time jobs for the aged. C. To raise money for medical research. D. To promote the elderly people’s welfare. 29. How has the project affected Ruth Xavier? A. She has learned new life skills. B. She has gained a sense of achievement. C. She has recovered her memory. D. She has developed a strong personality. 30. What do the underlined words “embark on” mean in paragraph 7? A. Improve. B. Oppose. C. Begin. D. Evaluate. 31. What can we learn about the project from the last two paragraphs? A. It is well received. B. It needs to be more creative. C. It is highly profitable. D. It takes ages to see the results. 7. （2022年新高考I卷D篇阅读理解） Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds, from the common “m” and “a” to the rare clicks of some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than others? A ground-breaking, five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world’s languages. More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as “f” and “v”, were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose. They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure (结构), making it easier to produce such sounds. The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didn’t have to do as much work and so didn’t grow to be so large. Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today. This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings evolved around 300,000 years ago. “The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,” said Steven Moran, a member of the research team. 32. Which aspect of the human speech sound does Damián Blasi’s research focus on? A. Its variety. B. Its distribution. C. Its quantity. D. Its development. 33. Why was it difficult for ancient human adults to produce labiodentals? A. They had fewer upper teeth than lower teeth. B. They could not open and close their lips easily. C. Their jaws were not conveniently structured. D. Their lower front teeth were not large enough. 34. What is paragraph 5 mainly about? A. Supporting evidence for the research results. B. Potential application of the research findings. C. A further explanation of the research methods. D. A reasonable doubt about the research process. 35. What does Steven Moran say about the set of human speech sounds? A. It is key to effective communication. B. It contributes much to cultural diversity. C. It is a complex and dynamic system. D. It drives the evolution of human beings. 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！6 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 03. 【全文翻译+解析】——阅读理解说明文+议论文（1） 2022-2024年高考英语三年真题分类汇编 【内容导航】 【整体说明】 【习题精做 全文翻译和解析】 1. （2024年新高考I卷高考真题C篇） 2. （2024年新高考I卷高考真题D篇） 3. （2023年新高考I卷高考真题C篇） 4. （2023年新高考I卷高考真题D篇） 5. （2022年新高考I卷高考真题B篇） 6. （2022年新高考I卷高考真题C篇） 7. （2022年新高考I卷高考真题D篇） 【整体说明】 年份 卷别 细节理解题 词义猜测题 主旨大意题 推理判断题 体裁分布 命题趋势 2024 新高考I卷 4 1 3 C议论文；D说明文 1. 近三年说明文和议论文阅读理解主要考查以下题型：细节理解题、推理判断题、词义猜测题、主旨大意题。 2. 其中的长词、长难句结构划分和拆解成为阅读的难点。 2023 新高考I卷 2 1 1 4 C/D说明文 2022 新高考I卷 6 1 1 4 B/C/D说明文 【习题精做 全文翻译和解析】 1. （2024年新高考I卷C篇阅读理解） Is comprehension the same whether a person reads a text onscreen or on paper? And are listening to and viewing content as effective as reading the written word when covering the same material? The answers to both questions are often “no”. The reasons relate to a variety of factors, including reduced concentration, an entertainment mindset (心态) and a tendency to multitask while consuming digital content. When reading texts of several hundred words or more, learning is generally more successful when it’s on paper than onscreen. A large amount of research confirms this finding. The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks — like identifying the main idea in a reading passage — to ones that require mental abstraction — such as drawing inferences from a text. The differences between print and digital reading results are partly related to paper’s physical properties. With paper, there is a literal laying on of hands, along with the visual geography of distinct pages. People often link their memory of what they’ve read to how far into the book it was or where it was on the page. But equally important is the mental aspect. Reading researchers have proposed a theory called “shallowing hypothesis (假说)”. According to this theory, people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media, which are often not so serious, and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print. Audio (音频) and video can feel more engaging than text, and so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies — say, assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person. However, psychologists have demonstrated that when adults read news stories, they remember more of the content than if they listen to or view identical pieces. Digital texts, audio and video all have educational roles, especially when providing resources not available in print. However, for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for, educators shouldn’t assume all media are the same, even when they contain identical words. 28. What does the underlined phrase “shine through” in paragraph 2 mean? A. Seem unlikely to last. B. Seem hard to explain. C. Become ready to use. D. Become easy to notice. 29. What does the shallowing hypothesis assume? A. Readers treat digital texts lightly. B. Digital texts are simpler to understand. C. People select digital texts randomly. D. Digital texts are suitable for social media. 30. Why are audio and video increasingly used by university teachers? A. They can hold students' attention. B. They are more convenient to prepare. C. They help develop advanced skills. D. They are more informative than text. 31. What does the author imply in the last paragraph? A. Students should apply multiple learning techniques. B. Teachers should produce their own teaching material. C. Print texts cannot be entirely replaced in education. D. Education outside the classroom cannot be ignored. 【译文】 无论一个人是在屏幕上还是在纸上阅读一段文字，理解力都是一样的吗？在报道同一材料时，倾听和观看内容是否像阅读书面文字一样有效？这两个问题的答案通常都是“否”的。其原因与多种因素有关，包括注意力集中、娱乐心态（心态）和消费数字内容时多任务的倾向。 当阅读几百个单词或更多的文本时，在纸上学习通常比在屏幕上学习更成功。大量的研究都证实了这一发现。当实验者从提出简单的任务——比如识别阅读段落中的主要思想——转向那些需要心理抽象的任务——比如从文本中进行推断时，印刷阅读的好处尤其突出。 印刷阅读结果和数字阅读结果之间的差异部分与纸张的物理性质有关。有了纸，有一个文字的铺设，以及不同页面的视觉地理。人们经常把他们所读到的东西的记忆与书的深度或书在页面上的位置联系起来。 但同样重要的是心理方面。阅读研究人员提出了一种叫做“肤浅假说（假说）”的理论。根据这一理论，人们使用数字文本的思维方式更适合社交媒体，而社交媒体往往不那么严肃，而且比阅读印刷品时投入的脑力更少。 音频（音频）和视频可以感觉比文本更吸引人，所以大学教师越来越多地转向这些技术——比如，分配一个在线谈话，而不是同一个人的一篇文章。然而，心理学家已经证明，当成年人阅读新闻故事时，他们记住的内容比他们听或看相同的文章更多。 数字文本、音频和视频都具有教育作用，特别是在提供印刷版无法获得的资源时。然而，为了在需要心理集中和反思的地方最大化学习，教育者不应该假设所有的媒体都是相同的，即使它们包含相同的单词。 28. 第2段中下划线的短语“闪耀”是什么意思？ A. 似乎不太可能持续下去。 B. 似乎很难解释。 C. 准备好使用。 D. 变得容易注意到。 29. 浅层假设是什么？ A. 读者轻视对待数字文本。 B. 数字文本更容易理解。 C. 人们会随机选择数字文本。 D. 数字文本适合用于社交媒体上。 30. 为什么大学教师越来越多地使用音频和视频？ A. 它们可以吸引学生们的注意力。 B. 它们的准备更方便。 C. 他们帮助发展高级技能。 D. 它们比文本更有信息量。 31. 作者在最后一段中意味着什么？ A. 学生应运用多种学习技巧。 B. 教师应自行制作教材。 C. 印刷文本不能在教育中被完全的取代。 D. 课堂外的教育也不容忽视。 【说明】 本文是说明文。主要讨论了纸质阅读与数字阅读、音频和视频学习方式的差异和效果，强调纸质阅读对于深度学习和记忆的重要性。本文来自美利坚大学语言学荣休教授NaomiS. Baron(内奥米·S. 巴伦)的一篇名为 Why we remember more by reading–especially print–than from audio or video的文章https://librarylearningspace. com/why-we-remember-more-by-reading-especially-print-than-from-audio-or-video/ 【答案】28. D 29. A 30. A 31. C 【解析】 28题：词句猜测题。根据前文“When reading texts of several hundred words or more, learning is generally more successful when it’s on paper than onscreen. A large amount of research confirms this finding. (当阅读几百字或更多的文本时，在纸上学习通常比在屏幕上学习更成功。大量的研究证实了这一发现)”可知，在纸上学习更有成效，以及后文“when experimenters move from posing simple tasks — like identifying the main idea in a reading passage — to ones that require mental abstraction — such as drawing inferences from a text. (当实验人员从提出简单的任务(如识别阅读文章的主旨)转移到需要思维抽象的任务(如从文本中推断)时)”推知，此处应是表达“当实验者从简单的任务转向需要精神抽象的任务时，纸质阅读的益处就变得显而易见”之意，所以shine through应是“显而易见”之意，和D项意思相近。故选D项。 29题：推理判断题。根据第四段“But equally important is the mental aspect. Reading researchers have proposed a theory called “shallowing hypothesis (假说)”. According to this theory, people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media, which are often not so serious, and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print. (但同样重要的是精神层面。阅读研究人员提出了一个名为“shallowing hypothesis”的理论。根据这一理论，人们以适合社交媒体的心态接触数字文本，这些文本通常不那么严肃，与阅读印刷品时相比，投入的精神努力也更少)”可知，shallowing hypothesis假设读者在阅读数字文本时会持有一种轻松的心态，不会像阅读纸质书籍那样投入太多的心理努力。故选A项。 30题：细节理解题。根据第五段“Audio (音频) and video can feel more engaging than text, and so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies — say, assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person. (音频和视频可能比文本更具吸引力，因此大学教师越来越多地转向这些技术，例如分配在线讲座而不是同一作者的文章)”可知，音频和视频比文本更能吸引学生的注意力，所以大学教师越来越多地使用这些技术。故选A项。 31题：推理判断题。根据最后一段“Digital texts, audio and video all have educational roles, especially when providing resources not available in print. However, for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for, educators shouldn’t assume all media are the same, even when they contain identical words. (数字文本、音频和视频都具有教育作用，尤其是在提供印刷品中无法获得的资源时。然而，为了在需要精神集中和反思的情况下最大限度地学习，教育工作者不应假定所有媒体都是相同的，即使它们包含相同的单词)”可知，尽管数字文本、音频和视频在教育中有一定作用，但当需要精神集中和反思以最大化学习时，教育者不应假定所有媒体都是相同的，即使它们包含相同的单词。这表明作者认为纸质文本在教育中的作用仍然不可替代，因此暗示纸质文本在教育中的重要性。故选C项。 2. （2024年新高考I卷D篇阅读理解） In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect. “With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable?” Using a global dataset of 1. 9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns. “We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru. Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features. What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity? “Quite a lot,” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places — and even species — that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image. ” 32. What do we know about the records of species collected now? A. They are becoming outdated. B. They are mostly in electronic form. C. They are limited in number. D. They are used for public exhibition. 33. What does Daru’s study focus on? A. Threatened species. B. Physical specimens. C. Observational data. D. Mobile applications. 34. What has led to the biases according to the study? A. Mistakes in data analysis. B. Poor quality of uploaded pictures. C. Improper way of sampling. D. Unreliable data collection devices. 35. What is Daru’s suggestion for biodiversity apps? A. Review data from certain areas. B. Hire experts to check the records. C. Confirm the identity of the users. D. Give guidance to citizen scientists. 【译文】 在记录地球上这些物种灭绝前的竞赛中，研究人员和公民科学家已经收集了数十亿条记录。今天，大多数关于生物多样性的记录通常以照片、视频和其他数字记录的形式出现。尽管它们对检测一个地区物种数量和种类的变化很有用，但斯坦福大学的一项新研究发现，这种类型的记录并不完美。 “随着技术的兴起，人们很容易通过移动应用程序来观察不同的物种，”巴纳巴斯·达鲁说，他是这项研究的主要作者，也是斯坦福大学人文科学学院的生物学助理教授。“这些观测结果现在的数量超过了来自物理标本（标本）的原始数据，而且由于我们越来越多地使用观测数据来调查物种是如何应对全球变化的，我想知道：它们可用吗？” 利用全球19亿条植物、昆虫、鸟类和动物的记录，达鲁和他的团队测试了这些数据有多好地代表了实际的全球生物多样性模式。 达鲁说：“我们特别感兴趣的是探索采样数据的偏差，比如公民科学家更有可能拍摄开花植物，而不是旁边的草。” 他们的研究显示，大量的仅限观察记录的记录并没有带来更好的全球覆盖范围。此外，这些数据都有偏见，有利于某些地区、时间段和物种。这是有道理的，因为在移动设备上获得生物多样性观测数据的人通常是公民科学家，记录他们与附近地区物种的接触。这些数据也偏向于某些具有吸引人或吸引眼球的特征的物种。 我们能如何利用不完善的生物多样性数据集呢？ “有很多了，”达鲁解释说。“生物多样性应用程序可以利用我们的研究结果来告知用户被过度采样的区域，并将他们引导到没有被充分采样的地方，甚至是物种。”为了提高观测数据的质量，生物多样性应用程序还可以鼓励用户让专家确认他们上传的图像的身份。” 32. 我们对现在收集到的物种记录了解多少？ A. 它们已经过时了。 B. 它们大多是电子形式的。 C. 它们的数量是有限的。 D. 它们被用于公开展览。 33. 达鲁的研究重点是什么？ A. 威胁物种。 B. 物理标本。 C. 观测数据。 D. 移动应用程序。 34. 根据这项研究，是什么导致了这些偏见？ A. 数据分析中的错误。 B. 上传的图片质量很差。 C. 取样方式不当。 D. 不可靠的数据收集设备。 35. 达鲁对生物多样性应用程序的建议是什么？ A. 审查来自某些领域的数据。 B. 聘请专家来检查这些记录。 C. 确认用户的身份。 D. 指导公民科学家。 【说明】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了斯坦福大学的一项研究发现，数字生物多样性记录存在偏见，建议应用程序引导公民科学家获取更好的数据。 【答案】32. B 33. C 34. C 35. D 【解析】 32题：细节理解题。根据第一段“Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. (今天，大多数生物多样性记录通常以照片、视频和其他数字记录的形式出现。)”可知，现在收集的物种记录大多是以电子形式存在的。故选B。 33题：细节理解题。根据第二段“These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable? (这些观察结果现在超过了来自物理标本的原始数据，而且由于我们越来越多地使用观察数据来研究物种如何应对全球变化，我想知道：它们有用吗?)”和第四段““We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru. (Daru说“我们特别感兴趣的是探索取样容易产生数据偏差的方面，比如公民科学家更有可能拍摄开花植物的照片，而不是它旁边的草。”)”可知，Daru的研究聚焦于观察数据，即人们通过移动应用记录的物种观察数据。故选C。 34题：细节理解题。根据第四段““We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru. (Daru说“我们特别感兴趣的是探索取样容易产生数据偏差的方面，比如公民科学家更有可能拍摄开花植物的照片，而不是它旁边的草。”)”以及第五段“This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. ( 这是有道理的，因为在移动设备上获得观察生物多样性数据的人通常是公民科学家，他们记录了他们在附近地区与物种的接触。)”可知，导致数据偏差的原因是采样方式的不当。故选C。 35题：推理判断题。根据最后一段“Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places — and even species — that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image. (生物多样性应用程序可以使用我们的研究结果来告知用户样本过多的地区，并将他们引导到样本不足的地方，甚至是物种。为了提高观测数据的质量，生物多样性应用程序还可以鼓励用户让专家确认他们上传的图像的身份。)”可知，Daru 建议生物多样性应用应该给公民科学家提供指导。故选D。 3. （2023年新高卷I卷C篇阅读理解） The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you. To do so, I divided the book into two parts. In part one, I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism, starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly intolerable, before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy. Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter. This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value. In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. You’ll hear these participants’ stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you should avoid. The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you cultivate (培养) a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters, I examine issues such as the importance of solitude (独处) and the necessity of cultivating high-quality leisure to replace the time most now spend on mindless device use. Each chapter concludes with a collection of practices, which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter. You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that words for your particular circumstances. 28. What is the book aimed at? A. Teaching critical thinking skills. B. Advocating a simple digital lifestyle. C. Solving philosophical problems. D. Promoting the use of a digital device. 29. What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean? A. Clear-up. B. Add-on. C. Check-in. D. Take-over. 30. What is presented in the final chapter of part one? A. Theoretical models. B. Statistical methods. C. Practical examples. D. Historical analyses. 31. What does the author suggest readers do with the practices offered in part two? A. Use them as needed. B. Recommend them to friends. C. Evaluate their effects. D. Identify the ideas behind them. 【译文】 这本书的目标是证明数字极简主义，包括详细探索它的要求和为什么它的工作，然后教你如何采用这种哲学，如果你决定它适合你。 为此，我把这本书分成了两部分。在第一部分中，我描述了数字极简主义的哲学基础，首先考察了使如此多的人的数字生活越来越难以忍受的力量，然后继续详细讨论数字极简主义哲学。 第一部分最后介绍了我建议的采用这一哲学的方法：数字分解器。这个过程要求你在30天内远离可选的在线活动。在30天结束后，你会添加一些精心挑选的在线活动，你认为这些活动会为你看重的东西带来巨大的好处。 在第一部分的最后一章中，我将指导您完成您自己的数字整理。通过这样做，我将利用我在2018年进行的一个实验，其中有1600多人同意进行数字分解。你会听到这些参与者的故事，了解到哪些策略对他们有效，以及他们遇到了什么你应该避免的陷阱。 这本书的第二部分将仔细看看一些想法，将帮助你培养（培养）一个可持续的数字极简主义生活方式。在这些章节中，我将讨论诸如孤独的重要性（独处）和培养高质量的休闲来取代现在大多数花在智能设备使用上的时间的必要性。每一章都以一系列的实践结束，它们旨在帮助你根据本章的重要想法采取行动。你可以把这些实践看作是一个工具箱，旨在帮助你努力建立一个极简主义的生活方式，以代表你的特殊环境。 8. 这本书的目的是什么？ A. 教授批判性思维技巧。 B. 提倡一种简单的数字生活方式。 C. 解决哲学问题。 D. 促进数字设备的使用。 9. 第3段中带下划线的单词“解说明符”是什么意思？ A. 清理。 B. 附加组件。 C. 签入。 D. 接管。 10. 在第一部分的最后一章中介绍了什么？ A. 理论模型。 B. 统计方法。 C. 实际的例子。 D. 历史分析。 11. 作者建议读者如何处理第二部分中提供的实践？ A. 根据需要使用它们。 B. 把它们推荐给朋友们。 C. 评估他们的影响。 D. 确定他们背后的想法。 【说明】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了数字极简主义生活方式的优点，倡导简单的数字生活方式。 【答案】28. B 29. A 30. C 31. A 【解析】 28题：细节理解题。根据文章第一段“The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you. (这本书的目标是为数字极简主义辩护，包括详细探索它的要求和为什么有效，然后如果你认为它适合你，教你如何采用这种哲学)”可知，这本书的目的是倡导简单的数字生活方式。故选B。 29题：词句猜测题。根据画线词下文“This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value. (这个过程要求你在30天内远离可选的在线活动。在30天结束的时候，你再加上一些你认为会给你所看重的东西带来巨大好处的精心挑选的在线活动)”可推知，画线词“declutter”的意思是“清理”，对在线活动进行清理和挑选。故选A。 30题：推理判断题。通过文章第四段“In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. (在第一部分的最后一章中，我将指导您进行自己的数字清理。在这样做的过程中，我将借鉴我在2018年进行的一项实验，在该实验中，1600多人同意进行数字清理)”可推知，第一部分的最后一章介绍了实验与数字清理的实际例子。故选C。 31题：推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that words for your particular circumstances. (你可以将这些实践视为一个工具箱，旨在帮助你建立一种适合自己特定情况的极简主义生活方式)”可推知，作者建议读者根据需要与实际情况使用第二部分中提及的实践。故选A。 4. （2023年新高卷I卷D篇阅读理解） On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate. This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down. But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals. In a follow-up study with 100 university students the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together. ” Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous. 32. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about? A. The methods of estimation. B. The underlying logic of the effect. C. The causes of people’s errors. D. The design of Galton’s experiment. 33. Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ________. A. the crowds were relatively small B. there were occasional underestimates C. individuals did not communicate D. estimates were not fully independent 34. What did the follow-up study focus on? A. The size of the groups. B. The dominant members. C. The discussion process. D. The individual estimates. 35. What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies? A. Unclear. B. Dismissive. C. Doubtful. D. Approving. 【译文】 1907年3月7日，英国统计学家弗朗西斯·高尔顿发表了一篇论文，阐述了后来被称为“人群的智慧”的效应。他所进行的估计实验表明，在某些情况下，大量独立估计的平均值可能是相当准确的。 这种效应利用了这样一个事实：当人们犯错误时，这些错误并不总是相同的。有些人会被高估，而有些人会被低估。当这些误差中有足够多的误差一起平均时，它们会相互抵消，从而得到更准确的估计。如果人们是相似的，并且倾向于犯同样的错误，那么他们的错误就不会相互抵消。用更专业的术语来说，人群的智慧要求人们的估计必须是独立的。如果不管出于什么原因，人们的错误变得相关或依赖，估计的准确性就会下降。 但由华金·纳瓦哈斯领导的一项新研究对这一经典现象提供了一个有趣的转折（转折）。这项研究的关键发现是，当人群被进一步划分为更小的群体，并被允许进行讨论时，这些群体的平均值比来自相同数量的独立个体的平均值更准确。例如，从四个五人讨论组的估计中获得的平均值明显比从20个独立个体中获得的平均值更准确。 在一项针对100名大学生的后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中实际做了什么。他们是否倾向于选择那些对自己的估计最有信心的人？他们是否会追随那些最不愿意改变主意的人？这种情况有时会发生，但这并不是主要的反应。最常见的情况是，这些组织报告说，他们“共同争论，一起推理”。不知何故，这些论点和推理导致了错误的全球减少。尽管由纳瓦哈人领导的研究有局限性，而且仍然存在许多问题，但这对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的。 32. 文本的第2段主要是关于什么的？ A. 估计的方法。 B. 其影响的潜在逻辑。 C. 造成人们的错误的原因。 D. 高尔顿实验的设计。 33. 纳瓦哈斯的研究发现，即使是________，平均准确率也可以提高。 A. 人群相对较少 B. 偶尔也会被低估 C. 个人没有交流 D. 估计数并不是完全独立的 34. 后续研究的重点是什么？ A. 各组的规模。 B. 占主导地位的成员。 C. 讨论过程。 D. 个人估计。 35. 作者对纳瓦哈斯人的研究态度如何？ A. 不清楚。 B. 不屑一顾。 C. 怀疑。 D. 批准。 【说明】 本文是说明文。没有人是一座孤岛，文章陈述了“群体智慧”效应。实验表明，在某些情况下大量独立估计的平均值可能是相当准确的。 【答案】32. B 33. D 34. C 35. D 【解析】 32题：主旨大意题。根据第二段内容“This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and come to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down. (这种效应利用了这样一个事实，即当人们犯错误时，这些错误并不总是相同的。有些人常常会高估，或者低估。当这些误差中有足够多的误差被平均在一起时，它们会相互抵消，从而产生更准确的估计。如果相似的人倾向于犯同样的错误，那么他们的错误不会相互抵消。从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。如果由于任何原因，人们的错误变得相关或依赖，估计的准确性就会下降。)”可知，本段阐述了人们所犯的错误不总是相同的，各不相同的误差平均在一起，相互抵消就会产生更准确的估计，讨论了独立估计的平均如何由于误差的消除而导致更准确的预测。因此本段主要解释了“群体智慧”效应这一现象的基本逻辑。故选B。 33题：细节理解题。根据第二段的“In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. (从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。)”和第三段的“The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals. (这项研究的关键发现是，当人群被进一步划分为允许进行讨论的小组时，这些小组的平均值比同等数量的独立个体的平均值更准确。例如，从四个五人讨论组的估计中获得的平均值明显比从20个独立个体获得的平均值更准确。)”可知，人们在没有独立的情况下，分成更小群体，平均值是更准确的，说明即使在估计数字并非完全独立的情况下，准确率提高也是可以做到的。故选D。 34题：推理判断题。根据第四段的“In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? ( 在一项针对100名大学生的后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中的实际行为。他们是否倾向于选择那些对自己的估计最有信心的人？他们追随那些最不愿意改变主意的人吗？)”可知，在后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中实际做了什么。结合两个问题，因此可知后续研究的重点是小组内的讨论过程。故选C。 35题：推理判断题。根据最后一段内容“Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous. (尽管Navajas领导的研究有局限性，仍存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的。)”可知，作者认为虽然Navajas领导的研究有局限性也存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响巨大。因此推断作者对于Navajas的研究表示一定的赞许和支持。故选D。 5. （2022年新高考I卷B篇阅读理解） Like most of us, I try to be mindful of food that goes to waste. The arugula (芝麻菜)was to make a nice green salad, rounding out a roast chicken dinner. But I ended up working late. Then friends called with a dinner invitation. I stuck the chicken in the freezer. But as days passed, the arugula went bad. Even worse, I had unthinkingly bought way too much; I could have made six salads with what I threw out. In a world where nearly 800 million people a year go hungry, “food waste goes against the moral grain,” as Elizabeth Royte writes in this month’s cover story. It’s jaw-dropping how much perfectly good food is thrown away — from “ugly” (but quite eatable) vegetables rejected by grocers to large amounts of uneaten dishes thrown into restaurant garbage cans. Producing food that no one eats wastes the water, fuel, and other resources used to grow it. That makes food waste an environmental problem. In fact, Royte writes, “if food waste were a country, it would be the third largest producer of greenhouse gases in the world. ” If that’s hard to understand, let’s keep it as simple as the arugula at the back of my refrigerator. Mike Curtin sees my arugula story all the time — but for him, it's more like 12 bones of donated strawberries nearing their last days. Curtin is CEO of DC Central Kitchen in Washington, D. C. , which recovers food and turns it into healthy meals. Last year it recovered more than 807,500 pounds of food by taking donations and collecting blemished (有瑕疵的) produce that otherwise would have rotted in fields. And the strawberries? Volunteers will wash, cut, and freeze or dry them for use in meals down the road. Such methods seem obvious, yet so often we just don’t think. “Everyone can play a part in reducing waste, whether by not purchasing more food than necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not include the side dish you won’t eat,” Curtin says. 24. What does the author want to show by telling the arugula story? A. We pay little attention to food waste. B. We waste food unintentionally at times. C. We waste more vegetables than meat. D. We have good reasons for wasting food. 25. What is a consequence of food waste according to the test? A. Moral decline. B. Environmental harm. C. Energy shortage. D. Worldwide starvation. 26. What does Curtin’s company do? A. It produces kitchen equipment. B. It turns rotten arugula into clean fuel. C. It helps local farmers grow fruits. D. It makes meals out of unwanted food. 27. What does Curtin suggest people do? A. Buy only what is needed. B. Reduce food consumption. C. Go shopping once a week. D. Eat in restaurants less often. 【译文】 像我们大多数人一样，我尽量注意那些被浪费的食物。芝麻菜（芝麻菜）是用来做一份美味的绿色沙拉，最后一顿烤鸡晚餐。但最后我还是工作得很晚了。然后朋友们打来了一个晚宴邀请函。我把鸡肉放进了冰箱里。但随着时间的推移，芝麻菜却变坏了。更糟糕的是，我不假思索地买了太多；我可以用扔出去的东西做六个沙拉。 在一个每年有近8亿人感到饥饿的世界里，“食物浪费与道德观念不符”，正如伊丽莎白·罗伊特在本月的封面故事中所写的那样。令人惊叹的是，美味的食物——从杂货商拒绝的“丑陋”（但相当容易吃）蔬菜到扔进餐厅垃圾桶里的大量未吃的菜肴。 生产没人吃的食物会浪费用来种植它的水、燃料和其他资源。这使得食物浪费成为了一个环境问题。事实上，罗伊特写道，“如果食物浪费是一个国家，它将是世界上第三大温室气体生产国。” 如果这很难理解，让我们把它像我冰箱后面的芝麻菜一样简单。迈克·科廷一直在看我的芝麻菜故事——但对他来说，这更像是12块捐赠的草莓骨头，接近它们的最后日子。科廷是华盛顿特区中央厨房公司的首席执行官，该公司负责回收食物，并将其变成健康的食物。去年，它通过接受捐赠和收集有污点的农产品（有瑕疵的），回收了超过807,500磅的食物，否则这些农产品可能会在地里腐烂。草莓呢？志愿者们会清洗、切割、冷冻或干燥它们，以供他们在路上的食物中使用。 这些方法似乎是显而易见的，但我们往往只是不这么认为。科廷说：“每个人都可以在减少浪费方面发挥作用，无论是在每周购物时不购买更多的食物，还是要求餐馆不要包括你不会吃的配菜。” 24. 作者想通过讲述芝麻菜的故事来展示什么？ A. 我们很少注意食物的浪费。 B. 我们有时会在无意中浪费食物。 C. 我们浪费的蔬菜比浪费肉多。 D. 我们有充分的理由浪费食物。 25. 根据测试，食物浪费的后果是什么？ A. 道德下降。 B. 环境危害。 C. 能源短缺。 D. 全球饥饿。 26. 柯廷的公司是做什么的？ A. 它生产厨房设备。 B. 它能把腐烂的芝麻菜变成干净的燃料。 C. 它帮助当地农民种植水果。 D. 它用不需要的食物来做饭。 27. 科廷建议人们做什么？ A. 只买需要的东西。 B. 减少食物消费。 C. 每周去购物一次。 D. 少在餐馆吃饭。 【说明】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了我们日常生活中的食物浪费现象以及华盛顿DC中央厨房的首席执行官科廷为解决食物浪费而采取的努力。 【答案】24. B 25. B 26. D 27. A 【解析】 24． 推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Like most of us, I try to be mindful of food that goes to waste. (像我们大多数人一样，我努力关注那些被浪费的食物)”及“But as days passed, the arugula went bad. Even worse, I had unthinkingly bought way too much; I could have made six salads with what I threw out. (但随着时间的推移，芝麻菜变坏了。更糟糕的是，我不假思索地买了太多东西；我扔掉的东西可以做六份沙拉)”可推知，作者想通过讲述芝麻菜的故事来表明我们有时会无意间浪费食物。故选B项。 25． 细节理解题。根据第三段“Producing food that no one eats wastes the water, fuel, and other, resources used to grow it. That makes food waste an environmental problem. In fact, Royte writes, “if food waste were a country, it would be the third largest producer of greenhouse gases in the world. ”(生产没人吃的食物会浪费用于种植食物的水、燃料和其他资源。这使得食物浪费成为一个环境问题。事实上，罗伊特写道，“如果食物浪费是一个国家，它将是世界上第三大温室气体排放国。”)”可知，浪费食物的一个后果是对环境的危害。故选B项。 26． 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“Curtin is CEO of DC Central Kitchen in Washington. D. C. , which recovers food and turns it into healthy meals. Last year it recovered more than 807,500 pounds of food by taking donations and collecting blemished (有瑕疵的) produce, that otherwise would have rotted in fields. And the strawberries? Volunteers will wash, cut, and freeze or dry them for use in meals down the road. (科廷是华盛顿DC中央厨房的首席执行官，该公司把食物复原，变成健康的食物。去年，该组织通过接受捐赠和收集有瑕疵的农产品，收回了超过807500磅的食物，否则这些农产品就会在地里腐烂。草莓呢？志愿者们将清洗、切割、冷冻或干燥它们，以便在路上的餐食中使用)”可知，科廷的公司用人们不想要的食物重新制作食物。故选D项。 27. 细节理解题。根据最后一段中的““Everyone can play a part in reducing waste, whether by not purchasing more food than necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not include the side dish you won’t eat,” Curtin says. (“每个人都可以在减少浪费方面发挥作用，无论是在每周的购物中不购买不必要的食物，还是要求餐馆不包括你不吃的配菜，”科廷说)”可知，科廷建议人们只买需要的东西来避免浪费食物。故选A项。 6. （2022年新高考I卷C篇阅读理解） The elderly residents (居民) in care homes in London are being given hens to look after to stop them feeling lonely. The project was dreamed up by a local charity (慈善组织) to reduce loneliness and improve elderly people’s wellbeing. It is also being used to help patients suffering dementia, a serious illness of the mind. Staff in care homes have reported a reduction in the use of medicine where hens are in use. Among those taking part in the project is 80-year-old Ruth Xavier. She said: “I used to keep hens when I was younger and had to prepare their breakfast each morning before I went to school. ” “I like the project a lot. I am down there in my wheelchair in the morning letting the hens out and down there again at night to see they’ve gone to bed. ” “It’s good to have a different focus. People have been bringing their children in to see the hens and residents come and sit outside to watch them. I’m enjoying the creative activities, and it feels great to have done something useful. ” There are now 700 elderly people looking after hens in 20 care homes in the North East, and the charity has been given financial support to roll it out countrywide. Wendy Wilson, extra care manager at 60 Penfold Street, one of the first to embark on the project, said: “Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions. We are looking forward to the benefits and fun the project can bring to people here. ” Lynn Lewis, director of Notting Hill Pathways, said: “We are happy to be taking part in the project. It will really help connect our residents through a shared interest and creative activities. ” 28. What is the purpose of the project? A. To ensure harmony in care homes. B. To provide part-time jobs for the aged. C. To raise money for medical research. D. To promote the elderly people’s welfare. 29. How has the project affected Ruth Xavier? A. She has learned new life skills. B. She has gained a sense of achievement. C. She has recovered her memory. D. She has developed a strong personality. 30. What do the underlined words “embark on” mean in paragraph 7? A. Improve. B. Oppose. C. Begin. D. Evaluate. 31. What can we learn about the project from the last two paragraphs? A. It is well received. B. It needs to be more creative. C. It is highly profitable. D. It takes ages to see the results. 【译文】 伦敦养老院的老人（居民）被用来照顾母鸡，以防止它们感到孤独。 这个项目是由当地的一个慈善机构（慈善组织）设计的，旨在减少孤独感，改善老年人的福祉。它还被用来帮助患有痴呆症的患者，这是一种严重的精神疾病。养老院的工作人员报告说，母鸡的药物使用减少。 参与该项目的人中有80岁的露丝·泽维尔。她说：“我年轻的时候经常养母鸡，每天早上在上学前都要给它们准备早餐。” “我非常喜欢这个项目。我早上坐在轮椅上，让母鸡出来，晚上再下来，看它们已经上床睡觉了。” “有一个不同的焦点是件好事。人们带着他们的孩子进来看母鸡，居民们来了，坐在外面看他们。我很享受这些创造性的活动，能做了一些有用的事情，感觉很棒。” 现在有700名老人在东北部的20家养老院照顾母鸡，该慈善机构已经得到了财政支持，以便在全国范围内推广母鸡。 温迪·威尔逊是彭福尔德街60号的额外护理经理，他是第一个开始着手这个项目的人之一，他说：“居民们非常欢迎这个项目的想法和创意会议。我们期待着这个项目能给这里的人们带来的好处和乐趣。” 诺丁山公路公司的主管林恩·刘易斯说：“我们很高兴能参与到这个项目中来。它将通过共同的兴趣和创造性的活动，真正帮助我们联系我们的居民。” 28. 这个项目的目的是什么？ A. 确保养老院的和谐。 B. 为老年人提供兼职工作。 C. 为医学研究筹集资金。 D. 促进老年人的福利。 29. 这个项目对露丝·泽维尔有什么影响呢？ A. 她学会了新的生活技能。 B. 她已经获得了一种成就感。 C. 她已经恢复了记忆。 D. 她已经养成了坚强的个性。 30. 在第7段中带下划线的单词“开始”是什么意思？ A. 提高。 B. 反对。 C. 开始 D. 评估。 31. 我们能从最后两段中对这个项目了解到什么？ A. 它很受欢迎。 B. 它需要更有创意。 C. 它是高利润的。 D. 要花很长时间才能看到结果。 【说明】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了旨在减少孤独，改善老年人的健康状况的项目。 【答案】28. D 29. B 30. C 31. A 【解析】 28题： 细节理解题。根据第二段“The project was dreamed up by a local charity (慈善组织) to reduce loneliness and improve elderly people’s wellbeing (该项目由当地一家慈善机构构想，旨在减少孤独，改善老年人的健康状况。)”可知，这个项目的目的是为了减少孤独和提高老年人的幸福感。故选D项。 29题：推理判断题。根据第五段““It’s good to have a different focus. People have been bringing their children in to see the hens and residents come and sit outside to watch them. I’m enjoying the creative activities, and it feels great to have done something useful. ” (有不同的关注点很好。人们把自己的孩子带进来看母鸡，居民们也来外面坐着看它们。我喜欢创造性的活动，做一些有用的事情的感觉很好。)”可知，Ruth Xavier很享受做这些事，她觉得自己在做有用的事，这能够给她来良好的感觉，因此可知通过该项目她获得了一种成就感。故选B项。 30题：词句猜测题。根据倒数第二段“Wendy Wilson, extra care manager at 60 Penfold Street, one of the first to embark on the project, said: “Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions. We are looking forward to the benefits and fun the project can bring to people here. ” (彭福街60号的额外护理经理Wendy Wilson是第一批参与该项目的人之一，她说：“居民们非常欢迎该项目的想法和创意会议。我们期待这个项目能给这里的人们带来好处和乐趣。”)”可知，Wendy Wilson是着手这项工程的人之一，也是做这个项目的创始人之一，因此可知，画线处embark on意为“开始着手做某事”，与C项“Begin (开始)”含义相近。故选C项。 31题：推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions. We are looking forward to the benefits and fun the project can bring to people here. (居民们非常欢迎该项目的想法和创意会议。我们期待这个项目能给这里的人们带来好处和乐趣。)”以及最后一段“Lynn Lewis, director of Notting Hill Pathways, said: “We are happy to be taking part in the project. It will really help connect our residents through a shared interest and creative activities. ” (“诺丁山路径”的负责人林恩·刘易斯说：“我们很高兴能参与这个项目。它将通过共同的兴趣和创造性活动真正帮助我们的居民联系起来。”)”可知，该项目得到了居民们的认可，大家很欢迎这个项目，而且这个项目将会带来一些好处，因此可知这个项目的反响很好，很受欢迎。故选A项。 7. （2022年新高考I卷D篇阅读理解） Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds, from the common “m” and “a” to the rare clicks of some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than others? A ground-breaking, five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world’s languages. More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as “f” and “v”, were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose. They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure (结构), making it easier to produce such sounds. The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didn’t have to do as much work and so didn’t grow to be so large. Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today. This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings evolved around 300,000 years ago. “The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,” said Steven Moran, a member of the research team. 32. Which aspect of the human speech sound does Damián Blasi’s research focus on? A. Its variety. B. Its distribution. C. Its quantity. D. Its development. 33. Why was it difficult for ancient human adults to produce labiodentals? A. They had fewer upper teeth than lower teeth. B. They could not open and close their lips easily. C. Their jaws were not conveniently structured. D. Their lower front teeth were not large enough. 34. What is paragraph 5 mainly about? A. Supporting evidence for the research results. B. Potential application of the research findings. C. A further explanation of the research methods. D. A reasonable doubt about the research process. 35. What does Steven Moran say about the set of human speech sounds? A. It is key to effective communication. B. It contributes much to cultural diversity. C. It is a complex and dynamic system. D. It drives the evolution of human beings. 【译文】 人类的语言包含了2000多种不同的声音，从常见的“m”和“a”到一些南部非洲语言罕见的咔哒声。但为什么某些声音比其他声音更常见呢？一项开创性的五年研究表明，与人类有关的饮食变化导致了新的语音，现在世界上一半的语言都发现了这种声音。 30多年前，学者查尔斯·霍克特指出，被称为唇音的语音，如“f”和“v”，在吃软食物的社会语言中更为常见。现在，由瑞士苏黎世大学的达米安·布拉西领导的一组研究小组发现了这一趋势是如何以及为什么出现的。 他们发现，古代人类成年人的上门牙和下门牙是排列的（对齐），这使得很难产生唇齿，这是通过触摸下唇到上牙而形成的。后来，我们的下颚变成了覆盖咬合结构（结构），这使得我们更容易发出这样的声音。 研究小组表明，这种咬痕的变化与新石器时代农业的发展有关。此时，食物变得更容易咀嚼了。下颚骨不需要做那么多的工作，所以也没有长得那么大。 对语言数据库的分析也证实，在新石器时代之后，世界语言的声音发生了全球变化，“f”和“v”的使用在过去几千年里显著增加。这些声音在今天的许多狩猎采集者的语言中仍然没有被发现。 这项研究推翻了一种流行的观点，即大约30万年前人类进化时，所有的人类语音都存在。“我们使用的语音声音并不一定保持稳定以来人类的外观，而是巨大的各种各样的语音声音，我们发现今天是一个复杂的相互作用的产物的生物变化和文化进化，”史蒂文·莫兰说，研究团队的一员。 32. 达米安·布拉西的研究主要集中在人类语音的哪一个方面？ A. 它的多样性。 B. 它的分布。 C. 它的数量。 D. 它的发展。 33. 为什么古代成年人很难生产唇牙？ A. 他们的上牙比下牙要少。 B. 他们不能轻易地张闭嘴唇。 C. 它们的下颚的结构并不方便。 D. 它们的下门牙不够大。 34. 第5段主要是关于什么的？ A. 支持研究结果的证据。 B. 本研究结果的潜在应用价值。 C. 进一步解释了研究方法。 D. 对研究过程的合理怀疑。 35. 史蒂文·莫兰对人类的演讲声音有何看法？ A. 这是有效沟通的关键。 B. 它对文化的多样性做出了很大的贡献。 C. 它是一个复杂而动态的系统。 D. 它推动了人类的进化。 【说明】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍因为饮食的改变导致了现在在世界上一半的语言中发现了新的语音。 【答案】32. D 33. C 34. A 35. C 【解析】 32题：细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的“More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as “f” and “v”, were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damian Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose. (30多年前，学者Charles Hockett注意到，被称为唇齿音的语音，如“f”和“v”，在吃软食物的社会的语言中更常见。现在，瑞士苏黎世大学的Damian Blasi领导的一组研究人员发现了这一趋势产生的方式和原因)”可知，Damian Blasi的研究关注的是这一趋势是如何产生的以及产生的原因，可知他的研究重点是在语言的演变上。故选D项。 33题：细节理解题。根据第三段中的“They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned, making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure , making it easier to produce such sounds. (他们发现，古人类的上门牙和下门牙是对齐的，因此很难产生唇齿音，唇齿音是通过下唇接触上牙齿而形成的。后来，我们的下颚变成了覆盖咬合结构，更容易发出这样的声音)”可知，因为古代成年人因为上下门牙是对齐的，他们的下颚结构跟现在的我们不一样，这就导致他们发不出这个唇齿音，也就是说他们的下颚结构使他们很难发出唇齿音。故选C项。 34题：主旨大意题。根据第五段中的“Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the so Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v”increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today. (对语言数据库的分析也证实，在新石器时代之后，世界语言的发音发生了全球性的变化，在过去几千年里，“f”和“v”的使用显著增加。这些声音在今天许多狩猎采集者的语言中仍然没有发现)”可知，此段主要是通过介绍语言数据库的分析结果来证实语音是发生了很大变化，有些以前使用的语音，现在不一定找得到，因此此处主要是通过相关证据进一步证明研究结果。故选A项。 35题：推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中““The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,” said Steven Moran, a member of the research team. (研究小组成员Steven Moran说：“自从人类出现以来，我们使用的语音不一定保持稳定，我们今天发现的各种语音都是生物变化和文化进化等复杂相互作用的产物。”)”可知，人类的语意一直在发展变化中，并不会一成不变，而且会因生物变化和文化变化等进行复杂的相互作用而改变，因此可知Steven Moran认为语音是一个复杂的动态系统。故选C项。 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！6 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$