02.Unit 1 People of achievement重点语法+话题写作导学案-【帮课堂】2024-2025学年高二英语同步学与练(人教版2019选择性必修第一册)

Unit 1 People of achievement 重点语法+单元话题写作导学案 1.学习非限制性定语从句的用法。 2.学会写一篇人物简介。 句型转换 (1)It is known to us that Taiwan is a part of China. → As is known to us, Taiwan is a part of China.   (2)This is the room which my grandmother used to live in. →This is the room in which/where my grandmother used to live.   (3)Her sister teaches us English, and she will go abroad next year. →Her sister, who teaches us English, will go abroad next year.   (4)We saw a film last night. It was very interesting. →The film that/which we saw last night was very interesting.   (5)He failed in the exam. It made his parents very angry. →He failed in the exam, which made his parents very angry.   (6)I have lost the pen. My father bought it for my sixteenth birthday. →I have lost the pen that/which my father bought for my sixteenth birthday.   非限制性定语从句 一、非限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句是指在复合句中对某些名词、代词或主句等被修饰部分作进一步说明的定语从句。在一般情况下, 非限制性定语从句都由一个逗号把它和句子的其他部分分开, 在译成汉语时多译成一个并列句。 The farmer, who is very pessimistic, says that there will be no fruits this year. 这个农民非常悲观, 他说今年将没有收成。 Have you seen the film Titanic, whose leading actor is world-famous? 你看过《泰坦尼克号》这部电影吗? 它的男主演可是世界闻名的。 In the presence of so many people he was a little tense, which was understandable. 在那么多人面前他有点紧张, 这是可以理解的。 There are 30 chairs in the small hall, most of which are new. 小厅里有三十把椅子, 绝大部分是新的。 注： (1)that不能引导非限制性定语从句。 (2)引导非限制性定语从句时, 常用for which代替why。 (3)引导非限制性定语从句的关系词作宾语时, 也不可省略。 1. who, whom, whose引导的非限制性定语从句。 (1)关系代词who, whom引导的非限制性定语从句修饰人。 (2)关系代词who在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语; whom作宾语; 介词后用whom, 不用who。 (3)whose作定语, 先行词是人时, whose + n. 相当于the +n. +of whom。先行词是物时, whose + n. 相当于the +n. +of which。 Our guide, who was a French Canadian, was an excellent cook. 我们的向导, 一个法裔加拿大人, 擅长烹调。 Mr Smith, from whom I have learned a lot, is a famous scientist. 史密斯先生是一位著名的科学家, 我从他那里学了很多东西。 The books on the desk, whose covers are shiny, are prizes for us. 桌子上的书是我们的奖品, 书的封皮很亮。 【要点拓展】 非 限 制 性 定 语 从 句 关系词 用法说明 who, whom, whose, which 指人时可用who(主语), whom(宾语), whose(定语); 指物时可用which(主语或宾语), whose(定语) when, where, when指时间; where指地点, 它们都在句中作状语 as as引导非限制性定语从句时, 常指代整个主句, 有“正如”之意 (代词+)介词+which/ whom 有时, 根据句意, 关系代词which或whom前可以有代词和介词, 如most of which, none of whom等 【巩固练习】 用who, whom和whose填空。 (1)(2020·天津高考)Dr. Rowan, whose secretary resigned two weeks ago, has had to do all his own typing.   (2)Please give the book to Jessica, whom we met in the hall just now. (3)The famous basketball star, who tried to make a comeback, attracted a lot of attention. 2. which, as的用法。 (1)两者在定语从句中作主语或宾语。 Water, which is a clear liquid, has many uses. 水是一种清澈的液体, 有许多用途。 Our country has sent up another man-made earth satellite, as is reported in the papers. 报纸上报道, 我国又发射了一颗人造地球卫星。 (2)as, which引导非限制性定语从句的区别。 项 目 as which 指代 引导的从句只能指代整个主句的内容 引导的从句既可指代整个主句的内容, 又可指代主句的一部分 位置 可位于主句之前、之中或之后 引导的从句不能位于主句之前 意义 正如 这, 那 I borrowed the book Sherlock Holmes from the library last week, which my classmates recommended to me. 我上周从图书馆借了《夏洛克·福尔摩斯》, 这本书是我的同学推荐给我的。 The number of smokers, as is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year. 正如所报道的那样, 仅仅一年的时间, 吸烟者的数量下降了17%。 【巩固练习】 用which和as填空。 (1)(2018·江苏高考)By boat is the only way to get here, which is how we arrived. (2)(2020·天津高考)As is known to us, nothing can be achieved without dedication and frustration. 3. when, where的用法。 (1)关系副词when在非限制性定语从句中作时间状语, 指代主句中表示时间的词语。 (2)关系副词where在非限制性定语从句中作地点状语, 指代主句中表示地点的词语。 (3)when/where有时可以换成“介词+which”。 We’ll put off the picnic in the park until next week, when the weather may be better. 我们打算把在公园里的这次野餐推迟到下周, 那时天气可能会更好。 Opposite is St. Paul’s Church, where you can hear some lovely music. 对面是圣保罗教堂, 在那里你能听到好听的音乐。 I left on Sunday, when/on which everyone was at home. 我星期日离开的, 当时人人都在家。 【巩固练习】 用适当的关系副词填空。 (1)By 16: 30, when was almost closing time, nearly all the paintings had been sold. (2)They reached there yesterday, where an important meeting will be held.   4. “介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句。 在“介词+关系代词”中, 关系代词用whom指人, 用which指物。 He worked in a car factory for four years, after which he founded his own company in his hometown. 他在一家汽车厂工作了四年, 之后在他的家乡建立了自己的公司。 We are short of two people, without whom we will need three more days to finish the work. 我们缺少两个人, 没有他们, 我们还需要三天的时间来完成这项工作。 【巩固练习】(1)语法填空 ①They thanked Tom, without whose support they would not have succeeded. ②He may have acute appendicitis, in which case he will have to be operated on. ③These new neighbors, to whom I was introduced yesterday, have come here from Beijing. (2)I had told them the reason, for which I didn’t attend the meeting.   我把理由告诉了他们, 为此我没去开会。 二、非限制性定语从句与限制性定语从句的区别 定语从句可以分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。一般说来, 限制性定语从句是整个句子不可缺少的部分, 如果省略会影响全句的主要意思, 这种定语从句前面一般不用逗号; 而非限制性定语从句是对主句的一种补充说明, 即使去掉, 也不影响全句的意思, 这种定语从句前通常有逗号与主句隔开。 Her brother who is now a soldier always encourages her to go to college. 她那当兵的哥哥总是鼓励她上大学。(她还有其他哥哥) Her brother, who is now a soldier, always encourages her to go to college. 她的哥哥是当兵的, 他总是鼓励她上大学。(她只有一个哥哥) All the books that have pictures in them are well written. 所有里面带插图的书都写得很好。(不带插图的书写得不一定好) All the books, which have pictures in them, are well written. 所有的书都带插图, 这些书都写得很好。(没有不带插图的书) 【要点拓展】限制性定语从句vs非限制性定语从句 名称 限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句 作用 起限定作用, 限制或约束先行词, 不可去掉, 否则主句意义不完整 对整个句子的意义并不重要, 即使去掉, 原句仍有意义 结构 不用逗号与主句隔开 用逗号与主句隔开 功能 先行词不可缺少的定语 对先行词起补充说明作用 引导词 a. 作宾语时可省略, 介词之后的关系词不能省 b. 可用that a. 作宾语时不可省略 b. 不可用that 如何写一篇人物简介 　人物介绍是高中生基础写作任务中常见的一种话题类型。它涉及人的出生、家庭背景、教育、生平经历、成就和评价等。同学们要注意其文体应该是记叙文, 同时还要注意人称和时态的合理使用。 人物简介的一般步骤可以概括为5个字: 概、貌、育、平、评。 1. 概指概况: age, sex, birthplace, background 2. 貌指外貌: appearance, character, hobby 3. 育指教育: education process 4. 平指生平: big events in one’s life(in order of time) 5. 评指评价: evaluation 【典例示例】(2020·全国Ⅰ卷) 你校正在组织英语作文比赛, 请以身边值得尊敬和爱戴的人为题, 写一篇短文参赛, 内容包括: 1. 人物简介; 2. 尊敬和爱戴的原因。 注意: 1. 词数 100 左右; 2. 短文题目和首句已为你写好。 The person I respect There are many respectable people around us.   【写作构思】 【要点归纳】 完成句子 1. 我身边最敬爱的人是我的老师——李老师。 The most beloved and respected person around me is my teacher, Ms Li.   2. 她教英语已经二十年了。 She has been teaching English for twenty years.   3. 她仍然热爱教学。 She is still passionate about teaching.   4. 她像我们亲爱的妈妈一样, 对我们和蔼体贴。 She is kind and considerate towards us just like our dear mother.   5. 我们都尊敬她, 因为她总是尝试新的方法使她的课生动有趣。 We all respect her because she always tries new ways to make her classes lively and interesting.   6. 她工作努力, 知识渊博。 She is hardworking as well as knowledgeable.   7. 她是我们学校最好的老师之一。 She is one of the best teachers in our school.   8. 当我们有问题时, 我们会向她寻求帮助。 When we have a problem, we will turn to her for help.   9. 她总是耐心地和我们谈话, 并且帮我们找到解决办法。 She always talks to us patiently and helps us find a solution.   10. 在我们眼里, 她不仅是我们的老师, 也是我们最好的朋友。 In our eyes, she is not only our teacher, but also our best friend.   11. 这就是她值得我们尊敬的原因。 These are why she deserves our respect.   句式升级 12. 用让步状语从句合并第2、3句 Though she has been teaching English for twenty years, she is still passionate about teaching.   13. 用分词作状语合并第6、7句 Hardworking and knowledgeable, she is one of the best teachers in our school.   【参考范文】 The person I respect There are many respectable people around us. The most beloved and respected person around me is my teacher, Ms Li. Though she has been teaching English for twenty years, she is still passionate about teaching. She is kind and considerate towards us just like our dear mother. We all respect her because she always tries new ways to make her classes lively and interesting. Hardworking and knowledgeable, she is one of the best teachers in our school. When we have a problem, we will turn to her for help. She always talks to us patiently and helps us find a solution. In our eyes, she is not only our teacher, but also our best friend. These are why she deserves our respect. 1. 话题词汇 (1)age, birthday and birthplace(个人概况、教育等): be born in. . . (地点)on. . . (时间) at the age of; be born poor. . . lead a. . . life (2)character(性格特征): confident; sociable(爱社交的, 外向的); be willing to help(乐于助人); capable(有能力的); warm-hearted(热心肠的); charming(有吸引力的); determined(有毅力的) (3)education background(教育背景): be admitted to. . . (考取……) graduate from. . . (从……毕业) get a master’s/doctor’s degree(获取学士、博士学位) (4)big events in his/her life(生平经历): serve as. . . be devoted to. . . have a gift for. . . (5)evaluation(评价) famous at home and abroad(国内外著名的) make great progress in(在……取得很大进步); gain the first prize(获得一等奖); set a good example(树立好榜样); think highly of(高度赞扬); be honored as(被授予); make great contributions to(为……做出巨大贡献) 2. 话题句式 (1)概况部分可用非谓语/同位语结构, 使文章简洁、通顺 ①Born in. . . on. . . , . . . is a . . . ②. . . , the son of a. . . , was born . . . (2)外貌、性格, 可用介词短语或非谓语动词作定语 ①. . . is a . . . with thick eyebrows. . . ②a collection of Chinese herbs including over 2, 000 herbs. . . (3)生平经历可用复合句, 倒装, 非限制性定语从句, 润色文章 ①Not only is. . . but also he. . . ②. . . set a new record. . . , which. . . (4)评价可用一些动词、形容词等词块、短语 ①be remembered as. . . ②be considered to be. . . 一、完成句子 1. 有一个故事关于这个位教授如何在梦中找到了解决问题的答案。(how引导的宾语从句) There is a story about in his dream. 2. 自从他在政府任职之后，开始上台掌权。 He has since he took up a position in the government. 3. 新总统上台后，他做了一次精彩的演讲。 After the new president , he made a wonderful speech. 4. 老师要求学生总结课堂上学到的东西。 The teacher required the students what they had learned from the lessons. 5. 他是这家公司最有权势的人之一。 He is men in the company. 6. 待在农村时，他在空闲时间做了些科学研究。 　 , he did some scientific research in his free time. 7. 及时总结你的所学至关重要。 It is of vital importance for you to what you have learned timely. 8. 由于约翰非凡的主意，伯纳德能够赚些钱养家。 John’s extraordinary idea, Bernard could make some money to support his family. 9. 在我看来，你有能力克服这些困难，因此，你绝不应该放弃。 In my opinion， and thus, under no circumstances should you give up. 10. 我从我自己的经历中得出结论：患难见真情。 I a friend in need is a friend indeed. 11. 他写过很多儿童书籍，其中将近一半都是在20世纪90年代出版的。 He wrote many children’s books, . 12. 无论如何我都不会向任何人提及这个秘密。 shall I mention the secret to anyone. 13. 总之，全世界的人都应当保护水资源。 , people around the world should protect the water resources. 14. 众所周知，任何违反规则的人都应该受到惩罚。 , anyone who breaks the rules should be punished. 15. 我正要总结发言，这时舞台下面的一个人突然站起来打断了我。 I am about to my speech when a man sitting offstage up suddenly and interrupted me. 二、阅读理解 Scientists have made great discoveries. But how have they influenced our personal lives? Do kids in your classroom even know when Einstein lived? You may be wondering: but why is it important to teach kids about modern-day scientists? First, stories of scientists can encourage kids. Chris Hadfield is a Canadian who went to space, and he’s a real guitar-playing person. He makes singing videos on YouTube! His story can make kids think scientists are also common people. Hearing scientists’ stories makes kids think “I can do that too!” But not only that, the stories of famous scientists can encourage kids to never give up. Bill Nye was always refused when trying to be an astronaut. But today, he’s made a lot of successes in his role as a popular science educator and engineer. Besides, it’s no secret that scientific discoveries require trying, and trying again. Another way some scientists can encourage kids is through their diversity (多样性). Neil deGrasse Tyson, for example, is an African-American, which is not common in his field. Such stories can make kids think anyone can be a scientist. It’s important to know that scientists don’t need to be “gifted” or “good” at school. Often we consider a scientist as being an extremely smart kid at school. That doesn’t have to be true. They just need to have a great interest in science. Telling students stories of scientists can encourage them to show interest in science. As long as they’re interested, they are likely to become a scientist in the future. Modern scientists teach kids that knowledge builds upon the foundation (基础) others have laid. This is important — no one can do it alone. Scientists’ stories can encourage today’s young scientists to keep trying. They’ll be encouraged not to give up on the dream of making discoveries. Even if they haven’t made important discoveries, their research may help the following scientists. 16. What can Chris Hadfield’s story tell students? A. Scientists are interested in different things. B. Students should have a hobby of their own. C. Scientists can be ordinary like people around us. D. Students should consider scientists as their models. 17. Which of the following would the author agree with? A. African-Americans are more likely to become scientists. B. Scientists are not necessarily very smart at school. C. Not all scientists really show interest in science. D. Scientists are usually good at their schooling. 18. The last paragraph shows us that________. A. scientists should help each other B. a scientist should never give up trying C. making discoveries is necessary for scientists D. new scientific discoveries may depend on others’ findings 19. What is the text mainly about? A. Why scientists are important to us. B. Why scientists can encourage students. C. Why students love stories of scientists. D. Why students should be taught about scientists. 三、语法填空 Wang Yaping has become the first Chinese woman 20 (perform) a spacewalk. Wang’s dream of becoming an astronaut was inspired by Yang Liwei’s 2003 space flight. “Now China has its first man in space. When will our country have its first woman?” thought Wang, 21 (work) then as a pilot. Born in a small village in Yantai, Shandong Province in 1980, Wang has been 22 (active) participating in long-distance running since primary school. In 1997, Wang, a high school student, 23 (encourage) to apply to the pilot recruitment (招募) program by her classmates. Given her strong build and ability to stay calm under pressure, Wang passed all tests. In 2010, Wang became an astronaut. However, the joy of 24 (select) did not last long as the cruel training began. In the first year, Wang could not get the top level in the high-G training, during 25 she had to stand eight times the force of gravity. Wang improved her performance by doing extra 26 (strong) exercises every day. At last, Wang 27 (realize) her space dream in 2013 as part of the Shenzhou-10 mission. During her mission, Wang taught China’s first live physics lesson from space. In 2020, 28 team of Chinese university students majoring 29 aerospace, art, architecture and music translated cosmic (宇宙的) rays into music. They said they had watched Wang’s live space lecture when they were teenagers. During the next few months, Wang and her teammates will carry out scientific experiments and do spacewalks. Wang is confident that they will complete this mission successfully. 四、书信写作 30. 袁隆平，一位伟大的中国科学家。他逝世后，受到无数人的敬仰。以“I want to be a scientist”为题写一篇英语短文，要点如下： １.愿望；2. 理由；3. 决心。 注意：1、词数 80 左右；2、可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 参考答案 一、 1. how the professor came up with a solution 【解析】考查宾语从句和时态。根据汉语提示，句子表述的是过去事实，故使用一般过去时。同时表示“这个位教授如何在梦中找到了解决问题的答案”用how the professor came up with a solution in his dream，该句中使用how引导宾语从句，意为“如何，怎样”；表示“教授”用professor；表示“提出，想出”用come up with；表示“答案”用solution。故答案为how the professor came up with a solution。 2. come to power 【解析】考查固定搭配。根据句意可知，“上台掌权”应为固定搭配come to power，且照应“since”引导的时间状语从句，主句应为现在完成时。故填come to power。 3. came to power 【解析】考查动词短语。对比中英文可知，缺少“上台”，为动词短语come to power。设空处在after引导的时间状语从句中作谓语，叙述过去发生的事，应用一般过去时，设空处应用动词的过去式的形式。故填①came ②to ③power。 4. to sum up 【解析】考查非谓语动词。结合句意可知，本句谓语为required，故本空为非谓语。sum up意为“总结”，为固定短语，故填to sum up，作the students的宾补。故答案为to sum up。 5. one of the most powerful 【解析】考查形容词。根据句意，“最……的……之一”应为固定搭配one of +adj.-最高级+[C]-复数。“有权势的”应为形容词powerful，其最高级为the most powerful。故填one of the most powerful。 6. While staying in the countryside 【解析】考查时间状语从句的省略。分析句子结构，这里可用while引导时间状语从句，意为“当……的时候”，表示持续性的动作，从句谓语应用进行时态。stay意为“待，停留”；in the countryside意为“在农村”。当主句主语和从句主语一致，且从句谓语中有be动词时，可以省略从句主语和be动词，构成省略结构。根据汉语题干，这里可用省略。故填While staying in the countryside。 7. sum up 【解析】考查动词短语。根据汉语可知，空处表示“总结”，可用固定短语sum up，且此处用了固定句型“It is of+名词+for sb. to do sth.”，意为“做某事对于某人来说……”，其中It是形式主语，真正的主语是不定式短语，空前已有to，sum应用原形。故可填sum up。 8. As a consequence of/In consequence of 【解析】考查固定短语。根据汉语可知，空处表示“由于”，空后是名词短语，可用固定短语as a consequence of或in consequence of，且空处位于句首，as或in的首字母需大写。故填As a consequence of/In consequence of。 9. you have the power to overcome these difficulties 【解析】考查短语、动词和名词。表示“你”应用代词you，作句子主语；表示“有能力做某事”短语为have the power to do；表示“克服”应用动词overcome；表示“这些困难”短语为these difficulties,difficulties应用复数形式作overcome的宾语。故翻译为you have the power to overcome these difficulties。 10. drew a conclusion from my own experiences that/concluded from my own experiences that 【解析】考查动词、名词和名词性从句。“得出……结论”的英文为draw a conclusion that(同位语从句)或conclude that(宾语从句)，“经历”的英文为experience，作此意时为可数名词，应用复数泛指，描述过去的事，主句用一般过去时，故填drew a conclusion from/concluded from my own experiences that。 11. nearly half of which were published in the 1990s 【解析】考查定语从句。根据句意可知，两个句子中均包含“书籍”，结合句子结构可知，两句之间有逗号，所以此处应使用非限制性定语从句，先行词为books，表示“将近一半的‘书籍’”在句中作主语，应为nearly half of which，其中which指代的是先行词books，所以主语为复数，表示“出版”应为publish，与句子主语之间为被动关系，时间状语为“在20世纪90年代出版”应为in the 1990s，所以此处应使用一般过去时态的被动语态，且句子主语为复数。故填nearly half of which were published in the 1990s。 12. Under/In no circumstances 【解析】考查固定搭配。分析句子结构，本句使用了部分倒装，所以位于句首的应是表示否定意义的介词短语。under/in no circumstances意为“无论如何都不”，位于句首时句子应用部分倒装，符合题意。故填Under/In no circumstances。 13. In conclusion 【解析】考查介词短语。根据句意可知，此处为介词短语In conclusion“总之”，满足句意要求。故填In conclusion。 14. As is known to all 【解析】考查固定短语。根据句意以及句子结构可知，此处为固定短语as is known to all“众所周知”，满足句意要求。故填As is known to all。 15. sum up stood 【解析】考查动词短语和动词时态。对比中英文句意可知，前两空处表示“总结”之意，sum up总结，动词短语，符合题意；be about to do sth.将要做某事，固定搭配，所以第一空处动词需用原形；第三空处表示“站起来”之意，stand up站起来，动词短语，符合题意；此处并列连词and连接两个并列的谓语，由空后动词interrupted可知，第三空处动词也需用一般过去时。故填①sum ②up ③stood。 二、 16. C 17. B 18. D 19. D 【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了以科学家的故事来教育孩子所带来的积极影响。 16. 细节理解题。根据第二段的“His story can make kids think scientists are also common people. Hearing scientists' stories makes kids think “I can do that too”!(他的故事可以让孩子们认为科学家也是普通人。听科学家的故事会让孩子们觉得“我也能做到”！)”可知，Chris Hadfeild的故事告诉学生们科学家可以像我们周围的人一样平凡。故选C。 17. 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段的“Often we consider a scientist as being an extremely smart kid at school. That doesn't have to be true. They just need to have a great interest in science.(我们通常认为科学家是学校里非常聪明的孩子。这不一定是真的。他们只需要对科学有极大的兴趣)”推知，作者认为科学家不一定是在学校里很聪明的孩子。故选B。 18. 主旨大意题。根据最后一段的“Modern scientists teach kids that knowledge builds upon the foundation others have laid.(现代科学家告诉孩子们，知识是建立在别人打下的基础上的)”和下文内容可知，该段主要介绍新的科学发现可能是以别人的发现为基础的这一观点。故选D。 19. 主旨大意题。根据第一段“Scientists have made great discoveries. But how have they influenced our personal lives? Do kids in your classroom even know when Einstein lived? You may be wondering: but why is it important to teach kids about modern-day scientists? (科学家们有了重大发现。但它们是如何影响我们的个人生活的呢？你们班上的孩子知道爱因斯坦生活的年代吗？你可能会疑惑：为什么向孩子们传授现代科学家的知识如此重要？)”和全文内容可知，文章主要讲述用科学家的故事来教育孩子所带来的积极影响。D项“Why students should be taught about scientists(为什么要教学生了解科学家)”能概括文章主旨。故选D。 三、 20. to perform 21. working 22. actively 23. was encouraged 24. being selected 25. which 26. strength 27. realized 28. a 29. in 【解析】这是一篇记叙文，讲述了中国首位在太空漫步的女航天员王亚平的职业生涯。 20. 考查动词不定式。句意：王亚平成为第一位进行太空漫步的中国女性。名词woman前有序数词first修饰，此处应用动词不定式作后置定语，表示“第一个在太空漫步的中国女性”，故填to perform。 21. 考查现在分词。句意：王想着，当时她是个飞行员。该句中已有谓语动词，故此处用非谓语动词的一种形式。动词work与Wang之间是主动关系，应用现在分词作状语，故填working。 22. 考查副词。句意：王1980年出生于山东烟台的一个小村庄，从小学起就积极参加长跑运动。设空处修饰participating in，应用副词，actively意为“积极地”。故填actively。 23. 考查时态、语态和主谓一致。句意：1997年，身为高中生的王在同学们的鼓励下申请了飞行员招募项目。该句为简单句，缺少谓语。主语Wang和动词encourage之间是被动关系，且由时间状语“In 1997”可知，此处应用一般过去时的被动语态，主语为第三人称单数，be动词用was，故填was encouraged。 24. 考查动名词。句意：然而，被选中的喜悦并没有持续多久，因为当残酷的训练开始了。作介词of的宾语应用动名词，且此处指“被选中”，应用动名词的被动形式，故填being selected。 25. 考查定语从句。句意：在第一年，王亚平在高G力训练中没有达到最高水平，在高G力训练期间她不得不承受八倍的重力。设空处无提示词且前面有介词during，由此可知“during 7 ”引导的是非限制性定语从句，修饰的先行词the high-G training，指物，且设空处在从句中作during的宾语，所以应用which引导，故填which。 26. 考查名词。句意：王通过每天做额外的力量练习来提高她的成绩。此处应填名词，作定语修饰exercises，strength exercises表示“力量训练”。故填strength。 27. 考查动词的时态。句意：王终于在2013年实现了她的太空梦想，作为神舟十号任务的一部分。分析句子成分可知，设空处作谓语，由句中的时间状语“in 2013”可知应用一般过去时。故填realized。 28. 考查不定冠词。句意：2020年，一个由中国航空航天、艺术、建筑和音乐专业的大学生组成的团队将宇宙射线转化为音乐。此处表示“一个由中国大学生组成的团队”，表示泛指，且team的发音以辅音音素开头，应用不定冠词a。故填a。 29. 考查介词。句意参考上题。major in...意为“主修……”，为固定搭配。故填in。 四、 【参考范文】 I want to be a scientist I want to be a scientist. A good scientist can make a difference to the world. To be a scientist, I can help people solve a large number of tough problems in certain fields and as for me, it is a great cause, bringing me a sense of accomplishment. Science could push forward the economic and social development of a country. Therefore it is great to be a scientist. I may have to face a lot of challenges to be a scientist. But I will develop good study habits, thinking deeply and comprehensively. I will work hard, reading more and doing more. 【写作分析】 本篇书面表达属于应用文。要求考生以“I want to be a scientist”为题写一篇英语短文，要点包含自己想成为科学家的愿望、理由和决心。 【解析】1.词汇积累 有影响：make a difference→have an effect 许多： a large number of →a lot of 推动：push forward→promote 面对：face→confront 2.句式拓展 合并简单句 原句：I want to be a scientist. A good scientist can make a difference to the world. 拓展句：I want to be a scientist, because a good scientist can make a difference to the world. 【高分句型 1】To be a scientist, I can help people solve a large number of tough problems in certain fields and as for me, it is a great cause, bringing me a sense of accomplishment.(运用了不定式及现在分词作状语) 【高分句型 2】Therefore it is great to be a scientist. (运用了it作形式主语) ( 3 )原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ Unit 1 People of achievement 重点语法+单元话题写作导学案 1.学习非限制性定语从句的用法。 2.学会写一篇人物简介。 句型转换 (1)It is known to us that Taiwan is a part of China. → ____________________________________, Taiwan is a part of China.   (2)This is the room which my grandmother used to live in. →This is the room ____________________________________.   (3)Her sister teaches us English, and she will go abroad next year. →Her sister, ____________________________________, will go abroad next year.   (4)We saw a film last night. It was very interesting. →The film ____________________________________was very interesting.   (5)He failed in the exam. It made his parents very angry. →He failed in the exam, ____________________________________ very angry.   (6)I have lost the pen. My father bought it for my sixteenth birthday. →I have lost the pen ____________________________________.   非限制性定语从句 一、非限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句是指在复合句中对某些名词、代词或主句等被修饰部分作进一步说明的定语从句。在一般情况下, 非限制性定语从句都由一个逗号把它和句子的其他部分分开, 在译成汉语时多译成一个并列句。 The farmer, who is very pessimistic, says that there will be no fruits this year. 这个农民非常悲观, 他说今年将没有收成。 Have you seen the film Titanic, whose leading actor is world-famous? 你看过《泰坦尼克号》这部电影吗? 它的男主演可是世界闻名的。 In the presence of so many people he was a little tense, which was understandable. 在那么多人面前他有点紧张, 这是可以理解的。 There are 30 chairs in the small hall, most of which are new. 小厅里有三十把椅子, 绝大部分是新的。 注： (1)that不能引导非限制性定语从句。 (2)引导非限制性定语从句时, 常用for which代替why。 (3)引导非限制性定语从句的关系词作宾语时, 也不可省略。 1. who, whom, whose引导的非限制性定语从句。 (1)关系代词who, whom引导的非限制性定语从句修饰人。 (2)关系代词who在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语; whom作宾语; 介词后用whom, 不用who。 (3)whose作定语, 先行词是人时, whose + n. 相当于the +n. +of whom。先行词是物时, whose + n. 相当于the +n. +of which。 Our guide, who was a French Canadian, was an excellent cook. 我们的向导, 一个法裔加拿大人, 擅长烹调。 Mr Smith, from whom I have learned a lot, is a famous scientist. 史密斯先生是一位著名的科学家, 我从他那里学了很多东西。 The books on the desk, whose covers are shiny, are prizes for us. 桌子上的书是我们的奖品, 书的封皮很亮。 【要点拓展】 非 限 制 性 定 语 从 句 关系词 用法说明 who, whom, whose, which 指人时可用who(主语), whom(宾语), whose(定语); 指物时可用which(主语或宾语), whose(定语) when, where, when指时间; where指地点, 它们都在句中作状语 as as引导非限制性定语从句时, 常指代整个主句, 有“正如”之意 (代词+)介词+which/ whom 有时, 根据句意, 关系代词which或whom前可以有代词和介词, 如most of which, none of whom等 【巩固练习】 用who, whom和whose填空。 (1)(2020·天津高考)Dr. Rowan, _____________secretary resigned two weeks ago, has had to do all his own typing.   (2)Please give the book to Jessica, _____________ we met in the hall just now. (3)The famous basketball star, _____________ tried to make a comeback, attracted a lot of attention. 2. which, as的用法。 (1)两者在定语从句中作主语或宾语。 Water, which is a clear liquid, has many uses. 水是一种清澈的液体, 有许多用途。 Our country has sent up another man-made earth satellite, as is reported in the papers. 报纸上报道, 我国又发射了一颗人造地球卫星。 (2)as, which引导非限制性定语从句的区别。 项 目 as which 指代 引导的从句只能指代整个主句的内容 引导的从句既可指代整个主句的内容, 又可指代主句的一部分 位置 可位于主句之前、之中或之后 引导的从句不能位于主句之前 意义 正如 这, 那 I borrowed the book Sherlock Holmes from the library last week, which my classmates recommended to me. 我上周从图书馆借了《夏洛克·福尔摩斯》, 这本书是我的同学推荐给我的。 The number of smokers, as is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year. 正如所报道的那样, 仅仅一年的时间, 吸烟者的数量下降了17%。 【巩固练习】 用which和as填空。 (1)(2018·江苏高考)By boat is the only way to get here, _____________ is how we arrived. (2)(2020·天津高考)_____________ is known to us, nothing can be achieved without dedication and frustration. 3. when, where的用法。 (1)关系副词when在非限制性定语从句中作时间状语, 指代主句中表示时间的词语。 (2)关系副词where在非限制性定语从句中作地点状语, 指代主句中表示地点的词语。 (3)when/where有时可以换成“介词+which”。 We’ll put off the picnic in the park until next week, when the weather may be better. 我们打算把在公园里的这次野餐推迟到下周, 那时天气可能会更好。 Opposite is St. Paul’s Church, where you can hear some lovely music. 对面是圣保罗教堂, 在那里你能听到好听的音乐。 I left on Sunday, when/on which everyone was at home. 我星期日离开的, 当时人人都在家。 【巩固练习】 用适当的关系副词填空。 (1)By 16: 30, _____________ was almost closing time, nearly all the paintings had been sold. (2)They reached there yesterday, _____________an important meeting will be held.   4. “介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句。 在“介词+关系代词”中, 关系代词用whom指人, 用which指物。 He worked in a car factory for four years, after which he founded his own company in his hometown. 他在一家汽车厂工作了四年, 之后在他的家乡建立了自己的公司。 We are short of two people, without whom we will need three more days to finish the work. 我们缺少两个人, 没有他们, 我们还需要三天的时间来完成这项工作。 【巩固练习】(1)语法填空 ①They thanked Tom, without _____________ support they would not have succeeded. ②He may have acute appendicitis, in _____________ case he will have to be operated on. ③These new neighbors, to _____________ I was introduced yesterday, have come here from Beijing. (2)I had told them the reason, ___________________________________.   我把理由告诉了他们, 为此我没去开会。 二、非限制性定语从句与限制性定语从句的区别 定语从句可以分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。一般说来, 限制性定语从句是整个句子不可缺少的部分, 如果省略会影响全句的主要意思, 这种定语从句前面一般不用逗号; 而非限制性定语从句是对主句的一种补充说明, 即使去掉, 也不影响全句的意思, 这种定语从句前通常有逗号与主句隔开。 Her brother who is now a soldier always encourages her to go to college. 她那当兵的哥哥总是鼓励她上大学。(她还有其他哥哥) Her brother, who is now a soldier, always encourages her to go to college. 她的哥哥是当兵的, 他总是鼓励她上大学。(她只有一个哥哥) All the books that have pictures in them are well written. 所有里面带插图的书都写得很好。(不带插图的书写得不一定好) All the books, which have pictures in them, are well written. 所有的书都带插图, 这些书都写得很好。(没有不带插图的书) 【要点拓展】限制性定语从句vs非限制性定语从句 名称 限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句 作用 起限定作用, 限制或约束先行词, 不可去掉, 否则主句意义不完整 对整个句子的意义并不重要, 即使去掉, 原句仍有意义 结构 不用逗号与主句隔开 用逗号与主句隔开 功能 先行词不可缺少的定语 对先行词起补充说明作用 引导词 a. 作宾语时可省略, 介词之后的关系词不能省 b. 可用that a. 作宾语时不可省略 b. 不可用that 如何写一篇人物简介 　人物介绍是高中生基础写作任务中常见的一种话题类型。它涉及人的出生、家庭背景、教育、生平经历、成就和评价等。同学们要注意其文体应该是记叙文, 同时还要注意人称和时态的合理使用。 人物简介的一般步骤可以概括为5个字: 概、貌、育、平、评。 1. 概指概况: age, sex, birthplace, background 2. 貌指外貌: appearance, character, hobby 3. 育指教育: education process 4. 平指生平: big events in one’s life(in order of time) 5. 评指评价: evaluation 【典例示例】(2020·全国Ⅰ卷) 你校正在组织英语作文比赛, 请以身边值得尊敬和爱戴的人为题, 写一篇短文参赛, 内容包括: 1. 人物简介; 2. 尊敬和爱戴的原因。 注意: 1. 词数 100 左右; 2. 短文题目和首句已为你写好。 The person I respect There are many respectable people around us.   【写作构思】 【要点归纳】 完成句子 1. 我身边最敬爱的人是我的老师——李老师。 ___________________________________ 2. 她教英语已经二十年了。 ___________________________________ 3. 她仍然热爱教学。 ___________________________________ 4. 她像我们亲爱的妈妈一样, 对我们和蔼体贴。 ___________________________________ 5. 我们都尊敬她, 因为她总是尝试新的方法使她的课生动有趣。 ___________________________________ 6. 她工作努力, 知识渊博。 ___________________________________ 7. 她是我们学校最好的老师之一。 ___________________________________ 8. 当我们有问题时, 我们会向她寻求帮助。 ___________________________________ 9. 她总是耐心地和我们谈话, 并且帮我们找到解决办法。 ___________________________________ 10. 在我们眼里, 她不仅是我们的老师, 也是我们最好的朋友。 ___________________________________ 11. 这就是她值得我们尊敬的原因。 ___________________________________ 句式升级 12. 用让步状语从句合并第2、3句 ___________________________________ 13. 用分词作状语合并第6、7句 ___________________________________ 【参考范文】 The person I respect There are many respectable people around us. The most beloved and respected person around me is my teacher, Ms Li. Though she has been teaching English for twenty years, she is still passionate about teaching. She is kind and considerate towards us just like our dear mother. We all respect her because she always tries new ways to make her classes lively and interesting. Hardworking and knowledgeable, she is one of the best teachers in our school. When we have a problem, we will turn to her for help. She always talks to us patiently and helps us find a solution. In our eyes, she is not only our teacher, but also our best friend. These are why she deserves our respect. 1. 话题词汇 (1)age, birthday and birthplace(个人概况、教育等): be born in. . . (地点)on. . . (时间) at the age of; be born poor. . . lead a. . . life (2)character(性格特征): confident; sociable(爱社交的, 外向的); be willing to help(乐于助人); capable(有能力的); warm-hearted(热心肠的); charming(有吸引力的); determined(有毅力的) (3)education background(教育背景): be admitted to. . . (考取……) graduate from. . . (从……毕业) get a master’s/doctor’s degree(获取学士、博士学位) (4)big events in his/her life(生平经历): serve as. . . be devoted to. . . have a gift for. . . (5)evaluation(评价) famous at home and abroad(国内外著名的) make great progress in(在……取得很大进步); gain the first prize(获得一等奖); set a good example(树立好榜样); think highly of(高度赞扬); be honored as(被授予); make great contributions to(为……做出巨大贡献) 2. 话题句式 (1)概况部分可用非谓语/同位语结构, 使文章简洁、通顺 ①Born in. . . on. . . , . . . is a . . . ②. . . , the son of a. . . , was born . . . (2)外貌、性格, 可用介词短语或非谓语动词作定语 ①. . . is a . . . with thick eyebrows. . . ②a collection of Chinese herbs including over 2, 000 herbs. . . (3)生平经历可用复合句, 倒装, 非限制性定语从句, 润色文章 ①Not only is. . . but also he. . . ②. . . set a new record. . . , which. . . (4)评价可用一些动词、形容词等词块、短语 ①be remembered as. . . ②be considered to be. . . 一、完成句子 1. 有一个故事关于这个位教授如何在梦中找到了解决问题的答案。(how引导的宾语从句) There is a story about in his dream. 2. 自从他在政府任职之后，开始上台掌权。 He has since he took up a position in the government. 3. 新总统上台后，他做了一次精彩的演讲。 After the new president , he made a wonderful speech. 4. 老师要求学生总结课堂上学到的东西。 The teacher required the students what they had learned from the lessons. 5. 他是这家公司最有权势的人之一。 He is men in the company. 6. 待在农村时，他在空闲时间做了些科学研究。 　 , he did some scientific research in his free time. 7. 及时总结你的所学至关重要。 It is of vital importance for you to what you have learned timely. 8. 由于约翰非凡的主意，伯纳德能够赚些钱养家。 John’s extraordinary idea, Bernard could make some money to support his family. 9. 在我看来，你有能力克服这些困难，因此，你绝不应该放弃。 In my opinion， and thus, under no circumstances should you give up. 10. 我从我自己的经历中得出结论：患难见真情。 I a friend in need is a friend indeed. 11. 他写过很多儿童书籍，其中将近一半都是在20世纪90年代出版的。 He wrote many children’s books, . 12. 无论如何我都不会向任何人提及这个秘密。 shall I mention the secret to anyone. 13. 总之，全世界的人都应当保护水资源。 , people around the world should protect the water resources. 14. 众所周知，任何违反规则的人都应该受到惩罚。 , anyone who breaks the rules should be punished. 15. 我正要总结发言，这时舞台下面的一个人突然站起来打断了我。 I am about to my speech when a man sitting offstage up suddenly and interrupted me. 二、阅读理解 Scientists have made great discoveries. But how have they influenced our personal lives? Do kids in your classroom even know when Einstein lived? You may be wondering: but why is it important to teach kids about modern-day scientists? First, stories of scientists can encourage kids. Chris Hadfield is a Canadian who went to space, and he’s a real guitar-playing person. He makes singing videos on YouTube! His story can make kids think scientists are also common people. Hearing scientists’ stories makes kids think “I can do that too!” But not only that, the stories of famous scientists can encourage kids to never give up. Bill Nye was always refused when trying to be an astronaut. But today, he’s made a lot of successes in his role as a popular science educator and engineer. Besides, it’s no secret that scientific discoveries require trying, and trying again. Another way some scientists can encourage kids is through their diversity (多样性). Neil deGrasse Tyson, for example, is an African-American, which is not common in his field. Such stories can make kids think anyone can be a scientist. It’s important to know that scientists don’t need to be “gifted” or “good” at school. Often we consider a scientist as being an extremely smart kid at school. That doesn’t have to be true. They just need to have a great interest in science. Telling students stories of scientists can encourage them to show interest in science. As long as they’re interested, they are likely to become a scientist in the future. Modern scientists teach kids that knowledge builds upon the foundation (基础) others have laid. This is important — no one can do it alone. Scientists’ stories can encourage today’s young scientists to keep trying. They’ll be encouraged not to give up on the dream of making discoveries. Even if they haven’t made important discoveries, their research may help the following scientists. 16. What can Chris Hadfield’s story tell students? A. Scientists are interested in different things. B. Students should have a hobby of their own. C. Scientists can be ordinary like people around us. D. Students should consider scientists as their models. 17. Which of the following would the author agree with? A. African-Americans are more likely to become scientists. B. Scientists are not necessarily very smart at school. C. Not all scientists really show interest in science. D. Scientists are usually good at their schooling. 18. The last paragraph shows us that________. A. scientists should help each other B. a scientist should never give up trying C. making discoveries is necessary for scientists D. new scientific discoveries may depend on others’ findings 19. What is the text mainly about? A. Why scientists are important to us. B. Why scientists can encourage students. C. Why students love stories of scientists. D. Why students should be taught about scientists. 三、语法填空 Wang Yaping has become the first Chinese woman 20 (perform) a spacewalk. Wang’s dream of becoming an astronaut was inspired by Yang Liwei’s 2003 space flight. “Now China has its first man in space. When will our country have its first woman?” thought Wang, 21 (work) then as a pilot. Born in a small village in Yantai, Shandong Province in 1980, Wang has been 22 (active) participating in long-distance running since primary school. In 1997, Wang, a high school student, 23 (encourage) to apply to the pilot recruitment (招募) program by her classmates. Given her strong build and ability to stay calm under pressure, Wang passed all tests. In 2010, Wang became an astronaut. However, the joy of 24 (select) did not last long as the cruel training began. In the first year, Wang could not get the top level in the high-G training, during 25 she had to stand eight times the force of gravity. Wang improved her performance by doing extra 26 (strong) exercises every day. At last, Wang 27 (realize) her space dream in 2013 as part of the Shenzhou-10 mission. During her mission, Wang taught China’s first live physics lesson from space. In 2020, 28 team of Chinese university students majoring 29 aerospace, art, architecture and music translated cosmic (宇宙的) rays into music. They said they had watched Wang’s live space lecture when they were teenagers. During the next few months, Wang and her teammates will carry out scientific experiments and do spacewalks. Wang is confident that they will complete this mission successfully. 四、书信写作 30. 袁隆平，一位伟大的中国科学家。他逝世后，受到无数人的敬仰。以“I want to be a scientist”为题写一篇英语短文，要点如下： １.愿望；2. 理由；3. 决心。 注意：1、词数 80 左右；2、可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ( 3 )原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$