句子成分和基本的句型结构 讲义-2023-2024学年初高中英语衔接课程

语法精讲：句子成分和基本句子结构 知识点1 句子成分 句子是表达思想的基本单位，主要句子成分（sentence elements）有主语（S）、谓语（V）、宾语（0）、补语（C）、状语（A）、表语（P）、定语（Attr.）等。具体如下： 1．主语（subject）：表示句子所要说明或描述的人或事物，一般由名词、代词或相当于名词的词组或句子充当，置于句首。如： The students are listening to me carefully. They want to learn English well. Learning English well isn't as hard as you think.学生们在认真听我讲课。他们想学好英语，学好英语不像你想的那么难。 2.谓语(verb):说明或描述主语的动作、状态或特征，由动词或动词短语充当，位于主语之后。如: He runs every morning.他每天早上跑步。 You may keep the book for two weeks.这本书你可以借两周。 The students are playing basketball on the playground.学生们正在操场上打篮球。 The film is interesting.这部电影很有趣。 3. 宾语(object):指动作所涉及的人或事物。一般由名词、代词或相当于名词的词组或句子充当，位于动词或介词之后。有的动词后面可以接两个宾语,通常把其中表示人的宾语称为间接宾语(indirect object),把表示物的宾语称为直接宾语(direct object)。如: He is going to buy a dictionary.他打算买本词典。(动词的宾语) We should learn from him.我们应向他学习。（介词的宾语） Lend me your book，please.请把你的书借给我。 4．宾语补语（object complement）：用来对宾语进行补充和说明，一般由名词、非谓语动词、形容词等充当。如： We made Tom chairman of the club.我们选汤姆为俱乐部的主席。 Listening to music makes me relaxed.听音乐使我放松。 5．状语（adverbial）：用于修饰动词、形容词、副词、短语或整个句子等，一般由副词、介词短语、非谓语动词短语或句子充当。如： Kate plans her study carefully.凯特认真地计划她的学习。 Clearly，this will cost a lot more than we realized before.显而易见，这将比我们以前了解到的花费要多得多。 I’ll be back in a while.我一会儿就会回来。（时间状语） I’m very pleased to see you.见到你我非常高兴。（原因状语） Please call me up if you need help.你如果需要帮助，请给我打电话。（条件状语） 6．表语（predicative）：表示主语的身份、性质、状态和特征，一般由名词、形容词或相当于名词、形容词的词、短语或句子充当，位于连系动词之后，与连系动词一起构成句子的谓语。常见的连系动词有be，become，turn, feel，look，sound, taste, smell, seem等。如： Africa is a big continent.非洲是个大洲。 I feel much better.我感觉好多了。 They seem to know the truth.他们似乎知道真相。 7．定语（attribute）：对名词或代词进行修饰、限制或说明，一般由形容词、名词、代词、数词、介词短语、非谓语动词及句子等充当，位置可在所修饰的词之前，也可在所修饰的词之后。如： Dalian is a beautiful city.大连是一个美丽的城市。 He works in a trade company.他在一家贸易公司上班。 Is there any difference between spoken English and written English？英语口语和书面语之间有什么不同吗？ The man who is talking with a foreigner is my English teacher.正在和一个外国人说话的那个男士是我的英语老师。 8. 同位语：若两个语法单位指同一个人或事物，并且句法功能也一样，那么后一项称为前一项的同位语。 We students should study hard. The news that our team won the basketball game made everyone excited. 判断下列句子中的画线部分在句中作什么成分。 1．We played games together, and stayed up late reading bedtime stories. 2．He wasn’t cool any more. 3．Do not lose your card or lend it to others. 4．Many museums are lively places and they attract a lot of visitors. 5．I need a new passport so I will have to have my photograph taken. 6．She handed me advice．＂Be yourself." 知识点2基本句子结构 英语句子的基本结构可归纳为八种基本句式，句子可以在此基础上扩大、组合、省略和倒装。掌握这八个基本句式是掌握英语句子结构的基础。 句子结构 例句 主语＋谓语( S + V ) The rain stopped.雨停了。 主语＋谓语＋宾语 ( S + V + O ) He enjoys reading. 他喜欢读书。 主语＋连系动词＋表语 （S+ V + P ) This is an English-Chinese dictionary. 这是一本英汉词典。 主语＋谓语＋间接宾语＋直接宾语( S + V +IO + D O ) My mother bought me a dictionary. 我妈妈给我买了一本词典。 主语＋谓语＋宾语＋宾语补语 ( S + V + O + C ) They painted the door green.他们把门刷成了绿色。 They found the house empty.他们发现房子是空的。 He asked me to come back soon.他让我快点回来。 I heard him singing a song.我听到他在唱歌。 主语＋谓语＋状语( S + V + A ) The sun rises in the east.太阳从东方升起。 主语＋谓语＋宾语+状语 （S+V+O+A） He put the coffee on the table. 他把咖啡放在了桌子上。 存现句 There are many customers in the shop.商店里有很多顾客。 判断下列句子的基本结构。 1.The bread tastes delicious. 2.I will spend the summer holiday in the countryside. 3.He bought me a birthday present. 4.I could not make him change his mind. 5.We finished our homework. 6.He got up very late. 7.There is some milk in the bottle. 8.The baby cried. 课后练习 划出下列句中主语的中心词 1. The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom. 2. There is an old man coming here. 3. The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year. 划出句中谓语的中心词 1.I don't like the picture on the wall. 2.Do you usually go to school by bus? 3. What I want to tell you is this. 4.We had better send for a doctor. 5.Whom did you give my book to? 划出下列句中的宾语 1. My brother hasn't done his homework. 2. You must pay attention to your pronunciation. 3. How many new words did you learn in the last class? 4. Some of the students in the school want to go swimming. 5. Go across the bridge and you will find the museum on the left. 划出下列句中的表语 1.Why is he worried about Jim? 2.The leaves have turned yellow. 3. Soon they all became interested in the subject. 4. She was the first to learn about it. 划出下列句中的宾语补足语 1. I'm going to paint the desk blue. 2.She found it difficult to work out this problem. 3.They call me Lily sometimes. 4. Did you hear Li Ming playing the piano just now? 划出下列句中的状语 1. There was a big smile on her face. 2. He began to learn English when he was eleven. 3.The boy on the playground was running too fast. 4.With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off. 5.They talked happily because they passed the exam. 6. You need to have a good plan, manage your time well and pay attention to details to realize your goals. 划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语 1. Mr Li is going to teach us history next term. 2. Here is a pen. Give it to Tom, please. 3.Did he leave any message for me? 分析下列句子属于五种简单基本句型中的哪一种 1.Our school is not far from my home. 2.All of us considered him honest. 3. My grandfather bought me a pair of sports shoes. 4.Grandma told me an interesting story last night. 5. All the students think highly of his teaching. 6.We need a place twice larger than this one. 7.He asked us to sing an English song. 8.We will make our school more beautiful. 9.He didn't come. 10.The old man lives a happy life. 11. The 1989 earthquake did not happen in the centre of town. 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$