Unit 4 Space Exploration Discovering Useful Structures 课件-2023-2024学年高中英语人教版（2019）必修第三册

Unit 4 Space Exploration Period 3 Discovering Useful Structures I 人教版本 必修三 1 Learning objectives In this class, you will be able to 1. identify and analyze the uses of infinitives (不定式) as adverbials (状语) and attributes (定语); 2. learn how to use infinitives Lead-in Look at the lyrics, watch the video and think about the function and meanings of “to do”. No new years day to celebrate No chocolate covered candy hearts to give away No first of spring no song to sing In fact here's just another ordinary day No April rain no flowers bloom No wedding Saturday withing the month of June But what it is is something true Made up of these three words that I must say to you I just called to say I love you I just called to say how much I care I just called to say I love you And I mean it from the bottom of my heart Lead-in How many “to” in the song? Do you know their meanings and functions? Lead-in No new years day to celebrate No chocolate covered candy hearts to give away No first of spring, no song to sing In fact here's just another ordinary day No April rain, no flowers bloom No wedding Saturday withing the month of June But what it is is something true Made up of these three words that I must say to you I just called to say I love you I just called to say how much I care I just called to say I love you And I mean it from the bottom of my heart 没有要用来庆祝的新年 没有要用来分发的巧克力心型糖果 没有要用来歌唱的歌曲 我打电话只为了告诉你我爱你 我打电话只为了告诉你我有多在乎 目的状语 后置定语 定语? a fast speed 状语? He runs fast. Luckily, I found my books. He is very handsome. Task 1: Look at the following sentences and focus on the italicized infinitives. In pairs, discuss their functions and meanings. I trained for a long time to fly airplanes as a fighter pilot. As we all know, an astronaut needs to be healthy and calm in order to work in space. First of all, you must be intelligent enough to get a related college degree. Some scientists were determined to help humans realize their dream to explore space. On 12 April 1961, Yuri Gagarin became the first person in the world to go into space. 为了...; 目的状语 探索宇宙的梦想,后置定语 去往宇宙的第一人,后置定语 为了...; 目的状语 为了...; 目的状语 课本P42 7 通过观察以上句子我们发现, 动词不定式可在句中作(1)_,一般放在所修饰词的(2)_; 动词不定式也在句中作(3)_,可放在句首也可放在句末。 定语 后面 状语 导P73 Here is some paper (for you) to write on. 这里有一些给你用来写的纸。 ...Yuri Gagarin became the first person in the world to go into space. He had no money and no place to live (in). 他没有钱也没有可以住的地方。 一、动词不定式作定语 1. 动词不定式作定语, 可修饰人和物。 当中心词为序数词、最高级、the last、the only等, 或被这类词修饰时,一般用不定式作定语; 不定代词后也应用不定式作定语。 2. 作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词, 或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等, 不定式后面须有相应的介词。 但是,不定式所修饰的名词如果是time/place/way时,不定式后面的介词习惯省去。 导P73-74 9 He was the best man to do the job. 他是做这项工作的最佳人选。 The next train to arrive is from New York. 下一列到站的火车是从纽约开来的。 (1)不定式表将来 (2)用来修饰被序数词、最高级或no、 all、 any 等限定的中心词 一、动词不定式作定语的注意事项 导P74 10 二、动词不定式作状语 1.不定式作状语, 主要表示目的、原因、结果等,修饰动词、句子、形容词。 1)表目的, I just call to say I love you. 我打电话只是为了说我爱你。 2) 表原因,常放在某些表示喜怒哀乐等情绪或心理活动的形容词后。 I'm glad to see you./Nice to meet you. 因为看到你,所以很高兴。 3)表结果,表事先没有预料到的且事与愿违,常与only连用,要放在句子后面。 He searched the room only to find nothing. 他在房间里找了一遍,结果却什么也没找到。 (to say修饰动词call,作状语) (to see 修饰形容词glad,作状语) (to find 修饰的是only前面整个句子/事情,作状语) 导P74 11 1. 动词不定式作目的状语位于句首时, 可用in order to, 但不能用so as to; 不定式位于句中时, 上述两者均可用。 二、动词不定式作状语的注意事项 In order to get to the airport in time he started early. He started early in order to / so as to get to the airport in time. 为了及时赶到机场, 他很早就动身了。 导P74 12 二、动词不定式作状语的注意事项 2. 动词不定式作结果状语,常用于以下结构(熟记): so+形容词/副词+as to do 如此……以至于做…… such+形容词+名词十as to do 如此……以至于做…… enough+名词+to do 足够做…… 形容词/副词十enough+to do 足够做… …too+形容词/副词+to do 太……以至于不能做…… Have you got enough room to seat all of us? 你有足够的空间让我们都坐下吗? She is too weak to join us in the outing. 她太虚弱以至于不能加入我们的旅行。 13 【名师点拨】 1. 动词不定式可在句中作独立成分,不受句子其他部分的影响。 常见表达有to begin / start with“首先”; to be brief“简单地说”; to be frank “坦白地说”; to be honest“诚实地说”; to tell the truth“老实说”; to make matters worse “更糟糕的是”; to sum up“总之”; needless to say“不用说”。 I lost my way in complete darkness and, to make matters worse, it began to rain. 黑暗中我迷路了, 更为糟糕的是, 天下起了雨。 To start with, I wish you a happy New Year. 首先, 祝您新年快乐。 三、动词不定式注意事项 导P74 14 2. 有些动词或动词短语后接动词不定式或动名词皆可, 但以下结构含义截然不同,务必熟练掌握: 表达法 含义 forget to do sth 忘记要去做某事 forget doing sth 忘记做过某事 remember to do sth 记得要做某事 remember doing sth 记得做过某事 regret to do sth 很遗憾要做某事 regret doing sth 后悔做过某事 stop to do sth 停下来做另一件事 stop doing sth 停止正在做的事 try to do sth 努力做某事 try doing sth 尝试做某事 15 mean to do sth 意欲/打算做某事 mean doing sth 意味着做某事 go on to do sth 接着做另一件事 go on doing sth 继续做原来做的事 can't help to do 不能帮助做某事 can't help doing 情不自禁做某事 be used to do 被用于做某事 be used to doing 习惯于做某事 16 Unit 4 Space Exploration Period 3 Discovering Useful Structures II 人教版本 必修三 17 Learning objectives: In this class, you will 1) learn about the basic six different forms of to-do 2) tell the difference among the different forms of to-do. 本课件所用配图及视频非作者本人所有,仅用于教育目的。 18 形式 主动 被动 一般式 进行式 完成式 完成进行式 The to do Form He seems to know this. I hope to see you again. = I hope that I'll see you again. 一般式:一般现在时表示的动词,有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生,有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。一般为: 动词+ to do something 我希望再见到你。 他似乎知道这件事。 形式 主动 被动 一般式 to do 进行式 完成式 完成进行式 This meeting is to be held next week. 这次会议将于下周被召开。 2) 一般式的被动式: 不定式的被动式为“to+ be done”,表示其逻辑主语是动作的承受者,具有被动含义。在句中可用作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、补语等。如: I hope to be invited to the party. 我希望我能被邀请去参加晚会。 The problem seems soon. 问题好像快要被解决了。 to be solved 形式 主动 被动 一般式 to do to be done 进行式 完成式 完成进行式 1. sb. have(give, show) sth. to do 在这种句型中的不定式与前边的名词有动宾关系,又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系。 例如∶I have a lot of things to do this afternoon. to do 与 things 是动宾关系,与I是主谓关系。 Please get me something to read. 请给我弄点读的材料。 动词不定式注意事项-主动表被动 25 所以,当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时,且在这种句型中的不定式与前边的名词有动宾关系,又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系,不定式既可以用主动语态,也可用被动语态,但其含义有所不同。 Have you anything to send? 你有什么要寄的东西吗? (不定式to send 的动作执行者是“你”, 强调修饰动作发出者,是“你”寄出去的,而不是其他人寄出去的) Have you anything to be sent? 你有什么要(我或别人)寄的东西吗? (不定式to be sent 的动作执行者是“我”或“别人”,这里强调修饰动作承受者,强调要寄的东西是什么呢?究竟让谁寄出去不重要) 26 2. It (This, That)+ be+ a/ an+ adj.+ n.+(for sb.)+ to do This is a difficult question to answer. = This is a difficult question (for me) to answer. 这是个难答的问题。 虽然question 与 to answer为动宾关系, 但to answer 可改为for me to answer, 这里强调I 与answer 的主谓关系。 动词不定式注意事项-主动表被动 27 3. There + be + n.+to do 在此句型中 ,用来修饰主语的不定式 ,可用主动式 ,也可用被动式 ,只是侧重点不同。 Tips: 用主动式作定语 ,重点在人,用被动式作定语 ,重点在物。 a.There is nothing to see. =There is nothing for us to see. (We have nothing to see. )没有东西值得(某人)看。 b.There is nothing to be seen. (Nothing is there at all.)那里没有什么东西。 动词不定式注意事项-主动表被动 28 4. 用于be +性质形容词+不定式的结构中,不定式to do 常用主动表被动。常见形容词如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, heavy, pleasant, light, good, fit, comfortable, safe, dangerous, impossible等。 The box is not easy to carry. 这个箱子不易携带。 动词不定式注意事项-主动表被动 其句型有∶ 1) n.+be+adj. + to do 2) n+be+too+adj.+to do 3) n.+ be + adj. +enough to do 29 动词不定式注意事项-主动表被动 5. 某些动词如 to let, to blame(责备) ,to seek(寻找)用主动式表被动意义。 The house is to let. 这房子要出租。 Who is to blame for it? 这得怪谁? The reason is not far to seek. 这理由不难找到。 30 The to do Form 进行式:表示动作正在进行,与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。 3) 进行式 He seems to be eating something. 他好像正在吃东西 She pretended to be reading books when he passed. 当他路过时她假装在看书。 形式 主动 被动 一般式 to do to be done 进行式 to be doing 完成式 完成进行式 The to do Form 4) 完成式:表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前, to have done。 I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble. He seems to have caught a cold. 我很抱歉给你添了这么多麻烦。 他好像已经感冒了。 形式 主动 被动 一般式 to do to be done 进行式 to be doing 完成式 to have done 完成进行式 The earliest airplane is said to have been invented in the 1900s. 最早的飞机据说发明在20世纪。 invent的动作发生在 say 之前,用不定式完成时 airplane 和 invent 是被动关系,飞机被发明,所以用被动式。 By tomorrow, I want those books . 我想在明天之前读完这些书。 5) 完成式的被动式:表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前, 结构:to have been done to have been read 形式 主动 被动 一般式 to do to be done 进行式 to be doing 完成式 to have done to have been done 完成进行式 The to do Form 6)完成进行式:强调事情已发生过多次或动作影响持续到说话那一刻, 结构:to have been doing She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years. 众所周知,她多年来一直在努力解决这个问题。 形式 主动 被动 一般式 to do To be done 进行式 to be doing 完成式 to have done to have been done 完成进行式 to have been doing 7) 不定式的否定形式, 通过在不定式之前增加【not】或【never】来表示不定式的否定。 你怎么那么愚蠢,没把车锁上啊。 You were silly to have locked the car. Not Not Not Not Not Not not Task 3: Complete the passage with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets. Sending people to other planets or even beyond the solar system is not an easy goal _(achieve). One of the problems is that the trip would take over two years _(get) to the closest planet, Mars, and back. Although light is the fastest thing _(know) in the universe, it could take more than four years to reach the nearest star system. Will scientists figure out a way _(store) sufficient food and water for the long journey? to achieve to get to know to store Is it possible to travel faster than light? No one knows the answers yet. However, space scientists never give up. They are experimenting with growing crops in space so as _(help) astronauts get enough food on longer journeys through space. to help to see The driver failed _(see) the other car in time. He feels it his duty _(help) the poor. It is difficult for us _(finish) writing the composition in a quarter of an hour. It's a great honor _(invite) to Mary's birthday party. There is nothing _(do) now. Practice to help to finish to be invited to do Homework Finish the exercises on your exercise book. Rewrite the sentences using infinitives or “in order to/so as to + do”. Change the italicized parts accordingly. In 2003 Yuri Malenchenko became the first person who got married in space. In 2003 Yuri Malenchenko became the first person to get married in space. 2. In space, astronauts collect all dirty water so that it can be recycled for later use. In space, astronauts collect all dirty water so as to recycle for later use. E.g. 42 3. Mankind has always been curious about the universe and many people, have dreamt that one day they would fly into space. Mankind has always been curious about the universe and many people to dream that one day they would fly into space. 43 4. Astronauts’ bones and muscles can get very weak in space due to the lack of gravity, so they need to exercise every day, which will help them stay healthy. Astronauts’ bones and muscles can get very weak in space due to the lack of gravity, so they need to exercise every day in order to help them stay healthy. 44 5. Astronauts have to use tape to stick everything down while working in space because everything would float off otherwise. Astronauts have to use tape to stick everything down to work in space because everything would float off otherwise. 45 6. During a spacewalk, astronauts have to move slowly so that they can keep their bodies under control. During a spacewalk, astronauts have to move slowly so as to keep their bodies under control. 46 Lavf55.33.100 [归纳用法] 1.动词不定式的形式 形式 主动 被动 一般式 to do to be done 进行式 to be doing 完成式 to have done to have been done 完成进行式 to have been doing $$